Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз
The Ohuz kurhan is the burial place of one of the last kings of Scythia from the end of the third quarter of the 4th century BC. Among many artefacts from the Northern Grave is a gold earring with a pendant in the shape of a sphinx figure. Several similar finds come mainly from the Bosporus and are...
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Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
2025
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Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface| _version_ | 1872824636008300544 |
|---|---|
| author | Fialko, О. Ye. |
| author_facet | Fialko, О. Ye. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "О. Ye. Fialko",
"institution": "DSc, Leading Research Fellow, the Early Iron Age Archaeology Department, the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Fialko, О. Ye. |
| baseUrl_str | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | 45 |
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 32 |
| container_title | Археологія |
| container_volume | |
| datestamp_date | 2025-07-04T20:03:35Z |
| description | The Ohuz kurhan is the burial place of one of the last kings of Scythia from the end of the third quarter of the 4th century BC. Among many artefacts from the Northern Grave is a gold earring with a pendant in the shape of a sphinx figure. Several similar finds come mainly from the Bosporus and are dated to the second half of the 4th century BC. This luxurious decoration is an important marker of the social and gender status of the deceased. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/archaeologyua2025.02.032 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:05:54Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 2 2025
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ГАРДІ С. Е., PhD, Університет ім. Рея Хуана Карлоса, Іспанія
ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон
Сорбонна, Францiя
ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Німеччина
ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О., кандидат історичних наук, Варшавський університет, Польща
ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
РАБІНОВІЦ А., PhD, Техаський університет в Остіні, Сполучені штати Америки
ФОРНАСЬЄ Й., професор, доктор хаб., Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера,
Німеччина
ШЕВЧЕНКО T. М., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України (вiдповiдальний секретар)
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947
FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
BUISKYKH A. V., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
DJINDJIAN F., Professor, Dr. Hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
FORNASIER J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
HARDY S. A., PhD, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain
KAISER E., Professor, Dr. Hab., Free University of Berlin, Germany
OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
PLAVINSKI M. O., PhD in History, University of Warsaw, Poland
POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
RABINOWITZ A., PhD in Classical Archaeology, University of Texas at Austin, the USA
SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine (Executive Secretary)
ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 2 2025
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
Articles
БІЛИНСЬКИЙ О. О. Процеси урбанізації ран-
нього залізного віку в східноєвропейскьому лісо-
степу: вступ до теми
ФІАЛКО О. Є. Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану
Огуз
ШРАМКО І. Б. Бронзові дзеркала з поховань
курганного некрополя Скоробір
VOZNYI I. P. Familiarising the Population of the
Northern Part of Bukovina with Firearms in the
Second Half of the 14th — 15th Centuries
Discoveries and Recent Finds
ОЗ Дж. Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з
Мири та Андріаке
History of Science
KOROST I. I. The Set of Sites of the Territory and
Vicinity of the Bilsk Hillfort: Main Results of the
Initial Stage of Research
Статтi
BILYNSKYI O. O. Processes of Early Iron Age
Urbanisation of Eastern European Forest-Steppe:
The State of the Art
FIALKO О. Ye. Top Women’s Jewellery From
the Ohuz Kurgan
SHRAMKO I. B. Bronze Mirrors from the Burials
of the Skorobir Necropolis
ВОЗНИЙ І. П. Ознайомлення населення пів-
нічної частини Буковини з вогнепальною
зброєю в другій половині ХІV—ХV ст.
Новi вiдкриття та знахiдки
ÖZ C. A General Evaluation of the Hellenistic
Pottery from Myra and Andriake
Iсторiя науки
КОРОСТ І. І. Комплекс пам’яток території й
округи Більського городища: головні підсумки
робіт на початковому етапі дослідження
5
32
46
68
91
111
Хронiка
До 60-рiччя Iгоря Готуна
Пам’яті Світлани Бессонової
News Review
To the 60th anniversary of Ihor Hotun
In memory of Svitlana Bessonova
147
149
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 232
УДК: 904.25(477.72)”638” https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2025.02.032
© FIALKO Olena Yevhenivna, 2025 — DSc, Leading Research
Fellow, the Early Iron Age Archaeology Department, the
Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0002-4976-3266, ofialka@ukr.net
© Інститут археології НАН України, 2025
TOP WOMEN’S JEWELLERY FROM THE OHUZ KURHAN
О. Ye. FIALKO
Context of the find
The position of the Ohuz kurhan, according to
the latest administrative division, is marked 2.5 km
north-east of the large steppe settlement of Nyzhni
Sirohozy of Henichesk district (former Nyzhnio-
sirohoz) in Kherson Oblast, Ukraine (fig. 1).
