Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots

We consider subsets of linearly independent roots in a certain root system \(\varPhi\). Let \(S'\) be such a subset, and let \(S'\) be associated with any Carter diagram \(\Gamma'\). The main question of the paper: what root \(\gamma \in \varPhi\) can be added to \(S'\) so that \...

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Datum:2025
1. Verfasser: Stekolshchik, Rafael
Format: Artikel
Sprache:English
Veröffentlicht: Lugansk National Taras Shevchenko University 2025
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Online Zugang:https://admjournal.luguniv.edu.ua/index.php/adm/article/view/2397
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Algebra and Discrete Mathematics
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spelling admjournalluguniveduua-article-23972025-08-13T10:04:13Z Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots Stekolshchik, Rafael Root system, Cartan matrix, Weyl group, Carater diagram 17B22, 20F55, 20E45 We consider subsets of linearly independent roots in a certain root system \(\varPhi\). Let \(S'\) be such a subset, and let \(S'\) be associated with any Carter diagram \(\Gamma'\). The main question of the paper: what root \(\gamma \in \varPhi\) can be added to \(S'\) so that \(S' \cup \gamma\) is also a subset of linearly independent roots? This extra root \(\gamma\) is called the linkage root. The vector \(\gamma^{\nabla}\) of inner products \(\{(\gamma,\tau'_i)\mid \tau'_i \in S'\}\) is called the linkage label vector. Let \(B_{\Gamma'}\) be the Cartan matrix associated with \(\Gamma'\). It is shown that \(\gamma\) is a linkage root if and only if \(\mathscr{B}^{\vee}_{\Gamma'}(\gamma^{\nabla}) < 2\), where \(\mathscr{B}^{\vee}_{\Gamma'}\) is a quadratic form with the matrix inverse to \(B_{\Gamma'}\). The set of all linkage roots for \(\Gamma'\) is called a linkage system and is denoted by \(\mathscr{L}(\Gamma')\). The sizes of \(\mathscr{L}(\Gamma')\) and \(\mathscr{L}(\Gamma)\) are the same for diagrams \(\Gamma\) and \(\Gamma'\) that have the same rank and \(ADE\) type. Let \(W^{\vee}\) be the Weyl group of the quadratic form \(\mathscr{B}^{\vee}_{\Gamma'}\). The sizes and structure of orbits for linkage systems \(\mathscr{L}(D_l)\) and \(\mathscr{L}(D_l(a_k))\) are presented. Lugansk National Taras Shevchenko University 2025-08-13 Article Article Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://admjournal.luguniv.edu.ua/index.php/adm/article/view/2397 10.12958/adm2397 Algebra and Discrete Mathematics; Vol 39, No 2 (2025) 2415-721X 1726-3255 en https://admjournal.luguniv.edu.ua/index.php/adm/article/view/2397/pdf https://admjournal.luguniv.edu.ua/index.php/adm/article/downloadSuppFile/2397/1304 https://admjournal.luguniv.edu.ua/index.php/adm/article/downloadSuppFile/2397/1327 https://admjournal.luguniv.edu.ua/index.php/adm/article/downloadSuppFile/2397/1328 Copyright (c) 2025 Algebra and Discrete Mathematics
institution Algebra and Discrete Mathematics
baseUrl_str
datestamp_date 2025-08-13T10:04:13Z
collection OJS
language English
topic Root system
Cartan matrix
Weyl group
Carater diagram
17B22
20F55
20E45
spellingShingle Root system
Cartan matrix
Weyl group
Carater diagram
17B22
20F55
20E45
Stekolshchik, Rafael
Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots
topic_facet Root system
Cartan matrix
Weyl group
Carater diagram
17B22
20F55
20E45
format Article
author Stekolshchik, Rafael
author_facet Stekolshchik, Rafael
author_sort Stekolshchik, Rafael
title Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots
title_short Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots
title_full Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots
title_fullStr Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots
title_full_unstemmed Integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots
title_sort integer quadratic forms and extensions of subsets of linearly independent roots
description We consider subsets of linearly independent roots in a certain root system \(\varPhi\). Let \(S'\) be such a subset, and let \(S'\) be associated with any Carter diagram \(\Gamma'\). The main question of the paper: what root \(\gamma \in \varPhi\) can be added to \(S'\) so that \(S' \cup \gamma\) is also a subset of linearly independent roots? This extra root \(\gamma\) is called the linkage root. The vector \(\gamma^{\nabla}\) of inner products \(\{(\gamma,\tau'_i)\mid \tau'_i \in S'\}\) is called the linkage label vector. Let \(B_{\Gamma'}\) be the Cartan matrix associated with \(\Gamma'\). It is shown that \(\gamma\) is a linkage root if and only if \(\mathscr{B}^{\vee}_{\Gamma'}(\gamma^{\nabla}) < 2\), where \(\mathscr{B}^{\vee}_{\Gamma'}\) is a quadratic form with the matrix inverse to \(B_{\Gamma'}\). The set of all linkage roots for \(\Gamma'\) is called a linkage system and is denoted by \(\mathscr{L}(\Gamma')\). The sizes of \(\mathscr{L}(\Gamma')\) and \(\mathscr{L}(\Gamma)\) are the same for diagrams \(\Gamma\) and \(\Gamma'\) that have the same rank and \(ADE\) type. Let \(W^{\vee}\) be the Weyl group of the quadratic form \(\mathscr{B}^{\vee}_{\Gamma'}\). The sizes and structure of orbits for linkage systems \(\mathscr{L}(D_l)\) and \(\mathscr{L}(D_l(a_k))\) are presented.
publisher Lugansk National Taras Shevchenko University
publishDate 2025
url https://admjournal.luguniv.edu.ua/index.php/adm/article/view/2397
work_keys_str_mv AT stekolshchikrafael integerquadraticformsandextensionsofsubsetsoflinearlyindependentroots
first_indexed 2025-12-02T15:42:43Z
last_indexed 2025-12-02T15:42:43Z
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