Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1»
This article presents the results of archaeological research on black-glazed pottery from the “Peredmistia 1” area of Olbia Pontica, excavated during the 2018 and 2021 seasons. The study examines 203 pieces of Attic black-glazed ceramics, focusing on their typology, chronology, and cont...
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Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
2025
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| author | Chechulina , I. O. Kuzmishchev , O. H. Fornasier, J. |
| author_facet | Chechulina , I. O. Kuzmishchev , O. H. Fornasier, J. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "I. O. Chechulina ",
"institution": "PhD., Senior Research Fellow, the Classical Archaeology department, the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "O. H. Kuzmishchev ",
"institution": "PhD., Research Fellow, the Classical Archaeology department, the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": " J. Fornasier",
"institution": "Prof. Dr. Hab., Martin Luther University, the Institute of Art History and European Archaeologies, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Chechulina , I. O. |
| baseUrl_str | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | 43 |
| container_issue | 3 |
| container_start_page | 26 |
| container_title | Археологія |
| container_volume | |
| datestamp_date | 2025-09-05T15:29:37Z |
| description | This article presents the results of archaeological research on black-glazed pottery from the “Peredmistia 1” area of Olbia Pontica, excavated during the 2018 and 2021 seasons. The study examines 203 pieces of Attic black-glazed ceramics, focusing on their typology, chronology, and contextual significance. Given the challenges posed by the ongoing war in Ukraine, and the inability to work directly with the material, the analysis relies on excavation reports and photographic documentation, shedding light on the role of these ceramics in the cultural and economic landscape of Olbia Pontica. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/archaeologyua2025.03.026 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:06:02Z |
| format | Article |
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НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 3 2025
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ГАРДІ С. Е., PhD, Університет ім. Рея Хуана Карлоса, Іспанія
ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон
Сорбонна, Францiя
ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет
«Києво-Могилянська академiя»
КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Німеччина
ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О., кандидат історичних наук, Варшавський університет, Польща
ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
РАБІНОВІЦ А., PhD, Техаський університет в Остіні, Сполучені штати Америки
ФОРНАСЬЄ Й., професор, доктор хаб., Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера,
Німеччина
ШЕВЧЕНКО T. М., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України (вiдповiдальний секретар)
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947
FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
BUISKYKH A. V., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
DJINDJIAN F., Professor, Dr. Hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
FORNASIER J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
HARDY S. A., PhD, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain
KAISER E., Professor, Dr. Hab., Free University of Berlin, Germany
OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
PLAVINSKI M. O., PhD in History, University of Warsaw, Poland
POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
RABINOWITZ A., PhD in Classical Archaeology, University of Texas at Austin, the USA
SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine (Executive Secretary)
ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 3 2025
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
Articles
HNERA V. A., BORYSOV A. V., SKOPNEN-
KO B. O., NARAIKIVSKYI M. V. Consequences
of the War for Archaeological Heritage Sites on
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Village near Kyiv
ЧЕЧУЛІНА І. О., КУЗЬМІЩЕВ О. Г., ФОР-
НАСЬЄ Й. Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Оль-
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зу Києва
CHECHULINA I. O., KUZMISHCHEV O. H.,
FORNASIER J. Attic Black-Glazed Pottery from
Olbia Pontica: A Study of the Excavation Area “P-1”
Публiкацiї
археологiчних матерiалiв
НАУМЕНКО О. О., РИЖОВ С. М. Двобічний
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Новi вiдкриття та знахiдки
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логічних досліджень 2020–2021 років в урочищі
Камінь в Підкамені (Львівська обл.)
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5
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РАДЧЕНКО А. І., РАДЧЕНКО С. Б. «Архео-
логія» України: наукометричний аналіз
Iсторiя науки
КОЛЕСНІКОВА В. А., ЧЕРНОВОЛ І. В., ПІЧ-
КУР С. С. Історія одного видання: діяльність укра-
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Discussions
RADCHENKO A. I., RADCHENKO S. B. Ukrainian
Arheologia: Scientometric Analysis
History of Science
KOLESNIKOVA V. A., CHERNOVOL I. V.,
PICHKUR S. S. History of an Edition: Ukrainian
Archaeologists' Activity during the World War II
119
139
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 326
УДК 904.23(477.73)”652” https://doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2025.03.026
© CHECHULINA Iryna Oleksiivna, 2025 — PhD., Senior
Research Fellow, the Classical Archaeology Department,
the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0003-3783-6277,
chechulina_iryna@iananu.org.ua
© KUZMISHCHEV Oleksandr Hennadiiovych, 2025 — PhD.,
Research Fellow, the Classical Archaeology Department,
the Institute of Archaeology, the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0003-2718-7111,
a.kuzm@ukr.net
© FORNASIER Jochen — Prof. Dr. Hab., Martin Luther
University, the Institute of Art History and European
Archaeologies, Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale),
Germany, ORCID: 0000-0002-1660-8251, jochen.
fornasier@altertum.uni-halle.de
© Інститут археології НАН України, 2025
ATTIC BLACK-GLAZED POTTERY
FROM OLBIA PONTICA: A STUDY OF THE EXCAVATION AREA “P-1”
I. O. CHECHULINA, O. H. KUZMISHCHEV, J. FORNASIER
Expedition of the Institute of Archaeology, NAS
of Ukraine1.
Research on the P-1 site was planned to be
continued in subsequent seasons. However, since the
onset of the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine
in 2022, the expedition has been unable to conduct
fieldwork on-site. Most of the material from the
field has been safely stored in the repository of the
National Preserve “Olbia”. Unfortunately, at present,
the authors of this article are unable to access
these materials directly. Consequently, the analysis
presented here was primarily carried out using
archaeological reports and additional photographs
provided by the excavation team (Буйских, Фор-
насье, Кузьмищев 2019; 2022). Attic black-glazed
ware was initially identified during the excavation
process based primarily on its visual characteristics,
which distinguish it from products of other
production centres. The clay’s colour and quality, the
morphology of the shapes, and the properties of the
black glaze do not provide grounds to attribute the
material to a different origin. This group excludes
certain Hellenistic ceramics and black-glazed vessels
from Asia Minor ones, which, although sometimes
similar in appearance, can generally be distinguished
from Attic ware by visual characteristics. As Attic
black-glazed ceramics was mass-produced and well-
distinguished, archaeometric analyses were not
planned at this stage of the study. Moreover, during
the preparation of this article, the authors worked
exclusively with excavation reports. While this
limited the analytical potential of the dataset, it did
not reduce its overall informational value.
In 2017, geomagnetic surveys were conducted
in the southern part of the “Olbian suburb”, which
revealed a significant anomaly with dimensions of
about 10 × 15 m, completely levelled to the day
surface (Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев 2022,
рис. 4). Taking into account the location of the object
on the southern border of the suburb (or just behind
1 The project was initially launched in collaboration with Goethe
University, Frankfurt am Main (2015–2019), and is now
being continued in partnership with Martin Luther University,
Halle-Wittenberg (2020–2025). The project is led by Jochen
Fornasier and Alla Buiskykh and is substantially funded by the
German Research Foundation (DFG) (FO 497/2; FO 497/5).
This article presents the results of archaeological
research on black-glazed pottery from the “Pered-
mistia 1” area of Olbia Pontica, excavated during
the 2018 and 2021 seasons. The study examines
203 pieces of Attic black-glazed ceramics, focusing
on their typology, chronology, and contextual
significance. Given the challenges posed by
the ongoing war in Ukraine, and the inability
to work directly with the material, the analysis
relies on excavation reports and photographic
documentation, shedding light on the role of these
ceramics in the cultural and economic landscape
of Olbia Pontica.
