Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія»
In the article, a collection of bone and antler artefacts that had been displayed at the National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” Museum until 2022 are discussed. The collection includes materials excavated from the territory of Olbia starting from 1946 and encompasses a diverse range...
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Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
2024
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| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "A. A. Semenova ",
"institution": "Junior Research Fellow, the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Department of Classical Archaeology",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Semenova , A. A. |
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| description | In the article, a collection of bone and antler artefacts that had been displayed at the National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” Museum until 2022 are discussed. The collection includes materials excavated from the territory of Olbia starting from 1946 and encompasses a diverse range of artefacts categories, such as spindle whorls, handles for metal tools, musical instruments, jewellery and components of horse harness, etc. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/arheologia2024.02.076 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:05:29Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 2 2024
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
БОРОФФКА Н., доктор хаб., Нiмецький археологiчний iнститут, Німеччина
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ГАРДІ С. Е., PhD, Норвезький інститут у Римі Університету в Осло, Великобританія
ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон
Сорбонна, Францiя
ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
IВАНЧИК А. I., професор, Французький нацiональний центр наукових дослiджень, Францiя
КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Німеччина
ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О., кандидат історичних наук, Варшавський університет, Польща
ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
РАБІНОВІЦ А., PhD, Техаський університет в Остіні, Сполучені штати Америки
ФОРНАСЬЄ Й., професор, доктор хаб., Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера,
Німеччина
ХОХОРОВСКI Я., професор, доктор хаб., Iнститут археологiї Яґеллонського унiверситету, Польща
ШЕВЧЕНКО T. М., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України (вiдповiдальний секретар)
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947
FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
BOROFFKA N., Professor, Dr. Hab., German Archaeological Institute, Germany
BUISKYKH A. V., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
CHOCHOROWSKI J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University, Poland
DJINDJIAN F., Professor, Dr. Hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
IVANTCHIK A. I., Professor, National Centre for Scientific Research of France, France
FORNASIER J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
HARDY S. A., PhD, Norwegian Institute in Rome, University of Oslo, Great Britain
KAISER E., Professor, Dr. Hab., Free University of Berlin, Germany
OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
PLAVINSKI M. O., PhD in History, University of Warsaw, Poland
POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
RABINOWITZ A., PhD in Classical Archaeology, University of Texas at Austin, the USA
SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine (Executive Secretary)
ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 2 2024
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
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SEMENOVA A. A. Bone Artefacts from
the exposition of the National Historical and
Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” Museum
ДЕМИДКО С. Ю., СТРОЦЕНЬ Б. С., ЩЕПА-
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SHEVCHENKO A. V. Archaeological Chronicles of
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In memory of Sofia Stanislavivna Berezanska
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146
147
149
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 276
Публiкацiї
археологiчних матерiалiв
УДК [904.2:069.5] (477.73)"652"
https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.02.076
BONE ARTEFACTS FROM THE EXPOSITION OF
THE NATIONAL HISTORICAL AND
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESERVE “OLBIA” MUSEUM
© A. A. SEMENOVA* 2024
In the article, a collection of bone and antler artefacts
that had been displayed at the National Historical
and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” Museum until
2022 are discussed1. The collection includes materials
excavated from the territory of Olbia starting from
1946 and encompasses a diverse range of artefacts
categories, such as spindle whorls, handles for metal
tools, musical instruments, jewellery and components
of horse harness, etc.
K e y w o r d s: Olbia Pontica, National Historical and
Archaeological Reserve “Olbia”, bone craft, antler
craft.
Introduction
The National Historical and Archaeological Re-
serve “Olbia” stands as the custodian of the largest
collection of artefacts discovered during archaeo-
logical excavations in Olbia and its vicinity. The
majority of these items are safely stored within the
reserve’s repository, while a few are exhibited in
two small museums. The first museum primarily
showcases a lapidarium collection, while the sec-
ond encompasses all other categories of discov-
eries, including artefacts crafted from from bone,
horn, and antler. In total, there were 18 bone and
antler artefacts on permanent exhibition, with an
additional 16 featured in temporary displays. Cur-
rently, both exhibitions have been disassembled
and relocated to a secure site due to the full-scale
military invasion by the Russian Federation, mak
1 The article was prepared within the framework of the
scholarship program “Documenting, Recording, and
Saving Ukrainian Archaeological Heritage” of the German
Archaeological Institute (Berlin, Germany)
ing their publication more pertinent than ever.
Nevertheless, we remain hopeful that this collec-
tion will not suffer from the war.
The formation of the described collection likely
took place after the end of World War II, with the ear-
liest and most numerous artefacts in the permanent
exhibition dating back to the years immediately after
the war. Out of the 18 units, 9 are related to excava-
tions from 1946—1947, while 7 only have museum
catalogue numbers or lack provenance at all.
