Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри
The present paper discusses 37 lamps discovered in the area where the Roman garrison of Tyras was stationed during the 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century AD. Attention is focused on the distribution of lamps in the area under conside...
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Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
2026
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Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface| _version_ | 1872824663770398720 |
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| author | Savelieva, K. S. Saveliev, O. K. |
| author_facet | Savelieva, K. S. Saveliev, O. K. |
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"author": "K. S. Savelieva",
"institution": "PhD, Research Fellow, the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Department of Archaeology of the Crimea and the North-Western Black Sea Region",
"orcid": ""
},
{
"author": "O. K. Saveliev",
"institution": "PhD, Research Fellow, the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the Department of Archaeology of the Crimea and the North-Western Black Sea Region",
"orcid": ""
}
] |
| author_sort | Savelieva, K. S. |
| baseUrl_str | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| container_end_page | 124 |
| container_issue | 1 |
| container_start_page | 106 |
| container_title | Археологія |
| container_volume | |
| datestamp_date | 2026-03-21T11:43:32Z |
| description | The present paper discusses 37 lamps discovered in the area where the Roman garrison of Tyras was stationed during the 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century AD. Attention is focused on the distribution of lamps in the area under consideration and their typology. In total, three types of moulded lamps and one type of wheel-made lamps were identified. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/archaeologyua2026.01.106 |
| first_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:06:20Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ
НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р.
ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО
КИЇВ 1 2026
АРХЕОЛОГIЯ
Головний редактор
ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України
Редакцiйна колегiя
БОЛТРИК Ю. В. – кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України
БУЙСЬКИХ А. В. – доктор історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України
ГАРДІ С. Е. – PhD, Альянс для боротьби зі злочинністю в інтернеті, Велика Британія
ДЖІНДЖАН Ф. – професор, доктор хаб., Університет Сорбонни, Париж-1, Франція
ЗАЛІЗНЯК Л. Л. – професор, доктор історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України
КАЙЗЕР Е. – професор, доктор хаб., Вільний університет Берліна, Німеччина
МОТУЗАЙТЕ МАТУЗЕВІЧУТЕ (КІН) Ґ. – професор, PhD, Вільнюський університет, Литва
ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В. – професор, доктор історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України
ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О. – кандидат історичних наук, Варшавський університет, Польща
ПОТЄХІНА І. Д. – кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України, Україна
РАБІНОВІЦ А. – PhD, Техаський університет в Остіні, Сполучені штати Америки
ФОРНАСЬЄ Й. – професор, доктор, Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера, Німеччина
ШЕВЧЕНКО Т. М. – кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України (відповідальний секретар)
ШНЕЕВАЙС Є. – доктор хаб., Центр археології Ляйбніца, Німеччина
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE
SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947
FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY
Editor-in-Chief
CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Editorial Board
BOLTRYK Yu. V. – PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
BUISKYKH A. V. – DSc., Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
DJINDJIAN F. – Professor, Dr. Hab., University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France
FORNASIER J. – Professor, Ph.D., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
MOTUZAITĖ MATUZEVIČIŪTĖ (KEEN) G. – Professor, Ph.D., Vilniaus universitetas, Lithuania
HARDY S. A. – PhD., Alliance to Counter Crime Online, United Kingdom
KAISER E. – Professor, Dr. Hab., Institute of Prehistoric Archaeology Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
OTROSHCHENKO V. V. – Professor, DSc., Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
PLAVINSKI M. O. – PhD in History, University of Warsaw, Poland
POTEKHINA I. D. – PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine
RABINOWITZ A. – PhD in Classical Archaeology, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
SHEVCHENKO T. M. – PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine (Executive Secretary)
SCHNEEWEISS J. – Dr. Hab., Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie, Germany
ZALIZNIAK L. L. – Professor, DSc., Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine
ARHEOLOGIA
KYIV 1 2026
ЗМIСТ CONTENTS
Articles
MANKO V. O., TELIZHENKO S. A. Flint
Artefacts of Layer 4 at the Fatma Koba Site, Cimea,
Ukraine
PUKLINA O. O. Painted Glassware from Olbia
Pontica
SIKOZA D. M. Hun Assemblage from the Dnipro
River Lower Region
AKSIONOV V. S. Catacombs of a Specific Type
within the Verkhnii Saltiv Necropolis
Publications
of Archaeological Materials
LYSENKO S. D., LYSENKO S. S. Late Bronze
and Early Iron Age Assemblages of the Voitsekhivka
Cemetery (based on research of 2013)
CHECHULINA I. O. Black-Glazed Ware in the Col-
lection of Classical Antiquities of the Altes Museum
(Berlin, Germany): Perspectives from the Northern
Black Sea Region
SAVELIEVA K. S., SAVELIEV O. K. Lamps from
the Roman Citadel of Tyras
Статтi
МАНЬКО В. О., ТЕЛІЖЕНКО С. А. Крем’яний
комплекс шару 4 стоянки Фатьма Коба, Крим,
Україна
ПУКЛІНА О. О. Розписний скляний посуд з
Ольвії Понтійської
СІКОЗА Д. М. Комплекс гунського часу з
пониззя Дніпра
АКСЬОНОВ В. С. Катакомби особливого типу
Верхньосалтівського некрополя
Публiкацiї
археологiчних матерiалiв
ЛИСЕНКО С. Д., ЛИСЕНКО С. С. Комплекси
кінця пізнього бронзового та ранього залізного
віку Войцехівського могильника (за матеріалами
досліджень 2013 р.)
