Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції)
In the article, the results of research of the Bronze — Early Iron Ages barrows near Kalynivka village in the Azov Sea northern region conducted by the Mariupol Archaeological Expedition in 1985 and 1989 and led by V. К. Kulbaka, are presented. The ritual and inventory asse...
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Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
2025
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| author | Zabavin , V. O. Nebrat , S. H. |
| author_facet | Zabavin , V. O. Nebrat , S. H. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "V. O. Zabavin ",
"institution": "PhD, Associate Professor, Research Fellow at the Institute of Archaeology, the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra; Associate Professor of the Department of History and Archaeology, the Mariupol State University",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "S. H. Nebrat ",
"institution": "Master of Science in History, Deputy Chief of the Archaeological Expedition of the Mariupol State University",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Zabavin , V. O. |
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| container_start_page | 47 |
| container_title | Археологія |
| container_volume | |
| datestamp_date | 2025-04-11T19:21:02Z |
| description | In the article, the results of research of the Bronze — Early Iron Ages barrows near Kalynivka village in the Azov Sea northern region conducted by the Mariupol Archaeological Expedition in 1985 and 1989 and led by V. К. Kulbaka, are presented. The ritual and inventory assemblages of burials are examined. The issues of cultural and chronological interpretation of the obtained materials are considered. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/arheologia2025.01.046 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:05:55Z |
| format | Article |
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НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 1 2025
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ГАРДІ С. Е., PhD, Університет ім. Рея Хуана Карлоса, Іспанія
ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон
Сорбонна, Францiя
ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Німеччина
ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О., кандидат історичних наук, Варшавський університет, Польща
ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
РАБІНОВІЦ А., PhD, Техаський університет в Остіні, Сполучені штати Америки
ФОРНАСЬЄ Й., професор, доктор хаб., Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера,
Німеччина
ШЕВЧЕНКО T. М., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України (вiдповiдальний секретар)
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947
FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
BUISKYKH A. V., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
DJINDJIAN F., Professor, Dr. Hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
FORNASIER J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
HARDY S. A., PhD, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain
KAISER E., Professor, Dr. Hab., Free University of Berlin, Germany
OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
PLAVINSKI M. O., PhD in History, University of Warsaw, Poland
POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
RABINOWITZ A., PhD in Classical Archaeology, University of Texas at Austin, the USA
SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine (Executive Secretary)
ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 1 2025
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
Articles
RUDYCH T. O., KOZAK O. D. Late Bronze Age
Population of South-Western Volyn Based on An-
thropological Material From Rovantsi Necropolis
ВЕРТІЄНКО Г. В. Скіфський σάγαρις: слово —
образ — археологічний обʼєкт
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of Archaeological Materials
ЗАБАВІН В. О., НЕБРАТ С. Г. Кургани біля
с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської ар-
хеологічної експедиції)
KOMAR O. V., BILYNSKA L. I., BUHAI O. M. A
Medieval Hoard of Silver Ingots Discovered near
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Protection of Archaeological
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південно-західної Волині кінця доби бронзи за
антропологічними матеріалами з могильника
Рованці
VERTIIENKO H. V. Scythian σάγαρις: Word —
Image — Archaeological Object
Публiкацiї
археологiчних матерiалiв
ZABAVIN V. O., NEBRAT S. H. Barrows
near Kalynivka village (Based on Materials of the
Mariupol Archaeological Expedition)
КОМАР О. В., БІЛИНСЬКА Л. І., БУГАЙ О. М.
Середньовічний скарб срібних злитків зі знахід-
ки поблизу с. Дернове на Сумщині
Охорона
археологiчних пам’яток
TELIZHENKO S. A. Monitoring Archaeological
Heritage in the Conditions of War: Damage
and Military Use of the Mounds Near Vesela Hora
Village in Luhansk Oblast
5
23
47
80
110
Методи археологiчних дослiджень
РАДЧЕНКО С. Б., ЧЕНЦОВ Я. М.
Фотограмметрія у структурі трансдис-
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артефактів із середньовічного степу України
Хронiка
Євгенія Федорівна Редіна: життя, присвячене
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Methodology
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RADCHENKO S. B., CHENTSOV Ya. M. Photo-
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Archaeology: an Example of Modelling Artefacts
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News Review
Yevheniia Fedorivna Redina: a Life Dedicated to
Archaeology
121
149
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 1 47
Публiкацiї
археологiчних матерiалiв
УДК: 903.5(477.7)”637”
https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2025.01.046
*ZABAVIN Viacheslav Olehovych — PhD, Associate
Professor, Research Fellow at the Institute of
Archaeology, the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra;
Associate Professor of the Department of History and
Archaeology, the Mariupol State University, ORCID:
0000-0001-7546-8319, zabavinmdu@gmail.com
NEBRAT Serhii Hennadiiovych — Master of Science in
History, Deputy Chief of the Archaeological Expedition
of the Mariupol State University, ORCID: 0000-0003-
1623-7283, nebrat2007@ukr.net
BARROWS NEAR KALYNIVKA VILLAGE
(BASED ON MATERIALS OF THE MARIUPOL
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION)
© V. O. ZABAVIN, S. H. NEBRAT* 2025
ern Azov region has a long tradition. As a result,
over a century and a half of research, a significant
source base has been accumulated.
According to our estimates, from the excava-
tions in the late 19th century to the present, about 930
mounds have been fully investigated by excavations
in the Donetsk Oblast. Thus, in the field seasons of
1985 and 1989, the Mariupol (Zhdanov) Archaeolog-
ical Expedition (MAE) led by V. Kulbaka there were
investigated four barrows on the eastern outskirts
of Mariupol in the Northern Azov region (fig. 1, 2).
The barrows were part of a large group located in
the floodplain of the Kalmius River left bank on the
area of the Lebedynske village council of the Novoa-
zovsk district, Donetsk Oblast (today the territory of
the Sartana community of the Mariupol district).
These are the burial mounds concentrated mainly
on watershed ridges and plateaus, which are primar-
ily affected by hostilities. Given the dominant top-
ographical location on the ground and the shape of
the ancient barrows themselves as an artificial high
elevations, they were often used to provide defen-
sive posts or lines. Therefore, the mounds perhaps
suffered the most from battles among other archae-
ological objects. However, the war has not spared
other types of archaeological sites, as there are nu-
merous cases of destruction or damage of archaeo-
logical settlements, burial grounds, stone sculptures,
etc. (Литвиненко 2023, с. 32; Zabavin, Bulyk 2023,
p. 115). Recently, new factors of archaeological sites
devastation and new threats have emerged, which
have been exacerbated by armed conflicts. Unfortu-
nately, nowadays, it can be stated that not only ar-
chaeological sites are being destroyed. Museums, in-
cluding the archaeological collections of the North-
ern Azov region, are being destroyed and stolen.
In the article, the results of research of the Bronze —
Early Iron Ages barrows near Kalynivka village in
the Azov Sea northern region conducted by the Mar-
iupol Archaeological Expedition in 1985 and 1989
and led by V. К. Kulbaka, are presented. The ritual
and inventory assemblages of burials are examined.
The issues of cultural and chronological interpreta-
tion of the obtained materials are considered.
K e y w o r d s : Azov Sea northern region, Mari-
upol, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, barrow, burial.
The Azov Sea northern terrains within the Donetsk
Oblast in the east of Ukraine are considered to be
one of the most archaeologically rich regions.
As of the beginning of 2022, according to the re-
gional electronic database of archaeological sites,
there were more than 9,800 archaeological herit-
age objects in the Donetsk Oblast at the state regis-
ter. Among the sites, barrows occupy a prominent
place (over 90 % of the total number of archaeo-
logical sites recorded). To this data should also be
included the estimated abundance of undiscovered
objects (Zabavin, Bulyk, Nebrat 2022, p. 16). Re-
search interest in the burial mounds of the North-
This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.uk
In memory of Volodymyr Kulbaka (1954–2009) — Ukrainian archaeologist, Head of the Mariupol
Archaeological Expedition, teacher, colleague and friend.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 148
Fig. 1. Location map of the studied barrows near Kalynivka village in the Northern Azov Area
The collection of sources on the history of the an-
cient population of the Azov steppes accumulated
by many researchers at the beginning of the war was
kept in various institutions and museum collections
in different cities. At the beginning of 2022, the Mar-
iupol Museum of Local Hitory was the most signifi-
cant museum institution in the Northern Azov region,
with expeditions’ archaeological collections and field
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 1 49
Fig. 2. Kalynivka barrows: 1 — a map fragment of the General Staff of the Red Army of 1941, L–37–28, M: 100 000; 2 — a
space survey of 1975; 3 — a Google Earth map of 2021
reports. Its archaeological assemblage comprised ap-
proximately 2,700 museum objects of the main stor-
age fund and 670 items of scientific and auxiliary
funds. The museum’s assortment also contained ma-
terials from the excavations of the MAE (607 items)
and the Archaeological Expedition of the Mariupol
State University (AE MSU) (Кучугура 2001). An-
other museum institution that stored archaeological
collections from the Northern Azov region is the Mu-
seum of History and Archaeology of the MSU, which
was established in 2016. The repository was based on
a small archaeological assemblage and anthropolog-
ical materials obtained during the MAE research and
the university’s expedition.
The University Museum does not exist physi-
cally: the exhibition space was destroyed and the
remains of the collection and repository were loot-
ed. The collection stored in the city museum also
suffered, unfortunately, as a result of the destruc-
tion and devastation of the Mariupol Museum of
Local History. The fate of the most of the exhib-
its and reporting documentation is currently un-
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 150
known. Thus, the existing threats and the state
of the archaeological heritage during the war, the
facts of the complete desolation of reports, archae-
ological and anthropological collections signifi-
cantly actualise the need in the publication of ma-
terials obtained during the research by Mariupol
archaeologists in the Northern Azov region.
Archaeological Setting and Research History
According to the regional electronic database
of the Department of Culture of the Donetsk Re-
gional State Administration, as of the beginning
of 2022, 43 archaeological sites (including 40 bar-
rows) were registered on the territory of the Leb-
edynske village council of the Novoazovsk dis-
trict in Donetsk Oblast. According to field scien-
tific surveys, archival materials, satellite images,
and cartographic data, 27 sites, including 26 bar-
rows and one nomadic settlement of the Middle
Ages, were recorded in the vicinity of Kalynivka
village. Five barrows were investigated by excava-
tions at different times. Among the 21 unexplored
barrows, five were completely riuned during their
construction, and nine are being ploughed or were
ploughed in the past (fig. 2, 3).
This micro-district has been attracting atten-
tion of researchers for almost a century. In 1928,
P. М. Pinevych, Head of the group of history and the
club of amateurs of history and antiquities in Mari-
upol, examined the valley of the Kalmius River in the
area from Mariupol to Talakivka village. During the
exploration, a number of separate barrows and sever-
al mound groups were discovered (Пиневич 1928).
In 1985, the MAE excavated two barrows in the
neighbourhood of Kalynivka village in a group of
four Bronze — Early Iron Ages mounds (Кульбака
1985). In 1989, the excavations were continued near
the opposite edge of the village. A single Bronze —
Early Iron Ages mound located on the left bank of
the Omelkova gully (left tributary of the Kalmius
River) was investigated. In the same year, a Bronze
Age barrow that was also located on the left bank of
the Omelkova gully (on the eastern outskirts of Mar-
iupol), had been studied (Кульбака, Гнатко 1989).