Ohuz was built on a watershed and occupied
a central place in the steppe between the Dnipro
and Molochna Rivers. In the expanse of the Black
Sea steppe, the Ohuz kurhan is the southernmost
of the six largest mounds of Scythia. It is located
in the same long strip with ancient gigantic buri-
al structures: Kozel, Solokha, Chortomlyk, the un-
excavated Nechaieva Mohyla, Aleksandropil and
Chekereska Mohyla.
The barrow was excavated in four stages. The
research was started by M. І. Veselovskyi (1891–
1894), continued by V. Roth (1902) and O. M. Les-
kov (1972), and completed by Yu. V. Boltryk
(1979–1981). That is, the excavations had lasted
a total of nine field seasons, which stretched over
90 years. As a result, in the kurhan, 21 m high and
100–110 m in diameter, in addition to structural
elements, the following were discovered (fig. 2:
1): the Central burial structure and the associated
horse burials on the western path, a horse grave,
two Western graves, and separate Southern and
Northern graves (Фиалко 1994b; Boltrik, Fialko
2007). Despite the devastating robbery, 10844 ob-
jects were found in the kurhan, including jewellery
made of various materials.
The northern female grave (fig. 2: 2) was also
robbed, however, during its excavations 6167 gold
elements of costume decoration were found, among
which 535 correspond to details of removable jew-
ellery (mainly complex necklaces) and 5632 are
embroidered plaques of various types (Болтрик,
Фіалко 2024, с. 115-125; 364-411). Among this
variety of decorative elements, a gold earring with
a figured pendant attracts attention.
Before moving on to its consideration, it should
be noted that in Ohuz, earrings were found in two
graves. In the Central Burial Complex ― in the
northern and western niches. There were ordinary
bronze ring-shaped earrings, which corresponded to
The Ohuz kurhan is the burial place of one of
the last kings of Scythia from the end of the third
quarter of the 4th century BC. Among many artefacts
from the Northern Grave is a gold earring with a
pendant in the shape of a sphinx figure. Several
similar finds come mainly from the Bosporus and
are dated to the second half of the 4th century BC.
This luxurious decoration is an important marker
of the social and gender status of the deceased.
K e y w o r d s: European Scythia, kurhan, earrings,
jewellery, sphinx, gender and social markers.
Burial monuments give the most complete idea of
the Scythian costume. However, it is mainly about
decorations — i.e. the decor of the garment — its
removable and sewn-on elements.
Among the removable ornaments of the Scyth-
ians, earrings probably occupy the second place in
terms of the number and frequency of finds. This
type of decoration has already become the subject
of a special study. The most thorough research is the
work by V. H. Petrenko Ornaments of Scythia of the
7th—3rd centuries BC, where a separate section was
devoted to these ornaments. The author considered
606 specimens (earrings and temple pendants) and
proposed her typology, dividing these ornaments
into 35 types (Петренко 1978, с. 21). Such typol-
ogy is still relevant today and is used by everyone
who turns to the consideration of these removable
ornaments (for example: Клочко, Березова 1999;
Бессонова 2007; Болтрик, Фиалко 2007; Клочко
et al. 2021, etc.). Thus, based on the well-developed
typology, the attention in this article will be drawn
to one exquisite decoration from the Ohuz kurhan,
the tomb of one of the last kings of Scythia. The
technological features of the jewellery, its seman-
tic and symbolic content will be considered, with an
emphasis on the socio-gender aspect.
This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.uk
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 33
dependents of the funeral procession, respectively,
with an adult woman and a man. In the Northern
Grave there was a gold sculptural earring.
Description of the sculptural earring
The earring from the Northern Grave (fig. 3)
was cast in gold (958°) from a wax model, us-
ing solder and stamping. Its total height is 3.3 cm,
weight — 6.52 g. The pendant is made in the shape
of a gold three-dimensional figure of a winged
sphinx sitting on a pedestal. This item consists of
several separate elements: a bracket, a three-tiered
rosette, a soldered ring, a second ring with wire, a
sphinx figure, and a pedestal.
The bracket is made of round wire (diameter —
0.1 cm), bent in half. Its total length is 2.7 cm. The
upper end of the bracket ends with a figured flat-
tened thickening (width — 0.2 cm) — flat on the
back and embossed on the outside, with an inter-
ception that resembles a snake’s head. Its lower end
is riveted (width ≈ 0.2 cm) and a ring (diameter —
0.4 cm) is soldered to it, rolled from round wire (di-
ameter — 0.1 cm). On the front side, a three-tiered
rosette is soldered to the bracket. The lower tier is
11-petal (diameter — 0.9 cm), to which a ring made
of a gold ribbon placed on an edge is fused. The
second tier was attached to the latter — also 11-pet-
al (diameter — 0.7 cm), to which a flat plaque is
joined. The third tier is soldered to the plate — a
Fig. 1. Spatial position of the Ohuz kurhan
Nechaieva Mohyla
Aleksandropil
Chekereska Mohyla
Ohuz
Nyzhni Sirohozy
Solokha
Chortomlyk
km
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 234
seven-petal (diameter — 0.4 cm), in the centre of
which there is a fused ball (diameter — 0.15 cm).