ЧЕЧУЛІНА І. О. Чорнолаковий посуд у зібранні
античної колекції Старого музею (Берлін, Ні-
меччина): погляд із Північного Причорномор’я
САВЕЛЬЄВА К. С., САВЕЛЬЄВ О. К. Світиль-
ники з римської цитаделі Тіри
5
18
28
46
65
92
106
До iсторiї
стародавнього виробництва
БУЦЬКИЙ І. М., МИШУСТА О. В. Тех-
нологічні традиції виготовлення кераміки
населення фіналу доби бронзи в басейні р. Самара
Iсторiя науки
ПОПЕЛЬНИЦЬКА О. О. Кремінний нако-
нечник дротика доби бронзи з Криму
To the History
of Ancient Crafts
BUTSKYI I. M., MYSHUSTA O. V. Technologi-
cal Traditions of Ceramics Production of the Final
Bronze Age Population in the Samara River Basin
History of Science
POPELNYTSKA O. O. A Bronze Age Flint Dart
Point from Crimea
125
142
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2026, № 1106
УДК: 904.23(477.74)”01/02” https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2026.01.106
© Savelieva Kateryna Serhiivna, 2026 — PhD, Research Fellow,
the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine, the Department of Archaeology of the
Crimea and the North-Western Black Sea Region, ORCID:
0000-0002-1899-3923, savelievakat6@gmail.com
© Saveliev Oleh Kostiantynovych, 2026 — PhD, Research
Fellow, the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, the Department of Archaeology of the
Crimea and the North-Western Black Sea Region, ORCID:
0000-0002-2010-2974, sav_reun@ukr.net
© Інститут археології НАН України, 2026
LAMPS FROM THE ROMAN CITADEL OF TYRAS
K. S. SAVELIEVA, O. K. SAVELIEV
most cases, research has primarily focused on ty-
pological classification and chronological attribu-
tion, while the archaeological context has received
comparatively little attention.
This paper focuses on lamps discovered in the
area where the Roman garrison of Tyras was sta-
tioned during the 2nd century and the first half of
the 3rd century AD. Finds from areas adjacent to
the outer side of the citadel’s defensive walls are
also included. Systematic excavations were con-
ducted within the territory of the Roman citadel
by expeditions of the Odesa Archaeological Mu-
seum and the Institute of Archaeology of the Na-
tional Academy of Sciences of Ukraine between
1963 and 1998.1 The lamps discussed in this paper
are housed in two institutions: the Odesa Archae-
ological Museum (OAM) and the Bilhorod-Dnis-
trovskyi Local Lore Museum (BDLM).
This study aims to identify the most common
types of lamps and to assess the extent to which the
military garrison utilized them for interior illumina-
tion. The mapping of finds (fig. 1) makes it possi-
ble to identify areas with the highest concentration
of lamps within the citadel. However, it should be
noted that in some cases this distribution may re-
flect the current state of research rather than the ac-
tual spatial pattern of lamp use. Large portions of
the citadel remain unexcavated. The eastern section,
in particular, is completely inaccessible for archae-
ological investigation, as it is obstructed by mod-
ern urban development. Only small fragments of
the defensive wall have been uncovered in this area,
allowing researchers to clarify the boundaries of
the citadel — though its internal layout remains un-
known. Moreover, because the area was reoccupied
shortly after the garrison left and continued to be in-
habited into the medieval period, many Roman-pe-
riod contexts were disturbed — a factor that inevita-
bly affected the distribution of lamps across the site.
Despite these disturbances, analysing the archaeo-
logical context of the finds remains crucial for re-
constructing both the everyday activities and reli-
gious practices of the Tyras garrison.
1 This study does not include finds from the excavations
of the building with portico (no. 702) coordinated by
T. L. Samoilova during 1999–2004.
The present paper discusses 37 lamps discovered
in the area where the Roman garrison of Tyras was
stationed during the 2nd century and the first half of
the 3rd century AD. Attention is focused on the dis-
tribution of lamps in the area under consideration
and their typology. In total, three types of mould-
ed lamps and one type of wheel-made lamps were
identified.
K e y w o r d s: Tyras, Roman period, Roman gar-
rison, citadel, lamps.
Lamps found at Tyras have never been the subject
of systematic and comprehensive research. Indi-
vidual specimens have been mentioned in excava-
tion reports and related publications, but the num-
ber of specialised studies devoted specifically to
lamps remains extremely limited. Among them,
two works provide a general overview of lighting
equipment from the site: an article by E. O. Lev-
ina, focusing on material from the late 6th to the
1st century BC (Левина 1987), and an article by
N. O. Son and S. B. Sorochan, covering the span
from the Late Hellenistic to the Late Antique pe-
riod (Сон, Сорочан 1988). Other publications fo-
cus on specific groups of lamps, including met-
al lamps (Сон, Шейко 2016), hand-made lamps
(Сон, Шейко 2018), wheel-made lamps (Бруяко,
Росохацкий 2000), and a figural lamp (Савельев
2021). Additionally, several moulds for lamp pro-
duction have been published (Сон, Сорочан 1988,
c. 126, рис. 5, 4; Смольянінова 2005, c. 90,
рис. 5). The materials discussed in these stud-
ies include both lamps uncovered during excava-
tions and objects with unknown find contexts. In
Це стаття відкритого доступу за ліцензією CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.uk
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2026, № 1 107
Fig. 1. Distribution map of the lamps in the area of the Roman citadel of Tyras
The catalogue (Appendix 1) includes two lamps
previously published in the report on excavations
conducted by P. Nicorescu in 1930 (Nicorescu
1933). The researcher excavated several trenches
in various parts of the ancient city, one of which
was located in the northern part of the citadel. One
of the lamps discovered there is of the Ephesian
type (cat. 2), which likely dates to an earlier peri-
od in the city’s history and may not be directly re-
lated to the citadel itself. The second lamp belongs
to the widespread Loeschcke type VIII (cat. 13).