Over the course of many years of research, a
significant number of artefacts, primarily of exhi-
bition value, were transferred to larger museums.
Initially, this was due to the absence of storage
facilities, and later due to the limited exhibition
space of the museum (Шевченко 2017, с. 266-
267). Nevertheless, the museum’s collection in-
cludes a wide variety of items, encompassing the
principal categories of bone artefacts found in Ol-
bia. Some of the artefacts, originating from spe-
cific sites, are dated contextually. Analogies from
contemporaneous sites were used to determine the
age of others. The latter dating method often pre-
sents challenges, because some artefacts did not
undergo significant changes in form over an ex-
tended period.
Artefact description
Amulets are artefacts with a rich history and
widespread use across various cultures. Tradition-
ally, amulets were believed to bring good fortune
and protect against potential negative influences,
such as the “evil eye” and misfortune (MacGre-
gor 1985, p. 105). The earliest amulets were craft-
ed from natural materials like shells, animal claws,
and bird talons, and typically underwent minimal
modification, usually involving the addition of a
suspension hole. The practice of creating and us-
* SEMENOVA Alisa Arkadiivna — Junior Research
Fellow, the Institute of Archaeology of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Department of
Classical Archaeology, ORCID: 0000-0002-0809-3681
semenovaalise@gmail.com
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 77
ing such amulets dates to the Palaeolithic era and
continued to be relevant during later periods, in-
cluding the Greek-Roman era.
Within the museum’s collection, two such arte-
facts are preserved, but unfortunately, the origins
of both remain unknown. The first one (fig. 1: 1) is
a 5.5 × 1.0 cm canine with a 0.4 cm diameter hole,
identified by Yevheniia Yanish2 as the canine of a
young leopard. According to her assessment, the
second amulet (fig. 1: 2) was crafted from the tal-
on of a raptor, possibly a golden eagle or a white-
tailed eagle. It also features a circular hole with a
diameter of 0.3 cm, and the talon itself measures
4.0 × 1.1 cm.
In addition, bone-carved pendants were used
as amulets, including the ribbed artefact (fig. 1:3)
from the museum’s collection. The item is a 6.2 cm
long cylindrical rod with a diameter of 1 cm. On
one side, it has a 0.4 cm diameter suspension hole,
and on the opposite side, three bands of molding.
The surface near the hole is damaged and there
are signs of being worn-out, likely from the
attachment of a cord. This artefact was discovered
in sector “A”, unit no. 125. While we have not
identified direct parallels, we posit that the item
can be categorised as a rod pendant, or so-called
‘truncheon pendants’ discovered at archaeological
sites in Greece, such as the Heraion sanctuary on
the Perachora Peninsula (Stubbings 1940, p. 443),
which is dated to the 7th—6th centuries BC. Or
significantly later in time, but similar in mor-
phology, such pendants are known as the “Hera-
cles club” (Bíró et al. 2012, p. 78) common during
Roman times. These artefacts typically featured
ribbed sections near the hole, although variations
exist. For instance, a ribbed pendant preserved in
the British Museum (no.1864,1007.627)3 can be
traced back to the 6th century BC and originates
from the acropolis of Kamiros on Rhodes. Like the
Olbian example, these artefacts can be grouped as
rod pendants due to their similar form and func-
tional purpose.
Among the exhibits, there are various inlay
fragments and decorative plaques, which like-
ly adorned furniture such as beds or chairs, as well
as chests and boxes. This includes a fragment of a
figured plaque, broken on both sides, with inv. no.
97 (fig. 1: 4), in the form of a repetitive wave pat-
2 Ye. Yu. Yanish is a Doctor of Biological Sciences and a
Research Associate at the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of
Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
3 https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/
object/G_1864-1007-627 Date of access: November 9, 2023.
tern. The preserved length of the artefact is 3 cm,
the height is 1.4 cm, and the thickness is 0.3 cm.
Its surface is polished on one side, and there are
numerous small scratches visible on it. A similar
inlay fragment from Olbia is stored in the Nation-
al Museum of the History of Ukraine (Мезенцева
2001, с. 87), and analogies to it are known at oth-
er sites in the Northern Black Sea region, such as
Nikonion (Сєкерська, Шевченко 2021, с. 31), as
well as at the territory of Greece, for example, in
Delos (Bruneau 1970, p. 232).
Here, we can include a heavily damaged
flat plaque (fig.1: 5) made of horn, measuring
4.6 × 3.5 cm, with the greatest thickness of 0.5 cm.
Its surface is porous and unpolished, possibly indi-
cating that it was broken during the semi-finished
stage. The discovery location is section “E”, prem-
ise “E.” While exact analogies are unknown to us,
similar plaques of various shapes have been found
on the territory of Olbia, both in the city with dat-
ed to the 4th—3rd centuries BC (Наливкина 1940,
с. 189) and on the necropolis (Папанова 2006,
с. 177).