K e y w o r d s: Olbia Pontica, Attic black-glazed
pottery, ancient ceramics, drinking vessels, Black
Sea north region.
Between 2015 and 2021, archaeological investi-
gations were conducted in the territory of the so-
called “Olbian suburb”, a part of which includes
the P-1 (Peredmistia 1) site, investigated during the
2018 and 2021 excavation seasons (fig. 1). These
field studies were part of the Ukrainian-German
research project “Ancient Urban Development at
the Edge of the Greek Oikumene: Archaeological
Research in the Suburban Area of Olbia Pontica”.
The project was conducted within the framework
of the Olbian International Archaeological
This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.uk
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 3 27
Fig. 1. Territory of Olbian “suburb” (P-1 sector). Source — Google Earth platform; updated by O. H. Kuzmishchev
it) and the fact that a similar structure on the northern
border of the ‘suburb’ was uncovered by Yu. I. Kozub
in 1964 and interpreted as a sanctuary (Козуб 1975,
c. 161-163), it was decided to carry out excavations in
this place (Fornasier, Buiskykh, Kuzmishchev 2022).
The excavations began in 2018, when a new site
was laid out, named “Peredmistia 1” (hereinafter
P-1, cipher ‘П-1’ for "Передмістя 1" in Ukrainian).
That year, work was carried out on a single survey
square, 5 × 5 m, laid out in the north-western part
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 328
of the anomaly. In the course of excavations, it
became clear that the structure is a huge, deepened
into the mainland soil, buried complex. Its depth
in the investigated square was 2.2 m, and the sides
did not exist in the southern and eastern directions,
they continued further, thus fully confirming the
data of geomagnetic reconnaissance (Буйських,
Форнасьє, Кузьміщев 2020, с. 128-130).
The obtained material could presumably testify
to the cult status of the investigated area. However,
only further archaeological excavations could
confirm or refute this assumption.
Therefore, the research was continued in 2021.
At that time half-square 2 (2.5 × 5.0 m) to the east
and square 3 (5.0 × 5.0 m) to the south of the 2018
excavations were laid out.
The work revealed that the characteristics,
depths and features of the subsoil layers, as well as
the quantity, types and dates of the material were
generally synchronous with those identified in 2018.
Accordingly, it can be argued that this deepened
structure was a single complex and not several
multi-temporal objects layered on top of each other
(Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев 2019, с. 101).
For a more accurate understanding of both the
purpose and chronology of P-1 archaeological
complex, the finds of Attic black-glazed ceramics
are of great importance. Since the authors of the
excavations took all informative fragments for
inventory, this study makes it possible to examine the
black-glazed pottery in all its diversity in relation to
the complex, and not only exceptional fragments, as
was often the case for complexes studied in the 20th
century, due to limited photographic possibilities
and the amount of materials deposited.
Black-glazed pottery holds significant importance
in the research of ancient Greek material culture.
Renowned for its aesthetic appeal, craftsmanship,
and functional versatility, this pottery provides
valuable insights into the daily lives, trade networks,
and cultural practices of ancient societies. Found
across diverse contexts — residential areas, sacred
spaces, and burial sites, Attic black-glazed ceramics
often served both practical and symbolic purposes.
Attic black-glazed ceramics were actively
produced in Athens during the 6th–4th centuries BC.
As mass-produced yet valuable items, they were
widely distributed across the Greek world, becoming
an integral part of the material culture of the poleis.
Their significance extends beyond their
utilitarian and aesthetic value, as they serve as
essential tools for archaeological dating. Thanks
to the well-developed typology established from
finds at the Athenian Agora, black-glazed pottery
can now be dated with remarkable precision,
often to within a 20–25 year timespan (Sparkes,
Talcott 1970; Rotroff 1997). This level of
chronological resolution proves invaluable in
dating closed archaeological complexes and other
structures uncovered during excavations, offering
critical insights into ancient contexts and their
development.
Attic black-glazed ware, frequently discovered
during past archaeological investigations in Olbia
Pontica, has been recovered in significant quantities
across various contexts, including residential zones
and sacred areas (Леви 1956; 1964; Лейпун-
ская 1986; Русяева, Назарчук 2006; Handberg,
Peterson 2010; Назарчук 2014; Буйских 2015;
Чечуліна 2015; Chechulina 2024, and others), and
city necropoleis (Парович-Пешикан 1974; Ко-
зуб 1974; Скуднова 1988; Папанова 1993, 2000;
Fornasier, Ivchenko, Kuzmishchev 2024, etc.).
Similar finds of black-glazed pottery have also been
documented in the suburbs of Olbia, underscoring
its widespread use and cultural importance in both
urban and peripheral settings (Козуб 1974; Да-
нильченко 2000; Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьми-
щев 2016; Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев 2019,
2022; Kuzmishchev 2021, and other literature).
The research of so-called “Olbian suburb” was
no exception. During the 2018 and 2021 excavation
seasons on P-1 area, 203 pieces of Attic black-glazed
ceramics were uncovered and catalogued with
inventory numbers. The assemblage predominantly
consists of open-shaped ceramics, totaling 191 items
(fig. 2–4), and close-shaped pottery (12 pieces; fig. 5).
Open-shaped ware
These are primarily vessels intended for
drinking, such as cups, skyphoi, and one-handlers.
Additionally, a smaller number of vessels were
used for food consumption and storage, including
bowls, saltcellars, and stemmed dishes.
Cups
Among the drinking vessels, cups represent
the majority, totaling 124 items (figs. 2, 3).
Morphologically, these cups can be classified
into stemless and stemmed types, along with
intermediate shapes like cup-skyphoi and cup-
kantharoi. Certain types, such as the bolsals,
are recognised as distinct categories due to their
unique features.
The collection includes 48 fragments of
stemless cups (fig. 2: 6–30), which are presumed to
represent individual vessels. This type dominates
the assemblage, likely due to the widespread
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 3 29
Fig. 2. Attic black-glazed cups (1–5), stemless cups (6–30): 1 — O-2018/П-1/278; 2 — O-2021/П-1/211; 3 — O-2018/П-1/14; 4 —
O-2018/П-1/32; 5 — O-2018/П-1/43; 6 — O-2018/П-1/329; 7 — O-2018/П-1/278; 8 — O-2018/П-1/331; 9 — O-2018/П-1/324;
10 — O-2018/П-1/265; 11 — O-2018/П-1/325; 12 — O-2018/П-1/270; 13 — O-2018/П-1/328; 14 — O-2018/П-1/665; 15 —
O-2018/П-1/489; 16 — O-2018/П-1/127; 17 — O-2021/П-1/439; 18 — O-2018/П-1/45; 19 — O-2021/П-1/74; 20 — O-2018/П-1/434;
21 — O-2018/П-1/435; 22 — O-2018/П-1/81; 23 — O-2018/П-1/271; 24 — O-2018/П-1/272; 25 — O-2018/П-1/677; 26 —
O-2018/П-1/273; 27 — O-2021/П-1/136; 28 — O-2021/П-1/75; 29 — O-2021/П-1/71; 30 — O-2021/П-1/139, after: Buiskikh,
Fornasier, Kuzmishchev 2019; 2022; drawings by I. О. Chechulina
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 330
Fig. 3. Attic black-glazed cup-skyphoi (1–4, 6, 8), a stemmed dish (5), a bolsal (7), stemmed cups (9–18), one-handlers (19,
20), a cup-kantharos (21): 1 — O-2018/П-1/326; 2 — O-2018/П-1/330; 3 — O-2018/П-1/663; 4 — O-2018/П-1/664; 5 —
O-2018/П-1/431; 6 — O-2021/П-1/263; 7 — O-2021/П-1/381; 8 — O-2018/П-1/706; 9 — O-2021/П-1/632; 10 — O-2018/П-1/265;
11 — O-2018/П-1/269; 12 — O-2018/П-1/78; 13 — O-2018/П-1/428; 14 — O-2021/П-1/93; 15 — O-2018/П-1/433; 16
— O-2018/П-1/436; 17 — O-2021/П-1/582; 18 — O-2018/П-1/581; 19 — O-2018/П-1/431; 20 — O-2021/П-1/30; 21 —
O-2018/П-1/44, after: Buiskikh, Fornasier, Kuzmishchev 2019; 2022; drawings by I. О. Chechulina
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 3 31
use of such sturdy and practical forms, their
adaptability in daily life, and their relatively better
preservation. Furthermore, the morphology of
these cups may have contributed to their survival
in the archaeological record.
