Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки
In the article the materials of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site research both in the 1930's, and relatively recently, are analyzed. First of all, attention is paid to the faunal collection. The faunal associations from old excavations are coherent, typical of a cold steppe environment from the glac...
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| Опубліковано в: | Археологія |
|---|---|
| Дата: | 2021 |
| Випуск: | 4 |
| Сторінки: | 5-34 |
| ISSN: | 2616-499X |
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| Автори: | , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
| Опубліковано: |
Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
2021
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Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface| _version_ | 1872824536265654272 |
|---|---|
| author | Demay, Laёtitia Stupak, Dmytro |
| author_facet | Demay, Laёtitia Stupak, Dmytro |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Laёtitia Demay",
"institution": "PhD in Paleonthology, Research Fellow, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, France",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "Dmytro Stupak",
"institution": "PhD in History, Research Fellow, Stone Age Archaeology Department, the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Demay, Laёtitia |
| baseUrl_str | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | 34 |
| container_issue | 4 |
| container_start_page | 5 |
| container_title | Археологія |
| container_volume | |
| datestamp_date | 2022-03-22T22:39:58Z |
| description | In the article the materials of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site research both in the 1930's, and relatively recently, are analyzed. First of all, attention is paid to the faunal collection. The faunal associations from old excavations are coherent, typical of a cold steppe environment from the glacial period, near a riparian forest. However, it seems to result to a mix between natural taphonomic complexes and animal remains associated with human activity. Judging by the flint collection from the old excavations, the site was inhabited by representatives of the Pushkari type. New research yielded two archaeological layers that are very poor in flint artefacts. Concerning fauna, the faunal spectrum is restricted in both layers, with the woolly mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, the horse and the reindeer in the lower and upper layers. In the upper layer there are also the bison, the fox and the hare. According to taphonomic observations, the bones had remained for a long time at an open air before being buried, in subsurface in a wet environment but few submitted to precipitations in link with permafrost activities. Particularly in the lower layer (2) some remains appear to be in place, while others seem to have been imported by hydraulic phenomena, either from the top of the promontory or from the Desna River. In the upper layer (1), some bones show possible anthropogenic impacts of breakage, linked to marrow recovery. In both layers we have some cranial and postcranial elements, mainly from adults sensu lato which could correspond to human predation. They could correspond to temporary camps of quite small human groups, potentially occupied at the end of the cold season/beginning of the warm season.
This research was integrated in various scientific programs: "Mammoths" by the Agence nationale de la Recherche coordinated by S. Péan and "Animal Resources and Subsistence of Palaeolithic Hunters-gatherers in Ukraine" by the Partenariats Hubert Curien, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs  Program, coordinated by S. Péan and P. S. Shydlovskyi. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/arheologia2021.04.005 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:04:19Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 4 2021
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
Чабай В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Заступник головного редактора
Толочко П. П., академiк НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Вiдповiдальний секретар
ШЕВЧЕНКО Т. М., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Бороффка Н., доктор хаб., Нiмецький археологiчний iнститут, Нiмеччина
БРАУНД Д., професор, доктор хаб., Унiверситет Екзетера, Великобританiя
БРУЯКО I. В., доктор iсторичних наук, Одеський археологiчний музей НАН України
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., доктор iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Гаврилюк Н. О., доктор iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон
Сорбонна, Францiя
ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
IВАКIН В. Г., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
IВАНЧИК А. I., член-кореспондент РАН, Нацiональний центр наукових
дослiджень, Францiя
КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Нiмеччина
КОРВIН-ПIОТРОВСЬКИЙ О. Г., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Моця О. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Отрощенко В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
ПЕТРАУСКАС О. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
СКОРИЙ С. А., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ФОРНАСЬЄ Й., професор, доктор, Гете унiверситет Франкфурта-на-Майнi, Нiмеччина
ХОХОРОВСКI Я., професор, доктор хаб., Iнститут археологiї Яґеллонського унiверситету, Польща
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
Research JOURNAL – Founded IN 1947
Frequency: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Deputy editor-in-Chief
TOLOCHKO P. P., Academician of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Executive Secretary
SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
BOROFFKA N., Professor, Dr hab., German Archaeological Institute, Germany
BRAUND D., Professor, Dr hab., University of Exeter, Great Britain
BRUIAKO I. V., DSc in History, Odesa Archaeological Museum of the NAS of Ukraine
BUISKYKH A. V., DSc in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
CHOCHOROWSKI J., Professor, Dr hab., Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University, Poland
Djindjian F., Professor, Dr hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
GAVRYLYUK N. O., DSc in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
IVAKIN V. G., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
IVANCHIK A. I., Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
National Center for Scientific Research of France
FORNASIER J., Professor, doctor, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
KAIZER E., Professor, DrHab, Free University of Berlin, Germany
KORVIN-PIOTROVSKYI O. G., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
MOTSIA O. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
PETRAUSKAS O. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
SKORYI S. A., Professor, DSc in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 4 2021
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
Articles
Демей Л., Ступак Д. В. Нові комплексні
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Buiskykh A. V., Shevchenko T. M. Olbian
Perirantheria
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Structure of the Population at the Biritual Burial
Ground of the Saltiv Culture in Chervona Hirka
Publication
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Radomskyi I. S., Levinzon Ye. Yu.,
Nechytailo P. O., Nechytailo O. K.
Materials of the Western Trypilla Culture from the
Settlements of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky
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Discoveries and Recent Finds
Reida R. M., Heiko A. V., Sapiehin S. V.
The Glass Beaker with Eclectic Features from
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History of science
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to Mykola Ernst
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stigations of the Novhorod-Siverskyi Upper Palaeo-
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БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., ШЕВЧЕНКО Т. М. Оль- 35
війські перирантерії
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Глибочок на Черкащині
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НЕЧИТАЙЛО П. О., НЕЧИТАЙЛО О. К.
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тури Кам’янець-Подільський, урочище Тата-
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Новi вiдкриття та знахiдки
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Скляний кубок з еклектичними ознаками з
поховання 112 Шишацького могильника
Iсторiя науки
ПОПЕЛЬНИЦЬКА О. О. Історія розкопок 110
у Криму 1920—1930-х років у листах до Миколи
Ернста
KOTENKO V. V., SHEIKO I. M., KOZLEN- 122
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ченко, Т. Гошко. Могильник білозерської куль-
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Алфавiтний покажчик змiсту журналу 144
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News Review
In Memoriam of Anatolii Fedorovych Hutsal
To the Bright Memory of Andrii Leonidovych
Kazakov
Index of Publications in Arheologia Journal
in 2021
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2021, № 4 5
Статтi
УДК 903'12(477.51)“632”
https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2021.04.005
© L. Demay, D. V. Stupak * 2021
NEW COMPLEX INVESTIGATIONS
of the NOVHOROD-SIVERSKYI
UPPER PALAEOLITHIC SITE
* DE MAY Laёtitia — PhD in Paleonthology, Research
Fellow, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, France,
ORCID 0000-0003-4930-7030, laetitia.demay@ mnhn.fr
S TUPAK Dmytro Viktorovych — PhD in History, Research
Fellow, Stone Age Archaeology Department, the Institute of
Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
ORCID 0000-0002-0809-2179, stupak17@ukr.net
In the article the materials of the Novhorod-Siverskyi
site research both in the 1930's, and relatively recently,
are analyzed. First of all, attention is paid to the faunal
collection. The faunal associations from old excavations
are coherent, typical of a cold steppe environment from the
glacial period, near a riparian forest. However, it seems
to result to a mix between natural taphonomic complexes
and animal remains associated with human activity.
Judging by the flint collection from the old excavations,
the site was inhabited by representatives of the Pushkari
type. New research yielded two archaeological layers
that are very poor in flint artefacts. Concerning fauna,
the faunal spectrum is restricted in both layers, with the
woolly mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, the horse and the
reindeer in the lower and upper layers. In the upper layer
there are also the bison, the fox and the hare. According
to taphonomic observations, the bones had remained for a
long time at an open air before being buried, in subsurface
in a wet environment but few submitted to precipitations
in link with permafrost activities. Particularly in the
lower layer (2) some remains appear to be in place,
while others seem to have been imported by hydraulic
phenomena, either from the top of the promontory or
from the Desna River. In the upper layer (1), some bones
show possible anthropogenic impacts of breakage, linked
to marrow recovery. In both layers we have some cranial
and postcranial elements, mainly from adults sensu lato
which could correspond to human predation. They could
correspond to temporary camps of quite small human
groups, potentially occupied at the end of the cold season/
beginning of the warm season.
K e y w o r d s: Last Glacial Maximum, Upper Palaeolithic,
Gravettian, Pushkari type, zooarchaeology, palaeoecology,
Middle Desna basin, Upper Pleniglacial.
Introduction
The climatically unstable final part of the
Pleistocene has caused paleoenvironmental and
geographical changes and forced Palaeolithic
hunters-gatherers to adapt (Clark et al. 2009,
p. 710-714; Lambeck et al. 2014, p. 15296-15303).
The Upper Pleniglacial started around 26 000 BP,
corresponding to the OIS 2. It is characterized
by aeolian sedimentation in colder and more arid
conditions until reaching its peak during the Last
Glacial Maximum (Величко 1961; Velichko,
Zelikson 2005, p. 137-151; Haesaerts et al. 2007,
p. 31-52; Clark et al. 2009, p. 710-714). In the
East European Plain, it is well known in the loess
sequences from the Eastern Carpathians (Haesaerts
et al. 2007, p. 31-52).
The active development of the territory of the
Middle Desna basin in the Upper Palaeolithic is
associated with the ancient population, which left
behind the sites of the so-called Pushkari type. This
specific variant of the Gravettian technocomplex is
represented foremost by the sites of Pushkari I, Po-
hon and Kliusy, which are dated by 23—20 000 BP
(Рудынский 1947а, с. 171-198; 1947b, с. 7-22;
Беляева 2002а; 2002b, с. 133-137; Воеводский
1950, с. 40-54; Грибченко, Куренкова 2014,
с. 109-113; Васильев 2018, с. 297-315; 2019,
с. 129-147; Васильєв, Дудник 2019, с. 100-110;
Ступак 2008, с. 71-85; Нужний 2015, с. 69-92;
Demay et al. 2016, р. 16-36; 2021, p. 258-289; De-
may et al. in press). However, in addition to them,
the earliest evidence of the development of the terri-
tory by ancient people includes the complex of Obo-
lonnia site with Epiaurignacian features (Ступак
та ін. 2014, c. 9-30; Demay et al. 2020, p. 83;
2021, p. 258-289) and probably the complex of
the site of Pushkari III, which has specific features
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2021, № 46
of the Gravettian technocomplex, which distin-
guishes it from sites of the Pushkari type and which
have analogies in the materials of the site from the
Dniester valley Molodovo 5, layer 7 (Васильєв,
Дудник 2019, с. 109).
