Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати
The article presents the results of micro-residues study on the surface of stone tools from the lower, Acheulean layer of the cave site Zaskelna IX in the Crimea. Several recognised varieties of detected micro-residues oforganic and mineral origin are characterised. Likely traces of specific wear in...
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| author | Ryzhov, Serhii Stepanchuk, Vadym Nezdolii, Oleksandr Vietrov, Denys |
| author_facet | Ryzhov, Serhii Stepanchuk, Vadym Nezdolii, Oleksandr Vietrov, Denys |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Serhii Ryzhov",
"institution": "PhD in History, Associate professor, Department of Archaeology and Museum Study, Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National University",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "Vadym Stepanchuk",
"institution": "DSc in History, Leading Research Fellow, Stone Age Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": "0009-0004-1214-5319"
},
{
"author": "Oleksandr Nezdolii",
"institution": "Junior Research Fellow, Stone Age Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": "0000-0001-7465-9164"
},
{
"author": "Denys Vietrov",
"institution": "PhD in History, Research Fellow, Stone Age Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeolo-gy, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": "0000-0002-1879-3163"
}
] |
| author_orcid_str_mv | 0009-0004-1214-5319 0000-0001-7465-9164 0000-0002-1879-3163 |
| author_sort | Ryzhov, Serhii |
| baseUrl_str | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | 25 |
| container_issue | 1 |
| container_start_page | 5 |
| container_title | Археологія |
| container_volume | |
| datestamp_date | 2022-05-14T07:30:21Z |
| description | The article presents the results of micro-residues study on the surface of stone tools from the lower, Acheulean layer of the cave site Zaskelna IX in the Crimea. Several recognised varieties of detected micro-residues oforganic and mineral origin are characterised. Likely traces of specific wear inherent on the soft handle areidentified. Pigment residues correlate with these traces. Micro-residues and use-wear indicate the possible wrapping of stone tools in the leather or plant substances with the help of adhesives containing ochre powder for safe and secure gripping in hand. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/arheologia2022.01.005 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:04:26Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • ІIНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 1 2022
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Заступник головного редактора
ТОЛОЧКО П. П., академiк НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Вiдповiдальний секретар
ШЕВЧЕНКО T. М., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
БОРОФФКА Н., доктор хаб., Нiмецький археологiчний iнститут, Німеччина
БРАУНД Д., професор, доктор хаб., Унiверситет Екзетера, Великобританiя
БРУЯКО I. В., доктор iсторичних наук, Одеський археологiчний музей НАН України
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., доктор iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ГАРДІ С. Е., PhD, Норвезький інститут у Римі Університету в Осло, Великобританія
ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон
Сорбонна, Францiя
ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
IВАНЧИК А. I., професор, Французький нацiональний центр наукових
дослiджень, Францiя
КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Німеччина
ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут історії НАН Білорусі, Білорусь
ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ФОРНАСЬЕ Й., професор, доктор, Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера, Німеччина
ХОХОРОВСКI Я., професор, доктор хаб., Iнститут археологiї Яґеллонського унiверситету, Польща
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947
FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Deputy editor-in-Chief
TOLOCHKO P. P., Academician of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Executive Secretary
SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
BOROFFKA N., Professor, Dr. Hab., German Archaeological Institute, Germany
BRAUND D., Professor, Dr. Hab., University of Exeter, UK
BRUIAKO I. V., DSc in History, Odessa Archaeological Museum of the NAS of Ukraine
BUISKIKH A. V., DSc in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
CHOCHOROWSKI J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University, Poland
DJINDJIAN F., Professor, Dr. Hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
IVANTCHIK A. I., Professor, National Center for Scientific Research of France, France
FORNASIER J., Professor, Doctor, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
HARDY S. A., PhD, Norwegian Institute in Rome, University of Oslo, Great Britain
KAISER E., Professor, Dr. Hab., Free University of Berlin, Germany
OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
PLAVINSKI M. O., PhD in History, Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarus
POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 1 2022
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
Articles
РИЖОВ C. М., СТЕПАНЧУК В. М., НЕЗДО-
ЛІЙ О. І., ВЄТРОВ Д О. Мікрозалишковий аналіз
кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму:
перші результати
КОЗЛЕНКО Р. О. Римська військова присутність
на о. Березань
KAZANSKI M. M. Fibulae of East Germanic
Tradition From Saint-Chéron in Northern Gaul
KOZUBOVSKYI H. A. About One Debatable Is-
sue of Ukrainian History of the 14th Century
Publication of Archaeological Material
RUDYCH T. O. The Population of the Chernia-
khiv Culture According to the Materials of the Cher-
kasy-Centre Burial Ground (Craniological Aspect)
AKSIONOV V. S. Shells as a Costume Element of
Population of the Saltiv Culture (Based on Materi-
als from the Chervona Hirka Biritual Burial Ground)
Discoveries and Recent Finds
SYDOROVYCH V. Z. New Burial of the Przeworsk
Culture in Western Buh Region
Статтi
RYZHOV S. M., STEPANCHUK V. M., NEZDO-
LII O. I., VIETROV D. O. Analysis of Micro-
Residues on Stone Tools From Zaskelna IX,
Crimea: First Results
KOZLENKO R. O. The Roman Military Presence
On The Berezan Island
КАЗАНСЬКИЙ M. M. Фібули східногерманської
традиції з могильника Сен-Шерон у Північній
Галлії
КОЗУБОВСЬКИЙ Г. А. Про одне дискусійне
питання української історії XIV ст.
Публiкацiї археологiчного матерiалу
РУДИЧ Т. О. Населення черняхівської культури
за матеріалами могильника Черкаси-Центр
(краніологічний аспект)
АКСЬОНОВ В. С. Мушлі як елемент вбрання
населення салтівської культури (за матеріалами
біритуального могильника Червона Гірка)
Новi вiдкриття та знахiдки
СИДОРОВИЧ В. З. Нове поховання пше-
ворської культури у Західному Побужжі
5
26
39
55
86
101
114
До iсторiї стародавнього виробництва
ЩЕПАЧЕНКО В. І. Скляний посуд
пізньоримського часу з Війтенків:
технологічний аспект
Хронiка
З нагоди 60-річчя Андрія Петровича
Томашевського
To the History of Ancient Crafts
SHCHEPACHENKO V. I. The Glassware of Late
Roman Time from Viitenky: the Technological
Aspect
News Review
To the 60th Anniversary of Andrii Petrovych Toma-
shevskyi
121
154
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 1 5
Статтi
The article presents the results of micro-residues study
on the surface of stone tools from the lower, Acheulean
layer of the cave site Zaskelna IX in the Crimea. Seve-
ral recognised varieties of detected micro-residues of
organic and mineral origin are characterised. Likely
traces of specific wear inherent on the soft handle are
identified. Pigment residues correlate with these tra-
ces. Micro-residues and use-wear indicate the possible
wrapping of stone tools in the leather or plant substan-
ces with the help of adhesives containing ochre powder
for safe and secure gripping in hand.