Some of the materials of the Kalynivka mounds
were published by the authors in various editions
at different times. However, these publications con-
tained only part of the complexes, and sometimes
were taken out of contexts, without general plans
of the mounds and stratigraphic profiles (Кульбака,
Качур 1998, 2000, 2002; Кульбака, Небрат 2010;
Забавін, Небрат 2021).
In 1990, the MAE investigated another Bronze
Age barrow of a mound group consisting of three
barrows. The group was located in a watershed
at the source of two gullies descending to the
Sea of Azov on the eastern outskirts of Mariupol
(Кульбака, Гнатко 1990). Over time, the excava-
tions were continued by the AE MSU. In 1998, bar-
rows 2 and 3 of this mound group, containing eight
burials of the Zrubna culture were investigated. In
the same year, excavations of a cemetery of the
Golden Horde period, located 1.5 km to the south-
east of the above-mentioned mound group, were
continued. The main part of this cemetery was in-
vestigated by the MAE in 1987 (Кульбака 1998;
Евглевский, Кульбака 2003; Забавин 2011).
Downstream of one of the gullies, which be-
gins near the outskirts of Kalynivka, 1.5 km from
its confluence with the sea, the multi-layered set-
tlement Liapynska Balka was excavated. Conser-
vation research of the settlement was carried out
by an expedition of the Donetsk Regional Muse-
um of Local History in 1992. Cultural remains be-
longing to two epochs were discovered here —
the Late Bronze Age (the late stage of the Zrubna
culture) and the Middle Ages (Saltiv-Maiak cul-
ture and the Golden Horde period) (Горбов 1993;
Герасименко 1997; Кравченко 2003).
In 2012, the AE MSU conducted a survey
of the eastern outskirts of Mariupol — from the
northern outskirts of Kalynivka village to the Sea
of Azov coastline. During the reconnaissance, the
situation was clarified at the already excavated
two-layer settlement Liapynska Balka, where lay-
ers of the Late Bronze Age and the Middle Ages
were investigated (Забавин, Небрат 2013). The
following year, on the territory of the Lebedynske
community, the AE MSU discovered a barrow in
a group of two mounds. Two cult pits of the Inhul
Catacomb culture, seven burials of the Zrubna cul-
ture and one medieval burial were uncovered there
(Забавін, Небрат 2018).
Excavation Methods and Their Results
Excavations of the mounds were carried out
using heavy earthmoving equipment (bulldozer)
using the method of parallel trenches with strati-
graphic profiles between them. Prior to the start
of excavations, tools surveys of the mounds and
marking of the central stratigraphic profile were
carried out. The profiles were cleaned and drawn
during the research in order to analyse the stratig-
raphy of the burials and the process of mound con-
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 1 51
struction. Burial depths were measured from the
centre of the mound (R), the level of the ancient
horizon (AH) or from the modern surface (MS),
as the mounds were heavily planned. On the gen-
eral plan, the burial was marked by the method of
perpendicular to the main reference line. The lo-
cation of the burial in the mound was given in de-
grees, and the distance from the centre in metres.
The centre was taken to be the top of the mound —
the field marker. The soil was removed in horizon-
tal layers using machinery. Anthropological defini-
tions were made by V. К. Kulbaka.
Kalynivka I (1985)
The barrow group of four mounds is located
near the western and north-western outskirts of
Kalynivka village, in the floodplain of the Kalmi-
us River left bank. The group is known from car-
tographic data (Map of the General Staff of the
Red Army from 1941), discovered during 1984 by
the MAE reconnaissance, led by V. К. Kulbaka.
Mounds 1 and 2 were investigated by the MAE in
Fig. 3. Barrows near Kalynivka village on the Interactive Topographic Map of Ukraine
1985. The barrows of the group (except mound 3)
were previously levelled almost to the level of the
AH during reclamation works.
Barrow 1, the second largest in the investigat-
ed cemetery after the unploughed mound, was lo-
cated 0.4 km north from the north-western edge of
Kalynivka village. The initial height of the mound
before its destruction was about 3.0 m (at the time
of the research — about 0.5 m); its diameter was
40 m. Coordinates of the mound on Google Maps
are the following: 47°15’66.26” N, 37°66’59.75” E.
Barrow 2, the third largest in this mound
group, was located 0.2 km north-west from the
barrow 1, and 0.6 km north of the north-western
edge of Kalynivka village. At the time of research,
the mound was heavily ploughed, approximate-
ly 1.15 m high and 25 m in diameter. Coordinates
of the mound on Google Maps are the following:
47°15’82.91” N, 37°66’49.32” E.
Barrow 3, the smallest in this mound group,
was located 0.185 km south-west from the bar-
row 4, near the western edge of Kalynivka village,
to the north from the school. Its height and diame-
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 152
ter are unknown (according to 1984 report). Today
the mound is completely destroyed, the site has a
hidden nature.
Barrow 4, the largest in this mound group, was
located 0.65 km south-east from the barrow 1,
near the western edge of Kalynivka village, to the
north from the school. Its height and diameter are
unknown (according to 1984 report). Today the
mound is almost completely destroyed, it is locat-
ed under a building.
Barrow 1.
It was investigated with the help of nine trench-
es; stratigraphic profiles were made across the top,
slopes and floors of the barrow in a north-south di-
rection. The analysis of the stratigraphic profiles
allowed making the following observations: only
buried soil and loam emissions from the main bur-
ials 3, 5 and 6, which laid at the level of the AH,
were traced in the stratigraphic sections. The lev-
el of the mound after the planning was preserved
only to a height of 0.5–0.7 m from the AH. In the
barrow, ten burials were investigated: three be-
longed to the Yamna culture (Pit Grave culture),
five to the Catacomb cultures, one to the Zrubna
culture, and one to the Iron Age (fig. 4).
Burial 1 (Cimmerian, Novocherkassk type) —
8.4 m (180°) from the centre, at the level of 0.97 m
from the AH, was inserted into the Bronze Age
mound. It was traced from the level of 0.7 m above
the buried soil by the stones found above it, which
were exposed after the mound was destroyed by the
builders. The funerary structure was a rectangular
pit measuring 1.90 × 0.65 m. The bottom of the
grave was buried in clay by 0.25 m deep. The long
axis of the pit was oriented along the west-north-
west — east-southeast line. The northern part of
the pit was filled with stones. At the bottom of the
pit, on a brownish tan ground, was a skeleton of
an adult, lying flat on its back, with straight legs
and arms, head facing west-northwest. The skull,
bones of the right arm and right chest were miss-
ing. The pit was filled with the skeleton remains
that were moved by rodents (fig. 7: 9).
Burial 2 (the Catacomb culture) — 12.5 m
(10°) from the centre, at the level of 1.15 m
from the AH. An oval entrance shaft measuring
1.65 × 0.95 m was found in the loamy layer. Un-
der the southern long wall of the shaft was the en-
trance to the chamber, blocked by stones placed
at the edge. A small hole 0.35 m long and 0.65 m
wide led into the chamber. At the end of the hole
was a 0.55 m high step that served as the entrance
to the chamber. The latter was rectangular in plan
with rounded corners. The long axis of the whole
catacomb was directed along the north-northwest
— south-southeast line; the entrance to the cham-
ber was towards the centre of the mound.
Near the southern wall of the chamber was a
skeleton of a teenager, crouched, on his right side,
with his head to the north-east. The right leg was
bent at the knee at an angle of 35°, the left — 60°.
The angle of flexion in the hip joint was 80–85°.
The right arm was extended along the body, the
left arm was bent at the elbow, with the hand on
the pelvic bone. The skull was placed on the right
side. The legs, right arm and a skull were covered
with ochre (fig. 5: 7).
Burial 3 — the earliest in the mound (the Yam-
na culture) — 5.5 m (16°) from the centre, at the
level of 1.72 m from the AH. The eastern and
western parts of the grave were traced in the Cen-
tral Stratigraphic Profile. To the north and south of
the pit, a loam outcrop of up to 0.5 m was recorded
in the buried soil. The pit was rectangular in shape,
filled with humus, measuring 1.95 × 1.40 m, with
a long axis aligned with the west-southwest —
east-northeast line. At the bottom of the pit, on a
brown substrate, there was a sprinkling of ochre
and two fragments of decayed bones. Rodent bur-
rows heavily damaged the western part and the
bottom of the pit (fig. 5: 1).
Burial 4 (the Zrubna culture ?) — 3.5 m (300°)
from the centre, at the level of the preserved mound.
The burial was destroyed during the mound’s plan-
ning. Several stones, human bones and a fragment
of pottery with fresh breaks were examined in a
disorderly state. The position of the buried could
not be established (fig. 5: 5).
A fragment of a moulded pot with thick walls
and a light surface without ornamentation was
found in the burial. It was covered with black soot
on the inside; a dark leakage mark was revealed on
the outside. The fracture was of black clay with an
admixture of sand. The wall thickness was 1.4 cm
(fig. 5: 6).
Burial 5 — the earliest in the mound (the Yamna
culture) — in the centre of the mound, at the level of
2.1 m from the AH. The burial structure was a large
rectangular pit, measuring 2.9 × 2.1 m. The long
axis of the pit was orientated along the west-south-
west — east-northeast line. The pit was covered
with thick boards lying across the top. At the bottom
of the pit, the skeleton of an adult of poor preserva-
tion was uncovered lying on its right side, with its
head in the east-northeast direction. The right arm
was extended along the body, with the hand near the
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Fig. 4. Kalynivka I. General plan and stratigraphic profiles of the barrow 1
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Fig. 5. Kalynivka I. Barrow 1: 1 — burial 3; 2, 3 — burial 5 (on the plan: a — a knife; b — a piece of resin); 4 — burial 6; 5, 6
— burial 4 (on the plan: a — a fragment of ceramics); 7 — burial 2
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right thigh; the left arm was bent at the elbow at an
angle of 60°. The skull was placed on the right side.
A bronze knife in a wooden sheath was discovered
in front of the face of the skull, near the right shoul-
der. The skeleton was covered with ochre. A piece
of resin on the right knee was traced (fig. 5: 2).
A bronze knife in a wooden sheath was found in
the burial. The sheath was rectangular, 12.0 cm long
and 4.0 cm wide. The item had a long, slightly flat-
tened stem. The blade was asymmetrical, with a con-
cave back and a convex working side; the end of the
blade was rounded and curved upwards. The knife
itself was 10.3 cm long and 2.5 cm wide at the base.
The stem was 4.8 cm long and 0.5 cm wide (fig. 5: 3).
Burial 6 — level of 1.76 m from the AH. To
the north and east of the burial, a loam deposit up
to 0.5 m thick was located on the AH. The pit was
rectangular in shape, measuring 1.90 × 1.15 m, with
a long axis aligned north–south. The northern part
of the pit was completely destroyed by rodents. At
the bottom of the pit there were bones of an adult ,
twisted on the right side, with his head facing north.