One of the earliest manifestations of human activi-
ty in the region is the Novhorod-Siverskyi site (Fig. 1).
Despite the fact that the settlement was actively in-
vestigated in the 1930's, its materials require more de-
tailed study. The interest in the site was revived by the
materials obtained as a result of new works.
The current research primarily aims to identi-
fy this site on the basis of faunal remains studying,
both in terms of conservation and in terms of the
environment, in order to obtain more data on the
archaeological situation and human activities.
Research history and characteristics
of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site
The Novhorod-Siverskyi (also Novgorod-
Siversk, Novgorod-Severskii, Novgorod-Sever-
skaya, Novgorod-Severskij) archaeological site is
located within the limits of the eponymous city
in Chernihiv Oblast, in Ukraine, on the right
bank of the Desna River, 30 meters above the
actual river.
Some bones of Palaeothic fauna and lithic re-
mains were discovered in 1933, following the ex-
ploitation of quarries of sandstone and quartzite.
Geologist Yu. M. Abramovich collected several
flints and bones of mammoth and rhinoceros. In
the same year, the expedition headed by M. Ya. Ru-
dynskyi conducted an excavation, the result of
which was a discovered site. It was carried out in
the south-eastern part of the quarry, at 34 m2 and
3—4 meters deep. It was stopped because of the
small amount of archaeological material and the
weather conditions.
Two years later, at the opening of a new sand-
stone mining area, animal bones and lithic arte-
facts were again revealed. Excavations were car-
ried out in 1936—1938 by I. H. Pidoplichka. A to-
tal of 238 m2 of area were excavated in the 1930's
(Підоплічка 1947, с. 65-106; 1949, с. 65-106;
Борисковский 1953, с. 291-299) (Fig. 2: 1).
Palaeolithic materials from excavations of the sec-
ond half of the 1930's were located in the basal part
of a loess-like loam, on the surface of an eroded mo-
raine at a depth of 6—7 m from the modern surface
(Воєводський 1947, c. 47; 1949, с. 47). According
to I. H. Pidoplichkа (Підоплічка 1947, с. 68; 1949,
с. 68) and V. I. Gromov (Громов 1948, с. 147, 148),
the ancient inhabitants of the site used small grot-
Fig. 1. The earliest Upper Palaeolithic sitеs in the Middle Desna River basin: 1 — Novhorod-Siverskyi site; 2 — Pushkari I, III,
Pohon; 3 — Kliusy; 4 — Obolonnia
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2021, № 4 7
toes and sheds for life. Later they collapsed. The site
was exposed to the action of alluvial and deluvial wa-
ters, as a result of which the cultural remains were dis-
placed and often, together with the bones of animals,
not related to the economic activities of ancient man,
tightly clogged the cracks between the fragments of
the sheds. The finds consisted of bone fragments,
flints and rare ocher fragments.
The mammoth tooth sample from the excava-
tions of that time was dated by 1980 ± 350 BP (OxA
698) (Svezhentsev, Popov 1993, p. 499). Another
dating was obtained from a mandible of Dicroston-
yx sp.: 15 340 ± 60 BP (GrA-41725) (Ponomarev
et al. 2015, Tadle A3).
The site has attracted attention for a number of
features. Firstly, because of finds of human bones
Fig. 2. The plan of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site:
1 — by I. H . Pidoplichka (Підоплічка 1947,
с. 65); 2 — modern plan by Ye. M. Osadchyi
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2021, № 48
fragments. They were studied by M. A. H remiatskyi
(Підоплічка 1947, c. 93-94; 1949, c. 93-94). Second-
ly, because of an unusually wide variety of faunal com-
plex. It consisted of approximately 50 species, of mam-
mals, micromammals, avifauna and piscifauna of the
glacial period. The number of bone remains is 6187,
which is a minimum number of individuals estimat-
ed — 1910. They will be considered below.
Although the flint complex was small, only 570
artefacts, but it was unusual in finding the three so-
called gigantoliths. I. H . Pidoplichka interpreted
them as tools for cutting bones, and did not exclude
their use for other kinds of works (Пидопличка
1941, c. 26-36; 1947, c. 85-91; 1949, c. 85-91).
Two of three artefacts are a part of the collection
that has survived (collection No. a-207 of the Na-
tional Museum of History of Ukraine). One of
them is a pre-core, the other one is a unipolar core
left at an early stage of exploitation, the surfac-
es of which were prepared by double-sided proces
sing. It should be noted that they stand out for their
size. Dimensions of the first: 45.4 × 19.3 × 9.9 cm;
second: 33.9 × 13.9 × 9.2 cm (Пидопличка 1941,
c. 27; 1947, c. 86; 1949, c. 86).
Today, the flint collection from the studies of
the Novhorod-Siverskyi site during the XX century
consists of 546 artefacts (Table 1). These are 539 ar-
tefacts of 1930's research and 7 items of 1954. The
latter were probably collected as surface finds. This
collection includes collection No. a-207 of the Na-
tional Museum of History of Ukraine (9 flint arte-
facts) and materials (537 flint artefacts) that were
found not so long ago by D. Yu. Nuzhnyi (Нужний
2015, c. 91).
At the site, mainly local flint was used. The so-
called Desnianskyi flint type is known from the
Cretaceous deposits near the site (Пидопличка
1941, c. 27; 1947, с. 70; 1949, с. 70). It is a high-
quality flint, mainly in nodules, dark gray often
with light gray small dots and specks.
Among pre-cores, only one is distinguished by
the thoroughness of preparation for exploitation —
gigantolith. Cores are dominated by unidirectional
ones for blades and bladelets — 7 (Fig. 3: 2, 3). The
bi-directional cores which are present in the col-
lection can be the result of more intensive use of
unidirectional ones that served for more efficient
usage of the volume of raw materials. They are rep-
resented by one bidirectional and two bidirection-
al adjacent. Four specimens are fragmented cores.
Flakes dominate among the debitage, as in the en-
tire collection. If we exclude from the calculations,
chips, chunks, and unidentifiable debitage and flint
nodule, then the part of flakes in the collection will
be more than 50 %. Blades significantly outnumber
bladelets and microblades (Table 1).
Tools is a significant part of the collection. Es-
sential calculations show this especially clearly
(Table 1). About three-quarters of the toolkit are:
blades with retouch — 13, bladelets with retouch —
1, flakes with retouch — 13, chunks with retouch —
2 and unidentifiable fragments — 2. The collection
consists of five tools that belong to the equipment
of projectile weapons (Fig. 4: 1—4, 6). One point,
which consists of two parts, was fragmented during
the manufacturing process (Fig. 4: 4). This can be
assumed for two other artefacts (Fig. 4: 3, 6). One
point has obvious traces from impact with a hard
obstacle (Fig. 4: 2). The burins are represented by
a dihedral on blade (Fig. 4: 7) and an angle burin
(Fig. 4: 5). For two fragments of burins, the type
is unidentifiable. One fragment belongs to double-
sided processed tool (Fig. 3: 1). It probably got
fragmented during manufacture. One fragment of
the tool is unidentifiable.
Unfortunately, the collection lacks the points
presented in the article by I. H. Pidoplichka (Пі-
доплічка 1947, рис. 9: 2, 6; 1949, рис. 9: 2, 6)
(Fig. 4: 8, 9). The bigger one is especially interest-
ing. According to P. I . Boryskovskyi, it resembles
the best sample from Pushkari І (Борисковський
1953, с. 292). Moreover, in the collection there are
no truncated scrapers and burins, which, according
to M. V. Voievodskyi, were the main type among
the tools (Воєводський 1949, c. 47).
I. H . Pidoplichkа (Підоплічка 1947, c. 91-
93; 1949, c. 91-93) mentions the existence of se-
veral human-modified bones: a perçoir on an isa-
tis ulna (Fig. 5: a), a fragment of male woolly rhi-
noceros bone with anthropogenic impacts (Fig. 5:
b—c) and a piece of mammoth ivory with impacts.
To these pieces, should be added a decorated rib of
mammoth (59.5 cm long and 0.8 cm thick) (Fig. 5:
d). Its ends are rounded and cut, the surface is po-
lished and completely covered with parallel trans-
Table 1. Lithic artefacts of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site,
from old collection
Artefacts Number % %, esse
Pre-cores 3 0,55 0,85
Cores 13 2,38 3,66
Flakes 186 34,07 52,39
Blades 90 16,48 25,35
Bladelets 17 3,11 4,79
Microblades 4 0,73 1,13
Tools 42 7,69 11,83
Chips 69 12,64 —
Unidentifiable debitage 40 7,33 —
Chunks 81 14,84 —
Flint nodules 1 0,18 —
Total 546 100,00 100,00
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1
2
3
2 cm0 1
Fig. 3. Novhorod-Siverskyi site. Flint artefacts from old collection: 1 — a fragment of double-side processed tool;
2, 3 — cores
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verse incisions. I. H . Pidoplichkа (Підоплічка
1947, c. 91; 1949, c. 91) also mentions a thin deco-
rated bone blade.
I. H . Pidoplichkа attributed the Novhorod-
Siverskyi site to the Magdalenian time, in accor-
dance with the chronological scheme of that time
(Підоплічка 1947, c. 94; 1949, c. 94). V. I. Gromov
classified the site in one group together with Push-
kari I, Pohon and Mizyn. He expressed the opinion
that it is possible in the future that Pushkari I, Po-
hon and Novhorod-Siverskyi should be attributed
to a separate group of the most ancient sites in the
Desna River basin (Громова 1948, c. 135-136, 146-
153). M. V. Voevodsky saw in the Novhorod-Siver-
Fig. 4. The Novhorod-Siverskyi site: 1—9 — flint
tools from old collection
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skyi site similarities with Pushkari I and Chulativ I
and dated its time no later than the early Magdaleni-
an time (Воєводський 1947, c. 48, 55; 1949, c. 48,
55). According to P. I. Boryskovskyi, later M. V. Voe-
vodsky considered Novhorod-Siverskyi site to be si-
multaneous with Pushkari I. P. I. Boryskovskyi con-
sidered that this site, together with Pushkari I, is one
of the oldest Upper Palaeolithic sites in the Desna
River basin (Борисковський 1953, c. 298-299).