Archaeological context of the finds
Over the course of systematic research, several
sections of the fortification lines of the Roman cita-
del have been excavated, including parts of the north-
ern (sections nos. 72, 159, 270), western (no. 212),
south-western (no. 37), and southern (nos. 734, 318)
walls. One of the citadel’s entrances, located in the
north-western part, was also uncovered. In addition,
two defensive towers were excavated: a round tower
(no. 68) and a pentagonal tower (no. 575).
Several buildings within the citadel territory have
been investigated. One of the largest is Building V,
measuring about 70 m² (10.9 × 6.2 m) (Клейман
1971; Крижицкий, Клейман 1979, с. 40-45). The
walls, constructed from large blocks, are 60 cm thick.
The function of the building has not been definitive-
ly established. I. B. Kleiman referred to it as a “vex-
illation building” (Клейман 1971, с. 238), a term
that has been adopted in subsequent scholarly litera-
ture on the history of Tyras. It has also been suggest-
ed that the structure may have served as an armoury
(Крижицкий, Клейман 1979, с. 45). Most of its in-
terior space was disturbed during the medieval peri-
od. Lamp cat. no. 3 was found in the fill of the build-
ing. Several additional lamps were recovered near the
structure in layers dated to the 2nd–3rd centuries AD
(cat. nos. 6, 8, 23, 24, 34). Lamp cat. no. 14 is an in-
cidental find near the north-west wall of the building.
A few metres north of Building V, a large court-
yard was uncovered, surrounded by a series of pe-
rimeter rooms and adjoining the northern defen-
sive wall. Within the courtyard, a stone pavement
composed of roughly dressed cobbles and flat-ly-
ing slabs was excavated (Сон и др. 1989, c. 25-
26). During the clearing of this area, two lamps
were found (cat. nos. 15 and 33).
Two pottery kilns were also discovered in the
courtyard, though only their lower parts — the fur-
nace chambers measuring 1.4 m and 1.6 m in di-
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2026, № 1108
ameter — were preserved (Сон и др. 1990, c. 38-
43). In the furnace pit of one kiln, pieces of raw
clay used for making pottery were found, along
with fragments of moulded but unfired vessels.
The furnace chamber was filled with fragments of
tiles and bricks, as well as tableware and kitchen
pottery, showing no visible signs of use.
Several lamps were found in the layers associ-
ated with this site (cat. nos. 16, 19, 26, 35). While
it may be tempting to assume that the lamps were
produced in this workshop, there is insufficient ev-
idence to support this hypothesis. It is therefore
equally plausible that they were used in everyday
activities here.
Along the south-western defensive line, the re-
mains of several structures were discovered, which
adjoined the wall from the inside. Their function has
not been determined; they may have been residen-
tial or utilitarian in nature. Among them is Struc-
ture 384 (Клейман и др. 1979, c. 44). The room
measures 6 m². Inside, a collapse of stones was ex-
cavated, containing material dated to the 2nd to mid-
3rd centuries AD. Based on the dating of finds in the
fill, the structure was likely built at the turn of the
era and continued to function until the mid-3rd cen-
tury AD, after which it was destroyed. An Ephesian
lamp (cat. no. 1) was found in the fill of the room.
Further to the southeast, near the pentagonal
Tower 575, the remains of several more structures
adjoining the defensive wall were uncovered. In
this area, fragments of lamps (cat. nos. 21 and 22)
were found. A lamp (cat. no. 7) was discovered in
the fill of Tower 575, within a medieval layer.
On the exterior side of the citadel’s defensive
walls, several features have been identified that can
be interpreted as associated with its functioning. In
particular, a structure was uncovered adjacent to
the south-western defensive wall, near the pentag-
onal tower, and on its outer side. O. A. Rosokhat-
skyi tentatively interpreted it as the remains of a
production complex related to bread baking for
the garrison (Росохацкий и др. 1997, с. 37-39).
This complex consisted of several rooms. Two ov-
ens were found here, along with a stone millstone
measuring one meter in diameter and fragments of
a hand-operated grinding stone. A dark soil layer
up to 0.5 meters thick, containing traces of burn-
ing, ash, and soot, indicates prolonged and inten-
sive use of the ovens. Lamps cat. nos. 12 and 25
were discovered in the layer near the ovens.
A concentration of lamps has been recorded near
and within Building 610. This is a large structure,
11.9 m wide, with an apse on the eastern side that
adjoins defensive wall no. 552 from the outside. The
function and date of construction of this building re-
main subjects of scholarly debate. A. O. Rosokhatskyi
and T. L. Samoilova identified the structure as an ear-
ly Christian basilica (Самойлова, Росохацкий 1997,
с. 31-32; Самойлова, Кожокару, Богуславский
2002, с. 178-180). V. M. Zubar, however, argued that
it dates to the Roman period and may have been part
of a thermae complex or a principia (Зубар 2004, с.
143). R. Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski proposed that the
building functioned as a sanctuary of the Roman gar-
rison, possibly a mithraeum (Karasiewicz-Szczypi-
orski 2018, p. 193-194). Supporting this hypothesis,
the structure displays several features characteristic
of Roman sanctuaries. In particular, the apse — vis-
ible from the interior — formed a niche likely in-
tended for reliefs or sculptures depicting deities. The
lamp cat. no. 20, found on the floor of the apse, was
likely one of the cultic attributes. Two lamps were
also found in the fill of the room (cat. nos. 10 and
17), and several more were recovered in adjacent lay-
ers — next to the eastern wall (cat. nos. 31 and 27)
and to the south of the building (cat. nos. 11, 36, and
37). The sacred function of the space is also indirect-
ly confirmed by the nearby discovery of fragments of
votive reliefs depicting the Thracian Horseman and
Mithras. Its location just outside the citadel, along
with artefacts found within the room, reinforces the
association of this structure with the Roman military
presence. It most likely served as a sanctuary dedi-
cated to unofficial cults practiced by Roman soldiers
(Savelieva 2023, p. 641).