K e y w o r d s: residual analysis, micro-residues, use-
wear, pigments, soft handle, Palaeolithic, Acheulean,
Crimea, Eastern Europe.
Introduction
The study of various remains on stone artefacts
has become an integral part of modern archaeolo-
gical research of Stone Age sites. Due to the emer-
gence of new technical means of microscopy and
the development of methods of geochemical analy-
sis, new ways of studying and interpreting stone
artefacts are being formed in archaeology. At the
present stage, along with the study of usage traces
* RYZHOV Sergii Mykolaiovych — PhD in History,
Associate professor, Department of Archaeology and
Museum Study, Kyiv Taras Shevchenko National
University, ORCID 0000-0002-3229-1020, seryzh@knu.ua
STEPANCHUK Vadym Mykolaiovych — DSc in History,
Leading Research Fellow, Stone Age Archaeology
Department, Institute of Archaeology, the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID 0000-0002-
5476-2284, vadimstepanchuk@iananu.org.ua
NEZDOLII Oleksandr Ivanovych — Junior Research Fellow,
Stone Age Archaeology Department, Institute of Archaeology,
the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID 0000-
0001-7465-9164, oleksandr.nezdolii@gmail.com
VIETROV Denys Oleksandrovych — PhD in History,
Research Fellow, Stone Age Archaeology Department,
Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, ORCID 0000-0002-1879-3163, vetrovd@ukr.net
on stone tools, the method of residual analysis is
becoming increasingly common (Anderson-Ger-
faud 1986; Jensen 1988; Grace 1996; Andrefsky
2005; Marreiros, Gibaja Bao, Bicho 2015; Rots
et al. 2013; Lemorini, Cesaro 2014; Stemp, Wat-
son, Evans 2016; Pedergnana et al. 2016; Cnuts,
Rots 2018).
In the context of Palaeolithic sites, finds of
natural dyes, including iron oxides and oxyhy-
droxides, have always attracted particular atten-
tion. Historians and archaeologists traditional-
ly consider such finds mainly as a reflection of
symbolic behaviour. Numerous ethnographic and
written sources serve as the basis for such inter-
pretations (Wreschner et al. 1980; Doménech-
Carbó, Osete-Cortina 2016; Watts 2018; Knight
2018). The general name «ochre» is a simplified
term used in the archaeological literature for iron
oxides and oxyhydroxides.
Red ochre (hematite) can be obtained from
limonite by natural or anthropogenic dehydra-
tion. Natural formations of oxides and oxyhy-
droxides were formed in different geological
periods. On the territory of Ukraine, powerful
deposits of limonite were found (in the Kryvyi
Rih basin and the east of the Kerch Peninsula
(Антропов 1958).
It should be noted that sometimes stalactites are
formed in karst cavities, often forming limonite,
hematite, and malachite in the shape of buds. Oc-
casionally, such forms of influxes have a shiny sur-
face. In geology, such formations are called «glass
heads» (Музафаров 1979).
In 2005, at 5 km north from Zaskelna IX,
in the Paleogene sandy loam of the Ak-Kaia
plateau, small accumulations of yellowish-
brown (sometimes cherry-red) iron hydro-
xides and oxides with yellow-brown flint nod-
ules were found (Степанчук та ін. 2006). The
current paper adds new information to the al-
УДК 903.2(477.75)”652”
https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2022.01.005
© RYZHOV S. M., STEPANCHUK V. M.,
NEZDOLII O. I., VIETROV D. O.* 2022
ANALYSIS OF MICRO-RESIDUES
ON STONE TOOLS FROM ZASKELNA IX,
CRIMEA: FIRST RESULTS
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 16
ready known analysis published in Ukrainian
language (Рижов та ін. 2021).
The oldest evidence of the ochre usage comes
from Africa. In particular, it is believed that ochre
was deliberately collected and used in the Katu Pan
site, which is dated about 500 ky (Watts, Chazan,
Wilkins 2016). Pieces of ochre with traces of pro-
cessing and usage and its remains on artefacts have
been found in Pleistocene layers of many South
Africa cave sites: Pinnacle Point (64 ky, layer B),
Klasies River (100—85 ky) and Blombos (100 ky)
(Watts 2010; Henshilwood et al. 2011; D’Errico
et al. 2012; Beaumont, Bednarik 2013; Watts, Cha-
zan, Wilkins 2016). In this context, it is worth men-
tioning the discovery on the ninth terrace of the
Crimean southern coast (Чепалыга 2017) of sev-
eral red-brown flattened pebbles, presumably sider-
ite (FeCO3) with signs of knapping, numerous dents
and scratches. These pebbles were found together
with flake and pebble tools of the Lower Palaeoli-
thic appearance. For the Middle Palaeolithic period,
ochre has been documented for many sites, includ-
ing those known in the Middle East and the Europe-
an continent (Hardy et al. 2001; Hovers et al. 2003;
Hodgskiss 2010; Moncel et al. 2012; Сериков
2013; Lemorini, Cesaro 2014; Rots et al. 2013;
Key, Lycett, Stephen 2017; Venditti et al. 2019; Vel-
liky et al. 2019; Dayet et al. 2019). Fragments of
ochre, often with various signs of intentional trans-
formation and usage, are frequently found at Mid-
dle Palaeolithic sites of the Crimea (Колосов 1986,
c. 37; Степанчук 2006, c. 248—249; Степанчук,
Цвелых 2018; Степанчук, Нездолій, Вєтров
2018).