D. Yu. Nuzhnyi considered that some of the mate-
rials from the Novhorod-Siverskyi site are similar to
the materials of the Pushkari type sites, and that the
complex of the site also contains an Epigravettian
admixture (Нужний 2015, c. 91).
The site was considered as completely exca-
vated. However, in 2010, an undiscovered part
was accidentally discovered during test excavation
work (1.5 × 1.5 m) by medievalists. Fragments of
Fig. 5. Bones of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site with anthropogenic modifications (Підоплічка 1947): a — perçoir (ulna of
fox); b — a fragment of femur of the woolly rhinoceros with impacts of fracturation; c — a fragment of tusk of the woolly
mammoth with impacts of fracturation; d — a rib of the mammoth with incisions (Abramova 1995; photo by L. Demay)
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a human skull were of particular interest. In addi-
tion, some faunal remains and a unipolar core were
found (Кедун, Потєхіна, Ступак 2011, с. 172-
173). In 2011, new excavations were carried out by
D. V. Stupak on 6 m2 (Ступак 2012, с. 100-102;
Ступак, Потехіна 2012, с. 516-517). The excava-
tion was located near the test excavation of medi-
evalists and near the alleged location of the previ-
ously examined area. The quarry for the extraction
of sandstone and quartzite had continued to work
after the excavations of the 1930's, so it is not pos-
sible to correlate the exact location of old and new
excavations (Fig. 2: 1, 2).
The stratigraphic profile survey from 2011 was
made on the south-eastern wall (Fig. 6) (square
No. O50, from the reference point):
–1.20—1.28 m turf, gray gummed sandy loam;
–1.28—1.37 m gray-brown sandy loam;
–1.37—1.42 m dark brown loam;
–1.42—1.44 m lens of light yellow sand;
–1.44—1.57 m layer of ginger sand;
–1.57—1.69 m light gray sand;
–1.69—1.76 m dark brown loam;
–1.76—2.00 m light gray sand.
It should be noted that in all layers there are
natural fragments of quartzite. They are of dif-
ferent sizes and occur with various density.
Two cultural layers were identified. Findings of
the first lay in the upper layer of loam and some ani-
mal bones occurred in the lower part of dark-gray
sandy loam above. Judging by the fact that the part
of the bones is located vertically, at least part of the
material is redeposited. The second cultural la-
yer is located in the lower layer of dark brown loam
and is separated from the first by sterile layers. It is
less replete with finds and probably has not been
as heavily exposed to post-depositional processes
as the first one (Ступак 2012, с. 100-102; Ступак,
Потехіна 2012, с. 516-517) (Fig. 6).
The first cultural layer consisted of fragments of
a human skull, faunal remains, and flint finds. The
second cultural layer included only faunal remains
and flint artefacts.
The fragment of a human skull was dated by
1439—1620 C al AD (OxA-26797). This confirms
that at least a part of the materials in the first layer
are in a non-in situ position.
In both layers, all lithic pieces were made on
the local Desna flint type, the deposits of which are
near the site. Seven flint artefacts occur from the
upper, first cultural layer. Four pieces are covered
with white-blue patina of different depths. Typo-
logically, the flint finds are distributed as follows:
two proximal blade fragments, two flakes and three
artefacts are related to unidentifiable debitage. Five
flint artefacts occur from the lower, second layer:
one flake, one chip, two chunks and one item rela-
ted to unidentifiable debitage. The flake and chunks
are partially covered with a white-blue patina.
The faunal material of both layers will be ana-
lyzed below.
There are also bones of micromammals in the
upper layer, identified by Ye. S. Nezdolii as M. gre-
galis, A. terrestris, Ochotona sp., D. torquatus and
Spermophilus sp., typical for mixed steppe and arc-
tic environment.
Thus, judging by the results of recent studies,
the Novhorod-Siverskyi site was populated at least
Fig. 6. Stratigraphy of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site from research of 2011
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twice. The flint material from recent studies cannot
help in the cultural and chronological attribution
of the materials of the site. Judging by the com-
plex from the studies of the 1930's, the site was def-
initely inhabited by representatives of the Pushka-
ri type. The idea of an Epigravettian admixture, in
our opinion, is very controversial. For the role of an
Epigravettian admixture from the material that has
been preserved, it can be claimed, first of all, one
point (Fig. 4: 2). This point was formed by abrupt
retouching, which in the proximal and distal parts
is directed from the ventral surface to the dorsal,
and in the medial part from dorsal to the ventral. In
our opinion, this point could belong to the Gravet-
tian technocomplex and even Pushkari type. Such
a specific design of the points is rare and situation-
al. However, sometimes they are found, as, for ex-
ample, in the materials of the Kliusy site (Stupak
2008, Fig. 8: 17, 23). To our mind, about the ad-
mixture more likely can claim a fragment of a dou-
ble-sided processed tool (Fig. 3: 1).
Materials and methods
In the aim to better define the palaeoecological
situations of the site we applied different methods
to analyze the faunal composition of the older
excavations of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site. More-
over, we studied the faunal remains coming from
more recent excavations of zooarchaeological
approach, in order to highlight the conditions that
make up the archaeological assemblages and the
anthropogenic implication.
On the one hand we used the bibliographical
data concerning fauna from explorations of 1933—
1937 and 1938—1939. They were synthesized by
I. H . Pidoplichkа (Підоплічка 1947, с. 65-106;
1949, с. 65-106) on the background of N. Kuzne-
tsov-Ugamskii work (Кузнецов-Угамский 1934,
с. 73-74), I. H. Pidoplichkа (Пидопличка 1934,
с. 80-82; 1938, с. 1-96), N. V. Sharleman (1934,
p. 94-96; 1935, p. 651-73) and A. A. Brauner
(1934, p. 92-93). These collections, unfortunately,
no longer exist.
We consider the ecological niches. The ecologi-
cal niche is one of the concepts of ecology. It high-
lights the characteristics of species and its relation-
ship to the ecosystem and the conditions necessary
for the viability of the population in order to recon-
struct the paleoenvironment. For this, it is neces-
sary to define the physicochemical parameters of
this ecosystem, the relationships between different
species and their place within it. The animal spe-
cies, other than the human species, allow us to un-
derstand the ecosystems better, the habitats they
frequent and the food, energy and nutritive needs
that concern them. It is notably through faunal as-
sociations that this ecosystem can be apprehended.
This restitution is made from malacofauna, birdlife,
fish fauna, small mammals and large mammals.
Rodent associations are studied according to
specific ecological groups taking into account lago-
morphs, and larger animals as the hare, the mar-
mot, the pika and the sousliks, according to the
Marquet method (1989; 1993). Large herbivo-
rous mammals are also very informative in terms
of woodland wildlife, open arctic or non-arctic en-
vironments (Delpech 1983). The climatic and en-
vironmental parameters specific to many species
have been described by c. Griggo (1996, p. 81-97).
We also use ecological diagrams. They were de-
veloped from different actual species by T. H. Fle-
ming (1973, p. 555-563). They were applied to fossil
faunas by P. Andrews et al. (1979, p. 177-205) and
M. Faure and c. Guérin (1984, p. 215-228). This
method makes it possible to evaluate palaeoecolo-
gical diversity, according to four parameters:
— taxonomic diversity;
— body mass;
— diet;
— locomotion.
These data are expressed in the form of histo-
grams, according to the percentage of species stu-
died. The data for the species concerned by this
study are specified in the table (Table 2).
It usually takes about twenty species for maxi-
mum interpretation. The main interpretations can
be given according to the representations of the dif-
ferent groups. The strong representation of carni-
vores, rodents and artiodactyls is often attached
to an open environment. Large species are usually
linked to a wetland. They are also representative of
an open environment. Medium-sized species, ento-
mophagous, brachyodont herbivores and omnivores
are linked to a more closed environment. Hypso-
dont herbivores, frugivorous / granivorous and large
runner mammals are typical of grassland areas. The
simultaneous presence of these different species can
be significant of wooded areas near meadows.
The method of cenograms, developed by
J.-A. Valverde (1964, p. 121-154), provides in-
formation on the environment and temperature
of an environment (aridity/moisture and open/
closed) (Fig. 7), by relating the mass of species to
the trophic level (Legendre 1986, p. 191-212). To
do this, it is necessary to have the abscissa in de-
scending order of weight and ordered natural log-
arithm (= LN (mass)) of their weight, by remov-
ing carnivores and chiroptera (Montuire 1994).
From there, two regression lines can be calculat-
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Table 2. Information for ecological diagrams
Species Taxonomy Weight Alimentation Locomotion
Mammuthus primigenius Pb > 1000 Hh gMt
Coelodonta antiquitatis Pe > 1000 Hb gMt
Equus sp. Pe 200—1000 Hh gMt
Ovibos moschatus Ar 200—1000 Hb gMt
Bison priscus Ar 200—1000 Hh gMt
Alces alces Ar 200—1000 Hb gMt
Cervus elaphus Ar 100—200 Hb gMt
Capreolus capreolus Ar 10—45 Hb gMt
Rangifer tarandus Ar 100—200 Hb gMt
Crocuta crocuta spelaea C 45—100 C gMt
Ursus arctos C 100—200 C gMt
Canis lupus C 10—45 C gMt
Vulpes vulpes C 1—10 C pMt
Alopex lagopus C 1—10 C pMt
Vulpes corsac C 1—10 C pMt
Lynx lynx C 10—45 C gMt
Mustela putorius C < 1 O pMt + F
Mustela erminae C < 1 C pMt + F
Mustela nivalis C < 1 C pMt + F
Lepus sp. R 1—10 Hh pMt
Marmota bobak R 1—10 Hh pMt + F
Spermophilus suslicus R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Spermophilus major R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Ochotona pusilla R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Dicrostonyx torquatus R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Lemmusobensis R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Lagurus luteus R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Lagurus lagurus R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Microtus gregalis R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Arvicola sapidus R < 1 Hh pMt + Aq + F
Microtus oeconomus R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Cricetulus migratorius R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Alactagajaculus R < 1 Hh pMt + F
Myogalemoschata I < 1 I Aq + pmt + F
Sorex araneus I < 1 I pMt
Anser sp. O 1—10 O Ar + Aq
Anas platyrhyncha O 1—10 O Ar + Aq
Anas querquedula L. O 1—10 O Ar + Aq
Anas clypeata L. O 1—10 O Ar + Aq
Lagopus lagopus O < 1 F Ar
Falco tinnunculus O < 1 C Ar
Circus sp. O < 1 C Ar
Buteo sp. O < 1 C Ar
Emberiza sp. O < 1 O Ar
Alaudaarvensis O < 1 O Ar
Galerida cristata O < 1 O Ar
Motacilla alba O < 1 I Ar
Parus major O < 1 O Ar
Hirundo rustica O < 1 I Ar
Esox lucius Ps 1—10 C Aq
Salmo sp. Ps 1—10 C Aq
Rutilus rutilus Ps < 1 O Aq
Silurus glanis Ps 10—45 C Aq
Leuciscus sp. Ps < 1 C Aq
Abramis sp. Ps 1—10 O Aq
Sander lucioperca Ps 1—10 C Aq
Perca fluviatilis Ps 1—10 C Aq
Lota lota Ps 1—10 C Aq
Taxonomy: R — rodents; I — insectivorous; Pm — primates; Ar — artiodactyl; C — carnivorous; Pe — perissodactyl; Pb —
proboscidean; Ps — fish; O — birds.