The finds: classification and chronology
All of the lamps can be broadly divided into
two groups based on production technique:
mould-made lamps (33 items) and wheel-made
lamps (4 items). Among the mould-made lamps,
three main types are represented: Ephesian lamps
(2 specimens), Loeschcke type VIII (20 speci-
mens), and Sunburst lamps (11 specimens). This
group probably includes both imported and locally
produced lamps. However, due to the lack of phys-
ical and chemical analyses of the clay, it is not pos-
sible to definitively attribute any of them to local
production. The group of wheel-made lamps in-
cludes four open-type lamps, which were evident-
ly manufactured locally.
Ephesian lamps (cat. nos. 2–3; fig. 2: 1–2)
Type: Broneer XIX, Howland 49 A-B. These
lamps have a biconvex body and a circular
reservoir. An elongated nozzle with a tip that
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2026, № 1 109
may be triangular or rounded, with a wide rim
surrounding the wick hole. The discus is plain
and bordered by a ridge. The ribbon handle has
one or two grooves. The lamps are decorated. The
shoulders of the lamps from Tyras feature a row of
ovolos, two relief bands in the shoulder area near
the nozzle, and a rosette on the top of the nozzle.
Lamps of this type were particularly wide-
spread in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC (Broneer 1930,
p. 66-70; Howland 1958, p. 166-170; Bruneau
1965, p. 51-78; Gürler 2002, S. 133-147; 2003,
S. 123-131; Giuliani 2005, S. 140-141). Lamps
from Ephesus were exported to various parts of
Greece, Asia Minor, and the Black Sea region. Lo-
cal copies have been identified in many centres. On
the northern Black Sea coast, local imitations of
the Howland 49 type were produced (Журавлев,
Быковская, Желтикова 2010, с. 21-22; Zhurav-
lev, Zhuravleva 2014, p. 276-277; Шейко 2014,
c. 116). Their production is also documented in
Tyras, as evidenced by the discovery of the upper
part of a lamp mould (found in a mixed layer; un-
published).
The dating of the finds from Tyras remains
an open question, as one nearly intact lamp was
discovered in a room containing Roman-period
material. It may be assumed that the lamp had
been in use for an extended period; however, this
should likely be considered an exceptional case for
an object made of such a fragile material as clay.
Loeschcke type VIII (cat. nos. 3–22; fig. 2:
3–7; fig. 3–5)
These lamps feature a circular body and a short,
rounded nozzle. They were widespread throughout
the Roman Empire and were produced over a long
period, from the 1st to the 4th century AD. Over
such a lengthy timespan, numerous variations
developed, making them difficult to classify
(Bussière, Lindros Wohl 2017, p. 195).2
In Tyras, these lamps are found in layers and
contexts dated to the 2nd century through the first
half of the 3rd century AD; isolated examples also
appear in later layers. This group is the most nu-
merous among the lamps discussed, comprising
20 items. The group includes lamps with ivy leaf-
shaped, U-shaped, or round nozzles; in some cases,
the nozzle barely protrudes. Most examples have a
ring handle; in one instance, there is a solid handle
without a through-hole, and in some cases, no han-
2 For the distribution of wheel-made open lamps and mould-
made lamps with cut-out discuses designed for solid fuel
use at military sites, see Eckardt 2000, p. 12; Petruț 2018,
p. 115; Postoș 2022, p. 115.
dle is present at all. The shoulders are either plain
or decorated with ornaments in the form of ovals
or rows of globules. In many examples, the shoul-
ders are separated from the discus by two thin cir-
cular ridges with a groove between them. The dis-
cus is slightly concave and is most often decorated
with a relief image, such as a rosette, rooster, dove,
bull’s head, griffin, or a filled kantharos. The filling
hole is located either in the centre of the discus or
off-centre. The base is flat or slightly concave; in
some examples, a slightly raised base-ring is pres-
ent. On the base of lamp cat. no. 7, a stamp with
the letters ΔΙ and a planta pedis is present.
N. O. Son and S. B. Sorochan divide lamps
of this type from Tyras into two groups based on
their presumed place of production: West Pontic
and North Pontic. As criteria for identifying lamps
of North Pontic origin, they propose the indistinct-
ness of the relief decoration on the discus and the
presence of a handle with a groove (Сон, Сорочан
1988, c. 125). However, in our opinion, such cri-
teria are insufficient for determining the place of
manufacture. Lamps with indistinct images are
likely the result of repeated copying and the use
of worn-out moulds; such items could have been
produced in any centre. These lamps were prob-
ably not attractive as trade goods between pro-
duction centres, especially considering that they
could have been relatively easily manufactured
anywhere ceramic production existed. Such items
are most likely to be regarded as local products,
although laboratory analysis of the clay would be
necessary to confirm their provenance.
One additional feature observed in some lamps
from this group should be noted: the partial cutting
away of the discus, likely intended to adapt the lamps
for the use of solid fuel (animal fat or tallow) in-
stead of the more expensive olive oil. In four cases
(cat. nos. 5, 17, 18, 22), the discus was clearly modi-
fied intentionally, while in two other cases (cat. nos. 3
and 21), intentional modification is also likely.
Sunburst lamps (cat. nos. 23–33; fig. 6–7)
These lamps have a round or oval body, an
elongated nozzle with a rounded tip, a circular
discus separated by two annular ridges with a
groove between them, and a wide ribbon handle.
Radiating grooves or ridges extend outward from
the discus, imitating the sunburst pattern that
gives the type its name. The base of the lamp is
decorated with a relief resembling a rosette with
sun rays. The nozzle is frequently decorated as
well, with one or more globules and a band of
grooves arranged either across or diagonally.
