Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї
The article is focused on the results of geoarchaeological research of ancient Olbia. On the basis of field and laboratory (micromorphological and physicochemical analyses) studies of modern and buried ancient soil, the natural factor in the formation of the classical settlement of Olbia within the...
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Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
2024
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| author | Kushnir , A. S. Sheiko, I. M. Kozlenko, R. O. Matviishyna, Zh. M. |
| author_facet | Kushnir , A. S. Sheiko, I. M. Kozlenko, R. O. Matviishyna, Zh. M. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "A. S. Kushnir ",
"institution": "PhD, Research Fellow at the Department of Geomorphology and Paleogeography, the Institute of Geography, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": " I. M. Sheiko",
"institution": "PhD, Research Fellow at the Department of Classical Archaeology, the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": " R. O. Kozlenko",
"institution": "PhD, Director of the National Historical-Archaeological Reserve “Olbia”, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": " Zh. M. Matviishyna",
"institution": "DSc, Professor of the Department of Geomorphology and Paleogeography, the Institute of Geography, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Kushnir , A. S. |
| baseUrl_str | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | 17 |
| container_issue | 4 |
| container_start_page | 5 |
| container_title | Археологія |
| container_volume | |
| datestamp_date | 2025-03-07T14:19:18Z |
| description | The article is focused on the results of geoarchaeological research of ancient Olbia. On the basis of field and laboratory (micromorphological and physicochemical analyses) studies of modern and buried ancient soil, the natural factor in the formation of the classical settlement of Olbia within the Dnipro-Buh estuary is analysed. A brief historical and archaeological note on the urbanisation processes in Olbia Pontica is added. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/arheologia2024.04.005 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:05:43Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 4 2024
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
БОРОФФКА Н., доктор хаб., Нiмецький археологiчний iнститут, Німеччина
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ГАРДІ С. Е., PhD, Норвезький інститут у Римі Університету в Осло, Великобританія
ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон
Сорбонна, Францiя
ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
IВАНЧИК А. I., професор, Французький нацiональний центр наукових дослiджень, Францiя
КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Німеччина
ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О., кандидат історичних наук, Варшавський університет, Польща
ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
РАБІНОВІЦ А., PhD, Техаський університет в Остіні, Сполучені штати Америки
ФОРНАСЬЄ Й., професор, доктор хаб., Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера,
Німеччина
ХОХОРОВСКI Я., професор, доктор хаб., Iнститут археологiї Яґеллонського унiверситету, Польща
ШЕВЧЕНКО T. М., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України (вiдповiдальний секретар)
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947
FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
BOROFFKA N., Professor, Dr. Hab., German Archaeological Institute, Germany
BUISKYKH A. V., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
CHOCHOROWSKI J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Institute of Archaeology of Jagiellonian University, Poland
DJINDJIAN F., Professor, Dr. Hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
IVANTCHIK A. I., Professor, National Centre for Scientific Research of France, France
FORNASIER J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
HARDY S. A., PhD, Norwegian Institute in Rome, University of Oslo, Great Britain
KAISER E., Professor, Dr. Hab., Free University of Berlin, Germany
OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
PLAVINSKI M. O., PhD in History, University of Warsaw, Poland
POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
RABINOWITZ A., PhD in Classical Archaeology, University of Texas at Austin, the USA
SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine (Executive Secretary)
ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 4 2024
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
Articles
КУШНІР А. С., ШЕЙКО І. М., КОЗЛЕНКО Р. О.,
МАТВІЇШИНА Ж. М. Результати палеоґрунто-
знавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх
урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному
Причорномор’ї
ONYSHCHUK Ya. Ya., SLOBODIAN T. I. Re-
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of Kariv I in the Western Buh River Region
AKSIONOV V. S. Early Medieval Catacomb Buri-
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Publications
of Archaeological Materials
YEVDOKYMOV H. L.✝, DANYLKO N. M.,
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Статтi
KUSHNIR A. S., SHEIKO I. M., KOZLEN-
KO R. O., MATVIISHYNA Zh. M. Results of
Palaeo-Soil Studies of Olbia in the Context of
Early Urbanisation Processes in the North-West-
ern Black Sea Region
ОНИЩУК Я. І., СЛОБОДЯН Т. І. Результати
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Асканія-Нова
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Новi вiдкриття та знахiдки
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Architectural Terracotta Finds from Akalan Citadel
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МІНАКОВ М. А., РАДЧЕНКО С. Б. Cтрук-
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Discussions
MINAKOV M. A., RADCHENKO S. B. The
Structure of Archaeological Knowledge and
the Concept of Archaeological Culture: The
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STEPANCHUK V. M. Yurii Heorhiiovych Kolos-
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SEHEDA S. P. Vasyl D. Diachenko in the History
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104
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149
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Статтi
УДК: [902.67:904.4](477.73)”652”
https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.04.005
* KUSHNIR Anatolii Stepanovych — PhD, Research Fellow at the
Department of Geomorphology and Paleogeography, the Institute
of Geography, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
ORCID: 0000-0001-8995-1467, kushnir.paleogeo@gmail.com
SHEIKO Iryna Mykolaivna — PhD, Research Fellow at
the Department of Classical Archaeology, the Institute of
Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
ORCID: 0000-0003-2005-3081, ira.sheiko@gmail.com
KOZLENKO Roman Oleksandrovych — PhD, Director of
the National Historical-Archaeological Reserve “Olbia”,
the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID:
0000-0001-5602-7796, rknovel@ukr.net
MATVIISHYNA Zhanna Mykolaivna — DSc, Professor
of the Department of Geomorphology and Paleogeography,
the Institute of Geography, the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0003-1412-7232,
matviyishynaZM1938@nas.gov.ua
RESULTS OF PALAEO-SOIL STUDIES
OF OLBIA IN THE CONTEXT
OF EARLY URBANISATION PROCESSES
IN THE NORTH-WESTERN BLACK SEA REGION
© A. S. KUSHNIR, I. M. SHEIKO,
R. O. KOZLENKO, Zh. M. MATVIISHYNA* 2024
The article is focused on the results of geoarchaeo-
logical research of ancient Olbia1. On the basis
of field and laboratory (micromorphological and
physicochemical analyses) studies of modern and
buried ancient soil, the natural factor in the for-
mation of the classical settlement of Olbia within
the Dnipro-Buh estuary is analysed. A brief histor-
ical and archaeological note on the urbanisation
processes in Olbia Pontica is added.