Alimentation: I — insectivorous; F — frugivorous; Hb — herbivore brachyodont; Hh — herbivore hypsodont; C — carnivorous;
O — omnivorous. Locomotion: gMt — large-sized terrestrial mammals; pMt — small-sized terrestrial mammals; GetA —
climber and arboreаl; Aq — aquatic; Ar — aerial; F — burrower
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ed, on the one hand, for mammals of more than
500 grams and, on the other hand, for mammals
of less than 500 grams.
Moreover, we process to the zooarchaeological
study of the faunal remains discovered during the
excavations from 2011 lead by D. V. Stupak. They
are kept in the Institute of Archaeology at the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences, Ukraine. We studied
bones from the lower (2) and upper (1) layers.
We used methods including paleontology,
taphonomy and paleoethnography (Poplin 1976,
p. 124-141; Binford 1979, p. 255-273; Behrens-
meyer and Kidwell 1985, p. 105-119; Lyman 1994;
2008; Denys and Patou-Mathis 2014; Fernández-
Jalvo and Andrews 2016).
Taxonomic references and systematic were
made from the code of zoological nomenclature
(1999). The vernacular anatomical terms are used
after R. Barone (1986).
Measurements were taken from A. von den
Driesch (1976). To determine the age, we used stag-
es of bone growth and stages of eruption and tooth
wear for woolly mammoth (Laws 1966, p. 1-37; Hay-
nes 1991) and woolly rhinoceros (Guérin 1980).
The cycle of reindeer antler is based on
N. A. Murray (1993). We used quantitative units
after F. Poplin (1976) and R. L. Lyman (2008).
The fragmented remains can also be studied,
according to the size of the fragments and classes,
allowing us to identify the possible agents (Patou-
Mathis (dir.) 1994).
Paleoenvironmental study
We proceeded to the paleoenvironmental research
from previous works (Table 3).
In the case of mammals, excluding small ro-
dents, species such as the horse, the bison, the wolf,
the bear, the common fox, the lynx, the polecat,
the hermine, the weasel and the hare are ubiqui-
tous. Pika prefers steep places in cold and arid ar-
eas. In general, the hare and the pika roam open
areas with groves. Mustelids will choose areas where
small rodents are abundant. The marmot lives in
steep environments, with a cool climate. The sous-
liks live in dry steppes. The weasel is a fairly ubiqui-
tous species, it chooses its habitat near voles, which
are its favorite preys. The woolly mammoth and
woolly rhinoceros are typical for steppe landscapes
and the reindeer for cold environments.
Small mammals have been re-studied by
D. Ponomarev et al. (2015, p. 88-98) from the
synthesis of L. I. Rekovets (Рековец 1985). They
highlight that the micro-mammal community
represented on the site is dominated by xerophilic
species (organisms living in water-poor environ-
ments), in association with tundra and riparian
species. Forest species are absent.
Based on the faunal list synthesized by
I. H . Pidoplichka (Підоплічка 1947, c. 72-73;
1949, c. 72-73), according to the micromammal
associations, most of the species are attached to
an open cold steppe environment, with the pre-
sence of groves. The migratory hamster is generally
subservient to rocky slopes. The water vole and the
desman reflect the presence of a relatively slow and
relatively nutrient-poor watercourse (Table 4).
The associations of rodents and lagomorphs
make it possible to restore an open, steppe, cold
and arid environment, but with the presence of a
nearby watercourse and sufficient plant resources
available. Several species show relatively steep ter-
rain (Table 5; Fig. 8).
Regarding avifauna, the species are also very
varied. The genus Anser includes different species
of geese that live in the holarctic regions. They mi-
grate in autumn to more temperate zones of South-
ern Europe. They favor wetlands, such as rivers, es-
pecially estuaries, marshes and lakes. To nest on
the ground, they need isolated areas. The mallard
(Anas platyrhynchos) lives in wetlands, near calm
rivers, ponds, salt water or salt marshes, freshwater
lakes, estuaries. It migrates from August to Novem-
ber, from Northern Europe to Southern Europe,
the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, to spend
the winter and go back in spring. Some groups
remain sedentary in order to obtain food, com-
posed of aquatic invertebrates and seeds, it needs
a floating vegetation. It can also eat mollusks, in-
sects, fish and fish eggs. The summer teal, not to
be confused with the teal (Anas crecca), lives near
open wetlands, such as shallow steppe lakes, ponds
Fig. 7. Interpretation of cenograms: A — forest type;
B — plain type; C — steppe type (after Legendre 1986)
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Species Excavations
of 1933—1937
Excavations
of 1938—1939 Total
Latin name Vernacularname NR MNI NR MNI NR MNI
Mammuthus primigenius Woolly mammoth 328 13 45 2 373 15
Coelodonta antiquitatis Woolly rhinoceros 81 12 14 1 95 13
Equus sp. Horse 50 7 2 1 52 8
Bison priscus Bison 9 4 4 1 13 5
Rangifer tarandus Reindeer 83 20 34 5 117 25
Ursus arctos Brown bear 2 1 2 1 4 2
Canis lupus Wolf 5 3 4 1 9 4
Vulpes vulpes Red fox — — 3 1 3 1
Alopex lagopus Polar fox 127 17 42 6 169 23
Lynx lynx Boreal lynx 3 2 1 1 4 3
Mustela putorius Polecat — — 2 1 2 1
Mustela erminae Ermine — — 4 2 4 2
Mustela nivalis Weasel 1 1 13 4 14 5
Lepus sp. Hare 51 20 35 6 86 26
Marmota bobak Marmot 92 25 48 6 140 31
Spermophilus suslicus Spotted souslik 11 6 37 10 48 16
Spermophilus major Russet ground squirrel 70 15 17 4 87 19
Ochotona pusilla Steppe pika 121 37 208 61 329 98
Dicrostonyx torquatus Arctic lemming 268 105 226 111 494 216
Lemmus obensis Siberian brown lemming 11 7 4 3 15 10
Lagurus luteus Yellow steppe lemming 12 5 5 5 17 10
Lagurus lagurus Steppe lemming 567 248 845 372 1412 620
Microtus gregalis Narrow headed vole 567 257 665 319 1232 576
Arvicola sapidus Southern water vole 14 11 10 6 24 17
Microtus oeconomus Tundra vole 5 3 10 8 15 11
Cricetulus migratorius Migratory hamster 3 3 13 8 16 11
Alactaga jaculus Great jerboa 332 15 297 13 629 28
Myogalemos chata Russian desman 26 3 17 3 43 6
Sorex araneus Eurasian shrew 4 3 4 3 8 6
Total of mammals 2843 843 2611 965 5454 1808
Anser sp. Goose 1 1 1 1 2 2
Anas platyrhyncha Mallard duck — — 3 1 3 1
Anas querquedulaL. Garganey 2 1 2 1 4 2
Anas clypeataL. Shoveller — — 1 1 1 1
Anas sp. Duck — — 27 11 27 11
Lagopus lagopus Willow ptarmigan 10 4 11 1 21 5
Falco tinnunculus Kestrel 9 2 9 2 18 4
Circus sp. Harrier 2 1 _ _ 2 1
Buteo sp. Buzzard — — 1 1 1 1
Emberiza sp. Bunting — — 2 2 2 2
Alauda arvensis Skylark 2 1 7 2 9 3
Galerida cristata Crestedlark — — 4 3 4 3
Motacilla alba White wagtail — — 1 1 1 1
Parus major Great tit — — 2 2 2 2
Parus sp. Tit — — 1 1 1 1
Hirundo rustica Barn swallow — — 7 5 7 5
Aves «Bird» 139 10 174 12 313 22
Total of avifauna 165 20 253 47 418 67
Esox lucius Northernpike 8 1 2 1 10 2
Salmo sp. Salmon/Trout — — 3 1 3 1
Rutilus rutilus Roach — — 2 1 2 1
Silurus glanis Wels catfish — — 1 1 1 1
Leuciscus sp. Common dace — — 3 1 3 1
Abramis sp. Bream ormullet — — 1 1 1 1
Sander lucioperca Zander — — 1 1 1 1
Perca fluviatilis Perch — — 2 1 2 1
Lota lota Monkfish — — 2 1 2 1
Pisces «Fish» 162 20 128 5 290 25
Total of piscifauna 170 21 145 14 315 35
Total 6187 1910
Table 3. Faunal remains of research seasons of 1933—1937 and 1938—1939 from the Novhorod-Siverskyi site (after
Pidoplichkа 1947)
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and swamps. It migrates in August and September
to spend the winter to the south of the Sahara. It
goes back to the North from the end of February to
the end of April. Its diet is composed of plants, in-
sects, crustaceans and mollusks. The teal may live
near low-flow rivers. The Northern Shoveler (Anas
clypeata) lives near calm, soft, brackish wetlands
such as ponds, marshes, and the backwaters of ri-
vers and streams. In September—October, it moves
towards more temperate seacoasts and goes back in
February—April. The Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus
lagopus) is distributed on the northern hemisphere
boreal belt. It is found mainly in lower elevation
areas, in tundras and forests with ponds. It avoids
rocky and bare environments. The Common Kes-
trel (Falco tinnunculus) lives in heathlands, mead-
ows, marshes, peat bogs and areas with little forest.
It can be found as much on the seashores as in the
mountains, up to 2.500 meters above sea level. It
is sedentary, however, when this bird lives in cold
areas, it migrates in August—September to spend
the winter in southern Europe and on the African
continent and returns in the spring. It feeds on in-
sects, small birds and small rodents. The harri-
ers (Circus sp.) are represented by several species.