Resembling these artefacts in appearance, there
is also a flat spiral plaque with a perforation (fig.
1:6). It measures 3.7 × 3.1 cm with a thickness of
0.4 cm. Its surface is smoothed, though not me-
ticulously polished, exhibiting a somewhat porous
texture. Notably, no distinct abrasions are observa-
ble on the surface, prompting speculation that this
plaque may have functioned as a pendant rather
than an inlay fragment. The artefact was recovered
from sector “A”, precisely within units nos. 122—
123, located inside the premises.
A fragment of a semi-cylindrical artefact
adorned with a meander-like motif (fig. 1: 7)
measures 2.2 cm in length, 1.4 cm in width, and
1.1 cm in height. This fragment originates from
sector “E’, unit no. 80, situated within the confines
of premise “D.” Analogous specimens have been
discovered in a Scythian burial mound known as
Blyzniuk 2, dated to the 5th century BC (Ромашко,
Скорий 2009, с. 58).
Within this group, we can also include an or-
namented plaque of antler (fig.1: 8) originating
from sector R-25 during the excavation of floor
level no. 925 in a building dated from the end of
the 5th to the end of the 4th centuries BC (Крапи-
вина, Буйських 1999, с. 65). This is a slightly
curved rectangular plaque, broken on one side,
with dimensions of 10.2 cm in length, 1.8 cm in
width and 0.3 cm in thickness. There is a slight-
ly damaged hole, approximately 0.5 cm in diam-
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 278
Fig. 1. Bone products. 1—2 — amulets; 3 — pendant-rod (inv. no. O-47/1255); 4 — inlays and decorative plaques (inv. no.
97); 5 — inv. no. O-99/T-3/307; 6 — inv. no. O-47/5329; 7 — inv. no. O-47/3560; 8 — inv. no. O-47/874; 9 — inv. no.
O-98/R-25/1956
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 79
eter, presented at the preserved end, possibly for
attachment purposes. The front side of the plaque
has a polished surface adorned with a meander
pattern, whereas the reverse side remains unpol-
ished, but one can discern a few incised lines.
Similar lines are often found on one side of in-
layed plaques, suggesting that they were likely
applied to the reverse side of the artefact to en-
hance its adhesion to the surface, possibly us-
ing some adhesive substance. Another plausible
functional purpose for this plaque could have
been personal adornment, like a bracelet, as im-
plied by its curved shape, with the round hole
at the end possibly serving to fasten both ends
of the ornament. Undoubtedly, such an artefact
would have been an elegant yet delicate piece
of adornment. However, its use as an inlay for
furniture seems more likely. Nevertheless, until
compelling evidence is found, making any de-
finitive claims regarding its purpose remains un-
certain.
The attention is also drawn to a fragment, turned
on a lathe and fashioned from tubular bone ma-
terial (fig. 1: 9). Presumably, it constituted a part
of the decorative ensemble. This piece is distin-
guished by its remarkable craftsmanship in the ex-
ecution of the ornamentation, which is decorated
with repeating facets and moulding decorated with
parallel incised lines. This artefact was unearthed
on the sector T-4, basement no. 4 of a Hellenis-
Fig. 2. Bone products. 1—2 — spindles; bobbins: 3—4 (inv. no. O-93/R-25/1872 and inv. no. O-2004/R-25/1020); 5 — processed
epiphysis (inv. no. O-49/46)
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 280
tic-era structure, albeit the material found in this
context had undergone partial mixing (Назарчук
1999).
In the museum’s collection, there are also two
spindles, unfortunately lacking provenance. The
first one (fig. 2: 1) is a broken spindle stem meas-
uring 12 cm in length with a maximum diameter
of 0.5 cm. At the surviving end, there is a flattened
hemisphere that is affixed to a baluster, and below
this point, there is a cylindrical shaft with a slight
widening towards the broken edge. Near the begin-
ning of the shaft, two parallel incised lines serve
as ornamentation, although they do not encircle it
completely. The entire artefact’s surface has been
polished to a high sheen. This spindle closely re-
sembles the upper portion of a complex of whorls
from Olbia, dated to the 4th century BC (Петерс
1986, с. 58). Nevertheless, similar items are also
found in Roman contexts, where they are attrib-
uted to the 1st and 2nd centuries AD (Béal, 1983,
p. 152).
The second specimen also belongs to a com-
posite spindle, preserving two probable structural
elements (fig. 2: 2), although they currently appear
as a monolithic object, likely a result of restora-
tion. It measures a total length of 15 cm. The ar-
tefact consists of a damaged and partially broken
spindle shaft on one end, which connects to a larg-
er, convex shaft with a diameter of 1.1 cm. The
surface of the latter is adorned with three groups of
incised lines: one on each side of the shaft and one
down the centre. Each group comprises six dou-
ble lines. At the end opposite to the broken part,
the shaft terminates in a drop-shaped finial, also
damaged. Overall, the entire surface of the artefact
shows significant damage.