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Fig. 2. Lamps from Tyras: 1–2 — Ephesian lamps (cat. nos. 1–2); 2: after: Nicorescu 1933, p. 589, fig. 107; 3–7 — Loeschcke
type VIII lamps (cat. nos. 3–7)
Several subtypes are distinguished based
on various features. In particular, S. B. Soro-
chan identified two subtypes according to the
shape of the body: pear-shaped and round-egg-
shaped (Сорочан 1982, c. 44). G. Kuzmanov and
A. Minchev proposed four subtypes based on noz-
zle design (Кузманов, Минчев 2018, c. 99-107).
Among the finds from Tyras, two specimens
(cat. nos. 32–33) exhibit the same morphological
characteristics but have smooth shoulders lack-
ing the typical radial pattern. Such unornamented
lamps are considered imitations of Sunburst lamps
(Журавлев, Турова 2012, с. 379), although the
term “variation” may also be appropriate in this
context.
These lamps were most popular during the 3rd–
4th centuries AD, particularly along the western
and northern Pontic coasts. Examples have been
recorded in Tauric Chersonesos (Сорочан 1982,
c. 43-50; Chrzanovski, Zhuravlev 1998, p. 133-
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
0
5
c
m
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Fig. 3. Loeschcke type VIII lamps (cat. nos. 8–10)
140, cat. 75–81), Tanais (Арсеньева 1988, с. 43-
45, табл. IX–XXIII), Tyras (Nicorescu 1933,
p. 589, 595, fig. 1109–1113; Левина 1985, с. 67-
70; Сон, Сорочан 1988, с. 127, fig. 5: 5–6), Ol-
bia (Крапивина 1993, с. 122, fig. 71; Sheiko,
Puklina 2019, p. 79, 82, fig. 5; fig. 7: 5–6; Sheiko
2024, p. 71, fig. 1), Tomis (Panaitescu 1977, p.
342, fig. 6: 2), Odessos (Кузманов 1992, с. 38,
cat. 277–280; Кузманов, Минчев 2018, с. 99-
110, pl. XXIX–XXXIV, no. 482–484), Callatis
(Topoleanu 2012, p. 166-167, pl. XII: 100; Topo-
leanu, Croitoru 2015, p. 148-152), Noviodunum
(Baumann 2009, p. 254, fig. 14: 122), Histria
(Bocan, Dabîca 2023, p. 74-75), Novae (Čičik-
ova 1987, p. 180, pl. VIII: 61), Bărboşi (Sanie
1981, p. 163, pl. 41:1a–b, 2), and Deultum (Ko-
stova, Dobreva 2008, p. 163-164, pl. 119:7–7a).
Fragments of such lamps have also been found on
the coast of Colchis, in the Roman fort of Apsaros
(Jaworska 2024, p. 40, fig. 2). Lamps of this type
1
2
3
0 5 cm
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Fig. 4. Loeschcke type VIII lamps (cat. nos. 11–14); 3 — after: Nicorescu 1933, p. 589, fig. 105
were apparently produced in various North Pon-
tic and West Pontic workshops.
Wheel-made open lamps with a pinched
spout (cat. nos. 34–37; fig. 8)
These lamps, referred to as the “Tyrasian type”
(Бруяко, Росохацкий 2000, c. 342-345), are small
bowls whose sides are folded together to form a
pinched spout for holding a wick. These morpho-
logical features were likely adopted to facilitate
the use of solid and readily available fuels, such
as animal fat and tallow. Among the lamps from
Tyras, two subtypes can be distinguished based on
the shape of the reservoir: a rounded bowl with a
slightly raised circular base-ring (cat. no. 34) and
a low bowl with a wide, flat bottom (cat. nos. 35–
37). All specimens have reservoirs with rims bent
outward. A loop-shaped handle is preserved on
one specimen from Tyras. The lamps are made
of coarse clay with visible impurities; the surface
is rough, and signs of use are often apparent on
1
2
3
4
0 5 cm
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Fig. 5. Loeschcke type VIII lamps (cat. nos. 15–22)
the interior. Their surface colour ranges from red-
dish-brown to dark grey.
These lamps are similar in construction to lamps
of the Vessberg Type 1, which have been dated to a
broad chronological range from the Archaic to the
Hellenistic periods (Oziol 1977, p. 17-19; Hayes
1980, p. 4-5; Kassab Tezgör, Sezer 1995, p. 33-34;
Bussière, Lindros Wohl 2017, p. 8). However, there
are notable morphological differences between these
and the lamps from Tyras discussed here. In Tyras,
such lamps are most commonly found in layers dat-
ing from the 2nd century to the first half of the 3rd cen-
tury AD. The closest parallels are the Loeschcke
type XII lamps from Vindonissa, dated to the 1st cen-
tury AD (Loeschcke 1919, S. 302-304, Taf. XX:
1036). There are also some similarities with cer-
tain lamps from the medieval period (Ursachi 2001,
pl. XVIII: 9, pl. XXVI: 1, pl. XXXI: 1, pl. XLV: 1–3;
Artimon 2008, fig. 4: 1; Bussière, Rivel 2012, p. 314,
cat. 371–372; p. 339, cat. 400–401).
Apparently, the simplicity of their manufactur-
ing technique allowed this type of lamps to be re-
produced in various regions over the centuries, al-
though it was never widely distributed during the
Roman period. In Tyras, they are significantly fewer
in number than mould-made oil lamps, and this ap-
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
0 5 cm
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Fig. 6. Sunburst lamps (cat. nos. 23–26)
1
2
3
4
0
5
c
m
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Fig. 7. Sunburst lamps (cat. nos. 27–33)
plies not only to finds from the citadel site but also
to the Roman lamp collection as a whole.3 A com-
parable lamp form most likely reflects a change in
fuel, as cheaper and more affordable animal fat be-
gan to replace vegetable oils — evidenced, for ex-
ample, by the partially cut discus of some oil lamps.4
Their distribution appears to have been limit-
ed to Tyras and some neighbouring settlements,
which is why I. V. Bruiako and O. A. Rosokhatskyi
proposed referring to them as the “Tyrasian type”
3 It is also appropriate to mention the open lead lamp from
Tyras (Сон, Шейко 2016, с. 83, рис. 1, 2).