Each petal is outlined with corrugated wire, in the
centre — a pressed dot — a mark of a punch. The
second ring (diameter — 0.3 cm) is inserted into
the ring of the bracket, soldered to a gold grooved
wire of 0.6 cm long. The second end of the wire is
joined to the back of the sphinx. The presence of
two rings contributed to the mobility of the pendant.
A pendant in the shape of a sphinx figure with
a female head and the body of a lion (fig. 4). The
facial features are carefully highlighted: a slightly
curved nose, eyebrows, eyes with slightly swollen
eyelids, and clearly defined lips. The head is slight-
ly tilted to the right, the hair is gathered in a bun at
the back of the head, and the strands are separated
by parallel grooves and marked with oblique notch-
es. The chest, ribs, muscles, and toes are depicted in
relief. The sphinx is sitting calmly on its hind legs,
in a characteristic pose of feline animals. The tail is
curled into a spiral and is lying near the right hind
leg. The raised wings consist of three rows of feath-
ers in the lower part. The upper part is decorated in
the form of six long feathers bent forward. The feath-
ers are depicted in small strokes, carefully crafted.
The height of the figure is 1.75 cm, width — 0.5 cm.
The figurine is soldered to a quadrangular pedestal,
its dimensions are 1.1 × 0.6 cm, height — 0.4 cm.
Corrugated wires are fused to the lower and upper
bases along the perimeter, and four balls are joined
to the corners at the top. The side walls are deco-
rated with a floral ornament in the form of corrugat-
ed wires bent into spirals, with balls soldered to the
ends of each wire (diameter — 0.05 cm). The ped-
estal is slightly wrinkled on one side. The earring is
made very carefully, with attention to small details.
This decoration is stored in the collections of the In-
stitute of Archaeology of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine.
Based on the morphological features, this ear-
ring belongs to the type 13, according to the typology
of V. H. Petrenko. The researcher included into this
type the only pair of earrings from the Crimea (Three
Brothers Kurhan), which will be discussed below
(Петренко 1978, с. 32). Currently, specimens from
five complexes can be attributed to this type.
Analogies
Several jewels of the abovementioned type are
known, similar in design and general features, but
different due to the technique of execution (most
of them are hollow inside) and small details.
First of all, this is a pair of earrings (fig. 5: 1) of a
“middle-aged” woman from the tomb 1 of kurhan
1 of the Three Brothers group near Kerch (Ки-
рилин 1968, с. 178; Лоренц, Трейстер 2008, с. 21,
табл. 57). The earrings differ somewhat in size (to-
tal height is 4.67 and 4.4 cm) and are made of gold
of different fineness (900° and 958°). Each of them
consists of three main parts, supplemented by small
elements. The bracket is made of rectangular wire,
Fig. 2. Ohuz kurhan: 1 — a general plan of the barrow; 2 — a plan and section of the Northern tomb
1 2
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 35
bent in half. One end is bent outward, and a two-
tiered rosette (max. diameter — 0.65 cm) is sol-
dered to the other end on the front side. The lower
tier is seven-petal, and the upper one is six-petal.
Each petal is outlined with a ribbed wire and filled
with blue or green enamel. In the centre, the ro-
sette is decorated with a ball of grain. Below the
rosette, a figure of a sphinx sitting on a pedestal is
attached to the bracket. The sphinx is depicted in a
calm state — a fantastic creature is sitting evenly
on its hind legs. The head with delicate facial fea-
tures is framed by wavy strands of hair gathered
into a hairstyle and is decorated with a headdress
(stephane) with a scanty floral ornament and disc-
shaped earrings with enamel. The neck is covered
by a chocker (or a necklace) made of thin ribbed
wire. The figure emphasises soft female forms, de-
tailed paws, and visible ribs. The tail is made of thin
round wire, curved as a loop; the tip is decorated
with horizontal corrugation. The lush wings with
Fig. 3. Golden earring from the Ohuz kurhan, the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
inv. no. З‑462. Photo by the author, draft by H. S. Serhiienko
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 236
stripes of feathers are open and raised. On the back,
they are soldered together with wire. The wings and
tails are made separately and joined to the figures.