The harrier nowadays is more or less migratory, but
when it lives in cold zone it spends the winter in
Species Vernacularname NR Environment
Dicrostonyx torquatus Arctic lemming 494 very cold, arctic
Lemmus obensis Siberianbrown lemming 15 cold steppic environment
Lagurus luteus Yellow steppe lemming 17 steppicenvironment
Lagurus lagurus Steppe lemming 1412 cold and dry deserts
Microtus gregalis Narrow headed vole 1232 steppic environment
Arvicola sapidus Southern water vole 24 water body and slow currents, varied temperatures,
herbaceous vegetation
Microtus oeconomus Tundra vole 15 on the banks, cold climate
Cricetulus migratorius Migratory hamster 16 rocky environment, continental climate
Alactaga jaculus Great jerboa 629 cold steppic environment
Myogalemos chata Russian desman 43 oligotrophicsemi-aquatic environment,
herbaceousriparianvegetation in a cold
environment
Sorex araneus Eurasianshrew 8 vegetated areas, cold and temperate climate
Total 3905
Table 4. Faunal list of micromammals of research seasons of 1933—1937 and 1938—1939 from the Novhorod-Siverskyi site,
due to the number of remains (after Pidoplichka 1947) and their environment
Table 5. Ecological groups of rodents and lagomorphs of
research seasons of 1933—1937 and 1938—1939 from the
Novhorod-Siverskyi site, due to the number of remains
(after Pidoplichka 1947) and percentage
Ecological groups
of rodents and lagomorphs NR %
Arctic steppes 494 10,7
Boreal forests / /
Sunny rocky slopes of cold areas 485 10,5
Boreal marshy open spaces / /
Very arid continental steppes 2142 46,6
Arid continental steppes 1392 30,4
Low arid open spaces / /
Grasslands and wetlands / /
Water borders 82 1,8
Sunny rockyslopes / /
Temperate forests / /
Mediterranean areas / /
Indeterminate areas / /
Areas inhabited by man / /
Total 4595 100
Fig. 8. Representation in percentage of ecological groups
of rodents and lagomorphs of research seasons of 1933—
1937 and 1938—1939 (after Підоплічка 1947) from the
Novhorod-Siverskyi site
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more temperate regions. They are fond of wetlands
such as the edges of lakes and ponds, and open
habitats and feed on insects, small birds and small
rodents. The genus Buteo includes different spe-
cies commonly known as buzzards. This bird lives
near woods and groves, sometimes in meadows and
marshes. The laying takes place on the ground, but
the nozzle likes to nest in the trees. Some of them
migrate over fairly short distances in autumn. They
feed on insects, small birds, rodents and carrion
and are generally quite opportunistic. The Emperi-
za genre includes the buntings. Some current pop-
ulations are migratory and spend winter in South-
ern Europe. It favors rocky environments like rocky
coast or mountain. It can also adapt to the tundra if
there are rocks. It feeds on insects and seeds (grass-
es, heather, shrubs). The skylark (Alauda arvensis)
lives near streams, in open areas such as marshes,
meadows, dunes. It is at medium and high altitude
and cannot adapt to a continental climate. This bird
lives on the ground most of the time. It migrates
fairly short distances in February—March and then
returns in September—October—November. She
feeds on insects. The Crested Lark (Galerida crista-
ta) lives in grasslands, steppes. It is a relatively sed-
entary bird, but some still move in winter. It can
adapt to quite varied temperatures. It feeds on in-
sects and seeds (mostly grasses). The Yellow Wag-
tail (Motacilla alba), also known as Gray Hock-
tail, lives near waterholes, in an open, low-growing
environment and can live in a cold climate. It mi-
grates from August to October to spend the win-
ter in the Mediterranean region, to see Central Af-
rica and goes back in March. Its diet is composed
of insects. The genus Parus includes the species of
tits. They generally live in forests (mainly conifer-
ous), temperate and cold environments, in plain
and mountain. They are sedentary animals that
feed on larvae, insects and conifer seeds. The great
tit (Parus major) lives in mixed or deciduous for-
ests. It adapts easily and especially to the cold and
feeds on insects, seeds, fruits and caterpillars. Fi-
nally, the Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) lives in
grasslands, near streams, marshes and ponds. This
species feeds and drinks in flight, which explains
its attachment to an open environment. The mud
serves to it for building the nest. This bird can live
in temperate and cold areas. It migrates in autumn
to South Africa and goes back in spring. Its diet
consists of insects.
Birdlife is represented by species that can adapt
to cold environments, with the presence of groves,
trees and streams.
The fish fauna, based on current data, makes it
possible to establish a distribution profile of the dif-
ferent species to identify the piscicultural zones of
the rivers. Glacial rivers are rivers of high moun-
tains fed by melting glaciers. The flow is the strong-
est, especially during the hot season, and they are
very cold. Snow rivers are rivers of medium and high
mountains, where the water is cold and fed by snow-
melt, with a steep slope and maximum flow in the
spring. Mixed or rainy-nival rivers are mid-slope
rivers of low and medium mountains that are fed by
rain and snowmelt. Rainfed rivers are rivers of low
or moderate slope of plain or low mountain fed by
rain. The flow is maximum in winter and spring.
The fish areas are thus distributed (Huet 1949,
p. 333-351) (Fig. 9):
— the crenon: part where one finds rheophilous
species (which like the current) and riffles (zones
without depth where the water flows quickly). Some
trouts may be found, including brown trouts;
— the rhitron: part of the middle mountain
where we find cyprinids, studs;
— the potamon: a low slope area where the
bream, the roach, the carp and the zander are
found;
— the estuary: the part where the shad col-
lects during the beginning of the summer before
going back up the rivers, such as the salmon, the
sea trout.
Fig. 9. River fish areas (after L. Demay)
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The fish species identified are Esox lucius, Sal-
mo sp., Rutilus rutilus, Silurus glanis, Leusiscus sp.,
Abramis sp., Sander lucioperca, Perca fluviatilis,
Lota lota. The great pike (Esox lucius) inhabits ri-
vers, lakes and ponds. It likes clear waters. Young
individuals prefer fast currents where they can find
their food. Once they become adults, they become
established in slow-flowing rivers, the backwaters.
They can withstand low temperatures, however, the
lower is the temperature, the lower is their activity.
These are animals that stay on the surface, except
during strong temperature rises. The Salmo genus
includes the salmon and the trout. The «salmon»
are anadromous species. They live in the sea, but
go up the rivers in the fall to lay eggs and the hatch-
ing takes place in March—April. As for the trout,
they live in clear and bright waters. While some in-
dividuals remain sedentary, others go up the rivers
to white water from November to February. The
roach (Rutilus rutilus) is typical for cold areas. It is
fond of currents and eddies. It is found in beds of
2 to 3 meters and in herbaria. The Glaucous Cat-
fish (Silurus glanis) appreciates the deep, sheltered
waters of the strong current, especially the muddy
bottomlands. It spends most of the day there. That
fish prefers the surface to be cluttered and warm. It
is activated mainly at dusk. Adults move and hunt
alone while young individuals are in a group. The
genus Leuciscus includes several species, the min-
nows and the carp, which, in general, lives in fresh
and clear waters. These fish move in a more or less
gregarious way between two waters in a running ri-
ver. The genus Abramis includes the bream and the
mullet. The bremen lives in calm waters, in wide
and slow streams, lakes and ponds. It is confined
to the muddy and silty bottoms. The mullet is a fish
that grows in freshwater in the mouths, but goes to
live in the sea. The Pikeperch (Sander lucioperca)
swims in fresh water at depth (2 to 6 meters), but can
adapt to brackish water. It enjoys big slow streams,
as well as lakes and ponds. This fish prefers sand or
gravel bottoms. It is able to withstand large thermal
amplitudes (between 0 ° and 26 °C). The common
Perch (Perca fluviatilis) lives in slow-moving rivers
or in lakes. It needs potential hiding places such as
rocks or trees. The Monkfish (Lota lota) lives in riv-
ers and lakes, in fresh and clear waters. The species
found here are typical for the potamon.
The various authors also mention the pre-
sence of molluscs in the sediments adjacent to the
archaeological remains. The genera Unio sp., and
Anodonta sp., have been described as well as the
species Sphaerium solidum typical for pure and fast
waters. Water-related phenomena have therefore
interfered with accumulation. The authors con-
cluded that in spring this place is being flooded by
the deluge and alluvial waters.
According to the ecological diagrams that take into
account all the species represented in the site (Fig. 10),
the spectrum is dominated by rodents / lagomorphs
(26.9 %), bird life (26.9 %), ichthyofauna (17.3 %)
and carnivores (15.4 %). Insectivores (3.8 %), artio-
Fig. 10. Ecological diagrams of fauna of research seasons of
1933—1937 and 1938—1939 from the Novhorod-Siverskyi
site (after Підоплічка 1947)
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dactyls (3.8 %) and perissodactyls (3.8 %) are poorly
represented, as proboscidians (1.9 %). The presence of
large mammals and megaherbivores testifies to abun-
dant pastures. The strong representation of carnivores
reflects the great availability of game. From the mass
histogram, small species (<1 kg: 55.8 %, 1—10 kg:
26.9 %) are represented the best. Animals over one
ton are not very well represented (3.8 %). According
to the fauna present in the region during this period,
these proportions are usual. According to the food
adaptation histogram, carnivores (32.7 %), hypo-
donous herbivores (32.7 %) and omnivores (21.2 %)
are represented the best. There are few insectivores
(7.7 %), brachyodont herbivores (3.8 %) and frugi-
vores (1.9 %). Hypsodont herbivores suggest an open
environment typical for the steppe environments of
this period. The presence of insect larvae consumers
indicates the proximity of a watercourse. According
to the locomotor adaptation histogram, small terres-
trial mammals (29.3 %) are represented the best, many
of which are also burrowing (22.7 %), requiring the
presence of soft soils such as relatively wet meadows
or the proximity of water points. Aquatic (20 %) and
aerial (18.7 %) species are well represented, reflect-
ing the presence of a river and trees. The presence of
large land mammals (9.3 %), including runners such
as horses, reflects the existence of large grasslands.
According to the cenogram based on the fau-
nal list, the Novhorod-Siverskyi assemblage is rep-
resentative of an open, arid environment, but with
a nearby wetland (Fig. 11).