Within the territory of Olbia and its сhora, var-
ious plaques of diverse configurations have been
found, which are commonly regarded as bob-
bins used for winding threads. The first bobbin
(fig. 2: 3) is a trapezoid-shaped plaque, measuring
4.0 × 3.2 cm, with a thickness of 0.4 cm. Its two
opposite edges are crafted with a smooth curve
featuring a central indentation. Its surface has
been polished, though not entirely, leaving traces
of bone structure on one side, confirming it was
crafted from tubular bone material. The surface
also displays numerous scratches. It was discov-
ered on sector R-25, within a pit no. 707 dating to
the last quarter of the 5th century BC (Крапивина,
Буйських 1994, с. 72).
The second bobbin (fig. 2: 4) resembles the pre-
vious one, but has a simpler trapezoid shape, mea-
suring 4.0 × 3.6 cm with a thickness of 0.5 cm.
The edges of the plaque are rounded, and there is
a recess in the centre between two opposite edges
made with triangular incisions. The circumstances
of its discovery (sector R-25, pit no. 1294) do not
provide sufficient context for dating based on asso-
ciated materials. However, its resemblance to the
previously described object and other similar finds
(Козуб 1974, с. 115) allow the dating within the
5th—4th centuries BC.
Processed head of a cow’s femur (epiphysis)
(fig. 2: 5) with a diameter of 4.1 cm and a height
of 1.6 cm, with a drilled hole in the centre with a
diameter of 0.5 cm. The surface of the head is dec-
orated with an incised ring and dot motif, totaling
19 circles with a diameter of 0.4 cm. Some of them
are executed carelessly, so the outer circle is barely
outlined. This is a random find. Its purpose is not
entirely clear, perhaps it is a spindle whorl, simi-
lar to the interpretation of an artefact from Niko-
nion dated to the last quarter of the 5th century BC
(Сєкерська, Шевченко 2021, с. 19).
Handles. In the museum’s exhibition, handles
constitute the largest group of bone artefacts. Most
often, they are identified as knife handles, but in
most cases, the blades are not preserved, so this
cannot be stated definitively. The handles them-
selves vary in terms of craftsmanship, size, the
method of attaching the working tool, and con-
struction. Based on the last criterion, two types are
distinguished: solid handles, made from a single
piece of material, and complex handles, construct-
ed from two parts.
Among the solid handles, there is a fragment
of a rectangular-shaped handle made of tubular
bone (fig. 3: 1). The knife blade or other working
tool is entirely lost, and the point of attachment to
the handle is partially damaged. However, from
the preserved fragment, we can understand that
the working tool was attached to the handle us-
ing a groove cut into the handle, and the partial-
ly preserved round hole indicates additional at-
tachment with metal rivets. The handle’s length
is 12.6 cm, width 1.7 cm, thickness 0.8 cm; the
surface is polished. It was found on sector “И”,
unit no. 321.
Another fragment of a handle (fig. 3: 2) with a
rectangular shape and remnants of iron at the side
where the working tool was attached is present in
the collection. The blade was likely attached to the
handle using a groove. The preserved length of the
handle is 7 cm, width 1.5 cm and thickness 1.3 cm.
The surface of the artefact is polished and covered
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Fig. 3. Bone and antler products. Handles: 1—6 (inv. no. O-1947/1603, inv. no. O-87/NGS-S/688, inv. no. O-2000/
NGS/1174, inv. no. O-57/2417, inv. no. O-46/1036 and inv. no. O-94/R-25/1699); antler item: 7 (inv. no. O-46/3368);
astragali: 8—10 (inv. no. O-94/R-25/1861, inv. no. O-86/NGS/195 and inv. no. O-94/NGS/648)
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Fig. 4. Bone and antler products. Bridle buckle: 1—2 (inv. no. O-1956/64 and inv. no. O/1954/1); bone ring: 3 (inv. no.
O-46/1478); bone disc: 4 (inv. no. 107); aulos: 5 (inv. no. O-99/T-3/19); pin: 6 (inv. no. 120); pyxis body: 7 (inv. no. 98); pixis
lid: 8 (inv. no. O-61/?); spoon: 9 (inv. no. O-2011/R-25/349); production defect: 10 (inv. no. O-47/42)
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with scratches, and on one of the sides, closer to
the end, there is a scratched triangle. It was found
on sector “НГС-С”, unit no. 379, premise no. 119.
Handles like these are often further adorned
with the circle and dot motif. For example, a sol-
id and partially damaged trapezoidal-shaped han-
dle (fig. 3: 3) with a length of 9.8 cm, a maxi-
mum width of 1.8 cm and a maximum thickness of
0.9 cm. The handle’s surface is well-polished and
decorated on one side with two rows of 16 circles,
each with a diameter ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 cm.