The dimensions of the sculptures: height — 3.4 and
3.17 cm, width — 1.78 and 1.6 cm respectively. The
figure is fused to a quadrangular pedestal. The di-
mensions of these elements vary slightly (1.5 × 0.7
and 1.5 × 0.8 cm, height — 0.6 and 0.5 cm respec-
tively). Along the perimeter on the lower and up-
per bases there are soldered corrugated and smooth
darts, between which there is an ornamental frieze
with egg-and-darts (ovolos) filled with blue and
green enamel. This pair of earrings is stored in the
collection of the Treasury of the National Museum
of the History of Ukraine in Kyiv.
A similar earring (fig. 5: 2) was discovered in
a female soil reliquary of the necropolis of an-
cient Feodosiia, on the northern slope of Mount
Tepe-Oba (Катюшин 1980, с. 273). According to
the description by Ye. O. Katiushyn, it is made of
a gold leaf (weight — 9.7 g), and its total height is
5.0 cm. The bracket is made of rectangular wire
bent in half. One end of it is slightly bent outwards;
to the other on the front side a single-tier six-pet-
al rosette is soldered. The petals are outlined with
thin wires; in the centre there is a ball of grain. To
this end of the bracket the figure of a sphinx sit-
ting on its hind legs is fused. The creature’s head
is slightly tilted forward, and the hair is gathered
into a coiffure. The headdress with a serrated upper
edge is decorated with teardrop-shaped filigree de-
tails. The neck is decorated with a necklace made
of fine grain. The wings are raised, and the feathers
are conveyed by notches. The long tail of thin wire
is raised and curved in the shape of a loop. The back
of the body, including the legs, croup, and spine, is
soldered from two halves that merge into the base.
Both halves are connected under the attached wings.
The total height of the sphinx figure (from the base
to the headdress) is 2.8 cm. The sphinx is joined to
a pedestal, measuring 1.5 × 0.7 cm, approximate-
ly 1.0 cm high. Along the perimeter on the lower
and upper bases, corrugated and smooth darts are
soldered, between which there was an ornamental
frieze of egg-and-darts. Ye. O. Katiushyn suggested
that they were originally filled with enamel lost in
the fire (Катюшин 1978, с. 76-78). The earring was
kept in the Local History Museum of Feodosiia.
The Kerch and Feodosiia specimens (fig. 5: 1,
2) are quite similar to each other. Their main details
are identical — the pose of the sphinx, the general
nature of the arrangement of the wings, and a tail,
and the decoration of the pedestal with egg-and-
darts ornamentation. At the same time, there are
differences in the design of the rosettes, headdress-
es, neck ornaments, pedestals, and the presence/ab-
sence of enamel decoration. In addition, the Feodo-
siia specimen is somewhat simplified and coarser.
A pair of similar earrings (fig. 6: 1, 2) was
found in 1853 during the excavations of the Feo-
dosiia necropolis by I. K. Aivazovskyi (Раскоп-
ки Айвазовского…, с. 251; ed. Жиль 1854, с. 77,
78, табл. XII а, рис. 2; Катюшин 1978, с. 77). Its
total height is ≈ 5.5 cm. These jewels differ from
the previous ones in small details. The bracket
is made of rectangular wire (width ≈ 0.15 cm). It
is decorated with a small single-tiered rosette (di-
ameter ≈ 0.7 cm) with a ball of grain in the mid-
dle. The details of the creature’s figure seem to be
somewhat smoothed. The upright head is decorat-
ed with a high headdress with a relief ornament;
there is a necklace on the neck. The raised wings
Fig. 4. Pendant earrings in the shape of a sphinx figurine.
Ohuz kurhan, the Institute of Archaeology of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, inv. no. З‑462. Photo by
the author
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 37
are narrow; the tail bent into a loop is pressed to
the rump. The total height of the Sphinx figure is
≈ 3.2 cm. The pedestal (length — 1.4 cm, height
≈ 0.6 cm) is outlined around the perimeter with
thin wire. The side walls are decorated with flo-
ral ornamentation in the shape of embossed plant
shoots, curved in spirals (similar to the Ohuz item).
It is stored in the Hermitage (St. Petersburg).
Despite its great similarity to the above jew-
ellery, the earring from the Ohuz kurhan differs
slightly in small details; it is more miniature, made
more carefully and elegantly.
The series of similar ornaments is completed
by another gold earring (fig. 6: 3). This is a speci-
men from the collection of the Museum of Ana-
tolian Civilisations. Its place of discovery is un-
Fig. 5. Gold earrings with pendants in the shape of a sphinx figure: 1 — barrow no. 1 of the Three Brothers group, after:
Piotrovsky, Galanina, Grach 1986, fig. 245; 2 — a ground tomb, Feodosiia necropolis (1978), after: Болтрик, Фіалко 2025,
рис. 4: 3
1 2
Fig. 6. Gold earrings with pendants in the shape of a sphinx figure: 1, 2 — Feodosiia necropolis (1853), after: Болтрик, Фіалко
2025, рис. 4: 5; ed. Жиль 1854, tabl. XII а, figs. 2; 3 — Museum of Anatolian Civilisations, after: Bingӧl 1999, p. 63
1 2
3
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 238
known. The earring is similarly made of gold, but
in a more simplified version – without a pedestal.