Stemless cups typically feature a shallow
bowl, inset, plain or concave lip, two horizontal
handles, and a ring foot. Some examples also
include stamped decorations on the interior of
the bowl. These cups were used from the Archaic
period and gained peak popularity around the
480s BC (Chechulina 2024, p. 60). They are well-
documented in previous investigations at the
Olbian site (Фармаковский 1911, рис. 3: 4; Па-
панова 2000, рис. 1; Назарчук 2014, рис. 20;
Chechulina 2024, p. 60-66), as well as at other
sites across the Black Sea north region (Бра-
шинский 1980, табл. 14; Рогов, Тункина 1985,
с. 161; Стоянов 2005, с. 50, рис. 2; Gluszek 2022,
p. 58, pl. 6: 3).
Most fragments of stemless cups from the
area are dated between 480 and 425 BC (Sparkes,
Talcott 1970, nos. 469–474) and belong to the
large stemless group.
During the 2018 excavation season, the
majority of finds of this type were recovered
in the square no. 1, primarily from the filling of
the Recessed Complex no. 1 (inventory lists
nos. 9–22) across different stratigraphic levels.
However, a few exceptions were noted, with a
few fragments (О-2018/П-1/91; О-2018/П-1/124)
being found within the filling of soil levels III and
IV (inventory list no. 5). The removal of these
levels ultimately revealed the complete filling of
the recessed complex (Буйских, Форнасье, Кузь-
мищев 2019, с. 5-27).
In the subsequent 2021 excavation season,
materials of this type were discovered at various
levels in the square no. 3, including levels I, III, IV,
V, and IV.II of the filling in the Recessed Complex
no. 1 (inventory lists nos. 10, 11, 16, 19, 23, 30,
32, 36) (Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев 2022,
с. 9-15, 28, 34, 46-49).
In general, stemless cups are preserved in a
highly fragmented state, which is typical for the
filling of dugouts, pits, and other small recessed
complexes. Most fragments feature a shiny black
surface and the typical bright orange Attic clay,
with no particularly distinctive features.
Only five fragments are identified as parts
of handles, while the remaining pieces consist
primarily of small rim sections and large foot or
bottom fragments. Some fragments bear graffiti
on their underneath, such as О-2018/П-1/272
(fig. 2: 24). This particular piece is inscribed
with the letters “AN”, which according to the
researchers, represent the beginning of a Greek
name, such as Anaksimon or Andokid (Русяева,
Кузьмищев, Форнасье 2021, с. 94, кат. 12).
Others exhibit decorative elements on the
underside of the base, including black bands
around a reserved area (e.g.: О-2021/П-1/139;
fig. 2: 30), central dots with concentric circles
(e.g.: О-2021/П-1/136; fig. 2: 27), or fully reserved
bottoms (e.g.: О-2021/П-1/264, 74, 71, and 675;
fig. 2: 19, 29). However, the heavily fragmented
condition of the finds often makes it challenging
to identify specific decorative details or other
diagnostic features with certainty.
A distinct type of large stemless cups is represented
by the “Delicate Class” group. These vessels are
typically adorned with intricate stamped decoration
arranged in multiple rows (Чечуліна 2016). One
item from the collection (О-2021/П-1/439; fig. 2:
17) most likely belongs to this group and is dated to
450–425 BC (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, nos. 483, 489,
490, 493, 496). The preserved fragment reveals
parts of geometric motifs, which appear as rays
extending within incised radial lines.
The second most numerous group of cups is the
stemmed cups (40 pieces). These are generally
defined as vessels with a high foot and a stem
supporting the bowl. The entire assemblage of
stemmed cups is dated to the period between 525
and 450 BC (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, nos. 401–440,
480). The fragments are predominantly from the
bottom and foot of the cups, reflecting their typical
preservation patterns. Most of the fragments in this
group belong to Type C cups, the most common
shape of this type. Other identified subtypes include
Type B cups and acrocups. However, as with the
stemless cups, the high level of fragmentation
often allows only a general determination that the
cup was stemmed, without further specification of
the subtype (fig. 3: 9–18).
Type C cups are a common find in various areas
of the Olbia Pontica site (Леви 1964, рис. 4: 8;
Скуднова 1988, кат. 51, 60, 112, 215, 139; Папа-
нова 2000, рис. 1; Назарчук 2014, кат. 5–9, 12–
15; Chechulina 2024, с. 57). This vessel type was
relatively simple to produce and practical for long-
term use, making it a popular shape in daily life.
A similar trend of popularity is observed in other
cities of the Northern Black Sea region (Сорокина
1957, табл. 9: 3; Онайко 1980, с. 162, табл. 23,
208, 212, 214, 215; Алексеева 1997, с. 290,
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табл. 10: 7; Грач 1999, с. 66, рис. 27; Bozhkova
2008, p. 119, no. 1–3, p. 120, no. 4; Егорова 2014,
с. 183, рис. 5, 8, 9). While other types of black-
glazed stemmed cups were less common, they
have also been documented in various areas of
cities (Chechulina 2024, p. 58-60 and others).
Among the stemmed cups, several fragments
bear graffiti on their ring foot. For instance, the
ring foot fragment О-2018/П-1/433 (fig. 3: 15)
features a graffito reading “ΔΙ”, propose to be
reconstructed in the recent publication as the initial
letters of names such as Diogenes or Diodoros. If
found in a residential area, this could signify the
abbreviation of a proper name, while in a sacred
context, it might represent a dedication to the gods
(Русяева, Кузьмищев, Форнасье 2021, c. 93,
кат. 2).
Another fragment, О-2018/П-1/492, has an
imprecisely incised graffito reading “ΛA(I)K”.
This could possibly convey a table-related or gist-
related meaning. In its full form, “ΛΑΙΚ[ΑΣΤΗΣ”
or “ΛΑΙΚ[ΑΣΤΡΙΑ” translates to “libertine”
(either masculine or feminine, respectively) (Ру-
сяева, Кузьмищев, Форнасье 2021, с. 94, кат. 9).
A further example, the ring foot fragment
О-2018/П-1/336, bears an incised letter “Π” (pi).