On the side where there is no decoration, the inter-
nal bone structure is visible. The working tool was
likely attached using a groove and two round holes
with a diameter of 0.3 cm. It was found on “НГС”
sector, unit no. 262.
Another type of handle (see fig. 3: 4) features
a different construction compared to the previous
ones. It consists of two parts that clamp the work-
ing tool between them, fastened to it with five riv-
ets. Two of these rivets have a green colour, while
three have a brown colour, indicating oxidised
iron, and the handle itself is heavily soiled with
these oxides. Its length is 8.5 cm, width 1.5 cm and
thickness 1.2 cm.
Within this group, there is also a component of
a complex handle (fig. 3: 5) made of tubular bone.
It has a length of 10.1 cm and a width of 2.3 cm.
This piece is significantly wider and thicker than
other specimens in the collection, and it is coars-
er in craftsmanship. It is secured with four holes
with a diameter of 0.5 cm, and the external surface
is polished, but shows numerous scratches. It was
found on “НГ” sector, unit no. 64-east.
The interpretation of the handle (fig. 3: 6) can
also be extended to a fragment from sector R-25.
It is made of tubular bone, as indicated by the rem-
nants of the medullary canal. Unfortunately, the
preserved fragment, measuring 9.5 cm in length,
with a maximum width of 1.6 cm and a thickness
of 0.5 cm, does not allow the reconstruction of
the artefact’s shape and construction. Most of the
piece is covered with spiralling grooves, and part
of the edge of the piece is partially preserved and
decorated with two rollers.
Antler artefact (fig. 2: 7) is an elongat-
ed, slightly curved object, measuring 15.4 cm in
length and a maximum width of 2.3 cm. One side
of it is polished, likely the exterior, while the oth-
er side remains unprocessed. One end is decorat-
ed as a sleeve with a thickness of 2 cm, and the
other part of the object is flattened and has a max-
imum thickness of 1.4 cm. There is a small trans-
verse depression of 2 cm from the opposite end, at
the centre of which there is a hole. At a distance of
2.7 cm, another hole is located, with a preserved
metal rivet (?) extending 5 mm beyond the surface
of the item. Another hole with a rivet is located
2 cm further, and the third — at the same interval.
There is no exact answer to what this object is, but
it is likely a tool, with the working part attached
on the sleeve. It was found on sector “НГ”, unit
no. 65-east.
Astragali are common finds at Classical ar-
chaeological sites, often used for games and pos-
sibly associated with magical significance. In the
museum’s collection, there are several specimens
with inscriptions on them. The first one (fig. 2: 8)
is a processed talus bone of a sheep, where the
processing involved minimal trimming of two an-
atomical sides and a scratched inscription of six
Greek letters: “ΗΡC ΑΙΑ.” It was found on sec-
tor “НГС”, unit no. 78. The second astragalus
(fig. 2: 9) is also made of a sheep’s talus bone, with
slight processing on one side, and an inscription of
four Greek letters: “ΗΡΩC.” It was found on the
R-25 sector area. The third astragalus (fig. 2: 10)
has been processed on both sides to a flat state and
is made of the talus bone of a cow. On one side,
there is a scratched drawing on which the Greek
letter “Ε” can be identified. It was found on the
“НГС” sector area, premise no. 410, and is dated
by the Hellenistic period, no later than the 2nd cen-
tury BC (Лейпунская, Самойлова 1995).
Among the exhibits, there is a typical detail
of horse equipment typical for the Scythian cul-
ture, which is a bridle buckle (see fig. 4: 1) from
the sector “E-3”, pit no. 70. This is a small object,
measuring 2 cm in height, in the shape of a cube
with two perpendicular holes and a round shield
with a diameter of 3.6 cm. One of the holes is par-
tially damaged, possibly from usage, as similar ar-
tefacts were used to secure the intersection of reins.
Findings of such items have already been recorded
in Olbia, including a late Archaic buckle-pin from
the sector “E” (Капошина 1958, с. 111, табл. IV);
more analogies are known from Scythian sites
where they are dated to the late Scythian period
(Могилов 2008, с. 71).
Clearly, the next artefact (fig. 4: 2) also belongs
to this functional group, as indicated by the pres-
ence of two perpendicular holes and a relatively
similar shape and size, with the height of 2.5 cm
and a diameter of 3.3 cm. However, compared
to the roughly made previous item, this one was
crafted using a lathe, and the shield is adorned with
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raised and incised concentric circles. In the cen-
tre, there is a prominent protrusion in the shape
of a truncated cone with a central depression. This
method of execution visually resembles the dec-
oration of pyxides’ lids. Unfortunately, being a
chance find and lacking analogies, it does not al-
low even approximate dating.