The long-curved bracket is soldered to the back of
the figure and has no socket, while it is decorat-
ed with inserts of precious stones above the head
and between the front legs. Total weight is 5.15 g,
height —2.1 cm, width — 1.7 cm (Greifenhagen
1970, pl. 21/7; Bingӧl 1999, p. 63, cat. 31). The
bracket is made of a long-curved wire, round in
cross-section, with a pointed end bent downwards.
It is attached to the back of a winged sphinx sit-
ting on its hind legs. The creature’s head is a bit
thrown back. The hair is parted in the centre and
is falling on both sides to the level of the chest.
A round frame is joined to the head, which sup-
posed to hold a precious stone (it has not been pre-
served). A small wire ring-loop is attached to the
frame. Two ornamental stripes of a pair of longi-
tudinal recessed lines with a row of punched im-
pressions descend from the neck crosswise, cov-
ering the chest and diverging to the front legs. A
teardrop-shaped frame with a garnet (red gem) in-
sert is attached between the front legs. The open
wings are raised and curved above the head. The
tail is made of round wire with horizontal grooves,
twisted; its end is pressed to the side against the
croup. The legs, tail, head, and phalanges of the
fingers were made separately from sheet gold and
then soldered together. The figure is mounted on
a flat, thin plate with rounded corners. While the
characteristic details (the rosette, the headdress,
the neck ornament, and the pedestal) are absent, in
this case, there are new elements (precious stone
inserts, and a pattern on the chest).
Earrings with sculptural pendants in the shape
of winged sphinxes or lions are also known from
other kurhans of representatives of the Scythian
elite, for example, in Diiv Kurhan and Chortom-
lyk (fig. 7). However, while repeating the general
scheme of the jewel, they differ significantly in ar-
tistic level — the obvious simplification of the im-
age and the carelessness of execution.
Chronology
The considered type of earrings with a pendant
in the shape of a sculptural image of a sphinx is
dated mainly within the last third — the end of the
4th century BC (Hadaczek 1903, S. 37; Петренко
1978, с. 32). The earring from the Anatolian Muse-
um is dated relatively broadly — the 4th century BC
(Bingӧl 1999, p. 63) due to the lack of context of its
discovery. The pair of earrings from the first Three
Brothers kurhan, according to M. Treister, was part
of a jewellery set with enamel, which is dated by
350–340 BC. The chronology of this tomb is lim-
ited to the last third of the 4th century BC (Трей-
стер 2008, с. 120, 145). The earring from the Feo-
Fig. 7. Earrings with figured pendants: 1 — Chortomlyk barrow (electrum and silver); 2 — Diiv barrow (gold), after: Piotrovsky,
Galanina, Grach 1986, figs. 252‒253, 131‒132
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dosiia Museum, based on the accompanying finds
and, in particular, the handle of a stamped amphora
and other artefacts, is dated to the end of the 4th cen-
tury BC (Катюшин 1978, с. 78). The earring from
the Northern Grave of Ohuz should also be dated to
this time — within the last third — the end of the
4th century BC. However, it’s possible, that the time
of manufacture of the jewellery itself may be some-
what older than the time of the burial of its owner.
The Language of Symbols
Finally, the questions to discuss are: why were
elegant gold earrings decorated with pendants in the
shape of a misanthropic monster and what kind of
strange image is this? It is believed that this mythi-
cal creature appeared around the 3rd millennium BC
in ancient Egyptian art as a deity with the body of
a lion and the head of a man (or another creature
— a bird or a ram) (ed. Токарев 1987, с. 479). Ac-
cordingly, it combined the strength of a lion and the
wisdom of a man and appeared in two guises —
male or female. The functions of this silent crea-
ture included: protecting the pharaohs, preserva-
tion of knowledge, and accompanying people to the
afterlife (Desmond 1972, p. 72; López-Ruiz 2024,
p. 190-202). In other words, they served as guards.
An example of the earliest depiction is the well-
known sculpture of the Great Sphinx of Giza, which
was created during the reign of the pharaohs of the
Fourth Dynasty around 2559 BC (Lehner 2003;
Скляренко et al. 2008, с. 172-174).