This may represent a monogram of the owner,
signifying personal ownership or identity, as
scholars have noted (Русяева, Кузьмищев, Фор-
насье 2021, с. 95-96, кат. 14).
As with the stemless cups, the black-glazed
stemmed cups from the 2018 excavation season
were primarily found in the square no. 1,
specifically within the filling of the Recessed
Complex no. 1 (inventory lists nos. 9–22; Буй-
ских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев 2019, c. 5). A few
fragments, however, were recovered from the
inventory list no. 4, associated with the third soil
level at the initial stages of the excavation.
During the 2021 excavation season, fragments
of black-glazed stemmed cups were recovered
across almost all parts of the excavation. This
includes the square no. 3 (inventory list no. 13)
and various filling layers of the Recessed Complex
no. 1 in the square no. 1 (inventory lists nos. 19,
23, 34, 40, 18, and others) (Буйских, Форнасье,
Кузьмищев 2022, с. 13-15, 19, 24, 35).
Another type of drinking vessel used in the
Greek world comprises intermediate shapes, such
as cup-skyphoi and cup-kantharoi (fig. 3).
The cup-skyphos represents a transitional form
between a skyphos and a stemless cup. It typically
features a wide bowl, two handles, and a ring foot.
There are two main subtypes of this vessel: light-
walled and heavy-walled. The light-walled subtype
was produced between 440 and 430 BC, while
the heavy-walled variant dates from the second
quarter of the 5th century BC to approximately
380 BC (Chechulina 2024, p. 70).
17 fragments from the excavations can be
attributed to this type of cup, all dated to the
5th century BC. Most of these are small rim
fragments, which can be attributed to the both
subtypes of the cup-skyphos, with light walls (for
example: О-2018/П-1/573; 576; 664 and others;
Sparkes, Talcott 1970, nos. 581–608), and with
heavy walls, which are dated back to the 420–
410 BC (e.g.: О-2021/П-1/352; 376; 456; Sparkes,
Talcott 1970, nos. 612–617).
One notable exception is a rim fragment
with part of the wall and remains of a handle
(О-2018/П-1/207), which belongs to the light-
walled subtype and dates to 420–380 BC (Sparkes,
Talcott 1970, nos. 588–608).
Among the foot fragments, two are particularly
interesting. The first (О-2018/П-1/706; fig. 3: 8)
features a graffito “ΛΥ” on the underside. According
to its analysis, it probably means the beginning
of one of the Greek men names, such as Lykiy or
Lisiy (Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев 2019,
c. 26; Русяева, Кузьмищев, Форнасье 2021, c. 94,
кат. 7). It is dated to 500–480 BC (Sparkes, Talcott
1970, nos. 568, 577, 578). This vessel exhibits
characteristics of both skyphos and cup-skyphos
forms, further emphasising its intermediate nature.
The underside of the foot is decorated with a central
dot and a small circle, along with a black band inside
the foot. The resting surface of the foot is reserved.
The second foot fragment (О-2021/П-1/263;
fig. 3: 6) is dated to 450–425 BC (Sparkes, Talcott
1970, nos. 581–608). While it most likely belongs
to the cup-skyphos type, its foot structure is
somewhat unusual for this category.
Only one piece (О-2018/П-1/44) has been
attributed to the cup-kantharos, an intermediate
shape between a cup and a kantharos (fig. 3: 21).
This shape is commonly found in other excavation
areas at the Olbia Pontica site (Леви 1940, табл. 15,
2; Парович-Пешикан 1974, с. 72, рис. 70: 4,
6; рис. 71: 1.2; Папанова 2000, рис. 4–7, 9–11,
2006, с. 209, fig. 96: 3.4; Назарчук 2014, кат. 95,
96, 100–103; Чистов, Ильина 2015, рис. 7: 15–
17; Chechulina 2024, p. 77-80).
The fragment represents the bottom part and
contains a stamped décor that is, unfortunately,
poorly preserved. However, four palmettes are
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discernible. Based on parallels (Sparkes, Talcott
1970, nos. 648, 651, 660, 688 ; Damyanov 2023, p.
28, fig. 11),), this fragment is dated to 380–325 BC.
The majority of cup-skyphoi and cup-kantharoi
were recovered from the filling of the Recessed
Complex no. 1, excavated in 2018 (lists nos. 9–22;
Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев 2019, c. 5).
Additional fragments were found in the filling of
the Recessed Complex no. 1, specifically from
layers III and IV.I in the square no. 3 (lists nos. 12,
20, 24), as well as in the filling of the Recessed
Complex no. 1 in the square no. 2 (layers III, IV,
and VI, lists nos. 16, 28; Буйских, Форнасье,
Кузьмищев 2022, c. 220, 226, 232, 234, 240),
during 2021 season.
A few objects belong to the bolsal cup type
(fig. 3: 7), a popular shape in both residential
areas (Данильченко 2000, с. 219, рис. 1: 1.2;
Chechulina 2024, с. 68-69) and necropoleis (Козуб
1974, рис. 6: 6; Скуднова 1988, кат. 217; Папано-
ва 2000, рис. 3: a, b, рис. 1: 2). Produced in black
glaze from the third quarter of the 5th to the end of
the 4th centuries BC, bolsal cups are characterised
by a shallow bowl with almost vertical walls, two
horizontal handles beneath the rim, and a profiled,
curved ring foot (Chechulina 2024, с. 68).
The bottom fragment (О-2021/П-1/381;
fig. 3: 7) from the P-1 area is dated to 425–
400 BC (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, nos. 541–554).
Its underside is decorated with a tiny reserved
line near the foot. Another cup bottom fragment
(О-2021/П-1/566) is dated to around 420 BC
(Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 540) and features
decoration beneath the bottom: a black band, a
reserved line, a reserved band, and a small central
circle. A third item (О-2018/П-1/32; fig. 2: 4), a
small rim fragment, likely also belongs to the
bolsal cup type, considering the rim curvature
and the small bowl diameter (approximately
10 cm; Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 539). Nearly all
fragments originate from the filling of the Recessed
Complex no. 1 in the square no. 3.
The relatively small number of common
drinking cup types in this collection can be
attributed to the heavily fragmented nature of the
material. Identifying the specific type and subtype
of the vessels was often challenging. In addition, 13
fragments remain unidentified, but are attributed to
cups (fig. 2: 1–5). These fragments, mostly small
rim pieces, date to the 5th–4th centuries BC and
could belong to any cup type.
In conclusion, the assemblage of cups is
dominated by stemless cups (48 items) and stemmed
cups (40 items), reflecting their widespread utility
and popularity in the daily life of Olbia Pontica.
These two types were likely favoured for their
practicality and ease of production, as evidenced
by their distribution across various excavation
layers and areas.
In contrast, other cup types appear in smaller
numbers. Cup-skyphoi are represented by
17 fragments, indicating their more limited
use, possibly for specific drinking contexts or
occasions. Bolsal cups are even scarcer, with only
three fragments identified, suggesting either their
less frequent use or a lower survival rate in the
archaeological record. A single fragment attributed
to a cup-kantharos highlights the intermediate
forms that bridged different vessel types.
Additionally, there are 15 unidentified cup
fragments. These heavily fragmented pieces,
though difficult to classify, further attest to the
diverse range of drinking vessels in use during
the 5th–4th centuries BC. The fragmented state
of the material underscores the challenges in
reconstructing ancient ceramic assemblages and
identifying vessel types with precision.