K e y w o r d s : Olbia Pontica, palaeogeography,
urbanisation, palaeo-soil studies.
Introduction
Reconstruction of the Holocene paleogeographical
history and the causal relationships in the process
of colonisation of the Northern Black Sea region
1 The generalisation of existing data and the acquisition of
new data were carried out under the research project funded
by a Grant from the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine to research laboratories/groups of young scientists
for conducting studies in priority areas of science and
technology development, 2022–2023, “Social and Natural
Factors of Early Urbanisation Processes in the North-
Western Black Sea Region (On the Example of Ancient
Centres),” no. 0122U002159 (classification 1230).
during antiquity requires understanding both the
general relationships between space and humanity
and specific natural and social factors.
Olbia, one of the largest poleis founded on the
northern shore of the Black Sea, in the delta of the
Southern Buh River, emerged due to a number of po-
litical and socio-geographical processes at the turn
of the 7th—6th centuries BC. According to the stages
of natural development, this corresponds to the end
of the Subboreal chronological interval of the Hol-
ocene, microstage hlb2
6 (Веклич 1987). In terms of
relief, it is the territory of the Black Sea Lowland,
and the city itself, along with the adjacent areas, is
located on the shore of the Buh Estuary, which de-
termined the specific lowering and dissection of the
terrain. According to the climate zoning of Ukraine
by B. P. Alisov (ред. Ліпінський, Дячук, Бабіченко
2003), the area belongs to the coastal regions, which,
in turn, are part of the southern Atlantic-continental
climatic zone, with the primary factor influencing the
climate being the breeze circulation.
Palaeo-soil studies of archaeological sites dat-
ing to the Holocene provide an opportunity to un-
derstand how natural conditions changed during
a certain time interval of the last warm stage of
natural development. Soil, as the “memory of the
landscape”, is a highly representative component
of the natural environment in palaeolandscape re-
constructions. Additionally, the soil was a factor in
the choice of settlement structures of various types
and a determinant in the placement of structures
within them (ritual, economic, etc.). In general,
the interdisciplinary interaction between palaeo-
geography and archaeology aims to fill the gaps in
reconstructing the natural conditions of a certain
time interval and studying the living conditions of
a particular cultural-historical community, and as a
result, its way of life, economic practices, and etc.
The application of interdisciplinary methods
today allows investigating several important as-
This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.uk
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 46
pects. One of the relevant questions in the study
of palaeogeographical and historical factors of
settlement structure development during antiqui-
ty is the exploration of the process of mastering
specific areas — residential quarters, public spac-
es, necropoleis, communication routes, etc. Each
of these elements of the urbanisation process con-
tains different information about the activities of
the ancient society and provides a new perspective
on the source base of interdisciplinary studies. For
example, the development of local crafts, particu-
larly pottery, can already be studied using various
methods (Kotenko et al. 2021; Kotenko, Kushnir,
Smyrnov 2023). Among the archaeological objects
in Olbia suitable for such studies, the necropolis
holds a priority place since the disturbed soil re-
mained in place and was mainly used for covering
burial structures, unlike earthworks in residential
quarters and other objects within the settlement.
The integration of archaeological and palaeo-
geographical research is crucial for the advance-
ment of both soil sciences and historical sciences,
and the results of such efforts are mutually benefi-
cial for these fields. Palaeogeography, particularly
one of its branches — palaeo-soil studies — pro-
vides archaeology with information about the natu-
ral living conditions of a particular cultural-histor-
ical community, and consequently, its way of life,
economic practices, etc. At the same time, research
within archaeological sites gives palaeogeographers
the opportunity to study soils “buried” beneath var-
ious dated archaeological objects, comparing them
with background (modern) soils, which is essential
for reconstructing natural conditions of a specific
time interval in the general rhythm of Holocene na-
ture development. Thus, it leads to the formation of
a geoarchaeological approach in studying the nature
and history of a particular territory.
The subject of study in the geoarchaeological
approach, as has already been noted, includes bur-
ied soils of various ages “preserved” beneath dated
historical-archaeological sites. In this context, the
geoarchaeological approach is based on compar-
ing the soil beneath the archaeological object with
the background (modern) soil.
Description of the Site and Previous Research on
Urban Development
In the last quarter of the 7th—early 6th centuries
BC, Greek settlers from Miletus founded a new po-
lis, Olbia, in the Lower Buh region, laying the foun-
dation for Greek traditions in the area. The area of
the Upper City, excluding the slopes, was about
28 ha; the necropolis and public buildings occupied
approximately 3–4 ha of the total area, while the
rest was a residential zone (Буйских 2021, с. 694).
Research on the urban planning of Olbia Ponti-
ca had begun in the first half of the 20th century, due
to archaeological excavations of the ancient polis
conducted by B. V. Farmakovskyi (Фармаковский
1929, с. 40). He proposed the idea of a regular
city layout dated by the end of the 6th century BC
(Буйских 2015, с. 18)2. Other scholars, including
A. von Gerkan, E. Diehl, R. Wycherley, F. Castag-
noli, and S. D. Kryzhytskyi, have contributed to the
study of this issue (for a detailed discussion on Ol-
bia’s urban planning, see: Буйських 2021, с. 673-
698). Researchers believed that the plan of early
Olbia, which occupied an almost triangular area
bounded by ravines and the Buh estuary, was similar
to the plan of Miletus, although it had some differ-
ences (Русяева 2010, с. 90-91). However, this view
is not entirely accurate (Буйских 2021, с. 674). De-
spite decades of research, a clear understanding of
Olbia’s urban planning remained elusive.
In 2021, due to many years of archaeolog-
ical research, A. V. Buiskykh was finally able to
shed light on this complex issue. The researcher
noted that the earliest construction objects in the
southern part of the Upper City are dated to the
first quarter of the 6th century BC, with residential
buildings appearing in the early second quarter of
the same century (Буйских 2021, с. 680).The con-
struction during the early period (lasting until the
last quarter or the end of the 6th century BC) was
characterised by single-chamber square, rectangu-
lar, or, less commonly, circular dwellings, some-
what embedded in the mainland surface (Буйских
2021, с. 681).
The next stage of Olbia’s urbanisation is as-
sociated with the emergence of a street network,
indicating an organised city layout on the upper
plateau of the polis. A. V. Buiskykh, therefore,
proposes abandoning the long-held thesis of spon-
taneous development of the city (Буйских 2021,
с. 683). For instance, S. D. Kryzhytskyi claimed
that the urban centres of the ancient period had a
regular rectangular structure that formed spontane-
ously. According to him, in Olbia, socio-economic
and production differentiation in construction was
not evident in the Archaic period. The main streets
could be up to 6 m wide, while secondary streets
2 This point of view has been criticised by new archaeological
evidence, which has confirmed the layout of the city with
only some elements of regularity (Буйских 2015, с. 18).