The bone ring (fig. 4: 3) is a circular object
with a diameter of 2.5 cm and a large hole with
a diameter of 1.2 cm. One side is flattened and
polished, while the other is slightly rounded and
has traces of shaping on the surface that were
not smoothed out. The artefact itself was also
somewhat roughly made, with uneven edges and an
irregular shape. Similar objects are quite common
in Olbia, primarily known from inventory records
and some separate publications (Наливкина 1940,
с. 196; Кузьмищев 2014, с. 541). Similar artefacts
have been found at other sites as well, for example,
in Nikonion, dated from the late 5th to the early 4th
centuries BC (Сєкерська, Шевченко 2021, с. 31).
They are also known from materials in other Greek
cities and sanctuaries, including the Heraion on the
Perachora peninsula (Stubbings, 1940, p. 441), in
Corinth, dated from the 5th to the 2nd centuries BC
(Davidson, 1952, p. 296), in the Athenian Agora,
dated to the 5th century BC (Thompson1960,
p. 237) and to the 6th—3rd centuries BC (Rotroff
2013, p. 137). Regarding their purpose, there
are several opinions. Some have suggested that
they might be spindle whorls (Наливкина 1940,
с. 196), buttons for clothing (Davidson 1952,
p. 296), or eyelets for footwear (Thompson 1960,
p. 237).
In the collection, there is also a flat bone disc
(fig. 4: 4) with a diameter of 3 cm and a hole in the
centre measuring 0.6 cm in diameter and a width
of 0.3 cm. The surface is smooth and undamaged.
Its functional purpose has not been determined so
far.
The next artefact is a wind musical instrument
that consisted of several bone tubes called aulos.
These instruments were incredibly popular in
ancient Greece, as demonstrated by numerous
depictions in vase painting (Backe-Dahmen 2010,
p. 60) and archaeological findings (Stubbings 1940,
p. 448). They also gained popularity in Roman
times (Bíró 1994, p. 60). Our item (fig. 4:5) comes
from the sector Т-3, premise no. 4 of the Hellenistic
period (Назарчук 1999). It has survived partially
and was assembled from several fragments. It
consists of two structural elements joined together.
The first is the mouthpiece, which looks like a
tube with varying diameters. The narrowest part
has a diameter of 1.2 cm and gradually widens
to a maximum diameter of 1.9 cm, then tapers
again towards the broken end. A small hole with
a diameter of 0.3 cm is located on this part. The
other side of the mouthpiece also slightly widens
towards the end, and it is connected to another
segment — a tube with a diameter of 1.4 cm,
which connected the mouthpiece to the other parts
of the aulos that have not survived.
The hairpin. The simplest bone pin without
any decoration, with no preserved origin, is a
smooth, well-polished object that gradually tapers
to a sharp end (fig. 4: 6). It is 10.7 cm in length
with a maximum diameter of 5 mm. Similar pins
were very popular in Roman times (Bíró 1994,
p. 30).
In the Greek-Roman world, various containers
for storage were quite popular, including a specific
type known as pyxides. These are round vessels
with a removable lid made of various materials.
In the 1st—2nd centuries AD, small bone pyxides
made of tubular bones of large domestic animals
became widespread. In the museum’s exhibition,
this category of artefacts is represented by the
pyxis body fragment (fig. 4: 7), and we were unable
to find any information about its origin. Its height
is 6.7 cm; it is composed of three fragments, part
of which is lost. The body itself has the shape
of a truncated cone, with the bottom diameter
measuring 3.6 cm and the top diameter — 2.8 cm.
On the outer surface, at the upper edge of its base,
there is a special protrusion or step for lid fixation,
and on the inner side, at the lower edge, there is
a notch for base fixation. The surface of the body
is polished and decorated with three small ridges
at the bottom edge. Furthermore, the surface had
been damaged during the time spent in the ground.
Such artefacts are examples of standardised Roman
production and were commonly found wherever
Roman cultural influence reached. On the territory
of Ukraine, bone pyxides have been found not only
in Olbia and other cities of the Northern Black Sea
region (Петерс 1986, с. 68-70), but also at sites
of barbarian populations who eagerly imported
Roman goods (Bârcă 2020).
This round lid is likely from a pyxis (fig. 4: 8). It
is crafted using a lathe method from bone or ant-
ler. Currently, it is difficult to determine its because
the lid itself is in poor condition: it is assembled
from several fragments, part of them are lost,
and its surface is damaged and dirty. The lid has
a diameter of 4.5 cm, with a handle and a step
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measuring 1.2 cm in thickness. The handle’s height
is 0.3 cm, and the step or protrusion’s thickness
is 0.3 cm. The step is a round projection on the
back of the lid with a diameter of 3 cm, which was
used to secure the lid to the pyxis. This artefact
illustrates a different method of attachment from
the previous type, where the step was only on the
body of the pyxis. On the external side, the lid
is decorated with incised circular depressions,
and in the centre, there is a broken remnant of a
decorative (?) handle.