Modern research on various aspects of natural
pigments usage is closely linked to experiments of
ochre interaction with stone artefacts clarifying, the
supply and origin of ochre (Hodgskiss 2010; 2020;
Brooks et al. 2018; Lemorini et al. 2020). Ethno-
archaeological studies witnesses a widespread use of
ochre as a component of aggregate paste for fastening
lithic tools in a shaft, handle, leather and grass frame
(Wadley, Williamson, Lombard 2004). In particu-
lar, African Palaeolithic sites provide valuable evi-
dence for ochre as a component-filler for connection
frame made of diverse organic materials with a sur-
Fig. 1. Location of Zaskelna IX and key sites of the Ak-Kaia variant of Micoquian in Chervona Balka (Red Gully) near Bila
Skelia village, Bilohirsk district, the Crimea: V — Zaskelna V; VI — Zaskelna VI (Yu. H. Kolosov’s); IX — Zaskelna IX
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 1 7
face of lithic artefact (Wadley 2005; Wadley, Hodg-
skiss, Grant 2009; Rots, Van Peer, Vermeersch 2011).
Materials
General information about Zaskelna IX site.
Zaskelna IX is located in the eastern part of the
Crimean foothills, on the right bank of the Biiuk-
Karasu River, near Bila Skelia village in Bilohirsk
district, at the head of Chervona Balka (Red Gully)
(fig. 1). The site is located beneath a three-meter
cliff of nummulitic limestones, nearly 90 m above
the river level. In front of the steep slope towards
the gully, there is a slightly sloping area. Seve-
ral fissures traced extend towards the monolith of
the limestone plateau, one of which is interpreted
as an entrance into a buried cave. The destruction
of the entrance part and significant subsidence of
the cave vault is explained by tectonic movements.
Worthy to emphasise that this is the only Palaeoli-
Fig. 2. Zaskelna IX, lower layer. Refitting of several flint flakes, demonstrating the usage of bipolar technique and rough
shaping
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 18
Fig. 3. The hand-axe from the lower layer of Zaskelna IX (artefact 10, Table 2), an example of technical information. The
drawing after Yu. H. Kolosov (Колосов 1983, табл. LXXIV). Raw material: flint; type of treatment: shaping; order of processing
of surfaces of the artefact: A (phase I) / B (phase II) / A (phase III). Processing stages: 1 (I) AL ▲ ↕ ?; 2 (II) BR ▲ ↕ ?; 3 (II)
BL ▼ ↓ ?; 4 (II) BL ▼ ↓ ?; 5 (II) BR ▲ ↕ ?; 6 (III) AR ▼ ↕ ? I, II, III — phases of artefact shaping; 1—6 — stages of artefact
shaping; A, B — artefact planes; L, R — artefact edges; ▲ ▼ — position of the point of convergence of the artefact edges; ↕ ↓?
— the direction of the sequence of removals
thic cave site in Chervona Balka that faces North
and is located at the very gully’s head.
Yu. H. Kolosov discovered the site in 1969. In
1974—1975 and 1977, Zaskelna IX was explored
by the Crimean Palaeolithic expedition (Колосов
1983). In total, the area of about 15 m2 was in-
vestigated. Small scale excavation of the site was
carried out in 2005. According to the stratigraph-
ic features of the sediment column, the significant
water content of the karst cavity of Zaskelna IX
is reconstructed for ancient times. The results of
the research in 2005 confirmed the presence of an
underground watercourse in the cavity of the site
(Степанчук та ін. 2006).
During the works of 1970’s, the method of exca-
vation by horizontal tunnel was used. Zaskelna IX
was interpreted as a two-layered site. Yu. H. Ko-
losov recognized the finds referred to as the upper
layer in a pack of sediments ranging between 20 cm
from the day surface to a depth of about 1 m. This
pack contained several artefacts and a few small
and massive animal bones, separate teeth of preda-
tors and rodents. Flint artefacts are represented by
blades and five bladelets with blunted edges pre-
senting Graverttian points. It is not excluded that
the finds of the upper layer may be the remains of
a short-term Gravettian site washed away from the
plateau’s surface. Its possible age is indicated by ra-
diocarbon dates by 26700 ± 200 (Ki-11682), and
25600 ± 200 (Ki-11678) BP obtained due to bone
samples (Степанчук 2006). The faunal assemblage
of the layer could be the result of human activity. It
could also be the prey of small predators and birds
of prey, which periodically used the niche of the
rock fissure as a refuge.
Accordingly, to Yu. H. Kolosov’s data, the lower
cultural layer began at a depth of 1,5 m. Huge lime-
stone blocks underlaid the clayey sediments with
narrow gaps and small voids between them. These
blocks represent a likely rock bottom of the karst
cavity. Flint artefacts and bone remains of large,
medium and small mammals are found in the layer,
among which there were several small burnt frag-
ments of tubular bones (Колосов 1983). The collec-
tion contains the quantitatively predominant saiga,
primitive bison, reindeer, horse, mammoth (pre-
sented only by pieces of teeth) and other animals
(Колосов 1983; Журавлев 2015). The absence of
hearths recorded by excavations, lack of any signs
of ancient surface, signatures of periodical wate-
ring, and a small number of stone artefacts of the
second cultural horizon indicate this site’s short-
term nature.
Geochronological position. The lower layer
of the site has no direct indication of the chronolo-
gical position, although the remains were found in
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 1 9
a stratigraphic context. Absolute dates are also not
available. Traditionally, the age of the site is cor-
related with the last interglacial. Geomorphological
data are of interest. The site is located at the head
of Chervona Balka. To judge by the common reg-
ularities of gully formation, rock shelters suitable
for settlement first appear at the mouth, then mid-
dle parts of gullies, and lastly, at their heads. In this
case, Zaskelna IX, located at the very head of the
gully, should be, at least, of the same age as oth-
er Middle Palaeolithic sites discovered in Chervona
Balka. However, the lower layer of Zaskelna IX in-
dustry is more archaic than the materials found even
in the lowest layers of Zaskelna V and VI in the up-
per tier of rock shelters or the lower buried level of
rock shelters (Alioshyn grotto). The discrepancy is
explained by the fact that the gully «... had began
to be settled not from the mouth or middle parts ...
but from its upper reaches» (Колосов 1983). This
hypothesis is based on the O. Kliukin version of
Chervona Balka formation in the Middle Quaterna-
ry period and its stabilisation as a result of the in-
terception of the gully runoff during the Mousterian
period (Клюкін, Колосов 1978).