Zooarchaeological analyses
(Excavation of 2011)
There are few remains in both layers. The faunal
spectrum is relatively undiversified. It includes:
Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth), Coe
lodonta antiquitatis (woolly rhinoceros), Equus sp.
(horse) and Rangifer tarandus (reindeer), in the
lower layer also as in the upper layer plus Bison sp.
(Bison), Vulpinae gen. et sp. (fox), Lepus sp. (hare)
and Castor fiber (beaver) (Table 6; 7).
Among the determined species, the remains of
mammoth are the most abundant. However, the
number of elements is approximately equivalent
for all the species.
These species are typical for steppe environ-
ment in a cold climate, but the presence of the bea-
ver attests relative humidity and the presence of a
river lined with trees near the site.
Bone remains are fragmented. The rate deter-
mination is 50 % for the lower layer and 29 % for
the upper layer. The remains of mammoth are very
fragmented (Fig. 12).
The bone remains are characterized by longitudi-
nal and step fractures, typical of drying phenomena
in an arid climate. Some bones were affected by com-
paction effects. Taking in account the size of bone
fragments, in the lower layer, mostly classes II and III
are represented, and for the upper layer, mostly the
class II (Fig. 13). According to the taphonomic obser-
vations, the fragmentation results from anthropic ac-
tions and from those of climate and edaphic agents.
The larger fractured bones have longitudinal,
step and spiral fractures. They can be a result of soil
phenomena, desiccation, and cryoturbation.
Fig. 11. Cenogram of fauna (after Підоплічка 1947) of
research seasons of 1933—1937 and 1938—1939 from the
Novhorod-Siverskyi site
Table 6. Representation of the certain species of mammals
by: total number of faunal remains (NR), minimal number
of anatomical elements (MNE) and minimal number of
individuals (MNI) from the Novhorod-Siverskyi site-2011/2
(lower layer)
Species/genus/category NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 9 3 1
C. antiquitatis 2 2 1
Equus sp. 3 3 1
R. tarandus 1 1 1
NISP 15 8 4
Large-sized mammal 9 3 /
Large or medium-sized mammal 2 1 /
Medium-sized mammal 6 3 /
Total 32 16 4
Table 7. Representation of the certain species of mammals
by: total number of faunal remains (NR), minimal number
of anatomical elements (MNE) and minimal number of
individuals (MNI) from the Novhorod-Siverskyi site-2011/1
(upper layer)
Species/genus/category NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 14 2 1
C. antiquitatis 5 2 1
Equus sp. 2 2 1
Bison sp. 1 1 1
R. tarandus 6 4 2
Vulpinae 1 1 1
Lepus sp. 1 1 1
NISP 30 13 8
Large-sizedmammal 30 3 /
Large or medium-sizedmammal 20 3 /
Medium-sizedmammal 21 7 /
Undetermined remains 2 0 /
Total 103 26 8
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Bones have various surface conditions in the
lower layer. Two categories stand out:
— the bones on the porous surface, altered by
weatherization phenomena, and with impregna-
tions of iron oxides and manganese (Fig. 14; A);
— the bones with a much more mineralized and
smoother surface (Fig. 14; B).
Bone surfaces from the layer 1 are more ho-
mogeneous, even if some bones are more mine-
ralized.
Fig. 12. Number of remains and elements by species from
the archaeological layers of the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011
Fig. 13. Number of fragmented remains by size classes from
the archaeological layers of the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011
Fig. 14. Preservation of bones from the lower layer (2) of the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011 (photos by L. Demay)
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Regarding climate and edaphic and non-human
biological factors, the bones are heavily impregnated
with oxides (manganese oxide and iron oxide) due to
percolation water, in both layers. More than half of
bones are affected by weathering in both layers. The
effects of weathering are more important in the lower
layer (fissuration of bones). Few bones are affected by
dissolution due to runoff water. A small part of bones
is affected by charriage-а-sec/trampling. Some bones
were modified by plant root marks, particularly in the
upper layer. Some remains were gnawed by carnivores
in the upper layer (Fig. 15).
All species are quite affected in the same way in
the lower layer (Table 8). The same situation is in
the upper layer, except for mammoth remains which
seem to have been less affected by weathering and
charriage/trampling (Table 9). However, it is due to
the high fragmentation of the second element.
Anatomical preservation and age determination
Lower layer (2)
The lower layer yielded remains of M. primi-
genius, c. antiquitatis, Equus sp. and R. tarandus
(Fig. 16; 17).
Fig. 15. Alterations due to climate and edaphic and non-
human biological agents on bones, in percentage of the
number of remains, from the archaeological layers of the
Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011
Table 8. Alterations due to climate and edaphic and non-anthropogenic biological agents on bones, in percentage of the
number of remains, from the Novhorod-Siverskyi site-2011/2 (lower layer)
Species/genus/category Weathering Percolating
waters Runoff waters Charriage-а-sec/
trampling Plants
NR %NR NR %NR NR %NR NR %NR NR %NR
M. primigenius 8 88,9 9 100 0 0 0 0,0 8 88,9
C. antiquitatis 1 50 2 100 0 0 1 50 0 0
Equus sp. 3 100 3 100 1 33,3 0 0,0 1 33,3
R. tarandus 1 100 1 100 0 0 0 0,0 0 0
Large-sizedmammal 4 44,4 9 100 0 0 2 22,2 3 33,3
Large or medium-sized mammal 2 100 2 100 0 0 1 50 1 50
Medium-sized mammal 3 50 4 66,7 1 16,7 1 16,7 0 0
Total 22 68,8 30 93,8 2 6,3 5 15,6 13 40,6
Table 9. Alterations due to climate and edaphic and non-anthropogenic biological agents on bones, in percentage of the
number of remains, from the Novhorod-Siverskyi site-2011/2 (upper layer)
Species/genus/
category Weathering Percolating
waters
Runoff
waters
Charriage-а-sec/
trampling Plants Carnivorous
NR %NR NR %NR NR %NR NR %NR NR %NR NR %NR
M. primigenius 1 7,1 14 100 0 0 1 7,1 14 100 0 0
C. antiquitatis 0 0,0 1 50 0 0 0 0,0 0 0 0 0
Equus sp. 0 0,0 2 100 0 0 1 50,0 1 50 0 0
Bison sp. 0 0,0 1 100 0 0 1 100,0 0 0 0 0
R. tarandus 5 83,3 6 100 0 0 0 0,0 3 50 0 0
Vulpinae 1 100,0 1 100 0 0 0 0,0 1 100 0 0
Lepus sp. 0 0,0 1 100 0 0 0 0,0 0 0 0 0
Large-sized mammal 27 90,0 30 100 0 0 2 6,7 25 83,3 2 6,7
Large or medium-sized
mammal 14 70,0 20 100 2 10 5 25,0 10 50 0 0
Medium-sized mammal 17 81,0 21 100,0 2 9,5 6 28,6 9 42,9 1 4,8
Undetermined remains 2 100,0 2 100 0 0 0 0,0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 67 65,0 99 96,1 4 3,9 16 15,5 63 61,2 3 2,9
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Fig. 16. Bones of the lower layer from the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011
Fig. 17. Bones of the lower layer from the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011: A — left scapula in lateral view of
c. antiquitatis;B — right calcaneum in cranial view of Equus sp.; C — second phalanx in caudal view of
Equus sp. (photos by L. Demay)
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The woolly mammoth is represented by nine
remains, corresponding to three elements, a
fragment of skull, a left tibia and a part of long
bone diaphysis of an adult sensu lato. The woolly
rhinoceros is represented by two remains, which
correspond to two elements, a proximal part of
a right radius and a part of a scapula of an adult
sensu lato. The horse is represented by three el-
ements, a right calcaneum, mesial and distal
phalanges. It is an adult sensu lato. A fragment of
the reindeer antler is also present.
Fragments of large-sized mammal bones corre-
spond to at least three elements in addition, a rib and
parts of two long bone diaphysis. Two large or medi-
um-sized mammal ribs are also present. Eventually,
a medium-sized mammal rib was identified, also as
a flat bone and long bone diaphysis. There are no
burned bones, neither anthropogenic marks.
The upper layer (1)
The upper layer yielded remains of M. primige-
nius, c. antiquitatis, Equus sp., Bison sp., R. taran-
dus, Vulpinae and Lepus sp. (Fig. 18; 19).
The woolly mammoth is represented by a proxi-
mal part of a femur and a fragment of another long
bone. This individual is less than stages XVIa—XX
(less than 18—35 years old).
The woolly rhinoceros is represented by a
part of a cheek tooth and a right P4. This molar
shows that the individual is a little bit more than
six years old.
The horse is represented by a cervical vertebra
and a right navicular, which belong to an adult sen-
su lato.
The bison is represented by a left proximal post-
er or phalanx.
The reindeer is represented by four elements.
There are two antlers, a fragment of rib and a frag-
ment of diaphysis of matatarsal. From antlers we
have at least two individuals: a shed antler of a
young individual (Fig. 20) and a fragment of ant-
ler of an adult sensu lato. The antlers of young indi-
viduals fall off after March—May, at the end of the
winter season (Murray 1993).
A fox is represented by a distal part of right tibia.
There are also a right calcaneum of the hare.
We also identified three ribs of the large-sized
mammal.
A fragment of mandible, a rib and a long bone
of large or medium-sized mammal were present,
also as two long bones and four ribs of medium-
sized mammal.
There are no burned bones.
Two bone diaphyses bear helicoidal fractura-
tions, which could be due to carnivores, but with-
out other tooth marks, or anthropogenic breakage
(Fig. 21).
Fig. 18. Bones of the upper layer from the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011
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Spatial distribution
Concerning the spatial distribution, we have not
pinpointed any area of activity in the lower and
upper layers (Fig. 22; 23).
Discussion
Paleoecological analyses from old excavations.
According to the faunal remains from old explorations
(1933—37/1938—39), the faunal spectrum is very
diversified. According to the faunal associations, this
assemblage is coherent. It is typical for a cold steppe
environment from the glacial period, near riparian
forest. However, it is more representative of a natural
spectrum than an anthropogenic selected assemblage.
Based on the species, which were identified
within the assemblage, we can estimate seasons
related to migration (Fig. 24). They were present
during the warm season.
Fig. 19. Bones of the upper layer from the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011: A — right P
4
of c. antiquitatis in lingual
view; B — proximal phalanx of Bison sp. in lateral view; C—D — antlers of R. tarandus; E — calcaneum of
Lepus sp. in anterior view (photos by L. Demay)
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Paleontology and taphonomy of new excava-
tions. In the excavations of 2011, the faunal spec-
trum is more restricted in both archaeological layers,
with the woolly mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros,
the horse, the reindeer in the lower and upper layers.