Another example of standardised production
were spoons, among which artefacts commonly
identified in scientific literature as “cochlearia”
are known from written ancient Roman sources
(Marquardt 1879, c. 306). One such item is
represented by a spoon (fig. 4: 9) found in situ on
the sector R-25 during the excavation of the floor
levels of a building of the 1st—2nd centuries AD
(Крапивина, Буйських 2012, с. 39). This spoon is
12.2 cm long with a round bowl having a diameter
of 2.6 cm, which is decorated on the inner side with
two irregularly incised circles around a slightly
recessed point in the centre. The upper edge is
flattened, forming a distinct ridge. On the back of
the bowl, a V-shaped projection connects the bowl
to the handle. The handle is round in cross-section
with pronounced edges, tapering and sharpening
towards the end. Traces of shaping with a tool, such
as a file, are noticeable on the surface. The condition
is good, but the surface is somewhat damaged due
to the time spent in the ground. This shape was quite
common in Olbia (Наливкина 1940, с. 194-195).
The next exhibit, although not a finished
product, is extremely interesting in the context
of researching the development of bone process-
ing in Olbia. It is essentially a production defect,
specifically a bone blank that split during the turn-
ing process (fig. 4: 10). The size of the preserved
fragment is 4.6 × 2.4 cm, with a width of 0.7 cm.
Presumably, an ancient craftsman intended to carve
a round disc, perhaps to make a lid for a pyxis,
for example. Discoveries like this one allow for a
more confident assertion about local production,
not only of the simplest handmade tools, but also of
more complex specialised crafts. This is especially
significant considering that, although a large number
of products and manufacturing waste have been
found on the territory of Olbia, the identification
of a specialised workshop has not been successful
so far. The only exception is a localised production
area in the Western Temenos of Olbia, which clearly
served the needs of the sanctuary (Semenova 2021).
Conclusion
The collection of bone and horn artefacts
exhibited in the Museum of the National Historical
and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” of the NAS of
Ukraine, despite its small size, serves as a significant
source for studying various aspects of life among
the population of Olbia during different periods
of its existence. Among the exhibits are tools,
accessories, musical instruments, jewellery, etc.
Analogies beyond the Northern Black Sea
region indicate that despite the geographical
distance, the population of Olbia had extensive
connections with the Greek and later Roman worlds.
This is particularly evident in the spread of mass-
produced items typical for Roman craftsmanship,
such as bone spoons, pyxides and pins. At the same
time, it is worth noting the presence of a distinct
local character in the collection, associated with
interactions with non-Greek neighbours of Olbia.
Diverse in terms of both the level of
craftsmanship and the techniques used, these
artefacts demonstrate a range of professional skills.
Some artefacts underwent minimal modification,
preserving their natural morphology; for instance,
pendants made of canine and talon. Some items did
not require special skills, such as horn tools and
handles for metal tools. The other part of the ar-
tefacts was crafted by artisans who possessed var-
ious advanced techniques. They employed more
sophisticated tools in their work, such as a lathe.
Another noteworthy feature of the collection
is the presence of a broken workpiece of a turned
object, which was found in Olbia and may
indirectly indicate the existence of a more complex
specialised craft.
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А. А. Семенова
Молодший науковий співробітник відділу античної археології, Інститут археології НАН України,
ORCID: 0000-0002-0809-3681, semenovaalise@gmail.com
КІСТЯНІ АРТЕФАКТИ З ЕКСПОЗИЦІЇ МУЗЕЮ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ІСТОРИКО-АРХЕОЛОГІЧНОГО
ЗАПОВІДНИКА «ОЛЬВІЯ»
У статті представлено аналіз збірки виробів з кістки та рогу, яка до 2022 року експонувалася в музеї Національного іс-
торико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія». Загалом в постійний експозиції налічувалось 18 артефактів виготовлених
з кістки та рогу, ще 16 експонувалися в межах тимчасової виставки. Зараз обидві ці експозиції розібрані та евакуйовані в
безпечне місце у зв’язку з повномасштабним військовим вторгненням Російської Федерації, що робить їх публікацію як
ніколи актуальною.
Формування аналізованої збірки відбувалось, ймовірно, по завершенню Другої світової війни; найбільш ранніми в
експозиції і водночас найчисельнішими в постійній експозиції є артефакти віднайдені в роки перших повоєнних сезонів
(1946—1947 рр.) Постійна експозиція доповнювалась кілька разів, тому як і тимчасова виставка складається з матеріалів
різних років розкопок.