Much later, in the early archaic period, this ar-
tistic image was borrowed by Greek artists, who
somewhat developed and improved it. In the 7th
century BC, this character first appears in ancient
literature, in the poem “Theogony” by Hesiod
(Hes. Theog. 326–327). At the same time, he be-
gins to be involved in the paintings of Ionian vases
(Скржинская 2010, с. 199).
In Greek mythology, the name of this female
creature Sphinx (or Fix) arose from the convergence
with the verb “to squeeze” or “to strangle” (ed. Ме-
летинский 1991, с. 520). According to the gene-
alogy of the gods of Hesiod, presented in a broad
sense (Лосев 2005, с. 18), the Sphinx is considered
one of the five children of the chthonic monsters Ty-
phon and Echidna (Hes. Theog. 306–327). It is ap-
propriate to recall the words of Herodotus (II, 53)
about Homer and Hesiod, that it was they who in
their works told the Hellenes about the origin of the
gods, they gave each god the now known name, de-
termined who received what honour and what each
was responsible for. And also, what each of them
looked like. So, the Sphinx, like the rest of her mis-
anthropic relatives, absorbed the features of several
creatures: a head with a woman’s face, the body of a
lion, the wings of a bird, and the tail of a bull.
Ancient authors have transmitted several ver-
sions of the legend about the Sphinx, but the
most popular is the one associated with Oedi-
pus (Diod. Sic. IV, 64, 4; Apollod. Bibl. III, 5, 8;
Hyg. Fab. 67). It says that the goddess Hera sent
the Sphinx to the city of Thebes as punishment for
the crime of King Laius (Oedipus’ father), who
kidnapped the son of Pelops. The Sphinx, sitting
on a mountain near the city, posed a riddle to ev-
eryone who passed by. Anyone who could not
guess was strangled. This is how it sounded like:
“Who walks on four legs in the morning, on two
at noon, and three in the evening?” (the answer is
a human being). Oedipus found the answer, after
which the monster threw herself from the top of
the mountain into the abyss and died (Soph. Oid.
Tyr. 1198). According to another version, Oedipus
killed her (Krauskopf 1994, p. 1-2).
Originally, in Greece, the Sphinx was an evil
creature and a ruthless killer, a messenger of Ha-
des. However, we see that later the ideas of the an-
Fig. 8. Paired images of sphinxes: 1 — a skyphos, Corinth,
manner of the Royal Library Painter, late 7th century BC, after:
Сидорова, Тугушева, Забелина 1985, cat. 4 (7); 2 — a silver
mirror, Kelermes barrow no. 4, late 7th — beginning of the 6th
century B, after: Piotrovsky, Galanina, Grach 1986, fig. 49
2
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cients changed. Judging by the images, especially
on vases, there were already several such creatures.
In any case, instead of images of a single figure of
this creature, their pairs appeared (fig. 8). Their con-
tent and symbolism changed and with it the iconog-
raphy (LIMC 1994, p. 8-13). From the end of the 5th
and especially in the 4th centuries BC, a large num-
ber of items with reproductions of these characters
existed in Greece and the Northern Black Sea re-
gion: dishes for various purposes (fig. 9: 3, 4), toi-
letries, personal jewellery (fig. 9: 1, 2), etc. And
now it is no longer a harsh monster, but a creature
with rather feminine soft features and characteristic
decorations. Images of sphinxes served their own-
ers as amulets from evil forces and at the same time
were connected with the other world. Therefore, it
is likely that such things were often placed in graves
(Скржинская 2010, с. 199-202).
Conclusions (or the socio-gender symbolism of
sphinx earrings)
The complex gold earring with a pendant in the
shape of an elegant sphinx figure discussed above
is associated with the Northern Grave of the Ohuz
kurhan — the tomb of a woman, probably the wife
Fig. 9. Images of the Sphinx on items of various purposes: 1 — applicative plaques, the Seven Brothers barrow, mid 5th century
BC, after: Piotrovsky, Galanina, Grach 1986, fig. 76‒77; 2 — a bracelet, Kul-Oba barrow, the second half of the 4th century BC,
after: Piotrovsky, Galanina, Grach 1986, fig. 182; 3 — an Attic lekythos in the shape of the Sphinx. Phanagoria, around 375 BC,
after: Sokolov 1974, p. 60; 4 — Oedipus and Sphinx. A red figured kylix, around 470 BC. Vatican Museum, avaliable at: https://
www.hellenicaworld.com/Greece/Mythology/en/OedipusAndTheSphinxVatican.html
1 2
3
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of a Scythian king. Earrings with sculptural fig-
ures, along with the specimen of the luxurious
style, became popular in Greek art, especially in
the 4th century BC. Probably, the Ohuz specimen,
like similar finds, came from the workshops of the
Toreuts of Panticapaeum or Macedonia. It is worth
mentioning that the Macedonian court in the sec-
ond half of the 4th century BC became a trendsetter
in jewellery art (Уильямс, Огден 1995, с. 49). To
a large extent, this became possible thanks to Phil-
ip II’s acquisition of the gold and silver mines on
Mount Pangaea near the city of Philippi.