In the upper layer there are also the bison, the fox
and the hare. We cannot have enough data from the
anatomical representation, however, we have mainly
adults sensu lato and also the young reindeer in the
upper layer, which could correspond to human pre-
dation. It is therefore difficult to know if the species
were all acquired by the human group(s). Among the
bones with fracturing impacts, it is about human ac-
tivities related to the recovery of the marrow.
According to taphonomic observations, the
bones of Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011 had stayed for a
long time at an open air before being buried, in a wet
environment, but a few of them submitted to precip-
itations. The high degree of alteration by plant root
marks permits to highlight the presence of a vegeta-
tion cover and those bones were buried in subsur-
face. There have been significant movements within
the bone assemblage. Several fracturations are due
to cryoturbation. Some of the bones could also have
been broken by the falling boulders. The surface of
the bones shows states of differential preservation.
Indeed, some of them are leathered and blunted due
to hydraulic phenomena (solifluxion, river). Espe-
cially in the lower layer, some bones appear to be in
a place, while others seem to have been imported
by hydraulic phenomena, either from the top of the
promontory or from the Desna River.
Fig. 20. Osteometric comparisons of the reindeer antlers of the upper layer from the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011
Fig. 21. Bone diaphyses with helicoidal fracturations of the
upper layer from the Novhorod-Siverskyi-2011: A — long
bone diaphysis of a large-sized mammal; B — the reindeer
metatarsal (photos by L. Demay)
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Fig. 22. Spatial distribution of the archaeological material from the lower layer of the Novhorod-
Siverskyi-2011
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Fig. 23. Spatial distribution of the archaeological material from the upper layer of the Novhorod-
Siverskyi-2011
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Although this site should be considered with
caution, the new excavations show human oc-
cupations, rather temporary types. In the up-
per layer, the shed antler from a young individual
could have been redeposited by natural element
phenomenon or picked up by humans. The other
fragment of antler belongs to a male or a female
adult. It would correspond to around the month
of May when the reindeers are migrating to cal-
ving grounds at the end of the cold season/begin-
ning of the warm season.
Conclusions
Thus, judging by the flint collection from the
studies of the 1930's, the site was inhabited by
representatives of the Pushkari type. In our opinion,
it is hardly worth talking about an Epigravettian
admixture. If we talk about admixture, then this
role in the first place can apply a fragment of a
double-sided processed tool (Fig. 3: 1).
According to the faunal remains from old exca-
vations, the faunal associations are coherent, typi-
cal of a cold steppe environment from the glacial pe-
riod, near riparian forest. However, it seems to re-
sult to a mix between natural taphonomic complexes
and animal remains associated with human activity.
The more recent excavations permit to highlight
two archaeological layers that are very poor in flint ar-
tefacts. Concerning fauna, the faunal spectrum is quite
restricted, with few remains in both layers. According
to taphonomic observations, the bones remained for a
long time in an open air before being buried, in subsur-
face in a wet environment, but a few of them submit-
ted to precipitations in link with permafrost activities.
The lower layer (2) yielded bones of the woolly mam-
moth, the woolly rhinoceros, the horse and the rein-
deer. Some bones appear to be in a place, while others
seem to have been imported by hydraulic phenomena,
either from the top of the promontory or from the De-
sna River. The upper layer (1) yielded remains of the
woolly mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, the horse,
the reindeer, the bison, the fox and the hare. So, it more
diversified than the lower layer. The bones with possible
fracturing impacts could be related to the recovery of
the marrow by humans. In both layers we have main-
ly adults sensu lato, which could correspond to human
predation. They could correspond to temporary camps
of quite small human groups, potentially occupied at
the end of the cold season/beginning of the warm sea-
son. This site would need more investigations in still
suitable parts for further research.
Acknowledgements
This research was integrated in different
scientific programs: individual section of the
scientific topic of the Stone Age Archaeology
Department of the Institute of Archaeology of
the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
made by D. V. Stupak «The Upper Palaeolithic
of Novhorod-Siverskyi Polissia (cultural
differentiation)», the Agence Nationale de la
Recherche (ANR): Mammoths, coordinated
by S. Péan and the French Minister of Foreign
Affairs Partenariats Hubert Curien (PHC)
Program: Animal resources and subsistence
of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers in Ukraine,
coordinated by S. Péan and P. S . S hydlovskyi.
We express special thanks to: Pr. c. Guérin for
Fig. 24. Seasons and potential presence (in black) of species in the region
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2021, № 430
his advice about the woolly rhinoceros remains;
T. M. Radievska for her help in working with
materials from the National Museum of
History of Ukraine; Ye. S . N ezdolii for the
micromammal remains studying; M. Patou-
Mathis and P. M. Vasyliev for their advice.
Special thanks are extended to the reviewers
and the editor of the paper.
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Received 12.10.2021
Л. Демей 1, Д. В. Ступак 2
1 PhD з палеонтології, науковий співробітник, Національний природничий музей, Франція
2 Кандидат історичних наук, науковий співробітник відділу археології кам'яної доби, Інститут археології НАН України
Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки
Новгород-Сіверську стоянку відкрив і досліджував М. Я. Рудинський у 1933 р. Основні роботи на ній були про-
ведені у 1936—1938 рр. під керівництвом І. Г. Підоплічка. У зв’язку із виявленням нових артефактів у 2011 р. на
стоянці було здійснено нові невеликі дослідження. Стаття присвячена аналізу в першу чергу фауністичного комп-
лексу стоянки, а також містить дані типологічного аналізу крем’яної колекції.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2021, № 432
За колекцією кременю з досліджень 1930-х рр., стоянка була заселена носіями пушкарівського типу. На нашу
думку, навряд чи варто говорити про епіграветську домішку. Якщо припускати іншокультурну складову колекції,
то, скоріше за все, на її роль може претендувати фрагмент двобічнообробленого знаряддя (рис. 3: 1).
Судячи з фауністичних решток розкопок попередніх років, фауністичні комплекси є цілісними, характер-
ними для холодного степового середовища льодовикового періоду біля прибережного лісу. Тим не менше це,
здається, є наслідком поєднання решток тварин, похованих природним чином та безпосередньо пов’язаних із
людською діяльністю.
Під час останніх досліджень стоянки було виявлено два культурні шари з бідним крем’яним інвентарем. В обох
шарах з останніх розкопок мало знахідок фауни і фауністичний спектр досить обмежений. Згідно з тафономічними
спостереженнями, кістки тривалий час залишалися на відкритому повітрі, перш ніж потрапили у вологий ґрунт, але
лише деякі з них мають сліди, пов’язані з дією вічної мерзлоти. Нижній шар (2) дав кістки шерстистого мамонта,
шерстистого носорога, коня та північного оленя. Деякі кістки, імовірно, лежали in situ, інші, мабуть, були переміще-
ні під дією водних потоків або з вершини мису, або з річки Десни. У верхньому шарі (1) були залишки шерстистого
мамонта, шерстистого носорога, коня, північного оленя, зубра, лисиці та зайця. Отже, видове різноманіття фауни
верхнього шару є більшим, ніж нижнього. Кістки з можливими слідами розбивання можуть бути пов’язані з до-
буванням кісткового мозку давніми людьми. В обох шарах присутні кістки переважно дорослих особин sensu lato,
наявність яких цілком може бути пов’язана з людською діяльністю, зокрема полюванням.
Ці шари можуть відповідати тимчасовим таборам досить невеликих людських груп, що могли існувати в кінці
холодної/на початку теплої пори року. За результатами останніх досліджень, Новгород-Сіверська стоянка потре-
бує додаткових розкопок у ще придатних для цього частинах.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: останній льодовиковий максимум, верхній палеоліт, гравет, пушкарівський тип пам’яток,
зооархеологія, палеоекологія, басейн Середньої Десни, верхній пленігляциал.
Л. Демей 1, Д. В. Ступак 2
1 PhD по палеонтологии, научный сотрудник, Национальный музей естественной истории, Франция
ORCID 0000-0003-4930-7030, laetitia.demay@ mnhn.fr
2 Кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник отдела археологии каменного века,
Институт археологии НАН Украины, ORCID 0000-0002-0809-2179, stupak17@ukr.net
Новые комплексные исследования
Новгород-Северской верхнепалеолитической стоянки
Новгород-Северская стоянка была открыта и исследовалась М. Я. Рудинским в 1933 г. Основные работы на ней
были проведены в 1936—1938 гг. под руководством И. Г. Пидопличко. В связи с выявлением новых артефактов в
2011 г. на стоянке были проведены новые небольшие исследования. Статья посвящена анализу в первую очередь
фаунистического комплекса стоянки, а также приводятся данные типологического анализа кремневой коллекции.
Судя по коллекции кремня из исследований 1930-х гг., стоянка была заселена представителями пушкарёвского
типа памятников. По нашему мнению, вряд ли стоит говорить об эпиграветтской примеси. Если допускать ино-
культурную составляющую коллекции, то, скорее всего, на её роль может претендовать фрагмент двусторонне
обработанного орудия (рис. 3: 1).
Судя по фаунистическим остаткам из раскопок предыдущих лет, фаунистические комплексы являются
целостными, характерными для холодной степной среды ледникового периода около прибрежного леса. Тем не
менее это, кажется, является результатом сочетания остатков животных, захороненных естественным образом и
непосредственно связанных с человеческой деятельностью.
В ходе последних исследований стоянки было обнаружено два культурных слоя с бедным кремневым инвен-
тарем. В обоих слоях мало находок фауны и фаунистический спектр весьма ограничен. Согласно тафономичес-
ким наблюдениям, кости долгое время оставались на открытом воздухе, прежде чем попали во влажный грунт, но
лишь некоторые из них имеют следы, связанные с действием вечной мерзлоты. Нижний слой (2) дал кости шер-
стистого мамонта, шерстистого носорога, лошади и северного оленя. Некоторые кости, вероятно, находились
in situ, другие вероятно были перемещены действием водных потоков или с вершины мыса, или из реки Десны.
В верхнем слое (1) обнаружены кости шерстистого мамонта, шерстистого носорога, лошади, северного оленя,
бизона, лисы и зайца. Таким образом, он более разнообразен, чем нижний слой. Кости с возможными следами
разбивания могут быть связаны с добычей костного мозга древними людьми. В обоих слоях присутствуют кости
преимущественно взрослых особей sensu lato, наличие которых вполне может быть связано с человеческой дея-
тельностью, в частности охотой.