The skull and humerus were missing. The angle of
flexion at the knees was 60–70°, and at the hip joint
— 140–150°. The right arm was extended along the
body, as well as the left arm, with the hand on the
left wing of the pelvis. Therewere traces of brown-
ish decay under the skeleton (fig. 5: 4).
Burial 7 (the Catacomb culture) — 12.25 m
(240°) from the centre, at the level of 1.8 m from
the AH. The entrance shaft was sub-square in shape,
filled with humus, measuring 2.15 × 1.7 m. The
corners of the shaft were directed to the cardinal
points. In the western corner, near the south-west-
ern wall, there was a step up to 0.4 m wide. Near
the north-eastern wall of the shaft, the entrance to
the chamber was recorded as blocking: two vertical
stones, the third stone laid horizontally. The bottom
of the shaft was flat, sloping down to the north-east-
ern wall. In front of the entrance to the chamber,
there was a small pit up to 0.2 m deep, which passed
into the chamber’s entrance. The length of the hole
was 0.4 m and the width — 0.9 m (fig. 6: 2).
The entrance to the camera was directed towards
the centre of the mound. The camera was located
below the level of the shaft, with a 0.7 m high step
leading to it. The long axis of the catacomb was
aligned along the south-west — north-east line.
In plan, the camera was oval in shape with
rounded corners, measuring 3.3 × 2.3 m. Two
human skeletons were found in the burial. The
skeleton 1 was located near the south-eastern
wall, and the skeleton 2 — near the north-western
wall of the catacomb’s chamber. Rodents heavily
damaged the burial.
Skeleton 1 was located to the right of the camera
entrance. The skeleton of an adult, crouched on
the right side, with the head facing north-east. The
legs were bent at the knees at an angle of 50–60°,
at the hip joint of 110–120°. The right arm was
extended along the body, the left hand was on the
right wing of the pelvis. The skull was displaced,
located against the wall to the north-east of the
skeleton.
Skeleton 2 was located to the left of the entrance
to the camera. The buried was lying crouched on
his right side, with his head to the south-west.
Rodents displaced the skull. Near the foot of the
skeleton 2 there was a flint chip and animal bones.
Burial 8 (the Catacomb culture) — 14.25 m
(265°) from the centre, at the level of 0.66 m from the
AH. The burial was constructed in the loamy layer.
The entrance shaft was square in shape, measuring
1.1 × 0.95 m. Near the north-eastern wall, two stones
standing on an edge blocked the entrance to the
chamber, which was accessed by a small hole. The
entire catacomb was oriented by a long axis along the
south-west — north-east line. The chamber was oval
in plan, located 0.5 m below the level of the shaft. In
the centre of the chamber, there was a child’s skeleton
crouched on the right side, with the head facing north.
The legs were bent at the knees at an angle of 70–90°.
The right arm was extended along the body; the left
arm was bent at the elbow, with the hand on the left
thigh. A round-bottomed pot was near the head of the
deceased. There was a temporal pendant on the skull,
and bone beads on the chest and pelvis. The skull was
covered with ochre (fig. 7: 1). The following finds
were uncovered:
1. A pot was round-bottomed with high con-
vex sides, a short neck and a narrow bottom. The
rims were pointed. The sides were decorated with
a herringbone ornament made with a caterpillar
stamp. The shoulders had vertical scalloped comb-
ing ridges. The bottom part of the pot had a pat-
tern made with a comb stamp in the shape of a
multi-beam star. The outer surface of the pot was
light brown with black soot in the lower part. The
inner surface was completely covered with comb-
ing. The height of the pot was 13.2 cm; the height
of the neck was 1.0 cm; the diameter of the rim
was 9.5 cm (fig. 7: 7; 15: 1).
2. Beads made of thin tubular bone with a
smooth, polished surface. Length: 3.6–3.9 cm; di-
ameter: 0.5 cm; hole diameter: 0.2–0.3 cm. Quan-
tity: 2 whole, and 16 fragments (fig. 7: 5).
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Fig. 6. Kalynivka I. Barrow 1: 1 — burial 10: 2 — burial 7 (on the plan: a — a flint sherd)
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3. Beads made of massive tubular bones with a
smooth, slightly polished surface. Circular trans-
verse incisions at the ends. Length: 4.3 cm; diam-
eter: 0.6 cm; hole diameter: 0.4 cm. Quantity: two
whole, and three fragments.
4. Beads made of tubular bones with a screw
thread over the entire surface. There were two
types of cuts: frequent and less frequent. Length:
2.2–5.3 cm; diameter: 0.3–0.8 cm; hole diameter:
0.2–0.4 cm. Total amount: 27 items. Some were
broken in ancient times (fig. 7: 4).
5. Beads of tubular bone of cylindrical shape,
oval in cross-section. The surface was smooth,
polished. One of the beads had two transverse cuts.
The holeswere oval. Length: 0.7–1.7 cm; diame-
ter: 0.6–1.0 cm; hole diameter: 0.3–0.7 cm. The
amount of beads: three intact, and two fragment-
ed (fig. 7: 6).
6. Canine tooth (fangs) pendants with holes for
hanging. There were cuts on both sides of the holes.
Length: 4.2 cm; width: 1.1 cm; thickness: 0.7 cm.
Three items in total (glued together) (fig. 7: 2).
Fig. 7. Kalynivka I. Barrow 1: 1–7 — burial 8 (on the plan: a — a ceramic vessel; b — bone beads; c — a temple pendant); 8
— burial 9; 9 — burial 1
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7. A temporal pendant was made of grey met-
al (lead ?) in one and a half turns. Quadrangular
in cross-section. Diameter: 1.8 cm; cross-section:
0.4 cm (fig. 7: 3).
Burial 9 (the Catacomb culture) — 16.5 m
(105°) from the centre, at the level of 1.78 m from
the AH. The burial was traced in the loamy layer.
The entrance shaft, round in plan, was filled with
clay and stones. Its dimensions were 0.80 × 0.85 m.
In the south-western wall, the entrance to the
chamber was covered with stone slabs and lined
with grey humus. The entrance was 0.3 m high and
0.5 m wide. The bottom of the entrance was slight-
ly raised in the form of a threshold up to 0.2 m
wide. Further, a 0.3 m long hole led to the cham-
ber. The long axis of the catacomb was oriented
along the line south-west — north-east. The cham-
ber was oval in plan, measuring 1.25 × 1.90 m. Its
bottom was at the level of the shaft. In the chamber
there was a skeleton of an adult, lying streight on
his back, with his head facing south-east. The arms
were stretched along the body. There was an ochre
stain near the right shoulder, and traces of brown
decay under the skeleton (fig. 7: 8).
Burial 10 (the Catacomb culture) — 13.5 m
(100°) from the centre, at the level of 1.95 m from
the AH. The burial was traced in the loamy layer and
in the western side of the III-Eastern stratigraphic
profile. The entrance shaft was rectangular in shape,
measuring 1.75 × 1.35 m. In the south-eastern cor-
ner, there were steps to the catacomb. From the cen-
tre of the shaft to the western wall at the bottom
of the depression, a 0.95 m long, 0.5 m wide hole
turned into a hole into the chamber. The entrance to
the latter was closed by a stone placed on an edge.
Further there was a 0.35 m long, and 0.5 m wide
hole. The hole ended with a 0.65 m high step. The
entire catacomb was oriented by a long axis along
the west-east line, with the chamber towards the
centre of the mound. The chamber was sub-rectan-
gular in plan with rounded corners. At the bottom
of the chamber, there were three skeletons of ado-
lescents, all facing south. On all three skulls, there
were plates of resin (coating) (fig. 6: 1).
Skeleton 1 (the furthest from the entrance) —
only the pelvis and legs had been preserved. The
upper part of the skull laid on the right side, dis-
placed and in place of the chest. The buried was ly-
ing crouched on his right side, facing the entrance.
The angle of the knees bent was 110–140°, at the
hip – 120°.
Skeleton 2 (the middle one) — in a crouched
position on the right side, facing the entrance. The
chest bones were absent; the legs were bent at the
knees at an angle of 70–80°, at the hip joint of
100°. The right arm was extended along the body,
the bones of the left forearm laid above the pelvis
perpendicular to the right arm.
Skeleton 3 (the closest to the entrance) — on
the back, arms extended, hands under the wings of
the pelvis. The legs were straight, strongly bent at
the knees or raised at the knees, with the feet un-
der the pelvis.
Three simultaneous burials 3, 5 and 6 of the
Yamna culture were primary in the mound. The
loam excavated from these pits laid on top of the
buried soil and was a single system.
Barrow 2.
The barrow was investigated with two trenches,
stratigraphic profiles were made across the top, and
slopes and floors of the barrow in a north-south di-
rection. The analysis of the stratigraphic profiles al-
lowed making the following observations: only the
release of loam from the main burial 5 and the level
of AH beneath it were observed. In the mound, nine
burials were investigated: one of the Yamna culture,
four of the Catacomb cultures, three of the Zrubna
culture, and one of the Iron Age (fig. 8: 1).
Burial 1 (the Catacomb culture) — 6.25 m (60°)
from the centre, at the level of 2.15 m from the MS.
The burial was found in a loamy layer. The entrance
shaft was filled with stone; its shape could not be
traced. The bottom of the chamber was 0.45 m be-
low the bottom of the shaft. The long axis of the cat-
acomb was oriented along the north-west — south-
east line, with the chamber towards the centre of the
mound. The chamber was oval in plan and meas-
ured 1.75 × 1.2 m. At the bottom of the chamber,
with his back to the entrance, was placed a skeleton
of an adolescent, crouched on his right side with the
head facing north-west. The right arm was stretched
along the body; the left arm was bent at the elbow,
with the hand on the right wing of the pelvis. The
legs were bent at the knees at an angle of 70–75°, at
the hip joint of 105–125° (fig. 8: 8).
Burial 2 (the Zrubna culture) — 5.5 m (195°)
from the centre, at the level of 0.37 m from the
MS, in the mound. The buried was lying crouched
on his left side with the head to the north-east. The
bones were poorly preserved. Arms bent at the el-
bows, hands in front of the face; legs bent at the
knees at an angle of 30–40°, at the hip joint of 70–
85°. A broken ceramic vessel was in front of the
face of the deceased (fig. 8: 2).
It was large fragment of a moulded ceramic
vessel in the form of a jar, without ornamentation
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Fig. 8. Kalynivka I. Barrow 2: 1 — a general plan and stratigraphic profiles; 2, 3 — burial 2 (on the plan: a – a ceramic vessel);
4, 5 — burial 3 (on the plan: a — a ceramic vessel); 6, 7 — burial 4 (on the plan: a — a ceramic vessel); 8 — burial 1; 9, 10 —
burial 5
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(a wall with a bottom). The surface was light with
black soot, uneven, with traces of smoothing. Re-
constructed dimensions: height: 13.5 cm; diameter
of the rim: 15.0 cm; diameter of the body: 15.5 cm;
diameter of the bottom: 7.5 cm (fig. 8: 3).
Burial 3 (the Zrubna culture) — 4.75 m (155°)
from the centre, at the level of 0.45 m from the MS,
in the mound. The deceased was lying crouched on
his left side with the head to the north-east. The
bones were poorly preserved. Arms bent at the el-
bows, hands in front of the face; legs bent at the
knees at an angle of 50–65°, at the hip joint of 70°.