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 4 7
were 1.5–3 m wide (Крыжицкий 1993, с. 36).
Moreover, S. D. Kryzhytskyi believed that in the
Classical period, there was still no evidence of a
rectangular grid system in the city’s urban plan.
In Olbia, construction continued to be spontane-
ous during this period, as it had been in the Archa-
ic era, though some quarters displayed a regular
rectangular layout (Крыжицкий 1993, с. 6). It is
characterised by the absence of an acropolis and
is dominated by trade and administrative, cultural
and religious centres — the temenos and the agora.
However, the Main Longitudinal Street became
the basis for the planning of the ancient city: resi-
dential quarters were located to the east and west
of it, with the city entrances located in the north
(where natural topography created a narrow pas-
sage between two ravines) and the west3.
The Upper City was situated on a higher eleva-
tion relative to the coastal part of the Lower City,
where the port was located (Русяева 2010, с. 91).
Based on this information, there is a solid founda-
tion to assert that the Upper City of the ancient po-
lis was planned regularly, with the Main and sever-
al arterial streets (Буйских 2021, с. 686).
At the beginning of the 5th century BC, Olbia
faced a transition from dugouts to above-ground
buildings made of clay bricks and stone. Categories
and types of structures characteristic of Ionian cities
in Asia Minor and Greece began to spread. By the
end of this stage, construction reached a high level
of development (Крыжицкий 1993, с. 58).
In the mid-5th century BC, Herodotus de-
scribed Olbia as a city surrounded by defensive
walls and towers (Herod., IV, 78, 79), which
has been confirmed by archaeological excava-
tions (Крыжицкий 1993, с. 15) and geophysical
research (Patzelt et al. 2016; Fornasier et al. 2017;
Patzelt, Waldhӧr 2021).
In the 5th—4th centuries BC, the Northern Black
Sea centres were equipped with defensive lines, pri-
marily consisting of walls and towers. In Olbia, re-
mains of 5th—4th centuries BC defensive structures
have been uncovered. The city’s defensive walls
were 4.0–4.5 m thick (Крыжицкий 1993, с. 64).
It was believed that the defensive structures of
this period lacked ramparts and moats. However,
modern research in the Olbian suburbs has refuted
this thesis by discovering an early defensive moat
3 Namely in this place between the Pivnichna and Bezimenna
ravines, no later than the turn of the 6th—5th centuries BC,
the first defensive moat of Olbia was constructed, and in
the second half of the 4th century BC — the Northern Gates
(Буйских 2021, с. 686).
in Olbia (Fornasier et al. 2017, S. 31), which has
already been mentioned above. The area of the an-
cient polis’ suburbs was investigated in a focused
and interdisciplinary manner for the first time due
to Ukrainian-German research in 2014 and 2017,
which significantly expanded our understanding
of the layout of the city and its nearest surround-
ings. In particular, the hypothesis that the suburbs
of Olbia did not begin immediately outside the
city wall, but at least 100–200 m from it, was con-
firmed. That is, the suburbs were located on both
sides of the Western Road and could cover at least
6 ha (Patzelt et al. 2016, p. 4). However, continued
geophysical research in the area of Olbia Pontica
corrected the previous data, so that the total area of
the suburbs was 26 ha (Patzelt 2019, S. 8). Thus,
the territory of ancient polis covered a larger area
than it was previously believed.
The Central quarter of the city to the west of the
agora was formed during the Hellenistic period.
Additionally, public buildings were constructed
in the area of the gymnasium and the Eastern Te-
menos in the second half of the 4th century BC by
narrowing the Main Street, and the agora was de-
lineated (Буйских 2021, с. 686-687). Multi-cham-
ber houses with inner courtyards and stone base-
ments appeared in the third construction period, no
earlier than the second half of the 4th century BC
(Буйских 2021, с. 693).
In the 4th century BC, terrace construction
became widespread in the Northern Black Sea
region, leading to the use of retaining structures
(Крыжицкий 1993, с. 80). In Olbia, this is con-
firmed by the results of research in the “T” sectors
in the terraced part of the city.
Researchers were also interested in discover-
ing road systems in the terraced part of the city,
which connected the Lower and Upper cities, as
well as slope reinforcement structures. To confirm
survey data, archaeological excavation “T-4”4 was
conducted, and its results confirmed the slope re-
inforcement system detected in magnetic surveys
(Буйських та ін. 2020, с. 130-133).
Special attention should be paid to the sacred
areas of Olbia. They were located in the central
part of the Upper City and were divided by the
4 Given the positive results of the geophysical work,
confirmed by archaeological research in the suburban area,
in 2017 the use of interdisciplinary methods was continued
to identify the extent of the suburban area, as well as in the
terraced part of Olbia, so another 14 ha of territory were
investigated (Patzelt, Waldhӧr 2021, S. 142). The southern
slope of the terrace of the central part of the ancient city was
explored in order to find the remains of an ancient theatre.
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Main Street. In the first construction period, this
included the Western Temenos5, which emerged
no later than the border of the 7th—6th centuries
BC, simultaneously with the founding of Olbia
(Буйских 2015, с. 6; according to A. S. Rusiaie-
va, this temenos had begun functioning in the first
quarter of the 6th century BC, see: Русяева 2006,
с. 18). Additionally, an area was set for the Eastern
(Central) Temenos and the agora, while the South-
ern Temenos, located in the south-eastern part of
Olbia on the highest section of the settlement, ap-
peared only in the next, second construction pe-
riod, along with the city’s layout (Буйских 2021,
с. 687). The formation of the Eastern Temenos oc-
curred in the third quarter of the 6th century BC
(Буйских 2015, с. 6), and by the early Hellenis-
tic period, its territory had been reduced due to the
expansion of the agora and the construction of the
Great Stoa (Буйских 2021, с. 688).
The city’s necropolis was established at the be-
ginning of the 6th century BC on the north-eastern
part of the upper plateau (Буйских 2021, с. 685-
686). The boundaries of Olbia’s necropolis changed
throughout its period of use (Папанова 2006, с. 67).
The necropolis of the Olbian polis, from the city’s
founding, followed the widespread ancient Greek
tradition of being located in the inter-road sectors.