Эти слои могут соответствовать временным лагерям достаточно небольших человеческих групп, которые мо-
гли существовать в конце холодного/вначале теплого времени года. Судя по результатам последних исследова-
ний, Новгород-Северская стоянка требует дополнительных раскопок в еще пригодных для этого участках.
К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: последний ледниковый максимум, верхний палеолит, граветт, пушкарёвский тип памятников,
зооархеология, палеоэкология, бассейн Средней Десны, верхний пленигляциал.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2021, № 4 33
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| id | arheologia-com-ua-article-280 |
| institution | Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface |
| issn | 2616-499X |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:04:19Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | arheologiacomua/a1/ae13f6cc34fca9b6e700f6112a3efda1.pdf |
| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-2802022-03-22T22:39:58Z New Complex Investigations of the Novhorod-Siverskyi Upper Palaeolithic Site Новые комплексные исследования Новгород-Северской верхнепалеолитической стоянки Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки Demay, Laёtitia Stupak, Dmytro Last Glacial Maximum, Upper Palaeolithic, Gravettian, Pushkari type, zooarchaeology, palaeoecology, Middle Desna basin, Upper Pleniglacial последний ледниковый максимум, верхний палеолит, граветт, пушкарёвский тип памятников, зооархеология, палеоэкология, бассейн Средней Десны, верхний пленигляциал останній льодовиковий максимум, верхній палеоліт, гравет, пушкарівський тип пам’яток, зооархеологія, палеоекологія, басейн Середньої Десни, верхній пленігляциал In the article the materials of the Novhorod-Siverskyi site research both in the 1930's, and relatively recently, are analyzed. First of all, attention is paid to the faunal collection. The faunal associations from old excavations are coherent, typical of a cold steppe environment from the glacial period, near a riparian forest. However, it seems to result to a mix between natural taphonomic complexes and animal remains associated with human activity. Judging by the flint collection from the old excavations, the site was inhabited by representatives of the Pushkari type. New research yielded two archaeological layers that are very poor in flint artefacts. Concerning fauna, the faunal spectrum is restricted in both layers, with the woolly mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, the horse and the reindeer in the lower and upper layers. In the upper layer there are also the bison, the fox and the hare. According to taphonomic observations, the bones had remained for a long time at an open air before being buried, in subsurface in a wet environment but few submitted to precipitations in link with permafrost activities. Particularly in the lower layer (2) some remains appear to be in place, while others seem to have been imported by hydraulic phenomena, either from the top of the promontory or from the Desna River. In the upper layer (1), some bones show possible anthropogenic impacts of breakage, linked to marrow recovery. In both layers we have some cranial and postcranial elements, mainly from adults sensu lato which could correspond to human predation. They could correspond to temporary camps of quite small human groups, potentially occupied at the end of the cold season/beginning of the warm season. This research was integrated in various scientific programs: "Mammoths" by the Agence nationale de la Recherche coordinated by S. Péan and "Animal Resources and Subsistence of Palaeolithic Hunters-gatherers in Ukraine" by the Partenariats Hubert Curien, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs&nbsp; Program, coordinated by S. Péan and P. S. Shydlovskyi. Новгород-Северская стоянка была открыта и исследовалась М. Я. Рудинским в 1933 г. Основные работы на ней были проведены в 1936—1938 гг. под руководством И. Г. Пидопличко. В связи с выявлением новых артефактов в 2011 г. на стоянке были проведены новые небольшие исследования. Статья посвящена анализу, в первую очередь, фаунистического комплекса стоянки, а также приводятся данные типологического анализа кремневой коллекции. Судя по коллекции кремня из исследований 1930-х гг., стоянка была заселена представителями пушкарёвского типа памятников. По нашему мнению, вряд ли стоит говорить об эпиграветтской примеси. Если допускать инокультурную составляющую коллекции, то, скорее всего, на её роль может претендовать фрагмент двусторонне обработанного орудия (рис. 3: 1). Судя по фаунистическим остаткам из раскопок преддыдущих лет, фаунистические комплексы являются целостными, характерными для холодной степной среды ледникового периода, около прибрежного леса. Тем не менее, это, кажется, является результатом сочетания остатков животных, захороненных естественным образом и непосредственно связанных с человеческой деятельностью. В ходе последних исследований стоянки было обнаружено два культурных слоя с бедным кремневым инвентарем. В обоих слоях мало находок фауны и фаунистический спектр весьма ограничен. Согласно тафономическим наблюдениям, кости долгое время оставались на открытом воздухе, прежде чем они попали во влажный грунт, но лишь некоторые из них имеют следы, связанные с действием вечной мерзлоты. Нижний слой (2) дал кости шерстистого мамонта, шерстистого носорога, лошади и северного оленя. Некоторые кости, вероятно, находились in situ, другие, вероятно, были перемещены действием водных потоков или с вершины мыса, или из реки Десны. В верхнем слое (1) обнаружены кости шерстистого мамонта, шерстистого носорога, лошади, северного оленя, бизона, лисы и зайца. Таким образом, он более разнообразен, чем нижний слой. Кости с возможными следами разбивания могут быть связаны с добычей костного мозга древними людьми. В обоих слоях мы имеем кости преимущественно взрослых особей sensu lato, наличие которых вполне может быть связано с человеческой деятельностью, в частности охотой. Эти слои могут соответствовать временным лагерям достаточно небольших человеческих групп, которые могли существовать в конце холодного времени года/вначале теплого времени года. Судя по результатам последних исследований, Новгород-Северская стоянка требует дополнительных раскопок, в еще пригодных для этого, участках. Данное исследование интегрировано в несколько научных программ, в частности "Мамонты" Национальной агенции исследований, под руководством&nbsp;С. Пеана и "Останки животных и питание палеолитических охотников-собирателей в Украине" Партнерства Губерта Курьена Французского министерства международных отношений, под руководством С.&nbsp;Пеана и П. С. Шидловского. Новгород-Сіверську стоянку відкрив і досліджував М. Я. Рудинськи у 1933 р. Основні роботи на ній були проведені у 1936—1938 рр. під керівництвом І. Г. Підоплічка. У зв’язку із виявленням нових артефактів, у 2011 р. на стоянці були проведені нові невеликі дослідження. Стаття присвячена аналізу, в першу чергу, фауністичного комплексу стоянки, а також наводить дані типологічного аналізу крем’яної колекції. За колекцією кременю з досліджень 1930-х рр., стоянка була заселена носіями пушкарівського типу. На нашу думку, навряд чи варто говорити про епіграветську домішку. Якщо припускати іншокультурну складову колекції, то, швидше за все, на її роль може претендувати фрагмент двобічнообробленого знаряддя (рис. 3: 1). Судячи з фауністичних решток розкопок попередніх років, фауністичні комплекси є цілісними, характерними для холодного степового середовища льодовикового періоду, біля прибережного лісу. Тим не менш, це, здається, є наслідком поєднання решток тварин, похованих природним чином та безпосередньо пов’язаних із людською діяльністю. Під час останніх досліджень стоянки було виявлено два культурні шари з бідним крем’яним інвентарем. В обох шарах, з останніх розкопок, мало знахідок фауни і фауністичний спектр досить обмежений. Згідно з тафономічними спостереженнями, кістки тривалий час залишалися на відкритому повітрі, перш ніж вони потрапили у вологий ґрунт, але лише деякі з них мають сліди пов’язані з дією вічної мерзлоти. Нижній шар (2) дав кістки шерстистого мамонта, шерстистого носорога, коня та північного оленя. Деякі кістки, імовірно, лежали in situ, інші, вірогідно, були переміщені під дією водних потоків або з вершини мису, або з річки Десни. У верхньому шарі (1) були залишки шерстистого мамонта, шерстистого носорога, коня, північного оленя, зубра, лисиці та зайця. Отже, видове різноманіття фауни верхнього шару є більшим, ніж нижнього. Кістки із можливими слідами розбивання можуть бути пов’язані із добуванням кісткового мозку давніми людьми. В обох шарах ми маємо кістки переважно дорослих особин sensu lato, наявність яких цілком може бути пов’язана з людською діяльністю, зокрема полюванням. Ці шари можуть відповідати тимчасовим таборам досить невеликих людських груп, що могли існувати в кінці холодної пори року/на початку теплої пори року. За результатами останніх досліджень, Новгород-Сіверська стоянка потребує додаткових розкопок у ще придатних для цього частинах. Це дослідження було інтегроване в різні наукові програми, зокрема: "Мамонти" Національної агенції досліджень, під керівництвом С. Пеана і "Рештки тварин і харчування палеолітичних мисливців-збирачів в Україні" Партнерства Губерта Кур"єна Французького міністерства міжнародних відносин, під керівництвом С. Пеана і П. С. Шидловського. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2021-12-10 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/280 10.15407/arheologia2021.04.005 Arheologia; No 4 (2021): Arheologia; 5-34 Археологія ; № 4 (2021): Arheologia; 5-34 Археология; № 4 (2021): Arheologia; 5-34 2616-499X 0235-3490 10.15407/arheologia2021.04 en https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/280/259 |
| spellingShingle | останній льодовиковий максимум верхній палеоліт гравет пушкарівський тип пам’яток зооархеологія палеоекологія басейн Середньої Десни верхній пленігляциал Demay, Laёtitia Stupak, Dmytro Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки |
| title | Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки |
| title_alt | New Complex Investigations of the Novhorod-Siverskyi Upper Palaeolithic Site Новые комплексные исследования Новгород-Северской верхнепалеолитической стоянки |
| title_full | Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки |
| title_fullStr | Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки |
| title_full_unstemmed | Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки |
| title_short | Нові комплексні дослідження Новгород-Сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки |
| title_sort | нові комплексні дослідження новгород-сіверської верхньопалеолітичної стоянки |
| topic | останній льодовиковий максимум верхній палеоліт гравет пушкарівський тип пам’яток зооархеологія палеоекологія басейн Середньої Десни верхній пленігляциал |
| topic_facet | Last Glacial Maximum Upper Palaeolithic Gravettian Pushkari type zooarchaeology palaeoecology Middle Desna basin Upper Pleniglacial последний ледниковый максимум верхний палеолит граветт пушкарёвский тип памятников зооархеология палеоэкология бассейн Средней Десны верхний пленигляциал останній льодовиковий максимум верхній палеоліт гравет пушкарівський тип пам’яток зооархеологія палеоекологія басейн Середньої Десни верхній пленігляциал |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/280 |
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