Протягом багатолітніх досліджень велика кількість артефактів, пізніше переважно експозиційної цінності, передава-
лися в більші музеї. Спочатку це було пов’язано з відсутністю фондосховища, а згодом невеликою експозиційною площею
музею. Незважаючи на це, колекція музею демонструє широкий асортимент, до якого входять основні категорії кістяних
виробів, знайдених в Ольвії: веретена, накладки-інкрустації, прикраси, музичні інструменти, елементи спорядження коня
тощо. Різноманітні вони також за рівнем професійності майстра і застосованими техніками. Є вироби, що майже не мо-
дифікувалися і зберігали свою природну морфологію: наприклад, підвіски з ікла та кігтя. Частина виробів не потребувала
специфічних навичок, як то знаряддя з рогу та ручки для металевих знарядь, інша частина була виготовлена людьми, які
майстерно володіли прийомами різьблення, використовували токарський верстат. У цьому контексті особливо важливою є
заготовка точеного виробу, яка опосередковано свідчить про високий рівень майстрів, що працювали в Ольвії.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: Ольвія Понтійська, Національний історико-археологічний заповідник «Ольвія», обробка кістки,
обробка рогу.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 87
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| id | arheologia-com-ua-article-380 |
| institution | Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface |
| issn | 2616-499X |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:05:29Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine |
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| resource_txt_mv | arheologiacomua/c4/d603de047661542817931557d77d02c4.pdf |
| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-3802024-07-07T13:21:39Z Bone Artefacts from the Exposition of the National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” Museum Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» Semenova , A. A. Olbia Pontica, National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia”, bone craft, antler craft. Ольвія Понтійська, Національний історико-археологічний заповідник «Ольвія», обробка кістки, обробка рогу. In the article, a collection of bone and antler artefacts that had been displayed at the National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” Museum until 2022 are discussed. The collection includes materials excavated from the territory of Olbia starting from 1946 and encompasses a diverse range of artefacts categories, such as spindle whorls, handles for metal tools, musical instruments, jewellery and components of horse harness, etc. У статті представлено аналіз збірки виробів з кістки та рогу, яка до 2022 року експонувалася в музеї Національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія». Загалом в постійний експозиції налічувалось 18 артефактів виготовлених з кістки та рогу, ще 16 експонувалися в межах тимчасової виставки. Зараз обидві ці експозиції розібрані та евакуйовані в безпечне місце у зв’язку з повномасштабним військовим вторгненням Російської Федерації, що робить їх публікацію як ніколи актуальною.Формування аналізованої збірки відбувалось, ймовірно, по завершенню Другої світової війни; найбільш ранніми в експозиції і водночас найчисельнішими в постійній експозиції є артефакти віднайдені в роки перших повоєнних сезонів (1946—1947 рр.) Постійна експозиція доповнювалась кілька разів, тому як і тимчасова виставка складається з матеріалів різних років розкопок.Протягом багатолітніх досліджень велика кількість артефактів, пізніше переважно експозиційної цінності, передавалися в більші музеї. Спочатку це було пов’язано з відсутністю фондосховища, а згодом невеликою експозиційною площею музею. Незважаючи на це, колекція музею демонструє широкий асортимент, до якого входять основні категорії кістяних виробів, знайдених в Ольвії: веретена, накладки-інкрустації, прикраси, музичні інструменти, елементи спорядження коня тощо. Різноманітні вони також за рівнем професійності майстра і застосованими техніками. Є вироби, що майже не модифікувалися і зберігали свою природну морфологію: наприклад, підвіски з ікла та кігтя. Частина виробів не потребувала специфічних навичок, як то знаряддя з рогу та ручки для металевих знарядь, інша частина була виготовлена людьми, які майстерно володіли прийомами різьблення, використовували токарський верстат. У цьому контексті особливо важливою є заготовка точеного виробу, яка опосередковано свідчить про високий рівень майстрів, що працювали в Ольвії. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2024-06-05 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/380 10.15407/arheologia2024.02.076 Arheologia; No 2 (2024): Arheologia; 76-87 Археологія ; № 2 (2024): Археологія; 76-87 Археология; № 2 (2024): Arheologia; 76-87 2616-499X 0235-3490 en https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/380/389 |
| spellingShingle | Ольвія Понтійська Національний історико-археологічний заповідник «Ольвія» обробка кістки обробка рогу. Semenova , A. A. Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» |
| title | Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» |
| title_alt | Bone Artefacts from the Exposition of the National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” Museum |
| title_full | Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» |
| title_fullStr | Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» |
| title_full_unstemmed | Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» |
| title_short | Кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» |
| title_sort | кістяні артефакти з експозиції музею національного історико-археологічного заповідника «ольвія» |
| topic | Ольвія Понтійська Національний історико-археологічний заповідник «Ольвія» обробка кістки обробка рогу. |
| topic_facet | Olbia Pontica National Historical and Archaeological Reserve “Olbia” bone craft antler craft. Ольвія Понтійська Національний історико-археологічний заповідник «Ольвія» обробка кістки обробка рогу. |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/380 |
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