A broken ceramic vessel was placed in front of the
face of the buried (fig. 8: 4).
It was ceramic moulded pot with a wide rim and
a marked edge. The bottom had a border. The sur-
face was blackened with soot; the inside part was
combed. The vessel was decorated with triangles
on the shoulders, which were shaded with dashed
horizontal lines. Dimensions: height: 12.0 cm; di-
ameter of the rim: 15.5 cm; diameter of the body:
17.0 cm; diameter of the bottom: 8.5 cm (fig. 8: 5).
Burial 4 (the Zrubna culture) — 2.5 m (25°)
from the centre, at the level of 0.20 m from the
MS, in the mound. The buried was lying crouched
on his left side with a head to the east. The bones
were poorly preserved. Arms bent at the elbows,
hands in front of the chest. The legs were bent at
the knees at an angle of 25–30°, at the hip joint of
50–70°. A ceramic vessel was placed in front of
the chest (fig. 8: 6).
It was ceramic moulded high jar-shaped vessel
with a wide rim and a border at the bottom. There
was no ornamentation. The firing was uneven, with
orange and dark spots. The inner surface was light
brown with combing decoration. The clay mass had
an admixture of sand. Dimensions: height: 15.3 cm;
diameter of the rim: 16.5 cm; diameter of the body:
17.3 cm; diameter of the bottom: 10.1 cm (fig. 8: 7).
Burial 5 — the earliest in the mound (the Yamna
culture) — in the centre of the mound, at the level of
1.18 m from the MS. The eastern part of the pit was
traced in the central profile. To the north and south
of the burial at the MS there was a 0.25 m thick
loam deposit. At the level of the MS, the burial was
covered by three thick stone slabs 0.6–0.7 m wide
and up to 0.25 m thick. The pit was rectangular in
shape, measuring 1.80 × 1.20 m, with long sides di-
rected in the west-east direction. At the bottom of
the pit, there was a skeleton of an adult of poor pres-
ervation, laying on his back; legs bent at the knees,
fallen to the left. The angle of bent knees was 70°,
in the hip joint of 110°. The right arm was extend-
ed along the body, with the hand near the right wing
of the pelvis. The left arm, left thigh, a skull and a
humerus are missing. The entire south-eastern part
of the burial was destroyed by rodents. A lump of
ochre and a broken dart tip were found near the
right shoulder. A piece of resin was uncovered near
the right knee (fig. 8: 9).
A dart tip was made of grey, opaque flint in the
shape of a bay leaf. The surface was chipped, and
the edges were jet retouched. The patina was pre-
served on one side. The lower end was oblique-
ly broken off. Reconstructed dimensions: length:
9.5 cm, maximum width: 4.7 cm (fig. 8: 10).
Burial 6 (the Catacomb culture) — 10.75 m
(205°) from the centre, at the level of 2.10 m from
the MS. The shaft was rectangular in shape with
well-defined corners and was traced in a loamy
layer, measuring 1.85 × 1.30 m. There was a 0.2 m
wide step in the southern wall, near the western
corner. The bottom of the shaft was flat, slight-
ly lowering in the northern part to the entrance of
the chamber. A flat stone was standing on the edge
blocks at the entrance. A 0.6 m long and 0.6 m
wide hole led to the chamber, which ended with
a 0.3 m high step down into the latter. The cham-
ber was sub-rectangular in plan; with three distinct
corners, the fourth corner was rounded. The di-
mensions: 2.40 × 1.40 m (fig. 9: 2).
At the bottom of the chamber was a skeleton of
an adult, stretched out on his back with a head fac-
ing east. The arms were stretched along the body,
with the hands on the hip joints. The skull laid on
its right side. Two temporal pendants were found
on and under the skull bones. There was a bronze
plate bracelet on the right hand, and a small awl
near the left shoulder:
1. A bronze bracelet consisted of four rectan-
gular plates (two of themwere badly broken in an-
cient times) with curved edges, which were used to
fasten a leather (?) strip. On some fragments, the
elements of the ornament were made with a punch
in the form of horizontal lines in several rows. The
plates were 2.5 cm long and 1.8 cm wide (fig. 9: 5).
2. A bronze oval awl. One end was sharp, the
other — blunt. Length: 2.6 m, thickness: 0.2 cm
(fig. 9: 3).
3. Bronze spiral temple pendants (two items).
The ringswere made of thick round wire. Diam-
eter: 1.9 cm, cross-section: 0.2 cm. The first ring
was twisted in 3.5 turns, one end was strongly riv-
eted, the other — slightly flattened. The second
ring was twisted in 2.5 turns; the ends were un-
clipped (fig. 9: 4).
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Fig. 9. Kalynivka I. Barrow 2: 1 — burial 9 (on the plan: a — temple pendants); 2–5 — burial 6 (on the plan: a — temple rings;
b — an awl; c — a bracelet); 6 — burial 8; 7–9 — burial 7 (on the plan: a — beads; b — a spindle whorl)
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Burial 7 (Iron Age, Sarmatian) — 5.75 m
(260°) from the centre, in the mound at the level
of 0.32 m from the MS. The skeleton of an adult,
stretched out on the back with the head to the east
— north-east. Arms stretched along the body, legs
straight. The feet and lower part of the tibia were
cut off during excavations. A spindle whorl was
found between the left wing of the pelvis and the
forearm of the left hand, and a number of small
beads on the cervical vertebrae (fig. 9: 7). Follow-
ing is a description of the finds:
1. A biconical ceramic spindle whorl with a
through hole. The surface was light brown, black at
the break. Height: 3.0 cm, diameter 3.5 cm (fig. 9: 9).
2. Small beads made of vitreous transparent
earthenware in the form of flattened balls (38 piec-
es in total). Cylinders of the same material were in-
serted into the holes. The cylinders and the beads
themselves were covered with mother-of-pearl.
Bead diameter: 0.4 cm, hole diameter: 0.2 cm,
height: 0.2 cm (fig. 9: 8).
Burial 8 (the Catacomb culture) — 10.7 m (165°)
from the centre, at the level of 1.6 m from the MS.
The shape of the shaft could not be traced. The cat-
acomb was oriented by a long axis along the north-
west — south-east line, with the chamber towards the
centre of the mound. The chamber was oval in plan,
measuring 1.45 × 0.9 m. At the bottom, there was a
skeleton of an adult, crouched on the left side, facing
the entrance. The bones were of poor preservation.
The legs were bent at the knees at an angle of 20–25°,
at the hip of 90–100°. Arms extended along the body
with a skull on the left side (fig. 9: 6).
Burial 9 (the Catacomb culture) — 8.0 m (115°)
from the centre, at the level of 2.47 m from the MS.
The entrance shaft was rectangular in shape, meas-
uring 1.3 × 1.4 m. The north-eastern part of the shaft
had been ruined by a bulldozer. The entire catacomb
had a long axis oriented along the south-west —
north-east line. Under the south-western wall of the
shaft there was a concave descent into a chamber
with a small hole leading to it. The hole was 0.4 m
long and 0.6 m wide. The latter ended with a step
into the chamber, 0.55 m high (fig. 9: 1).
The chamber was trapezoidal in plan, with clearly
defined corners. Its largest dimensions: 2.9 × 1.8 m.
The walls of the chamber were almost vertical, 0.7 m
high. The ceiling was flattened and straight. On
the walls and corners, traces of a narrow tool up to
2.0 cm wide and 0.3 m long were clearly visible. In
the middle of the chamber, at the bottom, there were
two skeletons lying close to each other. The heads of
both were oriented to the south-east.
Skeleton 1 (the furthest from the entrance). The
skeleton of an adolescent crouched on the right
side, facing the entrance and the second skeleton.
The legs were bent at the knees at an angle of 90–
110°, at the hip joint of 120°. Both arms were lying
in front, slightly bent at the elbows, extended to the
second skeleton. On and under the skull were the re-
mains of bronze temporal pendants that collapsed.
The sides of the skull were painted in green.
Skeleton 2 (the closest to the entrance). The skel-
eton of an adult, crouched on the right side, with the
back turned. The skull was placed face up. The legs
were bent at the knees at an angle of 40–60°, at the hip
joint of 110–130°. The right arm was stretched along
the body; the left arm was bent at the elbow, with the
hand on the right wing of the pelvis. The skull, right
shoulder, and legs were covered with ochre.
Kalynivka II (1989)
During the 1989 field season, the MAE investi-
gated twelve mounds in construction zones in the
Donetsk Oblast. These included two mounds lo-
cated in the left watershed of the Omelkova gully
on the lands of the Lebedynske village council of
the Novoazovsk district in Donetsk Oblast and the
lands of the Mariupol city council.
A single barrow 1 was part of a barrow ridge
of four mounds located on the left bank of the
Omelkova gully. The group is known from car-
tographic data (Map of the General Staff of the Red
Army, 1941). It was situated near the south-west-
ern edge of Kalynivka village. At the time of the
research, the mound was heavily ploughed; about
1.1 m high, its diameter was 20 m. Coordinates
of the mound on Google Maps are the following:
47°13’84.17” N, 37°65’94.84” E.
A single barrow 2 was located in the watershed
between the Omelkova and Korotka gullies. The
barrow was known from cartographic data (Map of
the General Staff of the Red Army, 1941). It was
situated in the eastern part of Mariupol in the con-
struction zone of the heating main, 20 m south from
the Mariupol — Novoazovsk road, 1.85 km south-
east of the south-western edge of Kalynivka village,
1.5 km south-east from the barrow 1. At the time of
the survey, the mound was 1.17 m high, up to 15 m
in diameter, and the surface of the mound was sod-
den. The southern half of the barrow was destroyed
earlier during the laying of communications. A by-
pass dirt road ran along the northern half of the
mound. Coordinates of the mound on Google Maps
are the following: 47°12’90.61” N, 37°67’35.56” E.
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Barrow 1.
It was investigated by five trenches, strati-
graphic profiles were made across the top, slopes
and floors of the barrow in a west-northwest —
east-southeast direction. For convenience, the lo-
cation of the trenches was conventionally marked
east — west in the report.
The analysis of the stratigraphic profiles allowed
making the following observations: loamy layer
from the level of 1.45 m; buried soil 0.35 m thick
with a visible line of the AH about 18.0 m long;
loamy deposit from the burial 7 at the AH level up
to 0.4 m thick. In the mound, ten burials were inves-
tigated: five of the Yamna culture, three of the Cat-
acomb cultures, two of the Zrubna culture (fig. 10).
Two shapeless pits (one with a stone) up to
1.0 m in diameter and up to 1.6 m deep from the
R were found in the western part of the mound
(fig. 11: 11). Possibly late diggings. During the
cleaning of the northern side of the first northern
stratigraphic profile, two bronze pendants or ear-
rings (?) were found in the molehill in the area
2.0 m to the west from the R. They had a hook
shape, the ends were pointed, and the bend was
wider. There was a thin wire soldered on the up-
per tips. Length: 1.8 and 1.9 cm; width at the bend:
0.6 cm (fig. 13: 6).