The residents of the rural surroundings and the city
chose the necropolis area based on the natural re-
lief, distance from buildings, roads, and sanctuaries,
while also considering the potential for expansion
(Снитко 2015, с. 72-75).
Necropolis of the Archaic period emerged si-
multaneously with the founding of Olbia and occu-
pied two areas: 1) an area from the Zaiacha ravine
to the west, within the bounds of the first and sixth
western roads; 2) the north-eastern part of the Up-
per City plateau above the Buh estuary (site “И”6)
(Папанова 2006, с. 68).
During the Сlassical period, the area of the ne-
cropolis doubled, although the main burial area re-
mained the western sector, which expanded to the
south, north, and west. Additionally, the “И” sec-
tor continued to serve as a burial site (Папанова
2006, с. 69, 72).
The necropolis of the Hellenistic period
spanned approximately 500 ha and surrounded the
city on three sides. Its boundaries were marked by
5 Later, its territory was reduced due to the construction of
the dicastery, a court building, in its south-eastern part
(Буйских 2021, с. 688).
6 During the Hellenistic period, this area was built up, as it
became part of the city limits (Папанова 2006, с. 68).
the Zaiacha and Pivnichna ravines; to the south, it
was delimited by the Shyroka ravine, and to the
north by the Parutyne ravine (Парович-Пешикан
1974, с. 6-8; Козуб 1984, с. 162). The city’s res-
idents continued to use the territories from earlier
chronological periods in the Shyroka ravine area
(along the fourth and southern roads) and in the
western part of the necropolis. Furthermore, a new
area appeared to the north of the Pivnichna ravine
during this time (Папанова 2006, с. 72).
Public buildings in Olbia — such as the gym-
nasium, building “Б”, and the three-chamber
structure to the west of the dicastery — have an
unclear architectural and functional nature. Tech-
nical and industrial buildings, such as the wa-
ter supply system designed to deliver water from
a cistern through a siphon from the Upper City
to the Lower City, were also discovered in Ol-
bia. The water channels were made from ceramic
pipes, sometimes stone. Water supply was ensured
through springs, wells, and water-storage cisterns
(Крыжицкий 1993, с. 79).
To summarise the brief historical and archaeo-
logical description of the urbanisation processes
of Olbia Pontica, it should be noted that the natu-
ral conditions, as well as the landscape with ravines
and slopes on which this ancient polis was located,
played an important role in the formation of its settle-
ment structure. The cooler and more humid climate
of this region, compared to the territory from which
the inhabitants of Miletus came at the time of the po-
lis’ foundation, was decisive in the construction of the
first buildings, including deepened and semi-deep-
ened dugouts, which is confirmed by archaeolog-
ical evidence. The successful use of the terrace is
also evident, as due to the significant strengthening
of the slopes with retaining stone structures, which
were recorded by georadar survey and subsequent-
ly confirmed by archaeological research (site T-4),
soil erosion processes would not have damaged the
structures of the Lower City. The influence of natural
conditions and climate on the formation of the spatial
structure of the ancient city will be analysed in more
detail in the Discussion section below.
Materials and Methods of Palaeo-Soil Studies
Field Research.
The authors conducted palaeo-soil studies of Ol-
bia in 2015 and 2021. When studying Holocene de-
posits, which include the soils formed within Olbia’s
territory, a key method is the spatial morphological
study of archaeological site soils. This method in-
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volves identifying the stratigraphy, internal structur-
al features, and the material composition of the soils
(e.g., ancient humus layers, a mixture of palaeo-soil
horizons, etc.), which in turn allows reconstructing
the site’s construction technology. It also helps to
identify signs in the structure of the embankment re-
lated to ritual-mythological practices and the specif-
ics of various ancient peoples’ rituals. During field
research, cartographic data is refined, and geospatial
data obtained from remote sensing (RS) is verified.
The macromorphological description of soils is
indispensable in palaeo-soil studies. It includes ex-
amining the soil’s external appearance and physi-
cal properties at various depths (by genetic and/or
stratigraphic horizons). First, the structure and tex-
ture, as well as soil colour and moisture content,
are described (Веклич и др. 1979). General evo-
lutionary changes in palaeo-soils in multi-age land
cover are closely related to cardinal changes in cli-
mate and biodiversity, are irreversible, and consist
in a gradual shift of pedogenesis conditions and
changes in soil genetic properties.
One of the most important aspects of fieldwork
is collecting soil samples for further laboratory
analysis. Typically, soil and soil deposit samples are
collected separately by genetic and/or stratigraphic
horizons. Different sampling methods are used for
each type of analysis. For instance, for micromor-
phological analysis, soil is collected in monoliths,
while for physicochemical analyses, a small amount
of loose soil is often gathered, etc.
Laboratory Research.
In this publication, we present new data on the
results of granulometric analysis and their author’s
interpretation. The conclusions are based on our
own results of micromorphological analysis and
soil analysis for biogenic elements, and references
to relevant publications are provided.
Interpretation
Granulometric Analysis.
To determine the content of particles of various
sizes in the soil material across genetic horizons,
namely sand, dust and silt fractions, corresponding
samples were collected and sent to the landscape
ecology laboratory at the Taras Shevchenko Nation-
al University of Kyiv. The classification of soil ma-
terial based on mechanical composition, determined
by the ratio of physical sand and clay, was conduct-
ed following N. A. Kachynskyi’s method. The soil
was also characterised according to the classifica-
tion by M. M. Godlin.
Research Results.
Field Research. A total of eight soil profile
clearings were laid out and studied within Olbia,
covering various hypsometric levels and different
objects, such as the “Necropolis area” and “Ex-
cavation no. 25.” To visualise the locations of re-
search points and analyse the relief features of the
area, a hypsometric map (fig. 1) with 5-meter con-
tour intervals was created. This map was the first
to be produced for this area in such detail (com-
piled by A. S. Kushnir and V. M. Shvaiko). The
hypsometric map also helps to analyse the terrain
as a factor in urbanisation processes within Olbia.
General characteristics of the soil profiles stud-
ied by the authors is the following:
Profile 1. Located on a high terrace to the west of
the Dnipro-Buh estuary within the Necropolis. The
structure according to the genetic horizons is as fol-
lows: Н(e) — 0.0–0.12 m; Нріk — 0.12–0.32 m; Phk
— 0.32–0.5 m; Рk — 0.5–0.7 m; bg — 0.7–1.0 m.
By the sum of its features, the soil is similar to
chestnut soils on loess.