The earrings with sculptural pendants discussed
above come mainly from the funerary monuments of
women — representatives of the higher social strata
of Scythia and the Bosporus elite. The latter circum-
stance is quite important, especially if we recall that
in the Northern Grave of Ohuz, in addition to this ear-
ring and a mass of other gold jewellery, gold crepun-
dia were found. These are miniature children’s toys
that make noise, which were attached to tubes and
formed a necklace (fig. 10). It is known that the Ro-
mans put them around the necks of children on the
ninth day after birth, which was considered a day of
purification. According to Cicero, this was done in
case of loss or abduction of a child (Cic. Brut. 91).
Therefore, sets of such pendants were unique both in
the composition of the elements and in their number.
It is likely that the Greeks also followed this tradition.
Such ornaments are known in female burials in the
Bosporus (fig. 11): in the large kurhan in Aji-Mush-
kai (five pendants); a slab tomb near the Quarantine
Highway in 1834 (six pendants); same location in
1838 (nine pendants), etc. (ed. Жиль 1854; Фиал-
ко 1994а). Received in childhood, these neck orna-
ments were kept as talismans and amulets. The wom-
en took them to the afterlife. A unique set of Ohuz
pendants, each item of which is unique, certainly had
a single semantic magical charge.
Thus, it was the presence of the earring and the
crepundia (with the background of other details
of the material accompaniment) that allowed us
Fig. 10. Golden Crepundia from the Northern Tomb of the Ohuz kurhan, the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, inv. no. З‑1010‑1013. Photo by the author
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to consider the deceased from the Northern Grave
of the Ohuz kurhan as a Bosporan princess by or-
igin (Болтрик, Фіалко 2024, с. 301). Therefore,
the earrings, like some other categories of funer-
ary inventory, can serve as certain social and gen-
der markers.
Received 16.05.2024
Fig. 11. Golden Crepundia from Bosporus women’s burials: 1 — a large burial mound in Aji-Mushkai, 2 — a slab tomb near
Quarantine Highway (1834), after: ed. Жиль 1854, tabl. IX, fig. 3, tabl. XII, fig. 3
1
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О. Є. Фіалко
Доктор історичних наук, провідний науковий співробітник відділу археології раннього залізного віку, Інститут архео-
логії НАН України, ORCID: 0000-0002-4976-3266, ofialka@ukr.net
ТОПОВА ЖІНОЧА ПРИКРАСА З КУРГАНУ ОГУЗ
Серед різноманітних знімних прикрас костюма скіф’янки часто обирали сережки. За морфологічними ознаками ці
декоративні елементи розподіляються на 35 типів. До тринадцятого типу належать прикраси зі скульптурною привіскою.
До них можна віднести й екземпляр з кургану Огуз ― могили одного з останніх царів Скіфії.
Курган Огуз (заввишки 21 м при діаметрі 100–110 м) розташований у центральній частині Дніпро-Молочанського
межиріччя. Серед багатьох артефактів із Північної могили уціліла чудова золота сережка з фігурною привіскою у вигляді сфінкса.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 244
Сережку було відлито із золота за восковою моделлю, з використанням припою та карбування. Вона складається
з трьох основних частин (дужки, привіски та постаменту) з додатковими дрібними елементами (розеткою, накладним
орнаментом тощо). Загальна висота — 3,3 см, вага 6,52 г. Її виконано дуже ретельно, з опрацюванням дрібних деталей
обличчя та корпусу істоти.
Є кілька прикрас такого типу, схожих за схемою та загальними рисами, але відмінних у плані техніки виконання
(більшість із них порожні всередині) і дрібним деталям. Це сережки жінки з кургану 1 групи Три Брати поблизу м. Керч; із
жіночої ґрунтової гробниці некрополя Феодосії (1979 р.); з некрополя Феодосії (1853 р.) і невідомого походження з Музею
Анатолійських цивілізацій. Усі вони датуються в межах IV ст. до н.е., переважно останньої третини століття.
Символіка образу міксантропічної істоти, як і його іконографія, змінювалися з часом. Первинно (в єгипетському
мистецтві) це божество з тілом лева та головою людини в чоловічій та жіночій іпостасях. Пізніше (в грецькому мистецтві
VII ст. до н.е.) це безжальна убивця з головою жінки, тілом левиці, крилами птаха та хвостом бика. Згодом вона
перетворюється в захисницю від злих сил, пов’язану із потойбічним світом.