Therefore, among all cup types, stemless and
stemmed cups were the most numerous finds (fig.
6). This can be attributed both to the popularity of
these shapes during the late 6th and 5th centuries
BC, and to the nature of their preservation. Nearly
half of the recovered fragments consist of the
bottoms and foot sections of these vessels. As the
most structurally robust parts of the cups, they
were more likely to survive intact, particularly
in the context of filling deposits within various
structures, such as dugouts and other complexes.
Skyphoi
Apart from cups, other types of vessels were
also utilised for drinking purposes, with the
second most popular shape being the skyphos
(fig. 4: 1–17). This shape was produced and used
over an extensive timespan, spanning from the
6th to the 4th centuries BC. Morphologically, the
skyphos is characterised by its deep, capacious
bowl, which allowed for significant liquid
capacity, and its stable structure supported by a
low ring foot. The vessel is equipped with two
small horizontal handles, which were not designed
for holding the skyphos in the hand like modern
handles, but rather for steadying the vessel with
the thumbs, offering a practical grip while drinking
(Chechulina 2024, p. 51).
A significant number of skyphoi have been
discovered in various areas of the city, including
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residential quarters, the chora, and necropoleis.
These findings highlight the widespread use of this
vessel type across different contexts (Козуб 1974,
с. 51-52, рис. 10; Скуднова 1988, кат. 122, 209,
217; Папанова 2000, рис. 2, 5, 6; Русяева, На-
зарчук 2006, с. 461, рис. 189: 3, 4; Handberg,
Petersen 2010, p. 219-220, cat. nos. Da 202,
Da 204, Da 206; Назарчук 2014, кат. 63–68).
In the P-1 excavated area, skyphoi are
represented by 33 fragments, the majority of which
date to the 470–460 BC period (Sparkes, Talcott
1970, no. 342), with some notable exceptions.
Most of these pieces belong to the most popular
subtype, Type A or Attic skyphoi. This subtype
is distinguished by its massive ring foot, thicker
walls, and substantial handles that provided both
structural stability and practical functionality
(Chechulina 2024, p. 53).
The handles of these vessels frequently exhibit
a horseshoe shape, a popular design during
this period. This feature is well-represented
among the finds, such as О-2018/П-1/264,
125, 521, 669, and О-2021/П-1/478, 672, 674.
The bottoms of the vessels display a range of
decorative treatments: some are reserved and
coated in a red wash with a reserved foot resting
surface (e.g.: О-2018/П-1/672, 707, 129, and
О-2021/П-1/72, 140). Others are reserved and
adorned with a central dot and a small circle (e.g.:
О-2021/П-1/31, 306), or entirely reserved without
additional decoration (e.g.: О-2021/П-1/73, 773,
and О-2018/П-1/322).
Two bottom fragments stand out among
these finds due to the presence of a graffito.
One fragment, О-2021/П-1/354, features the
inscription “N”, which could be the abbreviation
of owner; while another, О-2021/П-1/479, bears
an unidentified, but potentially meaningful
marking. These pieces offer intriguing glimpses
into the personalisation or symbolic use of vessels
during this time.
Typical of this assemblage, the skyphoi from the
2018 excavation were primarily found in the filling
of the Recessed Complex no. 1 (lists nos. 9–22).
Exceptions include fragments recovered from the
IV ground soil level (Буйских, Форнасье, Кузь-
мищев 2019, c. 5, 194). The finds from the 2021
excavation mostly originate from the filling of the
Recessed Complex no. 1 in the squares nos. 2 and
3. A few objects were recovered during the early
stages of the excavation, from the II and III soil
ground levels in the square no. 1 (Буйских, Фор-
насье, Кузьмищев 2022, с. 203, 207).
One-handlers
Another shape used for drinking purposes is
the one-handler (fig. 3: 19, 20). This vessel type
was primarily in use during the 5th–4th centuries
BC. It features a broad, shallow bowl, typically set
on a very low ring foot, and a single horizontal
handle (Chechulina 2024, p. 84). Its plain, slightly
beveled rim is a distinctive characteristic, which
is well-demonstrated in the material recovered
from the P-1 excavation area. Four fragments have
been attributed to one-handlers, primarily rim
fragments, dating back to 480–425 BC (Sparkes,
Talcott 1970, nos. 747–754). The majority of
fragments were recovered from the filling of the
Recessed Complex no. 1 in the square no. 3, as
documented in the inventory lists nos. 8, 12, and
15.
Bowls and saltcellars
The following significant pottery group consists
of ceramics intended for food consumption and
storage, with bowls being the most prevalent
shape within this category. From the P-1 site, eight
fragments have been identified as belonging to
bowls of varying sizes and forms (fig. 4: 18–23, 28).
These include several small bowls, such as one
with a broad rim (О-2018/П-1/332; fig. 4: 19),
a bowl with incurving rims (О-2018/П-1/430;
fig. 4: 20), a bowl with outturned rims
(О-2018/П-1/206), and a bowl with a concave-
convex profile (О-2021/П-1/631; fig. 4: 23). These
fragments span a date range from 450 to 310 BC
(Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 785, 817–821, 829,
837–841, 849, 882). The majority of these findings
consist of small rim fragments, which, although
incomplete, reveal the diversity of bowl types and
their functional significance. These vessels likely
served various domestic roles, such as the serving,
and consumption of food, demonstrating their
integral role in daily life at Olbia Pontica.
Saltcellars
A smaller yet equally interesting category is
the saltcellar, which was primarily used for storing
salt and spices (fig. 4: 24–27). However, these
vessels could also function as single-use small
bowls. Among the P-1 finds, five pieces have
been clearly attributed to saltcellars, showcasing a
variety of types. These include a footed saltcellar
(О-2018/П-1/577; fig. 4: 24), those with broad bases
(О-2018/П-1/15, О-2021/П-1/138; fig. 4: 26, 27),
and examples with echinus walls (О-2021/П-1/29,
135; fig. 4: 25). The general dating of these types
ranges from 500 to 325 BC. Most of the fragments
recovered are parts of walls, rims, and bases.
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Fig. 4. Attic black-glazed skyphoi (1–17), bowls (18–23, 28), saltcellars (24–27): 1 — O-2018/П-1/267; 2 — O-2018/П-1/427;
3 — O-2018/П-1/426; 4 — O-2018/П-1/520; 5 — O-2018/П-1/666; 6 — O-2018/П-1/667; 7 — O-2021/П-1/132; 8 —
O-2018/П-1/669; 10 — O-2021/П-1/140; 11 — O-2018/П-1/707; 12 — O-2021/П-1/73; 13 — O-2021/П-1/72; 14 —
O-2018/П-1/522; 15 — O-2021/П-1/76; 16 — O-2021/П-1/73; 17 — O-2021/П-1/72; 18 — O-2018/П-1/206; 19 —
O-2018/П-1/332; 20 — O-2021/П-1/430; 21 — O-2018/П-1/448; 22 — O-2018/П-1/568; 23 — O-2021/П-1/631; 24 —
O-2018/П-1/577; 25 — O-2021/П-1/29; 26 — O-2021/П-1/138; 27 — O-2018/П-1/15; 28 — O-2018/П-1/580, after: Buiskikh,
Fornasier, Kuzmishchev 2019; 2022; drawings by I. O. Chechulina
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Bowls and saltcellars of different sizes and
designs have been common finds across various
areas of Olbia, including both the city and
necropolis. These discoveries highlight their
prominent presence in the material culture of the
settlement during this period (Chechulina 2024,
p. 86-97, and further references). Across the
P-1 area, bowls and saltcellars were primarily
recovered from the filling of the Recessed Complex
no. 1 in the squares nos. 2 and 3 (Буйских, Форна-
сье, Кузьмищев 2019, lists nos. 10–19).