Burial 1 (the Zrubna culture) — 3.5 m (87°)
from the centre, at the level of 0.37 m from the R,
in the mound. The bones of a child were in poor
condition. Only the bones of the legs and forearms
were preserved. The buried was lying crouched on
his left side, with his head to the east. There was a
ceramic vessel in the area of the skull (fig. 13: 3).
It was a moulded jar-shaped vessel without or-
namentation. The rims were slightly bent inwards.
The mouth was wide; the bottom was narrow. The
vessel was well fired, in some places up to orange
colour; the item was light brown, and the surface
was rough. The ceramic mass had an admixture of
sand. Dimensions: height: 12.5 cm; diameter of
the rim: 15.4 cm; diameter of the body: 16.0 cm;
diameter of the bottom: 8.3 cm (fig. 13: 4).
Burial 2 (the Catacomb culture) — 5.0 m (82°)
from the centre, at the level of 0.5 m from the R. A
stone foundation of the shaft, consisting of stones
0.35 × 0.4 × 0.2 m and smaller stones, was traced.
Below the stones were large burrows to the full
depth of the loam layer. The catacomb chamber
and the lower part of the shaft were completely de-
stroyed by molehills. At a distance of 0.5 m to the
south-west of the stone structure, a ceramic vessel
was found in a hole (fig. 13: 1).
It was a moulded vessel of squat shape. The
neck was high, straight; the rims were straight; the
sides were convex. The line of transition from the
neck to the shoulder was smooth. The vessel was
dark brown with black spots. The ceramic mass
was homogeneous, without large impurities. The
vessel had wide vertical flutes inside, and horizon-
tal flutes on the neck. The fracture was black. The
item was ornamented with braid prints. Three hori-
zontal parallel lines encircle the neck. The shoul-
ders and sides were richly decorated with festoons
– concentric semicircles. There were five of them
in total. In the centre of each festoon, there were
round finger indentations. The bottom part had no
decoration; it was smoothed with weak combing
and glossing. Dimensions: height: 14.0 cm; neck
height: 3.0 cm; mouth diameter: 15.5 cm; diame-
ter of the sides: 19.0 cm; diameter of the bottom:
9.7 cm (fig. 13: 2; 15: 4).
Burial 3 (the Zrubna culture) — 3.6 m (42°)
from the centre, at the level of 0.45 m from the R,
in the mound. The bones of an adult were of poor
condition. The buried was lying crouched on his
left side, with his head to the east (fig. 13: 5).
Burial 4 (the Yamna culture) — 8.5 m (18°)
from the centre, at the level of 1.78 m from the R.
The rectangular pit measures 1.25 × 0.8 m, with
a long axis oriented along the east-northeast —
west-southwest line. At the bottom of the pit, on
a white decay, two skeletons were found: an adult
and a child (fig. 11: 4–6).
Skeleton 1 (an adult). The skeleton was under
the southern wall of the pit, with his head to the
north-east, the bones were not in anatomical or-
der (reburial ?). The skull was turned to the right.
The bones were covered with ochre. Two colours
of ochre were traced on the skull: red ochre on
the jaw and scarlet ochre on the frontal part of the
skull.
Skeleton 2 (a child). In the centre of the pit was
the skeleton of a child, crouched on its left side,
with its head to the north-east. The bones were
covered with ochre. There was a purple ochre be-
hind the skull.
A stone revealed in the burial was a hard lime-
stone of a sub-rectangular shape and rounded cor-
ners. There were traces of rough processing —
wide chips. It could have been used as a pestle or
a grinder. Dimensions: 8.1 × 5.0 cm (fig. 11: 6).
Burial 5 (the Catacomb culture) — 15.0 m (85°)
from the centre, at the level of 2.4 m from the R.
The entrance shaft was round in plan, 1.35 m in di-
ameter, with a flat bottom. In the north-eastern part
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Fig. 10. Kalynivka II. General plan and stratigraphic profiles of the barrow 1
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Fig. 11. Kalynivka II. Barrow 1: 1–3 — burial 7 (on the plan: a — a horn pin); 4–6 — burial 4 (on the plan: a — a stone; b —
an astragalus); 7–8 — burial 8 (on the plan: a — a ceramic vessel); 9–10 — burial 10 (on the plan: a — a ceramic vessel); 11 —
pit 1 in the mound filling
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of the shaft, a small threshold up to 0.1 m high and a
small 0.2 m long and 0.5 m wide hole leading to the
chamber were observed. The bottom of the chamber
was 0.25 m below the shaft level. The chamber was
sub-rectangular in shape with rounded corners and
sides, measuring 2.10 × 1.25 m. The long axis of the
chamber was oriented north-west — south-east. At
the bottom of the chamber was the skeleton of an
adult, lying on his back, with his head to the north-
west. The arms were stretched along the body, the
legs were straight. The feet of the deceased and the
bottom of the chamber between the femurs and near
the pot were sprinkled with ochre (fig. 12: 4).
There was a pot in the western corner of the
chamber. It was a ceramic moulded squat pot with
a short neck, high raised convex sides and nar-
row bottom. The edge of the rim was slightly bent
outwards. The upper part of the pot was decorat-
ed with three parallel impressions of a thick twist-
ed cord. Below, along the entire diameter, the pot
was ornamented with prints of a cord bent in a
loop. The rest of the vessel was covered with thick
combing straight to the bottom. The pot was light
brown with large black spots. The firing was weak.
The bottom part of the item had traces of smooth-
ing. Dimensions: height of the pot: 10.2 cm; height
of the neck: 0.8 cm; diameter of the rim: 12.8 cm;
diameter of the sides: 16.5 cm; diameter of the bot-
tom: 7.5 cm (fig. 12: 5; 15: 5).
Burial 6 (the Catacomb culture) — 9.0 m
(320°) from the centre, at the level of 2.35 m from
the R. An oval shaft with a straight northern wall,
measuring 2.0 × 1.6 m. The long axis of the shaft
was oriented along the north-west — south-east
line. Along the north-western wall of the shaft,
there was a 0.2 m high step. Under the south-east-
ern wall of the shaft there was a depression up
to 0.15 m. Stones rested against this depression,
blocking the entrance to the chamber. The flat
stones measured about 0.5 × 0.5 m. There was a
hole leading into the chamber, 0.5 m in diameter
and 0.5 m long. At the end of the hole was a step
up to 0.4 m high, leading directly into the cham-
ber. A rectangular chamber had rounded corners
and vertical walls, measuring 1.70 × 1.35 m. The
long axis of the chamber was oriented along the
north-east — south-west line. At the bottom, on a
white and brown decay, there were two skeletons:
an adult and a child (adolescent) (fig. 12: 1–3).
Skeleton 1 (an adult) is in the centre of the
chamber, crouched on the right side, with the back
turned and a head placed to the north-east. The
skull was turned to the right; the right arm was
stretched along the body; the left arm was bent
at the elbow at a right angle in such a way that
the bone rested against the pelvic bones; the legs
are bent at the knees at an angle of 80°, at the hip
joint of 120°. Near the skull there was a hoof of a
sheep (?); on the right wing of the pelvis and fore-
arm — a horn pin.
Skeleton 2 (an adolescent) was bent over
on the right side, with a turn on the back, and a
head placed to the north-east. The right arm was
stretched along the body; the left arm was bent at
the elbow, resting on the pelvic bones. The legs
were bent at the knees at an angle of 60°, at the hip
joint of 110°. The feet were covered with ochre.
1. A horn hammer-shaped pin's head was small,
flat, without disc-shaped protrusions. The transi-
tion between the shaft and the head was smooth.
The upper part of the head had a wavy shape. The
lower part of the shaft was polished to a hight
gloss, the head was not polished. Length of the
pin: 17.0 cm; diameter of the shaft in the middle
part: 0.9 cm; width of the head: 3.0 cm; height:
1.5 cm (fig. 12: 2).
Burial 7 — the earliest in the mound (the Yamna
culture) — 3.0 m (65°) from the centre, at the lev-
el of 2.6 m from the R (1.5 m from the AH). A rec-
tangular pit with clearly defined corners, measuring
2.0 × 1.3 m. The pit had a long axis oriented along
the north-east — south-west line. Rodent burrows
heavily damaged the bottom of the pit and the low-
er part of the walls. The bottom was covered with
chalk and ochre of red and lilac colours. At the bot-
tom there was a skeleton of an adult, crouched on its
back, and a head placed to the north-east. The legs,
bent at the knees, were on the right side. The skull
and shoulder part of the skeleton were missing. The
arms were stretched along the body. A horn ham-
mer-shaped pin was found under the forearm of the
left hand. A ceramic pot was found in the filling of
the pit in the molehill (fig. 11: 1).
It was a ceramic moulded pot with a straight
neck and an oval body. The bottom of the pot was
round and the neck tapered slightly upwards. The
edges of the rim were straight. The vessel was un-
ornamented. The surface of the walls was cov-
ered with wide combing on the outside and inside.
The colour of the pot was black with small brown
specks. Dimensions: height: 13.2 cm, diameter of
the rim: 10.5 cm, diameter of the sides: 4.5 cm
(fig. 11: 2; 15: 2).
A horn hammer-shaped pin had the large head
with clearly defined disc-shaped projections.
There was a rounded tubercle on the wide bar. In
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Fig. 12. Kalynivka II. Barrow 1: 1–3 — burial 6 (on the plan: a — a horn pin; b — a hoof); 4, 5 — burial 5 (on the plan: a — a
ceramic vessel)
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the middle of the head, there was a round hole with
a diameter of 0.5 cm. The pin was carefully pol-
ished to a high gloss, the head was not polished.
The length of the pin was 16.7 cm, the width of the
head was 4.0 cm, the height was 2.0 cm, and the
diameter of the shaft was 1.2 cm (fig. 11: 3).
Burial 8 (the Yamna culture) — 6.25 m (223°)
from the centre, at the level of 1.73 m from the R.
An oval pit with a concave southern wall, measur-
ing 1.0 × 0.6 m. The pitwas oriented along the long
axis in the west — east line. At the bottom of the
pit, wooden dies from the roof overlap were traced.
A ceramic vessel stood under the eastern wall, with
fish vertebrae underneath and in it. No bones of the
deceased were found (fig. 11: 7; 15: 3).
A moulded ceramic vessel was a jug with a han-
dle in the form of a loop. The neck extended to the
mouth. The handle was attached to the shoulders
under the rim. The bottom was flattened, very nar-
row, unstable. The handle, shoulders and sides of
the vessel were decorated with imprints of a twisted
cord. The handle had a herringbone ornament with
a vertical stripe in the middle. The ornamentation
on the shoulders consisted of three horizontal par-
allel rows along the entire diameter; on the sides,
there were shaded triangles with the tops facing
down. The rest of the jug was covered with frequent
combing. The vessel was black with brown spots.
Inside the vessel there were also combing and trac-
es of ochre. Dimensions: jug height: 12.5 cm; neck
height: 2.0 cm; rim diameter: 10.5 cm; sides diam-
eter: 13.5 cm; bottom diameter: 4.0 cm (fig. 11: 8).
Burial 9 (the Yamna culture) — 7.25 m (342°)
from the centre, at the level of 1.95 m from the R.