Profile 2. Located in unit no. 30, 30 m to the
south of profile 1. The structure according to the
genetic horizons is as follows: Нe — 0.0–0.12 m;
Нpi — 0.12–0.32 m; Phik — 0.32–0.50 m; Рk —
0.5–0.7 m; bg — 0.7–1.8 m.
By the sum of its features, the soil is similar to
solonetzic light loamy chestnut soils on loess.
Profile 3. Located on a cape, 30 m to the south-
east of profile 2. The structure according to the ge-
netic horizons is as follows: Heag — 0.0–0.4 m;
Ніk — 0.5–0.6 m; Ріk — 0.62–0.93 m; H of the
modern soil horizon — 0.93–1.10 m.
By the sum of its features, the soil is also sim-
ilar to solonetzic light loamy chestnut soils on
loess.
Profile 4. Located in the southern wall of an ex-
cavation within the Necropolis. The structure ac-
cording to the genetic horizons is as follows: Нk
— 0.0–0.25 m; Phk — 0.25–0.40 m; buried layer
(pit) — 0.4–0.8 m; Рk — 0.8–0.9 m.
In this profile, the upper part of the modern soil is
truncated, and the ancient natural soil layer is visible,
similar to the soil described in previous profiles.
Profile 5. Located within the “Orient” section
of the Olbian Necropolis. The soil, by the sum of
its features, resembles southern heavy loamy solo-
netzic chernozems formed on loess (described in
detail below).
Profile 6. Located within “Excavation no. 25”
on the Zavadivka-Dnipro terrace. The structure ac-
cording to the genetic horizons is as follows: Н(e)
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— 0.0–0.3 m; Нріk — 0.3–0.5 m; Phk — 0.5–
0.7 m; Рk — 0.7–1.0 m.
By the sum of its features, the soil is sim-
ilar to southern solonetzic chernozems formed
on loess.
Profile 7. Located 20 m to the south of pro-
file 6 in the wall of an archaeological trench.
The structure according to the genetic horizons
is as follows: Нр — 0.0–0.2 m; Ніk — 0.2–
0.4 m; Phk — 0.4–0.6 m; Рk — 0.6–0.8 m; bg
— 0.8–1.2 m.
By the sum of its features, the soil is similar to
solonetzic chestnut soils with a well-defined car-
bonate horizon, medium loamy.
Profile 8. Background soil. The structure ac-
cording to the genetic horizons is as follows: Нtechn.
— 0.0–0.1 m; Нk — 0.1–0.35 m; Нрk — 0.35–
0.6 m; Phk — 0.6–0.8 m; P(h)k — 0.8–1.0 m; Рk
— 1.0–1.2 m (visible).
By the sum of its features, the soil is similar
to southern carbonate chernozems, light loamy on
the surface, formed on loess.
The authors studied the largest number of soil
profiles within the Necropolis, which occupies one
of the highest terrace surfaces of the Dnipro and
Buh rivers within Olbian Reserve. Across the vast
area of the studied territory and in the excavations
of large chamber burials, the ancient burial surface
with well-defined light-brown or brown soil can be
traced almost everywhere, overlain by a 1.5-me-
ter layer of loess material. Below, the weakly de-
veloped brown soil is also underlain by loess. It is
likely that this brown soil existed during the es-
tablishment of the necropolis and can be dated to
the 4th—5th centuries BC.
Laboratory Research. Detailed results of mi-
cromorphological analysis and soil analysis for the
content of biogenic elements in ancient and modern
Fig. 1. Palaeo-Soil Research of Olbia. a — location of Olbia on the map of physical-geographical zoning; b — general relief
situation within Olbia and the nearby chora; c — location of the studied profiles according to the numbering in the text
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soils of Olbian territory are presented in a number of
previous publications by the authors (Матвіїшина,
Пархоменко 2017; Кушнір, Котенко, Івченко
2022; Кушнір, Матвіїшина, Харитонова 2023),
and thus will not be discussed in detail here.
The results of the granulometric analysis, how-
ever, provide new analytical data and offer insights
into the conditions of sedimentogenesis, hyper-
genesis, and soil formation in this area. Granulo-
metric indices, such as particle diameter, allow for
a more precise characterisation of the relationship
between these processes.
Granulometric analysis was conducted on soil
samples from two profiles within the “Necropolis”
Table 1. Detailed mechanical composition of the soil (in %) based on the results of granulometric
analysis of profile 1 sediments
Fractions
(their size, mm)
Genetic horizons, their deposit depth and content in %
Н(е)
0.0–0.12 m
Нріk
0.12–0.32 m
Phk
0.32–0.5 m
Рk
0.5–0.7 m
bg
0.7–1.0 m
Sand coarse
(1.0–0.25) 3.14542525 2.93105525 2.73453978 1.0038405 1.3764808
Sand fine
(0.25–0.05) 19.45111835 17.42409475 17.74163822 3.0804867 27.2443352
Dust coarse
(0.05–0.01) 29.8633432 33.89585 33.0968596 47.36068 31.692028
Dust medium
(0.01–0.005) 4.8663108 3.03607 5.1493232 1.7296944 5.233924
Dust fine
(0.005–0.001) 16.5537752 17.01031 14.0775852 21.8682792 15.536924
Silt (<0.001) 26.1200272 25.70262 27.200054 24.9570192 18.916308
Physical clay
(<0.01) 47.5401132 45.749 46.4269624 48.5549928 39.687156
Conclusion according to the classification of N. A. Kachynskyi (M. M. Godlin)
Heavy loam
(sandy-medium
loam)
Heavy loam
(sandy-medium
loam)
Heavy loam
(sandy-medium
loam)
Heavy loamy
(dusty-medium
loamy)
Medium loamy
(sandy-medium
loamy)
Table 2. Detailed mechanical composition of the soil (in %) according to the results of
granulometric analysis of sediments of profile 5
Fractions
(their size, mm)
Genetic horizons, their deposit depth and content in %
Hk(e)
0.0–0.3 m
Hk(i)
0.3–0.6 m
Hpk
0.6–1.1 m
P(h)k
1.1–1.6 m
Sand coarse
(1.0–0.25) 2.34901942 1.57081054 0.6841108 1.02400873
Sand fine
(0.25–0.05) 17.77814138 19.04236506 23.5883372 18.57538607
Dust coarse