An alternative version of the gully formation has
recently been proposed: its appearance is explained
by the development of hypogenetic karst (Климчук
и др. 2013). According to this version, the cavi-
ties were formed directly in the limestone mas-
sif. Their opening occurred almost simultaneous-
ly along the entire length of the gully somewhere
in the Late Pleistocene. This explanation is in good
agreement with the young (post-Riss-Wurmian) age
and the currently argued synchronicity of the settle-
ment stages of all known Neanderthal sites in the
Ak-Kaia area. The network of underground cavities
Fig. 4. Stone artefact 2. Zaskelna IX. The points of observation are marked with letters. A, B — crack filled with ocher; C, D — bright
spot with groove (top and side view); E, F — the content of the filling groove — dark grey ochre pigments and organic residues
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inside the limestone massive could start with ponor,
which is a place where a surface stream flowed un-
derground into karst in the area of Zaskelna IX. It
can also be assumed that initially, the site was not
a cave or rock shelter situated in the gully, but a lo-
cation on a plateau in a suffusion depression near
the mentioned ponor. In this case, the chronology of
the lower layer of Zaskelna IX may well essential-
ly precede the time of formation of the gully itself.
Stone industry of the lower layer of Za-
skelna IX
Raw materials. Light-grey, grey, grey-brown,
dark grey varieties of fine-grained, high-quality flint
of the Turonian Cretaceous deposits were used as
raw materials to manufacture the artefacts. Most of
the artefacts have a chalk crust, sometimes eroded,
sometimes fresh and brittle. In terms of colour, na-
ture of the crust, features of inclusions, and the na-
ture of zonation, the flint raw materials generally
correspond to samples originating from local out-
crops (Рыжов, Левчук 2018). There are exceptions:
an item made of light grey flint with layered light-
coloured zonation and an item made of light grey
inhomogeneous flint. Such raw materials are more
typical for the sites of the South-Western Crimea,
in particular for the Bodrak River valley. The raw
material of flakes generally corresponds to the raw
material of heavy tools, and the exceptions are two
Levallois flakes and a chopper-core. Thus, we can
assume that assemblage includes several items from
a mobile set of artefacts. In contrast, the predomi-
nant portion of artefacts are manufactured on peb-
bles and flint plates procured from the nearby de-
posits remoted at a distance of up to 5 km from the
site.
As a potential source of pigments, the inhabitants
of the lower layer of Zaskelna IX could use ochre
concretions from Paleogene deposits, which are still
observed at a small depth from the surface on the
northeastern erosional slopes of the upper Ak-Kaia
plateau, about 5 km from Chervona Balka. Another
possible supplier of pigments is erosion processes, in
the course of which the hydroxides and iron oxides
are washed off the upper plateau and enter the karst
cavities. Therefore, a source for pigments might be at
one-step accessibility in the form of iron inflows or
limonite pseudomorphoses (Бойко 2015).
Taphonomy. The physical preservation of the
flint artefacts surfaces in the collection is quite
good, which indicates their rapid burying. As a rule,
the stone artefacts are not rolled or patinated, ex-
cept for the only micro-flake. More intensive sur-
face erosion is typical for two flakes from light grey
flint and the chopper-core. The stone artefacts of the
lower layer seem not to be relocated for a conside-
rable distance, but, at the same time, the lithic as-
Typological definition After: Колосов 1983 The study of 2019
Pre-cores 1 —
Flint fragments — 14
Massive splinters — 4
Flakes 67 28
Including ‘knife-like blades’ or bladey flakes 6 —
Including citron 1 1
Levallois points 2 2
Single straight side-scrapers 1 2
Convergent side-scrapers 1 —
Chisel-like tools 1 1
Backed knives 2 —
Bifacial tools 10 10
Including handaxe-like knives with a handle 2 2
Including handaxe-like knives with a back 1 1
Including handaxes 2 2
Including chopping and cutting tools 1 1
Including choppers 2 2
Core-like choppers — 1
Spearheads 1 1
Fragments of bifacial items 4 —
Total 90 60
Table 1. Typological structure of the lithic assemblage of the lower layer of Zaskelna IX, according to Yu. H. Kolosov (Ко-
лосов 1983) and the authors’ definitions
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semblage is incomplete. The infrequency of small-
sized stone artefacts indicates either the washing out
of the small fraction or, less likely, its loss during
excavations. Some artefacts in the collection of the
lower layer of the site have features that can be in-
terpreted as natural fractures. They may relate to the
conditions of cultural remains displacement as a re-
sult of the partial collapse of the suffusion depres-
sion in which the site was initially located.
Typological structure. According to Yu. H. Ko-
losov, the assemblage of the lower layer of Zaskel-
na IX includes 89 mainly light grey and black and
isolated pink flint artefacts and a fragment of a slate
plate (Table 1). Most of the tools are bifacial; among
them, hand-axe like backed knives prevail. Our and
Kolosov’s typological definitions are principally well
agreed, save for the one significant exception. It con-
cerns the artefact that Yu. H. Kolosov defined as a
core, while we define it as a chopper-core or core-
like chopper. According to Yu. H. Kolosov (Колосов
1983), the amount of tools in the complex of the lo-
wer layer of Zaskelna IX is 28 %. Our examination
reveals that the assemblage have no signs of on-the-
spot core knapping; there are only waste-flakes from
tool reshaping and sharpening and damage (fig. 2).
Some tools were also reshaped directly at the site,
as witnessed by a few refittings (fig. 2: 2—3). Two
massive chips with straight axes on presumably dis-
Fig. 5. Stone artefact 3. Zaskelna IX. A, B — microcracks filled with ochre and adhesive mass of light grey colour on the
retouched edge; C, D — longitudinal and oblique striations from contact with hard material; E, G, I — isolated bright spots on
the area of the edge damage; G, H — pasty residues of red pigments
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Fig. 6. Stone artefact 4. Zaskelna IX. A—C — pigment residues; D — organic residues in the micro-groove; E — perpendicular
striations from contact with soft material; F, G, H — damage from the hafting; I — collagen residues (?)
tant raw materials document core usage with a bipo-
lar scheme of work surface utilisation and roughly
preparation of the striking platforms. Bifacial forms
of the lower layer assemblage constitute 60 % of the
total number of tools, according to Yu. H. Kolosov
(Колосов 1983). The available flakes and chips dem-
onstrate no correspondence to the available bifaces
on their negatives’ dimensionality and quantity. This
evidence indicates the bifacial artefacts reached the
site ready-made.