The rectangular pit was 0.7 m wide, with a long
axis oriented to the south-west — north-east. The
pit was covered with stones. It was destroyed by
burrows on the north-east by two-thirds, and only
the leg bones of the buried remained. Probably,
the deceased was lying crouched on his right side,
with his head to the north-east (fig. 13: 7).
Burial 10 (the Yamna culture) — 4.25 m (286°)
from the centre, at the level of 1.67 m from the R.
The burial was covered with stones and destroyed
by burrows. A fragment of a human skull and a ce-
ramic vessel were found on the preserved part of
the bottom (fig. 11: 9).
It was a half of a moulded ceramic vessel (a jug)
with a rounded bottom and a looped handle. The
jug was not decorated, had a short straight neck and
shoulders in the form of a ledge. The entire outer
and inner surface was covered with small combing
marks. The vessel had the colour of raw clay; there
were black soot spots; the ceramic mass was homo-
geneous, and the fracture was black. Dimensions:
height: 12.5 cm; mouth diameter: 10.5 cm; diameter
of the sides: 14.0 cm (fig. 11: 10).
Barrow 2.
This barrow was investigated by two trench-
es, stratigraphic profiles were made across the top,
slopes and floors of the barrow in the west — east
direction. The analysis of the stratigraphic pro-
files allowed making the following observations:
loamy layer from the level of 1.63 m; buried soil
0.46 m thick with a visible line of the AH about
22.0 m long; loamy deposit from the main buri-
al 2 at the AH level up to 0.25 m thick. In the cen-
tral part of the mound, to the east of the R, a late
pit measuring 4.8 × 2.0 m was found, which cut
the main burial 2. In the mound, two burials were
investigated: one of the Yamna culture and one of
the Zrubna culture (fig. 14: 1).
Burial 1 (the Zrubna culture) — 9.75 m (265°)
from the centre, at the level of 0.98 m from the R,
in the mound. The contours of the burial pit could
not be traced. The child’s skeleton laid crouched
on the left side, with the head placed to the north-
east. The right arm was bent at the elbow, and
only the bone of the forearm remained from the
left arm. The legs were severely bent at the knees,
with the heels brought to the pelvis. There was no
inventory (fig. 14: 2).
Burial 2 – the earliest in the mound (the Yam-
na culture ?) — in the centre of the mound, at the
level of 1.95 m from the R. The rectangular pit with
rounded corners was excavated from the AH level.
The pit was oriented by a long axis along the north-
east — south-west line. Later digging and burrows
destroyed the main part of the burial. A small section
of the bottom was preserved in the southern part of
the pit. White decay and brown ochre were observed;
the thickness of the bedding was up to 1.0 cm. In the
pit filling, 0.5 m from its bottom, a slab of shell rock
measuring 0.90 × 0.75 × 0.17 m was found. Frag-
ments of human bones stained with ochre were also
discovered in the pit filling (fig. 14: 3).
Some finds in the mound:
1. In the I-North trench at a depth of 0.8 m from
the R, a triangular flint tool on a light grey flake
was uncovered. The two sides of the tool were dec-
orated with chips and small retouching. Dimen-
sions: 2.3 × 2.0 × 1.6 cm.
2. In the I-South trench at a depth of 0.44 m
from the R, a small fragment of the wall of a
moulded ceramic vessel without ornament, grey in
colour, was found.
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Fig. 13. Kalynivka II. Barrow 1: 1, 2 — burial 2 (on the plan: a — a ceramic vessel); 3, 4 — burial 1 (on the plan: a — a ceramic
vessel); 5 — burial 3; 6 — bronze pendants from the mound; 7 — burial 9
3. A bird bone and a single stone were revealed
in the I-South trench.
Cultural and Chronological Interpretation
The Yamna culture.
At least nine burials were found in three mounds,
which can be attributed to the Yamna culture ac-
cording to ritual and inventory features. In the bar-
row 1 of the Kalynivka I group, three simultaneous
burials were discovered — 3, 5 and 6. All three bur-
ials were the earliest in the mound of the Yamna cul-
ture. The loam excavated from these pits laid on top
of the buried soil and was a single system. In the
barrow 2 of the Kalynivka I group, the loam from
the main burial 5 was also at the level of the AH.
In the barrow 1 of the Kalynivka II group, five
burials of the Yamna culture were investigated. The
earliest in the mound was the central burial 7 in a
deep pit, the loam from which was at the level of the
ancient horizon. It is likely that the burial 10 can also
be considered the main one in the mound, as a small
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Fig. 14. Kalynivka II. Barrow 2: 1 — a general plan and stratigraphic profiles; 2 — burial 1; 3 — burial 2
layer of loam from the pit at the level of the AH was
also observed in the central stratigraphic profile. The
remaining burials of the Yamna culture (4, 8 and 9)
were later incorporated into the existing mound.
The absence of reliable markers in the ritual
and inventory set complicates the cultural attribu-
tion of the burial 2 of the barrow 2 of the Kalyniv-
ka II group. However, the main position in the cen-
tre of the mound, the depth of the burial structure,
the presence of bedding and human bones painted
with brown ochre, with a certain degree of proba-
bility, suggest that this assemblage belongs to the
Yamna culture. This statement is also not contra-
dicted by the shape and orientation of the grave:
in all the studied mounds, the main burials of the
Yamna culture were in rectangular pits with round-
ed corners, oriented by a long axis along the east-
west or northeast-southwest line.
Several burials were partially or completely de-
stroyed by molehills. This fact complicates the re-
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Fig. 15. Kalynivka I and II. Ceramic pottery from the burials: 1 — I/1/8; 2 — II/1/7; 3 — II/1/8; 4 — II/1/2; 5 — II/1/5 (photo
by V. K. Kulbaka)
search analysis. Geographically, the materials of
the Kalynivka mounds belong to the Azov variant
of the Yamna cultural and historical area as defined
by M. Ya. Merpert (Мерперт 1974, с. 15) or to the
Azov-Crimean group identified by O. H. Shaposh-
nikova (Шапошникова 1985, с. 349). In the burials,
both main and inlet graves, the deceased were placed
on their backs, with their legs bent at the knees, fall-
ing (or laid) to the right or left. The ceremonial and
ritual features of these burials allow attributing them
to the late stage (possibly to the end of the developed
and late stages) of this culture existence in the Azov
steppes (Кравец, Посредников 1989, с. 26-29).
The ceramic collection is represented by three
pots. Two of the vessels had handles. Such ceramic
forms are typical for the late phase burials of the Yam-
na culture of the North Azov region (Шапошникова
1985, с. 349; Санжаров 2001, с. 30-32). Frag-
ments of similar pottery come from the upper lay-
er of the Mykhailivka settlement, which is syn-
chronised with the late phase of the Yamna culture
(Коробкова, Шапошникова 2005, с. 78). According
to S. М. Sanzharov’s classification, the Kalynivka’s
pots with handles can be attributed to the Group 6,
and the pot from the burial 7 of the barrow 1 of the
Kalynivka I group — to the Group 2 ceramic vessels
of the Yamna culture late phase of the North-Eastern
Azov region (Санжаров 2001, с. 27, 30).
The hammer-shaped pins find’s a wide range
of analogies among the antiquities of the late
phase of the Yamna culture of both the Northern
Azov and other regions of the Black Sea steppe
(Шапошникова 1985, с. 347, 348; Санжаров
2001, с. 40). A bronze knife in a wooden sheath
was a very expressive find (Kalynivka I, barrow 1,
burial 5). The asymmetrical blade with a concave
back and a convex working side is a distinctive
feature of the item. The rounded end of the blade
was curved upwards. A similar knife was revealed
in the burial of the late phase of the Yamna cul-
ture in Eastern part of the Northern Azov region
(Кульбака, Качур 2002, с. 15).
The Catacomb cultures.
Twelve burials were discovered in three mounds,
which can be attributed to the Catacomb cultures
based on ritual and inventory features. Five burials
(2, 7, 8, 9 and 10) were discovered in the Kalynivka I
group in the barrow 1, four burials (1, 6, 8 and 9) in
the barrow 2, and three burials (2, 5 and 6) in the bar-
row 1 of the Kalynivka II group. In all cases, the cat-
acomb burials were placed on the outskirts of ancient
mounds built by the carriers of the Yamna culture. It
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can be assumed that the absence of catacomb com-
plexes in the barrow 2 of the Kalynivka II group is
explained by the partial study of only its central part,
due to the nature of modern urban development.
Burials 2, 7, 8 and 10 of the barrow 1, and bur-
ials 1, 6, 8 (with a certain degree of probability)
and 9 of the barrow 2 of the Kalynivka I group, as
well as the burial 6 of the barrow 1 of the Kalyniv-
ka II group, are dated to the early Catacomb peri-
od. Both barrows of the Kalynivka I group showed
a radial arrangement of burials in the sub-mound
space. The cameras were directed towards the cen-
tre of the mound. The catacombs of this time had
a T-shaped and H-shaped configuration. The shafts
were connected to the chamber by a short, narrow
passage. The chambers and shafts were subrectan-
gular in plan. The entrance to the catacombs was
covered with stone slabs, rarely with organic cov-
erings, which were not preserved.
The absence of funerary equipment and the
poor preservation of the catacomb complicate the
accurate cultural and chronological interpretation
of the burial 8 of the barrow 2 of the Kalynivka I
group. In addition, the deceased was laid in an
atypical burial position for early catacomb burials
in the North-Eastern Azov region. The tribes of the
early phase of the Catacomb culture of the east-
ern part of the Northern Azov region preferred to
place the buried on the right side (Санжаров 2001,
с. 53). The position of the bodies of the deceased
on the left side of the Early Catacomb culture is
quite common in the western part of the Northern
Azov region, but the position of the hands varies
(Болтрик, Левченко, Фиалко 1991, с. 69, 71).
In general, the tradition of placing the body of the
buried on its back with a turn to the right side or com-
pletely on the right side was typical for the early phase
of the Catacomb culture of the Northern Azov region.
The materials of the Kalynivka mounds demonstrate
this trend, albeit with some extraordinary cases. The
straightened position of the legs and, possibly, the ab-
sence of the feet of the deceased from the burial 6, the
barrow 2 of the Kalynivka I group, are noteworthy.
In the burial 10 of the barrow 1 of the Kalynivka I
group, the leg bones of one of the buried may indi-
cate that the body position could be defined as kneel-
ing. The postures of the deceased in the burial 7 of
the barrow 1 of the Kalynivka I group demonstrate
a ritual dichotomy. In our opinion, this case demon-
strates an echo of the old funerary paradigm, as a
similar posture is known in the burials of the Yam-
na culture of the Budzhak Steppe and Transnistria
(Чеботаренко, Яровой, Тельнов 1989, с. 114, 152),
in the Inhul River region (Ніколова 2012, с. 20),
in the mounds of the Dnipro region (Попандопуло
1995, с. 140, 141), the Crimea (Колтухов, Кислый,
Тощев 1994, c. 34) and of the Northern Azov region
(Вязьмітіна та ін. 1960, с. 48). The placement of the
bodies across the catacomb chamber may be related
to the process of adaptation to the new norms of fu-
nerary rites.