(0.05–0.01) 38.309304 33.851896 29.513904 30.7716164
Dust medium
(0.01–0.005) 5.2726784 8.1739944 6.903112 2.3006816
Dust fine
(0.005–0.001) 22.1205336 17.2562104 20.006624 22.5138128
Silt (<0.001) 14.1703232 20.1047236 19.303912 24.8144944
Physical clay
(<0.01) 41.5635352 45.5349 46.2137 49.629
Conclusion according to the classification of N. A. Kachynskyi (M. M. Godlin)
Medium loamy
(sandy-medium
loamy)
Heavy loam (sandy-
medium loam)
Heavy loam (sandy-
medium loam)
Heavy loam (sandy-
medium loam)
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Table 3. Detailed mechanical composition of the soil (in %) according to the results of granulometric
analysis of sediments of profile 6
Fractions
(their size, mm)
Genetic horizons, their deposit depth and content in %
Hk(e)
0.0–0.3 m
Нріk
0.3–0.5 m
Phk
0.5–0.7 m
Рk
0.7–1.0 m
Sand coarse
(1.0–0.25) 2.75989404 2.5759708 3.01697488 2.36208882
Sand fine
(0.25–0.05) 26.83568996 27.7645492 22.62733632 8.33321518
Dust coarse
(0.05–0.01) 34.1379552 31.540832 39.9112072 54.3576072
Dust medium
(0.01–0.005) 5.730592 7.272368 5.5900352 6.8099928
Dust fine
(0.005–0.001) 9.8648048 14.953296 14.0572944 9.3382536
Silt
(<0.001) 20.671064 15.892984 14.797152 18.7988424
Physical clay
(<0.01) 36.2664608 38.118648 34.4444816 34.9470888
Conclusion according to the classification of N. A. Kachynskyi (M. M. Godlin)
Medium loamy
(sandy-medium
loamy)
Medium loamy
(sandy-medium
loamy)
Medium loamy
(sandy-medium
loamy)
Medium loamy (dusty-
light loamy)
Table 4. Detailed mechanical composition of the soil (in %) according to the results of granulometric
analysis of sediments of profile 7
Fractions
(their size, mm)
Genetic horizons, their deposit depth and content in %
Ніk
0.2–0.4 m
Phk
0.4–0.6 m
Рk
0.6–0.8 m
bg
0.8–1.2 m
Sand coarse
(1.0–0.25) 3.41173286 3.31626246 3.32539984 2.87404128
Sand fine
(0.25–0.05) 14.22971434 4.95907234 32.54188896 31.29982912
Dust coarse
(0.05–0.01) 52.9594688 57.1077192 29.9367892 33.7475952
Dust medium
(0.01–0.005) 4.4818184 5.8992192 2.9076772 7.0833312
Dust fine
(0.005–0.001) 12.6231032 9.9139656 15.6850756 12.3754752
Silt
(<0.001) 12.2941624 18.8037612 15.6031692 12.619728
Physical clay
(<0.01) 29.399084 34.616946 34.195922 32.0785344
Conclusion according to the classification of N. A. Kachynskyi (M. M. Godlin)
Light loamy (dusty-
light loamy)
Medium loamy
(coarse-dusty-medium
loamy)
Medium loamy
(sandy-light loamy)
Medium loamy
(sandy-light loamy)
(profile 1 and profile 5), two profiles from “Exca-
vation no. 25” (profile 6 and profile 7), as well as
from the background soil (profile 8).
Below are the tables presenting the research re-
sults for each profile according to genetic horizons
(tables 1–5).
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Table 5. Detailed mechanical composition of the soil (in %) based on the results of granulometric
analysis of sediments of profile 8, background soil
Fractions
(their size, mm)
Genetic horizons, their deposit depth and content in %
Нk
0.1–0.35 m
Нрk
0.35–0.6 m
Phk
0.6–0.8 m
P(h)k
0.8–1.0 m
Рk
1.0–1.2 m
Sand coarse
(1.0–0.25) 2.36484666 1.3666914 1.08754104 2.06654588 1.84708488
Sand fine
(0.25–0.05) 14.46566694 24.2869606 1.36583896 15.97848572 20.98488952
Dust coarse
(0.05–0.01) 42.6233232 35.030568 50.8902792 32.22481 30.5179584
Dust medium
(0.01–0.005) 5.3590728 8.861652 9.8376804 7.068668 8.0244768
Dust fine
(0.005–0.001) 14.955552 10.775436 14.1961464 19.75069 15.2174016
Silt (<0.001) 20.2315384 19.678692 22.622514 22.9108004 23.4081888
Physical clay
(<0.01) 40.5461632 39.31578 46.6563408 49.7301584 46.6500672
Conclusion according to the classification of N. A. Kachynskyi (M. M. Godlin)
Medium loamy
(sandy-medium
loamy)
Medium loamy
(sandy-medium
loamy)
Heavy loamy
(coarse-dusty-
medium loamy)
Heavy loam
(sandy-medium
loam)
Heavy loam
(sandy-medium
loam)
Detailed information about the field and
laboratory palaeo-soil research of Olbia and
other key sites studying the Holocene, both in the
Northern Black Sea region and throughout Ukraine,
can be found in the operational GIS application
“Palaeo-Soil Research of the Holocene within the
Plains of Ukraine,” available at the link: https://
paleosoil-holocen.info (Кушнір, Лейберюк 2022).
Discussion of Research Results and Conclusions
In the chronology of natural development, the
beginning of Olbia’s existence, as mentioned ear-
lier, falls at the end of the Sub-Boreal period, and
further development occurs at the beginning of the
Holocene Sub-Atlantic chronological interval, in
which climatic conditions began to change.
The end of the Sub-Boreal — beginning of the
Sub-Atlantic period is characterised by less pro-
nounced landscape changes than during the en-
tire Sub-Boreal period, along with a cooler climate
than the previous Atlantic period. The start of the
Sub-Atlantic period had a typical cooling and an
increase in moisture of the climate, with regular
flooding along rivers leading to the accumulation
of fluvial alluvium. The Sub-Atlantic period of
the Holocene is a time of relatively stable land-
scapes, with minor changes in the composition of
plant groups, although in azonal conditions there is
a variety of changes in palaeolandscape complexes
at the beginning of the Sub-Atlantic (Герасименко
1993, с. 31; ред. Матвіїшина 2010, с. 163-164).
In terms of historical and social development,
this was a period of the rise and fall of Scythian
and Sarmatian tribes, the cities of the Northern
Black Sea region, and others. These developments
were gradual, but occasionally accelerated by sig-
nificant advances in historical material culture.