Attribution of the stone industry. For a long time,
the industry of the lower layer of the site was referred
to the earliest period of the Ak-Kaia Mousterian cul-
ture (Колосов 1983; Колосов, Степанчук, Чабай
1993). This interpretation is due to searching for the
local origins of manufacturing tradition of backed bi-
facial tools. Numerous archaic features (hand-axes,
choppers) of Zaskelna IX lower layer assemblage
were explained by the specificity of the economy pro-
file of the site, left by the bearers of the Micoquian Ak-
Kaia industrial tradition. However, the recent reexami-
nation of the assemblage showed that technologically
the lower layer of Zaskelna IX has little in common
with the Eastern European Micoquian, known in the
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Crimea and elsewhere (Чабай 2018; Очередной
2011; Kot 2013). The sequential shaping of the sur-
faces of bifacial tools is most typical for the Mico-
quian tradition (Bosinski 1967; Joris 2006). Instead,
a method of sequential processing of edges was used
at Zaskelna IX, additionally accompanied by turning
the tool surfaces and their rotation by 180° in a plane
(fig. 3). In contrast to the stone assemblages of even
the oldest Micoquain layers of Zaskelna group of sites,
the bifacial artefacts of Zaskelna IX show surfaces
roughly shaped by large removals produced exclusive-
ly by a hard hammerstone. There is no regular retou-
ching along the working edges, and some artefacts
show signs of using the bipolar technique for manu-
facturing and reshaping. The assemblage of the low-
er layer of Zaskelna IX contains archaic types, name-
ly hand-axes and choppers. The archaic typological
and technological features attribute the lower layer’s
assemblage to the Acheulean (Stepanchuk, Nezdolii
2018; Stepanchuk, Ryzhov, Nezdolii 2019). Dated
analogies in remote areas (Doronichev, Golovanova
2003; Moncel, Schreve 2016) suggest that the age of
the discussed materials may be at least 300—200 ky.
The series of stone artefacts involved in the
study. For the residual analysis, we selected 15
stone artefacts from the lower layer excavations
in 1974—1977. Pigment residues were found on
eight stone artefacts (Table 2; fig. 4—11).
The artefacts showed traces of encryption using
ink and glue and signs of easy cleaning after exca-
vations on visual inspection. The surfaces preserve
limestone-carbonate spots and remnants of detrital
sand. At low magnification, areas with a light blue
patina are visible under the microscope. The microre-
lief of the scar negatives of bifacial artefacts is plane
and uniformly displayed under different lighting
angles. The edge areas with signs of wear in the
shape of scars and micro-scars have varying de-
grees of gloss and surface roughness due to the con-
tact with different materials. Striation, edge-dam-
Fig. 7. Stone artefact 5. Zaskelna IX. A—F — pigment residues and traces of damage in the areas from the hafting
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Table 2. Stone artefacts of Zaskelna IX, for which micro-residue analysis was carried out
Arte-
fact,
No.
Inventory
No.
Presence
of
pigments
Depth,
сm
Length,
mm
Width,
mm
Thickness,
mm
Weight,
g
Index of
Invasive-
ness ***
1 Зск. IX-74,
шурф 1
95—
125
106 65 31 293 0,5
2 Зск. IX-74,
шурф 1, П1
+ 110,2 63,8 47,1 321 0,42
3 Зск. IX-74 + 11 54 20 12
4 Зск. IX-75,
сл. 2, № 39
+ 125—
130
64,7 56,6 20,9 69 0,85
5 Зск. IX-74,
шурф 1
+ 138 193 81 34 609 0,67
6 Зск. IX-74,
шурф 1
+ 95—
125
179 80 30 448 0,63
7 Зск. IX-75,
сл. 2
+ 131 154 70 41 475 0,57
8 Зск. IX-75,
№ 56
160—
225
57 84 677 402
9 Зск. IX-74,
шурф 1,
прирізка
115—
180
103 57 21 152
10 Зск. IX-75 + 102 (?) 178 62 32 348 0,81
11 Зск. IX-74 125 22 44 60 27
12 Зск. IX-75 198 140 57 38 297 0,93
13 Зск. IX-75,
прирізка
115—
180
99 65 18 133
14 Зск. IX-74,
шурф 1
+ 135—
180
95 47 13 49
15 Зск. IX-75,
сл. 2, № 36
125—
180
67 35 12 28
*** After: Clarkson 2002
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Fig. 8. Stone artefact 6. Zaskelna IX. A—C — edge damages are associated with contact from hard to soft materials; B — dark
grey pigments; D—F — residues of organic material; G—I — damages are associated with contact of medium soft material
age, edge-rounding and bright spots were observed
in some areas of flint tools. Nodules, drops, flaws
formed of various non-siliceous materials are deter-
mined on the surfaces of edges with signs of wear.
Lithic artefacts and fauna remains are stored at
the Institute of Archaeology of the National Aca-
demy of Sciences of Ukraine.
Methods
To examine the surface of artefacts, we used a
Wraymer LW-820T binocular stereoscopic micro-
scope. The total magnification ranges between 6.7
to 45 x; the eyepiece field of view is 22 mm. A
Nikon D 3200 camera with a SA 20 microscope
adapter with 2 x magnification was used for pho-
tography. For more than 100-fold magnification,
an XJL-101a-Ulab metallographic microscope
with replaceable revolving heads was used. The
maximum magnification constitutes up to 1000 x.
Results
In the process of studying macro- and micro-traces
of usage on stone artefacts from the lower layer of
Zaskelna IX, traces of damage and destruction, as
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well as remnants of organic and mineral pigments
of different colours, as well as probable remains of
plant origin, were detected.