Stemmed dishes
Another intriguing shape is the stemmed dish
(fig. 3: 5), commonly found in both the necropolis
and residential areas of Olbia (Chechulina 2024,
p. 99-101, and further references). Larger variants
of this shape were typically used for storing
fruits and other dishes on the table, while smaller
variants could serve as single-use drinking vessels.
Some examples may have even included a lid.
This shape is characterised by a high stem and a
foot with a broad base, which aligns it closely with
stemmed cups. However, the bowl lacks handles,
and the rounded rims are usually separated from
the bowl by an incised line. Two fragments from
the P-1 excavation area have been identified as rim
parts of stemmed dishes, dated to approximately
500–450 BC (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 958).
They were recovered from the filling of the
Recessed Complex no. 1 in the square no. 2 (list
no. 14) during the 2018 excavation season.
After analysing the largest group of black-glazed
pottery from the P-1 site, specifically open shapes,
the following conclusions can be drawn (fig. 7).
The vast majority of the items are shapes intended
for drinking purposes, predominantly cups and
skyphoi. These shapes were highly popular from
the 6th through the 5th centuries BC, exhibiting
significant diversity in both types and sizes. This
variety can be attributed to the different contexts
in which drinking occurred, including varied
social situations, locations, and types of beverages
consumed.
Notably, cups were especially prevalent in
sacred contexts, as they were commonly used as
dedications to the gods. Consequently, cups are
frequent finds not only in residential areas, but also
in temenoi (sacred precincts) and necropoleis.
A smaller proportion of open vessels is
associated with food consumption, consisting
mostly of bowls and saltcellars, with some
exceptions such as stemmed dishes. Even in
regular residential contexts, these shapes were not
as common as drinking cups. This disparity might
be linked to the cultural practices surrounding
food consumption. For instance, it was sometimes
unnecessary to use separate bowls or plates, as
pieces of bread were often used to hold food.
Another explanation for the limited quantity of
these shapes in the P-1 site is the nature of the
excavation area, which does not represent a typical
residential zone.
Closed-shape ceramics
The second morphological group of pottery
comprises closed-shape ceramics, characterised by
vessels where the diameter of the rim is typically
smaller than that of the foot. However, this
classification can sometimes be conditional, as the
distinction may not always be absolute. A total of 12
fragments in this group have been identified (fig. 5).
This group includes vessels used for storing
and pouring liquids such as wine, water, and
oil. Examples include olpai, oinochoai, pelikai,
lekythoi, and askoi, fragments of which are present
in the current assemblage. Mugs, primarily single-
use drinking vessels, also fall into this category,
though somewhat conditionally.
Oinochoai
A few fragments likely belong to oinochoai,
typically three-foiled jugs with high single handle.
These were among the most popular closed shapes
in antiquity and were used for storing various
liquids, primarily wine. Their high functionality
and daily usefulness explain the wide variety of
types and variations of this shape (Sparkes, Talcott
1970, p. 56; Chechulina 2024, p. 115).
Two strap handle fragments have been identified.
One handle (О-2018/П-1/79; fig. 5: 2) is dated to 400–
325 BC (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 123–128), while
the other (О-2018/П-1/717) likely belongs to a round-
mouthed oinochoe (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, nos. 186,
187), dated to 425–400 BC. Oinochoai are common
finds at the Olbian site (Handberg, Peterson 2010,
cat. no. Da 336; Назарчук 2014, с. 350, рис. 18: 1;
Chechulina 2024, p. 115-117 and references therein).
The same trend can be observed at other sites of
the Northern Black Sea region (Hannestad, Stolba,
Sceglov 2002, pl. 67; Рогов 2011, с. 197, рис. 68: 16;
Егорова 2017, рис. 11: 99–102).
Olpes
One fragment has been confidently identified as
an olpe, shape primarily used for pouring liquids
(О-2018/П-1/425; fig. 5: 1). This fragment includes
part of the rim, handle, and wall. The olpe features a
low strap handle and a thickened, slightly outturned
rim, dating to 500–480 BC (Sparkes, Talcott 1970,
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nos. 266, 268). It belongs to the black footless type.
Similar examples have been previously discovered in
Olbia, particularly in the necropolis and other areas
(Скуднова 1988, с. 121, кат. 182; с. 164, кат. 253;
Handberg, Petersen 2010, cat. no. Da 345; Chechulina
2024, p. 119-120). Black-glazed olpai are relatively
uncommon finds in other poleis of the Northern
Black Sea region (Егорова 2017, рис. 13: 109, 110).
Pelikai
For similar purposes as the previous shapes
(storing wine or oil), pelikai — vessels closely
resembling table amphorae — were used. Pelikai
typically have a bulbous body with a pronounced
neck, slightly outturned rims, and two small vertical
handles. Some variants could also include a lid.
A single object (О-2018/П-1/208) from the P-1
excavation area might belong to this shape. It is
a handle fragment with a central groove, dated to
around 500–480 BC (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, nos. 16,
19; Berlin F 2368 and F 2366). Completely black-
glazed pelikai are rare finds in Olbia Pontica; red-
figured variants, which share the same shape, were
more common. Therefore, this item could belong to
a figured version as well (Русяева, Назарчук 2006,
c. 458, рис. 186: 2; Chechulina 2024, p. 112).
Lekythoi and askoi
Several fragments are associated with vessels
used for oil storage and consumption, such as
lekythoi and askoi.
One fragment (О-2021/П-1/382; fig. 5: 7) likely
belongs to the bottom part of a lekythos. The surface
of this fragment is rolled and very smooth, suggesting
secondary use, possibly for other purposes. Based on
its morphology, it is dated to around 475–425 BC.
Another fragment (О-2018/П-1/578) confident-
ly belongs to the inner part of a deep askos. It is
dated to around 475–450 BC (Sparkes, Talcott
1970, no. 1167). The deep type of askos typically
features a disc foot, a deep body with nearly vertical
walls, and a closed top with a small vertical side
spout (Chechulina 2024, p. 128). The identified
fragment is part of the central tube.
Mugs
Widely popular in the ancient world from the late
6th century BC, mugs feature a deep bowl on a low
disc foot and a single vertical handle. Their functional
purpose is associated with the single drinking of
various beverages (Chechulina 2024, p. 117).
Two fragments can be attributed to mugs. One,
in particular, (О-2018/П-1/130; fig. 5: 3) is a small
bottom fragment dated to 450–425 BC (Sparkes,
Talcott 1970, no. 203). It is very damaged and does
not provide significant information.
Another item (О-2018/П-1/668; fig. 5: 4) is
a handle fragment with a small rim remnant. It
features a typical almost round handle, concave-
convex in section. This fragment is dated to
around 450 BC and belongs to the “Pheidias
shape” (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 218). Similar
shapes have been periodically found in the Olbian
necropolis (Козуб 1974, с. 49, рис. 10) and other
city parts (Chechulina 2024, p. 117-119).
Most of the closed-shape vessels from the
P-1 excavation area were discovered within the
filling of the Recessed Complex no. 1 (2018,
lists nos. 9–22; 2021, square no. 3, list no. 18).