While socio-political factors greatly influenced
changes in historical types of cultural communi-
ties, climate change and the rhythms of the natural
environment were also important.
Based on our and previous palaeo-soil research,
it can be stated that during the existence of the an-
cient city, from the end of the 7th century BC to
the 4th century AD, the climate was different from
today’s — it was more arid. On the watersheds,
full-profile chestnut soils, either saline or solonet-
zic, were formed. Closer to the Southern Buh Riv-
er valley, under more humid conditions and with
more intense accumulation processes, soils similar
to dark chestnut solonetzic or southern solonetzic
chernozems formed. Elevated areas were dominat-
ed by dry steppe vegetation, while lower areas had
steppe vegetation growing on southern chernozems
or dark chestnut soils.
The natural conditions of the second half of the
Sub-Boreal period, when the ancient Greek polis of
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Olbia was founded, were one of the main factors in-
fluencing urbanisation processes, of which the for-
mation of the necropolis was a part. At the beginning
of the region’s settlement during the ancient period,
the climate was cooler and wetter, than the area from
which the resettlement to this territory took place.
Palaeogeographical and physicochemical studies in-
dicate that the area was favourable for urbanisation
during the formation and functioning of the ancient
polis of Olbia, which is confirmed by the results of
studies by other scholars of this area (Иевлев 2014,
с. 144). This is especially evident in comparison with
the western part of the Anatolian Peninsula, from
where the colonisation impulse came in the 6th cen-
tury BC (the end of the Sub-Boreal Holocene peri-
od), where conditions were even more arid and hot.
The relief, climate, and soil types favoured colonisa-
tion and urbanisation, with the chestnut and south-
ern chernozem soils allowing Olbia to engage in ag-
riculture within its chora (Одрін 2014, с. 73), similar
to the practices of the Greeks on the Mediterranean
coast. They successfully adapted to this environment,
partly by constructing terraces, which mitigated the
challenges posed by steep slopes that are visible to-
day and probably existed in ancient times. This, ac-
cording to the authors, allowed them to control ero-
sion processes, nutrient leaching and low moisture
content. Overall, the climatic conditions were more
arid compared to today, with predominantly dry
steppe landscapes. Geo-spatial analysis of the relief
suggests that the main buildings of the polis were
located on a slightly elevated area, which probably
was raised above the surrounding land even in an-
cient times. This protected the city from sudden ris-
es in water levels in the estuary. The studied soil pro-
files by the authors within the necropolis (as well as
the necropolis itself) are situated at higher hypsomet-
ric levels than the ancient city, meaning that the wind
blew toward the estuary, effectively eroding the hu-
mus-eluviated horizon (looser deposits with a light-
er mechanical composition), leaving behind thin so-
lonetzic soil horizons with surface carbonates. Later,
the soil became sandier, as confirmed by granulomet-
ric analysis. Thus, this may be evidence that this site
was probably chosen for the necropolis, as soils just
a few hundred meters to the north (within the chora
of Olbia) had similar agronomic properties, but were
less affected by wind erosion. It’s also worth not-
ing that the Neogene limestone bedrock, exposed by
the estuary waters, could have served as the primary
building material, as such processed rocks are found
in different places of the chora (Katalyne et al.) and
the main settlement.
Urbanisation processes in Olbia during antiq-
uity were largely determined by the natural envi-
ronment and climatic conditions (Иевлев 2014,
с. 151-152, 154-157). The city’s inhabitants in-
teracted with the environment, adapting their es-
tablished ways of living and worldviews to new
conditions. The authors identify several themat-
ic blocks to characterise Olbia’s urbanisation pro-
cesses based on palaeogeographical research re-
sults:
Natural conditions and agricultural aspects.
The geographical location of Olbia, the favourable
agronomic properties of the soils, and the inhab-
itants’ adaptation to agriculture shaped the city’s
development. Agricultural practices, particularly
terrace construction, demonstrate a deep under-
standing by the citizens of Olbia of the natural en-
vironment in the retrospective and their ability to
make assumptions.
Engineering solutions and infrastructure
development. The strategic placement of the
city’s main buildings on elevated ground and the
use of erosion control and flood prevention meas-
ures illustrate the ability of Olbian people to plan
construction with a view to mitigating natural
risks.
Interaction with available natural resources.
The use of natural resources, such as Neogene
limestone for construction or Pliocene-Pleistocene
deposits for pottery, was essential for urbanisation
on this site and demonstrates an understanding of
the properties of different materials.
The described blocks for the features of urban-
isation processes within the Olbian polis are also
confirmed by the results of research by other schol-
ars, both archaeologists and geographers, who have
worked within the area. To confirm or refute the
conclusions presented, it is necessary to conduct
more detailed palaeo-soil studies, which are cur-
rently impossible due to Russian aggression.
Summing up the characteristics of urbani-
sation as a historical process marked by the in-
creasing importance of cities and urban life-
styles in the development of ancient society, we
note J. Gibbs’s (1963) approach to the histori-
cal periodisation of urbanisation. He proposed
a cyclical approach, highlighting five stages of
natural historical urban development (pre-ur-
banisation, initial urbanisation, agglomerative
urbanisation, agglomerative suburbanisation,
deconcentration, and gradual stabilisation). An-
cient cities in the Northern Black Sea region
went through various stages of urbanisation due
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 4 15
to a range of social and natural processes. Some
(such as Olbia) stopped at the third stage, while
others (such as Chersonesos) went through all
five stages. Therefore, further research is needed
to examine certain transitional periods, as some
proto-urban centres managed to achieve city sta-
tus, while others did not.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the leaders and partic-
ipants of various years of the Olbian Internation-
al Integrated Archaeological Expedition for their
support and the opportunity to work within this an-
cient polis.
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А. С. Кушнір1, І. М. Шейко2, Р. О. Козленко3, Ж. М. Матвіїшина4
1Кандидат географічних наук, науковий співробітник відділу геоморфології та палеогеографії, Інститут
географії НАН України, ORCID: 0000-0001-8995-1467, kushnir.paleogeo@gmail.com
2Кандидат історичних наук, науковий співробітник відділу античної археології, Інститут археології НАН
України, ORCID: 0000-0003-2005-3081, ira.sheiko@gmail.com
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 416
3Кандидат історичних наук, директор Національного історико-археологічного заповідника «Ольвія» НАН
України, ORCID: 0000-0001-5602-7796, rknovel@ukr.net
4Доктор географічних наук, професор відділу геоморфології та палеогеографії, Інститут географії НАН
України, ORCID: 0000-0003-1412-7232, matviyishynaZM1938@nas.gov.ua
РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ПАЛЕОҐРУНТОЗНАВЧИХ ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ ОЛЬВІЇ В КОНТЕКСТІ РАННІХ
УРБАНІЗАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ У ПІВНІЧНО-ЗАХІДНОМУ ПРИЧОРНОМОР’Ї
Урбанізаційні процеси в Ольвії Понтійській були пов'язані з природним середовищем та кліматичними змінами. Дослі-
дження палеогеографічних та археологічних аспектів вказують на більш аридний клімат у часи функціонування міста.