Evidence of edge damage and breakage. There
are two varieties of this kind of macro- and micro-
wear traces. The first variety is associated with the
edge damages that appeared during intense contact
with hard, sometimes medium-hard, and rarely soft
material. Irregularly stepped, half-moon scars and
scars with feather termination with low or medium
degrees of edge damages rounding are found. They
are mainly located at the point of convergence of
the left and right edges both on convex and straight
areas. Perpendicular and diagonal striations and
rough polishing are observed, which can be asso-
ciated with cutting and chopping operations in the
disassembly of animal carcasses. Another variety
of wear traced on the main surfaces and peripher-
al ends of artefacts indicate a different cause of da-
mages. There are longitudinal striations and shiny
light polishing (bright spots) in the distal and medi-
al parts of the artefacts, on ridges between negatives
and along the artefacts’ edges. The latter are blunted
due to abrasion and damage.
Residues of pigments. As a rule, outside the zones
that were showing the wear damage, which occurred
during the work, the remnants of organic and mine-
ral composition pigments were recorded under mag-
nification in different parts of the artefacts. By colour,
the detected pigments are divided into three groups:
red with light and dark shades, light grey with yellow
and green hues, and dark grey to black. The variously
coloured and mainly presented in spot-like form, the
residues also differ in density and structure. The first
group consisted of conditionally «red» pigments with
a fragile base containing quartz impurities in the mi-
Fig. 9. Stone artefact 7. Zaskelna IX. A, B — residues of light grey pigments; D — diagonal polishing on the edge damage; E,
F — residues of dark grey pigments approaching black
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crostructure, traced at a magnification of 10 to 90 x.
The quartz grain diameter is less than 0.1 to 0.5 mm.
There are transparent with glare and opaque yellowish
oval grains of quartz, and when trying to tear them off
the surface, they break up into tiny elongated lamellar
parts. Under a magnification of up to 200 x, the reflec-
ting light dark grey to almost black rounded droplets
are observed (fig. 4: с—f; 5: f; 8: g; 9: e; 11: a, b, d).
Residues of the second group, namely light grey
pigments with yellow and green hues, are charac-
terised by a pasty base of organic origin. The struc-
ture is pasty and translucent with glare. In pigments,
from time to time, elongated and oval with a reddish
colour are traced from separate spots of light and
dark shades. Often red dots of the first type are at-
tached to them. As a rule, they are located on the top
of these spots (fig. 6: b, c; 7: a; 8: b; 9: b; 10: a—c;
11: e). Along the periphery, the spots smoothly transit
to the surface of the flint artefact. Depending on the
location and structure of the flint material, the transi-
tion zones are also traced in microcracks and cavities
(fig. 5: a, b; 6: b, c; 9: a—c; 10: a; 11: c, e, f).
The third group includes dark grey, amor-
phous, often spotted pigments. At the periphery,
these resinous spots have sharp contacts into the
primary siliceous material of the artefact. When
trying to tear them off the surface, they break up
into small fragments with smooth edges (fig. 4:
c—f; 8: c, g; 9: e, f).
Remains of probable plant origin. During the
research, the remains of organic materials were re-
corded, which requires more detailed further re-
search. In particular, on artefact 6 (fig. 8), frag-
ments of plant origin (tree ?) were revealed, ac-
cording to preliminary estimates. Fragments were
found in the locations with scaring fractures of the
biface. Use-wear, morphology and topography
of the section indicate contact with hard organic
Fig. 10. Stone artefact 10. Zaskelna IX. A—C — residues of pasty light grey and red pigments
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Fig. 11. Stone artefact 14. Zaskelna IX. Residues of pigments of the main types. A—C, F, G—I — red with light and yellow shades;
D — dark grey to black formation on a background of light grey with yellow hues; E — light grey with yellow and green hues
material. Small-diameter bright spots, separation
grooves and ridges (fig. 8: c, d, g, i). In the distal
part of the artefact 3, a comparatively large col-
lagen spot of unknown origin was found (fig. 6:
d, i). The presented biface fragment contains evi-
dence of pigments of the first and second groups
(fig. 6: a, c). The use-wear and edge damage indi-
cate contact with soft to medium-soft material, like
tissues of plant and animal origin. The third group
includes dark grey, amorphous, often spotted pig-
ments. At the periphery, these resinous spots have
sharp contacts with the primary siliceous material
of the artefact. When trying to tear them off the
surface, they break up into small fragments with
smooth edges (fig. 4: e, f; 8: d, g; 9: e, f).
Discussion
Ochre spots of the first and second groups gravi-
tating to the periphery of the marginal areas of the
siliceous surface of stone tools are often mixed and
include impurities of dark grey spots referred to
the third group. On other surfaces, particularly car-
bonate areas, the artefacts demonstrate bright spots
and striation, sometimes possessing lustre. In the
areas of well-detected microwear traces (striation,
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smooth stretches, grooves) and the depressions of
the relief of the artefacts (fig. 6: d, h; 9: b—f; 11: g,
h), these pigments often have a marked light yel-
low and reddish hue. Dark grey and yellow spots
of likely resin are preferably confined to areas of
polishing and areas with signs of high pressure ap-
peared between the tool and the contact materials
(fig. 4: c—f; 5: c, d; 11: a—c, f—i).
The study of the macro- and micro-patterns of
marginal damage revealed a correlation between
pigments of different types and specific types of
damage. Some areas of the marginal zones of the
tools have multiple overlapping scars, characte-
rised by step and hinge terminations of a rounded
proximal edge. We believe the microrelief of scar
negatives, and their morphology indicate contact
with a handle. The correlation between the dam-
ages and pigments can be explained by the pos-
sible usage of organic substances and glue when
fixing a soft handle made of leather or plant to a
stone tool (fig. 4: a—f; 5: c—i; 6: d—h; 7: a—f;
9: b—f; 11: a—i).
The above suggestions are supported by the
fact that some areas of the studied stone artefacts
indicate intense continuous pressure. These areas
are characterised by extended microcracks loca-
lised along the pressure line and contain the ochre
material (fig. 4: a, b).
The microfractures in some areas have exten-
sions in the shape of triangular and wedge-shaped
bound (sliced) scars with small bright spots and
signs of contact with soft and medium-soft mate-
rial (fig. 4: c—f; 5: e—i; 6: d, e, h, i; 8: c—i; 9: d),
as well as with hard material (fig. 5: c, d).