These included examples of mugs, olpai, askoi,
oinochoai, and pelikai. A few fragments, however,
were located elsewhere. For instance, one oinochoe
handle was recovered from the level III soil in the
square no. 1 (Буйских, Форнасье, Кузьмищев
2019, с. 7; 2022, с. 231).
Lekanides
A few objects belong to the category of special-
purpose vessels, such as lekanides and their lids.
These vessels were primarily used for storing small
items such as jewellery and cosmetics. Larger
lekanides could also serve as table bowls for fruits
and vegetables (Chechulina 2024, p. 133). The
shape typically features a deep broad bowl on a ring
foot, two horizontal handles, and a rim with a lid
flange. Lekanides often included lids and were also
commonly used as burial inventory, as demonstrated
by finds in the Olbian necropolis (Козуб 1974, с. 68,
76-77; Скуднова 1988, с. 83, 90, 101).
In the P-1 site, four fragments of lekanides were
found. Two fragments are from lids (edge parts):
О-2018/П-1/263 and О-2021/П-1/628 (fig. 5: 5,
6). These ribbon-handled lekanides lids are dated
to around 480 BC, characterised by typical orange
Attic clay and a black shiny coating (Sparkes,
Talcott 1970, no. 1234).
The other two fragments are rim parts. One
likely belongs to the Likinic lekanis type, identified
by its deep rim step and dated to 450–425 BC
(О-2018/П-1/268; Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 1242).
The second rim fragment (О-2021/П-1/433) is dated
to the same period (Sparkes, Talcott 1970, no. 1225).
As for place of find of lekanides, two fragments
were unearthed in the Recessed Complex no. 1
(2018). The remaining two were found within levels
4 and 6 of the filling of the the Recessed Complex
no. 1 (2021, lists nos. 19 and 28, square no. 2).
To conclude, upon analysis of ceramic complex
(fig. 8), the vast majority of black-glazed ceramics
consist of open-shaped vessels (191 items), while
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Fig. 5. An attic black-glazed olpe (1), an oenochoe (2), mugs (3, 4), a lekanides (5, 6), lekythos (7): 1 — O-2018/П-1/425;
2 — O-2018/П-1/79; 3 — O-2018/П-1/130; 4 — O-2018/П-1/668; 5 — O-2018/П-1/263; 6 — O-2018/П-1/268; 7 —
O-2021/П-1/382, after: Buiskikh, Fornasier, Kuzmishchev 2019; 2022; drawings by I. O. Chechulina
closed-shaped vessels are a minority (12 items).
This pattern is a typical feature for any excavated
area of Olbia (Славин 1964, с. 189-223; Козуб
1974, с. 40; Скуднова 1988, с. 15-16; Русяева, На-
зарчук 2006, с. 176-177; Handberg, Peterson 2010,
p. 192-193; Назарчук 2014, с. 312-314; Chechulina
2024, p. 160-164).
One of the most common groups of open-
shaped pottery is one, which primarily served
as vessels for drinking purposes. More than half
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Fig. 6. Quantitative distribution of different cup types (n=124), after I. O. Chechulina
Fig. 7. Quantitative distribution of different types of open-shaped ceramics (n=191)
of the documented shapes were suited for these
activities — consuming, storing, mixing, and
pouring wine during symposia, dinners, and routine
meals. Therefore, the prevalence of drinking shapes
is unsurprising. The high prevalence of drinking
vessels, particularly in sacred areas, suggests a
strong ritual component tied to wine consumption,
libations, or offerings. This underscores the cultural
and religious significance of drinking vessels in
ancient Greek society.
Cups rank first in quantity, which reflects
their functional diversity, encompassing many
types and subtypes used specifically for drinking.
The second most common shape is the skyphos,
also closely associated with the cultural drinking
practices. Following these in quantity are vessels
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Fig. 8. Quantitative distribution of different types of black-glazed ceramics from P-1 site (n=203), after: I. O. Chechulina
used for consuming food, including bowls and, in
smaller numbers, saltcellars for serving spices and
salt. The limited representation of these shapes
can be attributed to the nature of the excavated
area, which was not residential.
This contextual factor also explains the
small number of closed-shaped vessels, such as
ceramics for oil storage (e.g.: lekythoi and askoi)
and those for pouring wine and oil (e.g.: olpai and
oinochoai). Only 12 such items were documented,
typically represented by one or two fragments per
shape. Another minor group (four items) includes
special-purpose vessels, such as lekanides and
their lids. The scarcity of closed-shaped vessels
might also point to specific site functions, such
as ceremonial use rather than domestic activities.
Furthermore, the presence of lekanides — special-
purpose vessels — hints at occasional or ritualistic
uses that go beyond everyday consumption.
Therefore, the study examined Attic black-
glazed pottery from the P-1 area in Olbia Ponti-
ca, which were discovered through 2018 and 2021
years of excavation. The majority of black-glazed
pottery from the indicated areas comes from one
distinct structure. Although a few artefacts were
recovered from the upper ground level, these are
likely accidental finds and cannot be reliably at-
tributed to any specific structure.
During the 2018 excavation season, a structure
referred to as “Recessed Complex no. 1” was un-
covered. This feature, dated to the 6th–5th centu-
ries BC, was in primary use during the first half
of the 5th century BC and is hypothesised to have
served a cultic function, possibly as part of a larg-
er sacred complex. Supporting this interpretation
is the presence of substantial quantities of grey-
polished tableware, kitchen ceramics, and animal
bones, indicating its possible use for ritual meals.
The main period of activity in the Recessed Com-
plex no. 1 appears to have been between 480/475
and 450 BC, with the final phase of use dated to
the second half of the 5th century BC. A small num-
ber of the 4th century BC artefacts within the layers
are considered intrusive.
In the subsequent 2021 excavation season, two
additional squares were started, which contained
most of the black-glazed pottery. These include the
continuation of the Recessed Complex no. 1 in the
squares nos. 2 and 3.
The ceramic assemblage from the square no. 2
is broadly dated to 525–410 BC, while material
from the square no. 3 falls between 500–400 BC,
with one isolated item dating to 350–325 BC. The
exact nature and function of this structures re-
mained unresolved at the end of the excavation
season, prompting plans for further investigation.
The stratigraphic and ceramic evidence sug-
gests that different parts of the complex may have
been established at different times, though the pos-
sibility of simultaneous use is most likely. Later
material found in the upper layers is probably the
result of post-depositional disturbances. By the
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Late Hellenistic and Roman periods, the area had
become a necropolis.
An even more detailed hypothesis is that the
complex may have served as a place for ritual
collective dining, as evidenced by the large amount
of tableware, kitchen and greyware, as well as
animal bones. Supporting this idea, is a rather
large assemblage of plain black-glazed ware, in-
cluding pieces with graffiti, which may indicate
private ownership and ritual dedications.
Unfortunately, archaeological research in Olbia
Pontica was halted due to the Russian full-scale
invasion of Ukraine, leaving many questions re-
garding these structures unanswered. Future inves-
tigations, when possible, will be crucial in refining
the understanding of this site’s function and sig-
nificance within the broader religious and cultural
landscape of the region.
Received 04.04.2025
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Ірина Олексіївна Чечуліна1, Олександр Геннадійович Кузьміщев2, Йохен Форнасьє3
1Доктор філософії, старший науковий співробітник відділу античної археології, Інститут археології НАН України,
ORCID: 0000-0003-3783-6277, chechulina_iryna@iananu.org.ua.