Такі сережки походять переважно з поховань жінок — представниць еліти Скіфії та Боспору. У Північній могилі
Огуза, крім сережки, були золоті крепундії, які дали змогу розглядати небіжчицю як боспорську принцесу за походженням.
Отже, ця розкішна прикраса може слугувати важливим маркером соціального та гендерного статусу небіжчиці.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: європейська Скіфія, курган, сережки, прикраси, сфінкс, гендерні і соціальні маркери.
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| id | arheologia-com-ua-article-413 |
| institution | Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface |
| issn | 2616-499X |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:05:54Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine |
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| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-4132025-07-04T20:03:35Z Top Women’s Jewellery From the Ohuz Kurgan Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз Fialko, О. Ye. European Scythia, kurhan, earrings, jewellery, sphinx, gender and social markers. європейська Скіфія, курган, сережки, прикраси, сфінкс, гендерні і соціальні маркери The Ohuz kurhan is the burial place of one of the last kings of Scythia from the end of the third quarter of the 4th century BC. Among many artefacts from the Northern Grave is a gold earring with a pendant in the shape of a sphinx figure. Several similar finds come mainly from the Bosporus and are dated to the second half of the 4th century BC. This luxurious decoration is an important marker of the social and gender status of the deceased. Серед різноманітних знімних прикрас костюма скіф’янки часто обирали сережки. За морфологічними ознаками ці декоративні елементи розподіляються на 35 типів. До тринадцятого типу належать прикраси зі скульптурною привіскою. До них можна віднести й екземпляр з кургану Огуз ― могили одного з останніх царів Скіфії. Курган Огуз (заввишки 21 м при діаметрі 100–110 м) розташований у центральній частині Дніпро-Молочанського межиріччя. Серед багатьох артефактів із Північної могили уціліла чудова золота сережка з фігурною привіскою у вигляді сфінкса. Сережку було відлито із золота за восковою моделлю, з використанням припою та карбування. Вона складається з трьох основних частин (дужки, привіски та постаменту) з додатковими дрібними елементами (розеткою, накладним орнаментом тощо). Загальна висота — 3,3 см, вага 6,52 г. Її виконано дуже ретельно, з опрацюванням дрібних деталей обличчя та корпусу істоти. Є кілька прикрас такого типу, схожих за схемою та загальними рисами, але відмінних у плані техніки виконання (більшість із них порожні всередині) і дрібним деталям. Це сережки жінки з кургану 1 групи Три Брати поблизу м. Керч; із жіночої ґрунтової гробниці некрополя Феодосії (1979 р.); з некрополя Феодосії (1853 р.) і невідомого походження з Музею Анатолійських цивілізацій. Усі вони датуються в межах IV ст. до н.е., переважно останньої третини століття. Символіка образу міксантропічної істоти, як і його іконографія, змінювалися з часом. Первинно (в єгипетському мистецтві) це божество з тілом лева та головою людини в чоловічій та жіночій іпостасях. Пізніше (в грецькому мистецтві VII ст. до н.е.) це безжальна убивця з головою жінки, тілом левиці, крилами птаха та хвостом бика. Згодом вона перетворюється в захисницю від злих сил, пов’язану із потойбічним світом. Такі сережки походять переважно з поховань жінок — представниць еліти Скіфії та Боспору. У Північній могилі Огуза, крім сережки, були золоті крепундії, які дали змогу розглядати небіжчицю як боспорську принцесу за походженням. Отже, ця розкішна прикраса може слугувати важливим маркером соціального та гендерного статусу небіжчиці. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2025-06-26 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/413 10.15407/archaeologyua2025.02.032 Arheologia; No 2 (2025): Arheologia; 32-45 Археологія ; № 2 (2025): Археологія; 32-45 Археология; № 2 (2025): Arheologia; 32-45 2616-499X 0235-3490 en https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/413/423 Copyright (c) 2025 Arheologia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.en |
| spellingShingle | європейська Скіфія курган сережки прикраси сфінкс гендерні і соціальні маркери Fialko, О. Ye. Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз |
| title | Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз |
| title_alt | Top Women’s Jewellery From the Ohuz Kurgan |
| title_full | Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз |
| title_fullStr | Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз |
| title_full_unstemmed | Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз |
| title_short | Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз |
| title_sort | топова жіноча прикраса з кургану огуз |
| topic | європейська Скіфія курган сережки прикраси сфінкс гендерні і соціальні маркери |
| topic_facet | European Scythia kurhan earrings jewellery sphinx gender and social markers. європейська Скіфія курган сережки прикраси сфінкс гендерні і соціальні маркери |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/413 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT fialkooye topwomensjewelleryfromtheohuzkurgan AT fialkooye topovažínočaprikrasazkurganuoguz |