Conclusions
A sample of fifteen flint tools from the lower layer
of Zaskelna IX site was subjected to micro-residue
and use-wear analysis for the first time. According
to the techno-typological features, the lower layer
of Zaskelna IX can not be referred to the Mico-
quian of Ak-Kaia type and instead belongs to the
Acheulean. The exact chronological position of the
layer is currently unknown; the probable age of the
assemblage is estimated on the ground of techno-
typological features as at least 300—200 ky. The
features of the raw materials suggest the presence
of several items from a mobile set of tools and a
series of similar artefacts on pebbles and flint tiles
from nearby deposits, away from the site’s loca-
tion at a distance of up to 5 km. The stone tools
were brought to the site in finished shape, howev-
er, some of them had been repaired at the site. The
pigments could be derived from outcrops accessi-
ble up to 2 km away.
According to the preliminary study results,
most of the analysed bifacial artefacts from the
lower layer of Zaskelna IX demonstrate signs of
being used as cutting tools for soft and hard organ-
ic materials, presumably for the butchering of ani-
mal carcasses.
Residual of organic and mineral origin were re-
corded in different areas of the surface of stone ar-
tefacts, usually outside the area of butchering wear.
Red, light yellow and dark grey pigments were re-
corded on eight items. Organic substances were
found on two artefacts, further study of which re-
quires additional types of analysis. Pigment location
pattern and the relationship between them and differ-
ent kinds of use-wear suggest that the ochre was used
at Zaskelna IX site as a paste component for hol-
ding tools in a handle or hafting leather or plant wrap-
pers on stone tools. A protective wrap or pad is the
simplest and probably the earliest invented handle
(Barham 2013). Archaeological, experimental and
ethnographic analogies of such protecting accom-
modations are widely reported (Wadley, Williamson,
Lombard 2004; Wadley 2005; Wadley, Hodgskiss,
Grant 2009; Rots, Van Peer, Vermeersch 2011).
These are the so-called soft handles. The stone
tools equipped with this kind of accommodation
during work, for instance, butchering, were not
held in bare hands, and its non-cutting part was
wrapped in a piece of leather and bandaged. For a
tighter fixation, such a soft handle could be addi-
tionally attached to the tool’s surface using adhe-
sives such as resin. Adhesive mixtures could con-
tain natural pigments.
The suggested evidence of using soft handles
during the late Acheulean is of particular interest.
The possible usage of sophisticated technology in
the lower layer of Zaskelna IX involving the manu-
facture of special fastening adhesives containing
ochre powder, expands our understanding of an-
cient technologies and life support strategies. The
conducted pilot residual analysis demonstrates the
great potential of micro-studies of materials from
the Crimean Palaeolithic sites.
Acknowledgements
The study was supported by projects М/72-2019 and
М/87-2020 of the Minis-try of Education and Science
of Ukraine «Interdisciplinary study of the oldest
evidence of symbolic behaviour in Eastern Europe».
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Received 28.10.2021
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 122
C. М. Рижов 1, В. М. Степанчук 2, О. I. Нездолiй 3, Д О. Вєтров 4
1 Кандидат історичних наук, доцент кафедри археології та музеєзнавства,
Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка
2 Доктор історичних наук, провідний науковий співробітник відділу археології кам’яної доби,
Інститут археології НАН України
3 Молодший науковий співробітник відділу археології кам’яної доби,
Інститут археології НАН України|
4 Кандидат історичних наук, науковий співробітник відділу археології кам’яної доби,
Інститут археології НАН України
МІКРОЗАЛИШКОВИЙ АНАЛІЗ КАМ’ЯНИХ ЗНАРЯДЬ СТОЯНКИ ЗАСКЕЛЬНА IX У КРИМУ:
ПЕРШІ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ
Стаття присвячена результатам дослідження поверхонь кам’яних артефактів нижнього шару стоянки Заскельна IX
у Криму.
Тривалий час комплекс нижнього шару стоянки відносили до раннього етапу аккайської мустьєрської культури,
не старіше останнього міжльодовиків’я плейстоцену. Однак нова ревізія техніко-типологічних ознак колекції знахідок
дозволяє віднести матеріали нижнього шару стоянки до ашельського часу. На відміну від матеріалів навіть найдавніших
шарів аккайської мустьєрської культури, кам’яні артефакти стоянки Заскельна IX не мають яскраво вираженого
традиційного мікокського характеру двобічної обробки знарядь. Оформлення кам’яних знарядь здійснювалося мето-
дом прямого удару з використанням твердих відбійників. Набір знарядь включає ручні рубила, чопери і долотоподібні
вироби.
Для дослідження мікрозалишків було відібрано 15 кам’яних артефактів: двосторонні знаряддя, відщепи, нукле-
подібний чопер. Під час дослідження були виявлені макро- і мікросліди використання, ознаки пошкодження та руйну-
вання країв артефактів. На восьми кам’яних виробах виявлені мікрозалишки різнокольорових пігментів органічного й
мінерального складу.
Мікрозалишки органічного й мінерального походження були зафіксовані на різних ділянках поверхонь артефактів,
як правило, поза зоною пошкоджень, що виникли в процесі використання. Кореляція розташування залишків пігментів
із пошкодженнями зносу дозволяє припустити, що вохра, імовірно, використовувалася на стоянці Заскельна IX (нижній
шар) як компонент клею для фіксації в руків’ях або для фіксації за допомогою м’якої накладки органічного походження.
Перші вказівки на ймовірне використання в нижньому шарі Заскельної IX складної технології, що включає виго-
товлення спеціальних клеїв для затиску кам’яних знарядь, до складу яких входив порошок вохри, розширюють наші
уявлення про стародавні поведінкові технології і стратегії виживання.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: залишковий аналіз, мікрорештки, пігменти, м’яке руків’я, палеоліт, ашель, Крим,
Східна Європа.
C. Н. Рыжов 1, В. Н. Степанчук 2, А. И. Нездолий 3, Д. А. Ветров 4
1 Кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры археологии и музееведения,
Киевский национальный университет имени Тараса Шевченка
2 Доктор исторических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела археологии каменного века,
Институт археологии НАН Украины
3 Младший научный сотрудник отдела археологии каменного века,
Институт археологии НАН Украины
4 Кандидат исторических наук, научный сотрудник отдела археологии каменного века,
Института археологии НАН Украины
МИКРООСТАТОЧНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КАМЕННЫХ ОРУДИЙ СТОЯНКИ ЗАСКАЛЬНАЯ IX В КРЫМУ:
ПЕРВЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ
Статья посвящена результатам исследования поверхностей каменных артефактов нижнего слоя стоянки Заскальная IX в Крыму.