2Кандидат історичних наук, науковий співробітник відділу античної археології, Інститут археології НАН України,
ORCID: 0000-0003-2718-7111, a.kuzm@ukr.net
3Професор, доктор філософії, Інститут історії мистецтва і археології Європи, Галле-Віттенбергський університет
імені Мартіна Лютера, Німеччина, ORCID: 0000-0002-1660-8251, jochen.fornasier@altertum.uni-halle.de
АТТИЧНИЙ ЧОРНОЛАКОВИЙ ПОСУД З ОЛЬВІЇ ПОНТІЙСЬКОЇ: ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ДІЛЯНКИ «П-1»
Стаття присвячена всебічному аналізу аттичного чорнолакового посуду, виявленого під час дослідження ділянки
«Передмістя 1» в Ольвії Понтійській у 2018 та 2021 рр. Розкопки проводилися в межах українсько-німецького наукового
проєкту, спрямованого на вивчення давньої урбаністики, у рамках Ольвійської міжнародної археологічної експедиції.
Унаслідок повномасштабного вторгнення Росії в Україну у 2022 р. польові дослідження було призупинено, а доступ до
матеріалу залишається обмеженим. Тому дослідження ґрунтується на звітах та фотоматеріалах авторів розкопок.
У ході польових робіт було виявлено 203 фрагментів аттичної чорнолакової кераміки. Комплекс майже повністю
представлений відкритими формами (191 екземплярів), переважно посудом для пиття: киліками, скіфосами та
одноручними чашами, а також меншою кількістю мисок, солонок і блюд на ніжках.
Серед знахідок домінують киліки різних типів, що підкреслює їх функціональну роль як у повсякденному житті, так
і в церемоніальному контексті. Закриті форми, серед яких ойнохої, лекіфи, пеліки та аски, представлені нечисленними
зразками (12 екземплярів).
Розподіл знахідок у межах одного заглибленого комплексу може вказувати на їх побутове, ритуальне та, ймовірно,
сакральне використання. Хронологічно кераміка охоплює період від кінця VI до IV ст. до н.е., причому більшість виробів
датуються початком V ст. до н.е. Важливим аспектом є наявність графіті на окремих фрагментах, що може свідчити про
маркування особистої власності або ритуальні приношення.
Аналіз цього керамічного комплексу підтверджує гіпотезу щодо його функціонального призначення. Ймовірно,
комплекс використовувався впродовж V ст. до н.е. з певною сакральною метою. Велика кількість сіролощеного столового
посуду та залишків кісток тварин може свідчити про його використання під час ритуальних трапез. Цю саму гіпотезу
підтверджує значна кількість чорнолакового столового посуду, більшість якого належить до форм для пиття.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: Ольвія Понтійська, аттична чорнолакова кераміка, давня кераміка, питний посуд, Північне Причорномор'я.
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| id | arheologia-com-ua-article-419 |
| institution | Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface |
| issn | 2616-499X |
| keywords_txt_mv | |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:06:02Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | arheologiacomua/de/edac9d06384f10f92a494364b1c08dde.pdf |
| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-4192025-09-05T15:29:37Z Attic Black-Glazed Pottery from Olbia Pontica: A Study of the Excavation Area “P-1” Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1» Chechulina , I. O. Kuzmishchev , O. H. Fornasier, J. Olbia Pontica, Attic black-glazed pottery, ancient ceramics, drinking vessels, Black Sea north region Ольвія Понтійська, аттична чорнолакова кераміка, давня кераміка, питний посуд, Північне Причорномор'я This article presents the results of archaeological research on black-glazed pottery from the “Peredmistia 1” area of Olbia Pontica, excavated during the 2018 and 2021 seasons. The study examines 203 pieces of Attic black-glazed ceramics, focusing on their typology, chronology, and contextual significance. Given the challenges posed by the ongoing war in Ukraine, and the inability to work directly with the material, the analysis relies on excavation reports and photographic documentation, shedding light on the role of these ceramics in the cultural and economic landscape of Olbia Pontica. Стаття присвячена всебічному аналізу аттичного чорнолакового посуду, виявленого під час дослідження ділянки «Передмістя 1» в Ольвії Понтійській у 2018 та 2021 рр. Розкопки проводилися в межах українсько-німецького наукового проєкту, спрямованого на вивчення давньої урбаністики, у рамках Ольвійської міжнародної археологічної експедиції. Унаслідок повномасштабного вторгнення Росії в Україну у 2022 р. польові дослідження було призупинено, а доступ до матеріалу залишається обмеженим. Тому дослідження ґрунтується на звітах та фотоматеріалах авторів розкопок.У ході польових робіт було виявлено 203 фрагментів аттичної чорнолакової кераміки. Комплекс майже повністю представлений відкритими формами (191 екземплярів), переважно посудом для пиття: киліками, скіфосами та одноручними чашами, а також меншою кількістю мисок, солонок і блюд на ніжках.Серед знахідок домінують киліки різних типів, що підкреслює їх функціональну роль як у повсякденному житті, так і в церемоніальному контексті. Закриті форми, серед яких ойнохої, лекіфи, пеліки та аски, представлені нечисленними зразками (12 екземплярів).Розподіл знахідок у межах одного заглибленого комплексу може вказувати на їх побутове, ритуальне та, ймовірно, сакральне використання. Хронологічно кераміка охоплює період від кінця VI до IV ст. до н.е., причому більшість виробів датуються початком V ст. до н.е. Важливим аспектом є наявність графіті на окремих фрагментах, що може свідчити про маркування особистої власності або ритуальні приношення.Аналіз цього керамічного комплексу підтверджує гіпотезу щодо його функціонального призначення. Ймовірно, комплекс використовувався впродовж V ст. до н.е. з певною сакральною метою. Велика кількість сіролощеного столового посуду та залишків кісток тварин може свідчити про його використання під час ритуальних трапез. Цю саму гіпотезу підтверджує значна кількість чорнолакового столового посуду, більшість якого належить до форм для пиття. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2025-08-30 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/419 10.15407/archaeologyua2025.03.026 Arheologia; No 3 (2025): Arheologia; 26-43 Археологія ; № 3 (2025): Археологія; 26-43 Археология; № 3 (2025): Arheologia; 26-43 2616-499X 0235-3490 uk https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/419/436 Copyright (c) 2025 Arheologia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.en |
| spellingShingle | Ольвія Понтійська аттична чорнолакова кераміка давня кераміка питний посуд Північне Причорномор'я Chechulina , I. O. Kuzmishchev , O. H. Fornasier, J. Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1» |
| title | Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1» |
| title_alt | Attic Black-Glazed Pottery from Olbia Pontica: A Study of the Excavation Area “P-1” |
| title_full | Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1» |
| title_fullStr | Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1» |
| title_full_unstemmed | Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1» |
| title_short | Аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з Ольвії Понтійської: дослідження ділянки «П-1» |
| title_sort | аттичний чорнолаковий посуд з ольвії понтійської: дослідження ділянки «п-1» |
| topic | Ольвія Понтійська аттична чорнолакова кераміка давня кераміка питний посуд Північне Причорномор'я |
| topic_facet | Olbia Pontica Attic black-glazed pottery ancient ceramics drinking vessels Black Sea north region Ольвія Понтійська аттична чорнолакова кераміка давня кераміка питний посуд Північне Причорномор'я |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/419 |
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