The funerary equipment of these graves demon-
strates archaic features of the previous time of the
Yamna culture. A striking example is a round-bot-
tomed vessel from the burial 8 of the barrow 1 of
the Kalynivka I group. There is a continuation of
the ritual tradition of the Yamna culture tribes: the
pottery accompanies the child’s burial. Bone orna-
ments (primarily with screw threads), drilled dog's
canines. All of these decorations find analogies in
early catacomb burials of the Northern Azov region
(Вязьмітіна та ін. 1960, с. 125; Посредников,
Зарайская 1993, с. 144), the Crimea (Тощев 2007,
с. 122, 138) and the Dnipro region (Гаврилюк,
Черных 1990, с. 96). Identical sets have their ge-
netic roots in the antiquities of the Yamna culture
and come from the mounds of the Northern Azov
region (Посредников, Зарайская 1993, с. 125), the
Crimea (Копьева 1990, с. 130), the Dnipro region
(Тощев, Самар 1990, с. 34, 35) and other areas.
Canine tooth (fangs) in the Early Bronze Age
graves of the late phase of the Yamna and the ear-
ly phase of the Catacomb cultures often accompany
children. This suggests a special role for these ob-
jects, which can be identified with children’s amulets.
Probably, in the minds of people whose everyday life
was connected with cattle breeding, the dog could be
identified as a protector. According to ethnograph-
ic data, children are considered the most vulnerable
and in need of protection from the evil eye and black
magic. Namely children wore amulets as a protective
item (Успенская 1988, с. 167). Bone or horn pins are
well known from the materials of the late phase of
the Yamna and the early phase of the Catacomb cul-
tures. As a rule, they have a hammer-shaped head and
a hole. The authors were unable to find a complete
analogy to the pin from the burial 6 of the barrow 1
of the Kalynivka II group among the Early Bronze
Age antiquities of the Northern Azov region. Tempo-
ral spiral pendants are also a typical category of ma-
terial culture of the Yamna and the early phase of the
Catacomb cultures of the North-Eastern Azov region
(Санжаров 2001, с. 33, 59).
Bronze plates, most likely attached to a leather
base, were part of a bracelet (burial 6 of the bar-
row 2 of the Kalynivka I group). Typologically sim-
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ilar specimens, but without punch ornamentation,
were uncovered in the burial of the early phase of
the Catacomb cultures in the Dnipro region (Buz-
ivka III, burial 16 of the barrow 2). The research-
ers of this complex believe that these plates were
used to decorate a leather belt (Марина, Костенко,
Никитин 1981, с. 7). In another burial from the
Dnipro region (Katerynivka, burial 12 of the bar-
row 1), traces of copper oxides from a bronze plate
bracelet were revealed on the right leg of the de-
ceased (Ромашко, Маріна 2018, с. 18). In the bur-
ials of the early phase of the Catacomb culture in
the Crimea (Bolotne, burial 28 of the barrow 14
and Frunze, burial 4 of the barrow 1), larger plates
were found, which were also attached to a leather
base and ornamented with a punch. They were ap-
parently used as fetish breast ornaments (Копьева-
Колотухина 2008, с. 253, 257).
In addition, while the appearance of ornament-
ed breastplates among the carriers of the catacomb
burial tradition can be seen as an influence from the
Caucasus, bracelets decorated with metal plates are
most likely the legacy of the Yamna culture tribes.
The fashion for jewellery in the form of leath-
er straps decorated with copper and bronze plates
(bracelets or belts) dates back to the Eneolithic pe-
riod. In the burial of the Post-Mariupol culture from
the island of Khortytsia on the Dnipro River, simi-
lar finds were discovered, although morphological-
ly somewhat different from their Early Bronze Age
counterparts (Гаврилюк на ін. 2006, с. 18). A se-
ries of direct analogies can be found in the materials
of the Yamna culture (Ольговський 1988, с. 136).
One detail that has been traced in the burial 10 of
the barrow 1 of the Kalynivka I group can be con-
sidered quite interesting. There, a resinous coating
was traced on the heads of the deceased. This case
is not unique. For the first time, a similar detail of
a funerary rite was recorded in the Northern Azov
region in a burial of the Early Catacomb culture
— burial 7 of the barrow 14 of the group Akker-
men I (Вязьмітіна та ін. 1960, с. 62). According to
L. Klein, such manipulations with the body of the
buried are associated with scalping (Клейн 1961,
с. 106). Unfortunately, the absence of anthropologi-
cal definitions does not allow confirming or refuting
this assumption in relation to the dead from the in-
vestigated barrow near Kalynivka village.
One destroyed burial of the Donetsk (Donetsk-
Don) Catacomb culture was discovered in the bar-
row 1 of the Kalynivka II group. The diagnostic find
was a pot with ornaments typical for the Donetsk
Catacomb culture. According to S. N. Bratchen-
ko’s typology, this pot belonged to the Division III,
Group A, Type 1 (Братченко 1976, с. 27), and ac-
cording to S. Pustovalov’s typology, to the Type 12
(Пустовалов 2009, с. 110). It is worth noting that
the graves of the bearers of this culture are quite
rare in the Azov steppes (Санжаров 2001, с. 99).
The ceramics of the “Donetsk” type is also found
in the burials of the Inhul Catacomb culture. Such
cases are known not only on the eastern periphery
of the area of the Inhul Catacomb culture, but also
very far beyond the distribution of the Donetsk
Catacomb culture (Іванов 2020, с. 65).
The Inhul Catacomb culture is represented by
two burials: Kalynivka I, burial 9 of the barrow 1
and Kalynivka II, burial 5 of the barrow 1. Both
complexes have a distinct number of features in-
herent in the sites of the Inhul Catacomb culture of
the North-Eastern Azov region: the inlet position in
the barrow, mainly in the eastern part of the mound,
the shape of the catacombs (rounded entrance shafts
and oval chambers), and the upright position of the
deceased (Санжаров 2001, с. 70-99). The ceramic
pot from the burial 5 can be attributed to the Type 18
according to the classification of S. Zh. Pustovalov
(Пустовалов 2009, с. 114). The relatively small
number of burials in this region can be explained by
the fact that the lower Kalmius River is the eastern
periphery of the Inhul Catacomb culture.
The Zrubna culture.
In total, at least six burials were found in the
four investigated barrows, which can be confi-
dently attributed to the Zrubna culture based on a
number of features of the ritual and inventory set.
The barrow 2 of the Kalynivka I group contained
three burials (2, 3 and 4). Barrows 1 and 2 of the
Kalynivka II group contained two (1 and 3) and
one (1) burials respectively. In all cases, the buri-
als of the Zrubna culture here were inlet ones, us-
ing already existing primary mounds, built by the
bearers of cultures of previous epochs. Thus, the
location of the inlet burials of the Zrubna culture
was entirely dependent on the layout of the ancient
mounds. However, certain principles of layout
cannot be traced for the burial complexes of the
Zrubna culture itself due to a small number of bur-
ials studied. In all cases, the graves occupied cen-
tral parts or south-western sectors of the mounds.
All burials were carried out in the mound at
a depth of 0.20 to 0.59 m from the modern sur-
face. In all cases, the contours of the grave struc-
ture were not recorded. It would be logical to as-
sume that a simple pit was used as a grave struc-
ture in these cases. The analysis of the depths of
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the grave pits of the Zrubna culture of the North-
ern Azov region and adjacent territories shows that
the pits with depths of up to 1.0 m predominate,
both in the array of inlet burials in the mound and
in the array of burials investigated in the mainland
pits (Забавин 2013, с. 60). The average depths of
the investigated burials of the Zrubna culture near
Kalynivka village do not contradict this statement,
which is due to the destruction (reduction) of the
mounds by many years of systematic ploughing.
Thus, the depth of the burial 4 in the mound filling
of the barrow 1 of the Kalynivka I group suggests
that this complex belongs to the Zrubna culture.
The analysis of the ritual and inventory set of
the studied burials reflects the general funerary tra-
ditions characteristic of the entire Zrubna entity.
The most widespread form of the studied graves
— an individual burial (an inhumation) in a reg-
ular pit, in a bent position on the left side, with
arms bent at the elbows and placed near the face
or in front of the chest of the deceased with the
head facing the eastern sector — is widespread
throughout the area of the Zrubna culture and is
recognised as a “standard” or “ritual norm”. There
is also a certain uniformity in the placement of ce-
ramic vessels in the space of the studied burials.
In all cases where it was possible to determine the
location of the vessels, they were placed in front
of the head (face) of the buried or in front of the
chest. Namely such an area proved to be the most
typical for the placement of ceramic vessels in the
burials of the Zrubna culture of the Northern Azov
region — 84.3 % of cases (Забавін 2019, с. 91).
In general, according to V. V. Otroshchenko’s
concept of two funerary traditions or lines of de-
velopment of the Zrubna cultural entity, the investi-
gated sites belong to the zone of absolute predomi-
nance of the Berezhnivka-Maivka Zrubna culture in
terms of their territorial and cultural-chronological
features (e.g. Отрощенко 1994; 2003). Thus, based
on the typological analysis of the ritual and inven-
tory complex and mound comparative stratigraphy,
all the studied burials of the Kalynivka barrows can
be confidently attributed to one chronological hori-
zon, which features to the characteristics of the third
(late) stage of the development of the Zrubna cul-
ture of the Northern Azov region.
The Early Iron Age.
The burial 1, investigated in the barrow 1 of the
Kalynivka I group, belongs to the Early Iron Age
and precedes the Scythian sites. Some research-
ers interpret these burials as the Cimmerian culture
(O. І. Terenozhkin, S. V. Makhortykh, S. А. Sko-
ryi), while others attribute them to the Chornohoriv-
ka culture (O. R. Dubovska, M. M. Darahan). In
his publications of the 1960s, and later in his fun-
damental work on the Cimmerians, O. І. Terenozh-
kin divided all the pre-Scythian sites of the Early
Iron Age of the Northern Black Sea region into two
chronological horizons (stages): the Chornohorivka
and Novocherkassk periods. The author identified
the inhabitants of these two cultural groups with
the historical Cimmerians, known from Greek and
Eastern written sources (Тереножкин 1976). The
researchers attributed to the Chornohorivka group
those burials described by the deceased’s posture
bent on the left side and oriented in an eastern di-
rection. The chronological boundary of the Chorno-
horivka stage was defined within 950–750 BC. The
second, Novocherkassk stage, was characterised by
burials with the body in a straightened position and
a predominantly western orientation, which were
dated to 750–650 BC (Тереножкин 1976, с. 93-
98; Дубовская 1997; Махортых, Скорый 2004;
Черных, Дараган 2014, с. 345-348).
Thus, the burial discovered near Kalynivka is
interpreted by the authors as a Cimmerian burial of
the Novocherkassk type (according to O. I. Tere-
nozhkin and S. V. Makhortykh) or as a burial of the
late stage of the Chornohorivka culture (according
to O. R. Dubovska and M. M. Darahan).