4 For the distribution of wheel-made open lamps and mould-
made lamps with cut-out discuses designed for solid fuel
use at military sites, see Eckardt 2000, p. 12; Petruț 2018,
p. 115; Postoș 2022, p. 115.
(Бруяко, Росохацкий 2000, c. 342-345). Due to
their poor workmanship, they should probably be
considered products of local tableware workshops
rather than imported goods.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the number of lamps discov-
ered during the excavations of the Roman citadel
at Tyras is relatively modest. This limited quantity
may be attributed to the fact that structures — such
as barracks where lighting would have been used
more intensively — have not yet been excavated. It
is also plausible that alternative methods of light-
ing were preferred by the garrison. As a result, the
available material does not allow for meaningful
0 5 cm
1 2
3 4
5
6
7
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Fig. 8. Wheel-made lamps with a pinched spout (cat. nos. 34–37)
statistical analysis of lamp usage patterns. Despite
this, the assemblage reveals a clear predominance
of two types of oil lamps — Loeschcke type VIII
and Sunburst lamps. Both types are widely distrib-
uted across the northern and western Black Sea re-
gion. Tallow lamps were also in use, and some oil
lamps appear to have been deliberately modified
for burning animal fat, which was a cheaper and
more accessible fuel than olive oil.
Most of the lamps seem to be of local origin, a
conclusion drawn from visual analysis of the clay
and the quality of craftsmanship. However, labo-
ratory testing is required to confirm this assump-
tion. Although a few moulds have been discovered
at Tyras, there is currently no evidence of an or-
ganised production system comparable to those
known in other regions of the Roman Empire.
Identifying distinct chronological phases in the
use of lamps is particularly challenging. The Ro-
man garrison was stationed at Tyras for approx-
imately 150 years, and it is clear that the assem-
blage primarily reflects the final phase of the garri-
son’s presence in the city. Earlier lamps had likely
fallen out of use by that time and are thus absent
from the archaeological record.
These findings, while limited in number, con-
tribute to our understanding of everyday life with-
in the Roman garrison. Further excavations — par-
ticularly of military and domestic areas — may
provide a more comprehensive picture of light-
ing technologies and local ceramic production at
Tyras.
Received 26.05.2025
Ephesian lamps
No. 1. Fig. 2: 1. Description: circular reservoir;
shoulder with a row of ovolos; two relief stripes
on the shoulder space near the nozzle; ridge sep-
arating shoulder from discus; concave discus with
central filling-hole; elongated nozzle with a flat
Appendix 1. Catalogue of lamps from the area of the Roman citadel of Tyras
top; rosette on nozzle top; raised circular base-
ring. With traces of use. Material: red fine clay;
brown slip. Condition: restored; handle missing,
small part of nozzle tip chipped. Dimensions:
L = 8.6 cm, W = 6.6 cm, H = 2.2 cm1. Findspot and
1 Here and below, the height is given without the handle. The following
abbreviations are used: L - length, W - width, H - height, D - diameter.
0 5 cm
1
3
2
4
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context: 1979 year of excavations, South-Eastern
section, structure 384. Storage location and inven-
tory no.: OAM 88079 (БД-79/77). Bibliography:
unpublished. Analogies: Oziol 1977, pl. 8: 134;
Baumann 2009, p. 230, fig. 5: 30; Popescu 2011,
pl. 1: 3–4.
No. 2. Fig. 2: 2. Description: similar to no. 1;
ribbon handle with a groove. Material: red clay.
Condition: complete. Dimensions: D = 5.7 cm,
H = 2.3 cm. Findspot and context: 1930, point 23.
Storage location and inventory no.: unknown. Bib-
liography: Nicorescu 1933, p. 589, fig. 107.
Loeschcke type VIII lamps
No. 3. Fig. 2: 3. Description: circular reservoir;
concave discus, marked with two thin circular
ridges with a groove between; ivy leaf-shaped noz-
zle; base marked off by one circular groove. Ma-
terial: red fine clay; orange slip. Condition: large
part of discus missing. Dimensions: D = 7.1 cm,
H = 3 cm. Findspot and context: 1967, Building
no. V, infill near the north-east wall. Storage lo-
cation and inventory no.: ОАМ 80811 (БД-67,
сп. 7). Bibliography: Клейман 1971, рис. 9. Anal-
ogies: Кузманов, Минчев 2018, табл. XII: 172.
No. 4. Fig. 2:4. Description: circular reservoir;
ring handle; concave discus marked with two thin
circular ridges with a groove between and deco-
rated with a rosette of sixteen petals; central fill-
ing-hole; ivy leaf-shaped nozzle; concave base.
Material: reddish brown clay; brown slip. Con-
dition: restored; small part of discus missing. Di-
mensions: D = 6.2 cm, H = 3.7 cm. Findspot and
context: 1976, Southern section, square 116 V-Д;
grey clay layer. Storage location and invento-
ry no.: ОАМ 86771 (БД-76/200). Bibliography:
unpublished. Analogies: Кузманов, Минчев
2018, табл. XIII: 176, табл. XV: 218; табл. XVII:
240; Streinu, Pîrvulescu 2020, pl. II: 1–2.