Долгое время комплекс нижнего слоя стоянки относили к раннему этапу аккайской мустьерской культуры не старше по-
следнего межледниковья плейстоцена. Однако новая ревизия технико-типологических признаков позволяет удревнить воз-
раст материалов и отнести нижний слой стоянки к ашельскому времени. В отличие от материалов даже самых древних слоев
аккайской мустьерской культуры, каменные артефакты стоянки Заскальная IX не имеют ярко выраженного традиционного
микокского характера двусторонней обработки орудий. Оформление орудий осуществлялось методом прямого удара с ис-
пользованием твердых отбойников. Орудийный набор включает ручные рубила, чопперы и долотовидные изделия.
Для исследования микроостатков было отобрано 15 каменных артефактов: двусторонние орудия, отщепы, нукле-
видный чоппер. В ходе исследования были выявлены макро- и микроследы использования, признаки повреждения и
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2022, № 1 23
разрушения кромок артефактов. На восьми каменных изделиях обнаружены микроостатки разноцветных пигментов
органического и минерального состава, а также возможные остатки растительного происхождения.
Микроостатки органического и минерального происхождения были зафиксированы на разных участках поверхно-
сти артефактов, как правило, вне зоны повреждений, возникших в процессе использования. Корреляция расположения
остатков пигментов с повреждениями износа позволяет предположить, что охра, вероятно, использовалась на стоянке
Заскальная IX (нижний слой) как компонент клея для фиксации в рукояти или для фиксации при помощи мягкой на-
кладки органического происхождения.
Первые указания на вероятное использование в нижнем слое Заскальная IX сложной технологии, включающей из-
готовление специальных крепежных клеев, в состав которых входил порошок охры, расширяют наши представления о
древних поведенческих технологиях и стратегиях выживания.
К л ю ч е в ы е с л о в а: остаточный анализ, микроостатки, пигменты, мягкая рукоять, палеолит, ашель,
Крым, Восточная Европа.
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| id | arheologia-com-ua-article-291 |
| institution | Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface |
| issn | 2616-499X |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:04:26Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | arheologiacomua/76/e73510c9f730389b81c483f97bee2476.pdf |
| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-2912022-05-14T07:30:21Z Analysis of Micro-Residues on Stone Tools From Zaskelna IX, Crimea: First Results Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати Ryzhov, Serhii Stepanchuk, Vadym Nezdolii, Oleksandr Vietrov, Denys залишковий аналіз, мікрорештки, пігменти, м’яке руків’я, палеоліт, ашель, Крим, Східна Європа The article presents the results of micro-residues study on the surface of stone tools from the lower, Acheulean layer of the cave site Zaskelna IX in the Crimea. Several recognised varieties of detected micro-residues oforganic and mineral origin are characterised. Likely traces of specific wear inherent on the soft handle areidentified. Pigment residues correlate with these traces. Micro-residues and use-wear indicate the possible wrapping of stone tools in the leather or plant substances with the help of adhesives containing ochre powder for safe and secure gripping in hand. Стаття присвячена результатам дослідження поверхонь кам’яних артефактів нижнього шару стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму.Довгий час комплекс нижнього шару стоянки відносили до раннього етапу аккайської мустьєрської культури, не старіше останнього міжльодовиків’я плейстоцену. Однак нова ревізія техніко-типологічних ознак колекції знахідок дозволяє віднести матеріали нижнього шару стоянки до ашельського часу. На відміну від матеріалів навіть найдавніших шарів аккайської мустьєрської культури, кам’яні артефакти стоянки Заскельна IX не мають яскраво вираженого традиційного мікокського характеру двобічної обробки знарядь. Оформлення кам’яних знарядь здійснювалося методом прямого удару з використанням твердих відбійників. Набір знарядь включає ручні рубила, чопери і долотоподібні вироби.Для дослідження мікрозалишків було відібрано 15 кам’яних артефактів: двосторонні знаряддя, відщепи, нуклеподібний чопер. Під час дослідження були виявлені макро- і мікросліди використання, ознаки пошкодження та руйнування країв артефактів. На восьми кам’яних виробах виявлені мікрозалишки різнокольорових пігментів органічного й мінерального складу.Мікрозалишки органічного й мінерального походження були зафіксовані на різних ділянках поверхонь артефактів, як правило, поза зоною пошкоджень, що виникли в процесі використання. Кореляція розташування залишків пігментів з пошкодженнями зносу дозволяє припустити, що вохра, імовірно, використовувалася на стоянці Заскельна IX (нижній шар) як компонент клею для фіксації в руків’ях або для фіксації за допомогою м’якої накладки органічного походження.Перші вказівки на ймовірне використання в нижньому шарі Заскельної IX складної технології, що включає виготовлення спеціальних клеїв для затиску кам’яних знарядь, до складу яких входив порошок вохри, розширюють наші уявлення про стародавні поведінкові технології і стратегії виживання. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2022-03-23 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/291 10.15407/arheologia2022.01.005 Arheologia; No 1 (2022): Arheologia; 5-25 Археологія ; № 1 (2022): Arheologia; 5-25 Археология; № 1 (2022): Arheologia; 5-25 2616-499X 0235-3490 10.15407/arheologia2022.01 en https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/291/269 |
| spellingShingle | залишковий аналіз мікрорештки пігменти м’яке руків’я палеоліт ашель Крим Східна Європа Ryzhov, Serhii Stepanchuk, Vadym Nezdolii, Oleksandr Vietrov, Denys Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати |
| title | Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати |
| title_alt | Analysis of Micro-Residues on Stone Tools From Zaskelna IX, Crimea: First Results |
| title_full | Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати |
| title_fullStr | Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати |
| title_full_unstemmed | Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати |
| title_short | Мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки Заскельна IX у Криму: перші результати |
| title_sort | мікрозалишковий аналіз кам'яних знарядь стоянки заскельна ix у криму: перші результати |
| topic | залишковий аналіз мікрорештки пігменти м’яке руків’я палеоліт ашель Крим Східна Європа |
| topic_facet | залишковий аналіз мікрорештки пігменти м’яке руків’я палеоліт ашель Крим Східна Європа |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/291 |
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