Рельєф, клімат та ґрунти впливали на сільське господарство, розміщення будівель та некрополя. У 2015 та 2021 роках
проведено польові палеоґрунтознавчі дослідження, які включали закладення восьми профілів на різних гіпсометричних
рівнях території міста. Це дозволило вивчити стратиграфію ґрунтів, їхню морфологію та генетичну будову, що раніше
не здійснювалося для цієї території.
Мешканці Ольвії взаємодіяли з довкіллям, адаптуючи свої господарські практики до природних умов. Системи сіль-
ськогосподарських та інженерних рішень свідчать про розуміння та пристосування до природного середовища. Особливу
увагу приділено гранулометричному аналізу, що дозволив визначити механічний склад ґрунту за генетичними горизонта-
ми. Аналіз розташування будівель на підвищеній території є ознакою вміння мешканців планувати господарство для захис-
ту від природних ризиків, таких як ерозія та підтоплення. Разом з цим використання природних ресурсів, таких як вапняко-
ві породи, для будівництва демонструє розуміння і використання наявних ресурсів для розвитку урбанізації.
Польові дослідження також включали вивчення картографічних джерел та використання геопросторових даних
дистанційного зондування Землі (ДЗЗ), що уточнили межі міських територій. Вивчені стратиграфічні особливості дав-
ніх ґрунтів дали можливість реконструювати не тільки природні процеси, а й ритуально-міфологічні практики мешкан-
ців. Загалом, урбанізація в Ольвії була результатом взаємодії мешканців із природним середовищем та природними ре-
сурсами, їх здатності адаптувати свої господарські та будівельні практики до умов часу. Це підтверджується матеріалами
багаторічних археологічних досліджень античного поліса.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: Ольвія Понтійська, палеогеографія, урбанізація, палеоґрунтознавчі дослідження.
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| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-3962025-03-07T14:19:18Z Results of Palaeo-Soil Studies of Olbia in the Context of Early Urbanisation Processes in the North-Western Black Sea Region Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї Kushnir , A. S. Sheiko, I. M. Kozlenko, R. O. Matviishyna, Zh. M. Olbia Pontica, palaeogeography, urbanisation, palaeo-soil studies. Ольвія Понтійська, палеогеографія, урбанізація, палеоґрунтознавчі дослідження. The article is focused on the results of geoarchaeological research of ancient Olbia. On the basis of field and laboratory (micromorphological and physicochemical analyses) studies of modern and buried ancient soil, the natural factor in the formation of the classical settlement of Olbia within the Dnipro-Buh estuary is analysed. A brief historical and archaeological note on the urbanisation processes in Olbia Pontica is added. Урбанізаційні процеси в Ольвії Понтійській були пов'язані з природним середовищем та кліматичними змінами. Дослідження палеогеографічних та археологічних аспектів вказують на більш аридний клімат у часи функціонування міста. Рельєф, клімат та ґрунти впливали на сільське господарство, розміщення будівель та некрополя. У 2015 та 2021 роках проведено польові палеоґрунтознавчі дослідження, які включали закладення восьми профілів на різних гіпсометричних рівнях території міста. Це дозволило вивчити стратиграфію ґрунтів, їхню морфологію та генетичну будову, що раніше не здійснювалося для цієї території.Мешканці Ольвії взаємодіяли з довкіллям, адаптуючи свої господарські практики до природних умов. Системи сільськогосподарських та інженерних рішень свідчать про розуміння та пристосування до природного середовища. Особливу увагу приділено гранулометричному аналізу, що дозволив визначити механічний склад ґрунту за генетичними горизонтами. Аналіз розташування будівель на підвищеній території є ознакою вміння мешканців планувати господарство для захисту від природних ризиків, таких як ерозія та підтоплення. Разом з цим використання природних ресурсів, таких як вапнякові породи, для будівництва демонструє розуміння і використання наявних ресурсів для розвитку урбанізації.Польові дослідження також включали вивчення картографічних джерел та використання геопросторових даних дистанційного зондування Землі (ДЗЗ), що уточнили межі міських територій. Вивчені стратиграфічні особливості давніх ґрунтів дали можливість реконструювати не тільки природні процеси, а й ритуально-міфологічні практики мешканців. Загалом, урбанізація в Ольвії була результатом взаємодії мешканців із природним середовищем та природними ресурсами, їх здатності адаптувати свої господарські та будівельні практики до умов часу. Це підтверджується матеріалами багаторічних археологічних досліджень античного поліса. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2024-12-23 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/396 10.15407/arheologia2024.04.005 Arheologia; No 4 (2024): Arheologia; 5-17 Археологія ; № 4 (2024): Археологія; 5-17 Археология; № 4 (2024): Arheologia; 5-17 2616-499X 0235-3490 10.15407/arheologia2024.04 en https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/396/408 Copyright (c) 2024 Arheologia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.en |
| spellingShingle | Ольвія Понтійська палеогеографія урбанізація палеоґрунтознавчі дослідження. Kushnir , A. S. Sheiko, I. M. Kozlenko, R. O. Matviishyna, Zh. M. Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї |
| title | Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї |
| title_alt | Results of Palaeo-Soil Studies of Olbia in the Context of Early Urbanisation Processes in the North-Western Black Sea Region |
| title_full | Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї |
| title_fullStr | Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї |
| title_full_unstemmed | Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї |
| title_short | Результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень Ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у Північно-Західному Причорномор’ї |
| title_sort | результати палеоґрунтознавчих досліджень ольвії в контексті ранніх урбанізаційних процесів у північно-західному причорномор’ї |
| topic | Ольвія Понтійська палеогеографія урбанізація палеоґрунтознавчі дослідження. |
| topic_facet | Olbia Pontica palaeogeography urbanisation palaeo-soil studies. Ольвія Понтійська палеогеографія урбанізація палеоґрунтознавчі дослідження. |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/396 |
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