No. 5. Fig. 2:5. Description: circular reser-
voir; ring handle; shoulder decorated with a row
of ovolos; concave discus; ivy leaf-shaped noz-
zle; slightly raised base-ring. Material: red clay;
dull red slip of poor quality. Condition: central
part of discus and part of nozzle missing. Dimen-
sions: D = 5.5 cm, H = 3.2 cm. Findspot and con-
text: 1975, Western section, square 241/242 IV-
Д, grey clay layer. Storage location and inventory
no.: ОАМ 85821 (БД-75/129). Bibliography: un-
published. Analogies: Кузманов, Минчев 2018,
табл. XII: 169; табл. XVIII: 250; Streinu, Pîr-
vulescu 2020, pl. III: 14.
No. 6. Fig. 2: 6. Description: circular reservoir
with short nozzle, concave discus; filling-hole at
left; slightly concave base. With traces of use. Ma-
terial: red clay; yellowish brown slip of poor qual-
ity. Condition: complete. Dimensions: D = 5.8 cm,
L = 6.8 cm, H = 2.2 cm. Findspot and context:
1986, Western section, square 284 IV-Д. Stor-
age location and inventory no.: ОАМ 89874 (БД-
86/9). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 7. Fig. 2: 7. Description: circular reservoir;
ring handle; shoulder decorated with three rows of
globules; concave discus marked with two thin cir-
cular ridges; filling-hole off centre; short nozzle
with U-shaped sides; flat base, marked by a groove;
stamp on the base – planta pedis between Δ and I.
Material: red clay; dark brown slip of poor quality;
smudges on the underside. Condition: restored; part
of the reservoir and discus missing. Dimensions:
D = 6 cm, L = 7.8 cm, H = 2.1 cm. Findspot and con-
text: 1997, Southern section, Tower no. 575, infill,
medieval layer. Storage location and inventory no.:
BDLM А-10670 (БТЕ-1997, сп. 72). Bibliography:
unpublished. Analogies: Кузманов, Минчев 2018,
табл. XIII: 180–181; Sheiko, Puklina 2019, fig. 6:
6; Streinu, Pîrvulescu 2020, pl. III: 15.
No. 8. Fig. 3:1. Description: circular reservoir;
ring handle; slightly concave discus marked with
two grooves and decorated with the head of a bull
or a cow; short nozzle; slightly raised base-ring.
With traces of use. Material: red clay; dull red-
dish-brown slip of poor quality. Condition: com-
plete. Dimensions: D = 6.6 cm, H = 2.3 cm. Find-
spot and context: 1979, South-eastern section,
square 307 IV-Д, layer of the 2nd–3rd centuries.
Storage location and inventory no.: ОАМ 88081
(БД-79/294). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 9. Fig. 3:2. Description: circular reservoir,
ring handle; slightly concave discus marked with
circular ridge and decorated with a pigeon standing
on a branch; filling-hole at left; short nozzle; flat
base. With traces of use. Material: red clay; orange
slip of poor quality. Condition: complete. Dimen-
sions: D = 6.1 cm, H = 2.5 cm. Findspot and con-
text: 1998, Northern sector-2, squares 161/181 IV-
Д, mixed layer. Storage location and inventory no.:
BDLM А-10673 (БTE-1998/54). Bibliography:
unpublished. Analogies: Кузманов, Салкин 1981,
табл. V: 41–42; Sanie 1981, pl. 45: 2 a–b; Bau-
mann 2009, pl. 2: 73; Topoleanu 2016, pl. III: 15;
Кузманов, Минчев 2018, табл. XX: 274.
No. 10. Fig. 3:3. Description: similar to no. 9;
decorated with a blurred pigeon standing on a
branch to the right. With traces of use. Materi-
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al: red clay; orange slip of poor quality. Condi-
tion: small part of reservoir missing. Dimensions:
D = 6.1 cm, H = 2.5 cm. Findspot and context:
1998, Western sector, Building no. 610, layer of
the 2nd–4th centuries. Storage location and invento-
ry no.: BDLM А-9681 (БTE-98/260). Bibliogra-
phy: unpublished.
No. 11. Fig. 4: 1. Description: circular reser-
voir; ring handle; slightly concave discus marked
with two grooves and decorated with a roost-
er to the right; filling-hole at left; short nozzle;
flat base. Material: red clay; orange slip of poor
quality. Condition: restored; part of shoulder and
most of nozzle missing. Dimensions: D = 4.7 cm,
L = 7 cm, H = 2.5 cm. Findspot and context:
1996, Western sector, squares 322/321 IV-Д; grey
clay layer. Storage location and inventory no.:
BDLM А-10672 (БTE-96/102). Bibliography:
unpublished. Analogies: Bârlădeanu 1977, pl. V:
7; Baumann 2009, fig. 7, 51; Rusu-Bolindeţ 2010,
pl. IV–V; Topoleanu 2012, p. 114-116; Iconomu
2013, pl. II, VII: 1; Topoleanu, Croitoru 2015,
p. 130-132; Popescu, Raţiu 2016, pl. II: 11; Ili-
escu, Botiş 2018, fig. 9: 1–3; Croitoru, Diaconu
2019, fig. 1, 2; Bocan, Dabîca 2023, p. 63-64,
cat. 1–2.
No. 12. Fig. 4: 2. Description: circular reser-
voir; ring handle; slightly concave discus marked
with two grooves and decorated with the depic-
tion of a filled kantharos; filling-hole at left; flat
base with blurred base-ring. Material: red clay;
orange slip of poor quality. Condition: restored;
part of reservoir, part of discus and most of noz-
zle missing. Dimensions: D = 5.1 cm, L = 5.5 cm,
H = 2.1 cm. Findspot and context: 1997, South-
ern sector, square 29 V-Д; grey clay layer. Stor-
age location and inventory no.: BDLM А-10671
(БТЕ-97/71). Bibliography: unpublished. Anal-
ogies: Bârlădeanu 1977, pl. V: 3; Сон, Сорочан
1988, рис. 4, 6; Baumann 2009, pl. 1, 47; Rusu-
Bolindeţ 2010, pl. VII: 13–14; Topoleanu 2012,
p. 117-122; Topoleanu, Croitoru 2015, p. 124-127;
Popescu, Raţiu 2016, pl. II: 10; Topoleanu 2016,
pl. III: 17; Streinu, Pîrvulescu 2020, pl. I: 1–2;
Croitoru, Diaconu 2019, fig. 2, 3–4; Iliescu, Botiş
2018, fig. 9: 6; Iconomu 2013, pl. III: 1–2, IV: 4,
V, VII: 2–3, IX: 2–4; Bocan, Dabîca 2023, p. 64-
65, cat. 3–5.