The burial 7, investigated in the barrow 2 of
the Kalynivka I group, can also be attributed to the
Early Iron Age by a set of features. The use of an
existing mound for a burial, the supine position
of the deceased and the orientation to the north-
ern sector (with a deviation to the east), a shal-
low depth of the burial (including in the mound)
are the main distinctive features of early Sarma-
tian burials in the Northern Black Sea region (2nd
— 1st centuries BC), to which the published com-
plex should be attributed. The absence of reliable
markers in the ritual and inventory set makes it dif-
ficult to narrow the date of this burial. Small glass
beads are a fairly common category of finds. As a
rule, they are dated broadly (one and a half to two
centuries). The ceramic spindle whorls represent-
ed in the early Sarmatian burials of the Northern
Black Sea region are also chronologically neutral
(Симоненко 1994, с. 35-38, 44).
Thus, on the basis of the barrow comparative
stratigraphy and typological analysis of the ritual
and inventory complex, all burials investigated in
four barrows near Kalynivka village were cultural-
ly attributed and distributed by chronological ho-
rizons (tabl. 1).
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Conclusions
In the field seasons of 1985 and 1989, the Mar-
iupol Archaeological Expedition led by V. K. Kul-
baka explored four mounds in the Northern Azov
region on the eastern outskirts of Mariupol. The
barrow group was located on the left watershed of
the Omelkova gully (left tributary of the Kalmi-
us River). The mounds were part of a large bar-
row field located in the floodplain of the Kalmius
River left bank. In 1985, two barrows in a group
of four mounds were excavated near Kalynivka vil-
lage (Kalynivka I). Ten burials were discovered in
the barrow 1: three of the Yamna culture, five of the
Catacomb cultures, one of the Zrubna culture, and
one of the Iron Age (Cimmerian, Novocherkassk
type). Nine burials were discovered in the barrow 2:
one of the Yamna culture, four of the Catacomb cul-
tures, three of the Zrubna culture, and one of the
Iron Age (Sarmatian). In 1989, two barrows were
also studied in the neighbourhood of Kalynivka vil-
lage (Kalynivka II). Ten burials were discovered in
the barrow 1: five of the Yamna culture, three of the
Catacomb cultures, and two of the Zrubna culture.
Two burials were researched in the barrow 2: one of
the Yamna culture, and one of the Zrubna culture.
A total of 31 burials were investigated in four
mounds near Kalynivka village. According to their
cultural and chronological features, the studied
complexes belong to different archaeological cul-
tures from the Early Bronze to the Early Iron Ages:
the Yamna culture — 10; the Catacomb cultures —
12; the Zrubna culture — 7; the Early Iron Age — 2.
The ritual and inventory features of the Yam-
na culture burials allow attributing them to the
late (possibly to the end of the developed and late)
stage of the existence of this culture in the Azov
steppes. In geographical terms, these materials be-
long to the Azov variant of the Yamna cultural area
or to the Azov-Crimean group.
Twelve burials were discovered in three
mounds, which can be attributed to the Catacomb
cultures of the Northern Azov region based on ritu-
al and inventory features. In particular, nine of the
Catacomb culture early phase, one of the Donetsk
Catacomb culture and two of the Inhul Catacomb
culture.
All the studied burials of the Zrubna culture
belong to the same horizon, which corresponds to
the characteristics of the third (late) chronological
horizon of the development of the Zrubna culture
of the Northern Azov region. In general, the stud-
ied sites belong to the zone of absolute predomi-
nance of the Berezhnivka-Maivka Zrubna culture
in terms of their geographical location and cultural
and chronological features.
One burial, based on a set of features, belongs
to the Early Iron Age and predates the Scythian
sites. The authors interpret the burial as the Cim-
merian site of the Novocherkassk type or as the
burial of the late stage of the Chornohorivka cul-
ture. The second burial can also be dated to the
Early Iron Age. According to a number of features
of the ritual and inventory complex, the burial be-
longs to the circle of early Sarmatian sites of the
Northern Black Sea region.
Table 1. Cultural identity of the burials of the Kalynivka barrows
Archaeological
cultures
(chronological
horizons)
Kalynivka І, barrow
1/
Kalynivka І,
barrow 2/
Kalynivka ІІ,
barrow 1
Kalynivka ІІ, barrow
2
Burial number
Sarmatian — 7 — —
Cimmerian 1 — — —
Zrubna culture 4 2, 3, 4 1, 3 1
Catacomb cultures 2, 7, 8, 9, 10 1, 6, 8, 9 2, 5, 6 —
Yamna culture 3, 5, 6 5 4, 7, 8, 9, 10 2
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ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 1 77
В. О. Забавін1, С. Г. Небрат2
1Кандидат історичних наук, доцент, науковий співробітник Інституту археології Словацької академії наук, м. Ні-
тра; доцент кафедри історії та археології Маріупольського державного університету, ORCID: 0000-0001-7546-8319,
zabavinmdu@gmail.com
2Магістр історії, заступник керівника археологічної експедиції Маріупольського державного університету, ORCID:
0000-0003-1623-7283, nebrat2007@ukr.net
КУРГАНИ БІЛЯ С. КАЛИНІВКА
(ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ МАРІУПОЛЬСЬКОЇ АРХЕОЛОГІЧНОЇ ЕКСПЕДИЦІЇ)
У статті наголошено на нових чинниках знищення пам’яток археології та загрозах, які в кілька разів посилилися під
час воєнних дій. Наявні загрози та стан археологічної спадщини в умовах війни значною мірою актуалізують потребу
та вимагають публікації матеріалів, отриманих під час досліджень у Північному Приазов’ї. У роботі відбито результати
досліджень Маріупольської археологічної експедиції під керівництвом В. К. Кульбаки чотирьох курганів доби бронзи
— раннього залізного віку поблизу с. Калинівка в заплаві лівого берега р. Кальміус (околиці м. Маріуполь) у 1985 та
1989 рр.
Проаналізовано обрядово-інвентарний комплекс поховань. Розглянуто питання культурно-хронологічної
інтерпретації отриманих матеріалів. Усього в чотирьох курганах було відкрито 31 поховання різних археологічних
культур від доби ранньої бронзи до залізного віку. Поховання ямної культури належать до пізнього (можливо, до кінця
розвиненого та пізнього) етапу існування цієї культури у приазовських степах. Територіально ці матеріали належать до
приазовського варіанту давньоямної культурної області або до приазовсько-кримської групи. Було виявлено 12 поховань
різних катакомбних культур, зокрема 9 ранньокатакомбних, 1 донецької та 2 інгульської катакомбної культури. Усі
поховання зрубної культури належать до одного стратиграфічного горизонту, який відповідає характеристикам
ІІІ (пізнього) хронологічного горизонту розвитку зрубної культури Північного Приазов’я (бережнівсько-маївська зрубна
культура). Два поховання за комплексом ознак належать до періоду раннього залізного віку. Одне поховання передує
пам’яткам скіфського часу та проінтерпретоване авторами як кіммерійська пам’ятка новочеркаського типу або як
поховання пізнього етапу чорногорівської культури. Друге поховання за низкою ознак обрядово-інвентарного комплексу
належить до кола ранньосарматських пам’яток Північного Причорномор’я.
Ключові слова: Північне Приазов’я, Маріуполь, доба бронзи, ранній залізний вік, курган, поховання.
бронзы. Воронеж: Издательство Воронежского универси-
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Пиневич, П. М. 1928. Археологические обследования
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| id | arheologia-com-ua-article-407 |
| institution | Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface |
| issn | 2616-499X |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:05:55Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | arheologiacomua/53/493b5647ef7e9abfe32820e90b81c753.pdf |
| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-4072025-04-11T19:21:02Z Barrows Near Kalynivka Village (Based on Materials of the Mariupol Archaeological Expedition) Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції) Zabavin , V. O. Nebrat , S. H. Azov Sea northern region, Mariupol, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, barrow, burial. Північне Приазов’я, Маріуполь, доба бронзи, ранній залізний вік, курган, поховання. In the article, the results of research of the Bronze — Early Iron Ages barrows near Kalynivka village in the Azov Sea northern region conducted by the Mariupol Archaeological Expedition in 1985 and 1989 and led by V. К. Kulbaka, are presented. The ritual and inventory assemblages of burials are examined. The issues of cultural and chronological interpretation of the obtained materials are considered. У статті наголошено на нових чинниках знищення пам’яток археології та загрозах, які в кілька разів посилилися під час воєнних дій. Наявні загрози та стан археологічної спадщини в умовах війни значною мірою актуалізують потребу та вимагають публікації матеріалів, отриманих під час досліджень у Північному Приазов’ї. У роботі відбито результати досліджень Маріупольської археологічної експедиції під керівництвом В. К. Кульбаки чотирьох курганів доби бронзи — раннього залізного віку поблизу с. Калинівка в заплаві лівого берега р. Кальміус (околиці м. Маріуполь) у 1985 та 1989 рр.Проаналізовано обрядово-інвентарний комплекс поховань. Розглянуто питання культурно-хронологічної інтерпретації отриманих матеріалів. Усього в чотирьох курганах було відкрито 31 поховання різних археологічних культур від доби ранньої бронзи до залізного віку. Поховання ямної культури належать до пізнього (можливо, до кінця розвиненого та пізнього) етапу існування цієї культури у приазовських степах. Територіально ці матеріали належать до приазовського варіанту давньоямної культурної області або до приазовсько-кримської групи. Було виявлено 12 поховань різних катакомбних культур, зокрема 9 ранньокатакомбних, 1 донецької та 2 інгульської катакомбної культури. Усі поховання зрубної культури належать до одного стратиграфічного горизонту, який відповідає характеристикам ІІІ (пізнього) хронологічного горизонту розвитку зрубної культури Північного Приазов’я (бережнівсько-маївська зрубна культура). Два поховання за комплексом ознак належать до періоду раннього залізного віку. Одне поховання передує пам’яткам скіфського часу та проінтерпретоване авторами як кіммерійська пам’ятка новочеркаського типу або як поховання пізнього етапу чорногорівської культури. Друге поховання за низкою ознак обрядово-інвентарного комплексу належить до кола ранньосарматських пам’яток Північного Причорномор’я. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2025-03-19 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/407 10.15407/arheologia2025.01.046 Arheologia; No 1 (2025): Arheologia; 47-79 Археологія ; № 1 (2025): Археологія; 47-79 Археология; № 1 (2025): Arheologia; 47-79 2616-499X 0235-3490 en https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/407/418 Copyright (c) 2025 Arheologia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.en |
| spellingShingle | Північне Приазов’я Маріуполь доба бронзи ранній залізний вік курган поховання. Zabavin , V. O. Nebrat , S. H. Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції) |
| title | Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції) |
| title_alt | Barrows Near Kalynivka Village (Based on Materials of the Mariupol Archaeological Expedition) |
| title_full | Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції) |
| title_fullStr | Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції) |
| title_short | Кургани біля с. Калинівка (за матеріалами Маріупольської археологічної експедиції) |
| title_sort | кургани біля с. калинівка (за матеріалами маріупольської археологічної експедиції) |
| topic | Північне Приазов’я Маріуполь доба бронзи ранній залізний вік курган поховання. |
| topic_facet | Azov Sea northern region Mariupol Bronze Age Early Iron Age barrow burial. Північне Приазов’я Маріуполь доба бронзи ранній залізний вік курган поховання. |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/407 |
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