No. 13. Fig. 4: 3. Description: same as no. 12;
filling-hole at right; ivy leaf-shaped nozzle. Ma-
terial: red clay. Condition: large part of shoul-
der and discus missing. Dimensions: D = 5.5 cm,
H = 2.3 cm. Findspot and context: 1930, point 23.
Storage location and inventory no.: unknown. Bib-
liography: Nicorescu 1933, p. 589, fig. 105.
No. 14. Fig. 4: 4. Description: slightly concave
discus marked with a groove and decorated with
the depiction of a flying griffin to the left, with a
purse-like object beneath; filling-hole off centre;
short nozzle with U-shaped sides. Material: red
clay; orange slip of poor quality. Condition: top
part preserved, handle and part of nozzle miss-
ing. Dimensions: D = 5.8 cm. Findspot and con-
text: 1968, accidental find near Building V during
excavation. Storage location and inventory no.:
ОАМ 83303. Bibliography: unpublished. Analo-
gies: Кузманов 1992, c. 84, № 143.
No. 15. Fig. 5: 1. Description: circular reser-
voir; ring handle with two grooves on the upper
part; concave discus marked with two grooves
and decorated with a blurred rosette; central fill-
ing-hole; short nozzle; slightly concave base. Ma-
terial: red clay; red slip of poor quality. Condition:
restored; small part of reservoir missing. Dimen-
sions: D = 6.5 cm, L = 8.5 cm, H = 3 cm. Findspot
and context: 1989, North-Eastern section, squares
226/225 IV-Д, stone pavement 514. Storage loca-
tion and inventory no.: ОАМ 90789 (БД-89/109).
Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 16. Fig. 5: 2. Description: circular reser-
voir; concave discus marked with two grooves;
short nozzle; slightly concave base. With traces
of use. Material: red clay; red slip of poor quality.
Condition: large part of the reservoir and most of
the discus are missing. Dimensions: D = 5.6 cm,
H = 2.6 cm. Findspot and context: 1975, Eastern
section, square 225 IV-Д; yellow clay layer. Stor-
age location and inventory no.: ОАМ 85871 (БД-
75, сп. 121/7). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 17. Fig. 5: 3. Description: circular reser-
voir; ring handle; concave discus; short nozzle;
slightly concave base. Material: reddish brown
clay. Condition: central part of discus and large
part of nozzle missing. Dimensions: D = 5.7 cm,
L = 7 cm, H = 2.8 cm. Findspot and context: 1996,
squares 300/280 IV-Г; Building no. 610; mixed
layer. 19.76–18.60. Storage location and inven-
tory no.: BDLM № А-10667 (БTE-96/136). Bib-
liography: unpublished.
No. 18. Fig. 5: 4. Description: circular reser-
voir; ring handle; slightly concave discus with
central filling-hole; short nozzle; slightly con-
cave base. Material: orange clay; red slip. Con-
dition: part of discus missing. Dimensions:
D = 7.6 cm, Н = 2.5 cm. Findspot and context:
1979, South-Eastern section, square 346 IV-Д, lay-
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er of the 2nd–3rd centuries. Storage location and in-
ventory no.: ОАМ 88080 (БД-79/90). Bibliogra-
phy: unpublished.
No. 19. Fig. 5: 5. Description: circular reser-
voir; solid vertical handle; concave discus with
central filling-hole; short nozzle; flat base. With
traces of use. Material: reddish orange clay; orange
slip. Condition: large part missing. Dimensions:
L = 6 cm, H = 3.2 cm. Findspot and context: 1973,
Northern section, square 206 IV-Д. Storage lo-
cation and inventory no.: ОАМ, without number
(БД-73/38). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 20. Fig. 5: 6. Description: circular reservoir;
ring handle; elongated nozzle, slightly concave dis-
cus decorated with a blurred rosette; central fill-
ing-hole; flat base. With traces of use. Material: red-
dish brown clay. Condition: complete. Dimensions:
L = 6.7 cm, W = 5 cm, H = 2.3 cm. Findspot and
context: 1996, Building no. 610, apse floor. Storage
location and inventory no.: BDLM А-10669 (БТЕ-
96/169). Bibliography: Самойлова, Кожокару,
Богуславский 2002, с. 147, табл. LXI: 4; Savelie-
va 2023, p. 641, fig. 4: 1.
No. 21. Fig. 5: 7. Description: circular reser-
voir; ring handle; concave discus marked with two
grooves. Material: red clay; brownish red slip.
Condition: most of reservoir and discus missing.
Dimensions: L = 5 cm, H = 1.8 cm. Findspot and
context: 1975, Southern section, square 30 V-D;
grey clay layer. Storage location and invento-
ry no.: ОАМ without number (БД-75, l. 69/12).
Bibliography: unpublished. Analogies: Topo-
leanu 2016, pl. III: 16; Кузманов, Минчев 2018,
табл. XII: 169.
No. 22. Fig. 5: 8. Description: circular reser-
voir; concave discus marked with a groove. Mate-
rial: reddish orange clay; dark orange slip of poor
quality. Condition: part of reservoir and small part
of handle preserved; central part of discus and
nozzle missing. Dimensions: L = 7 cm, W = 5 cm,
Н = 2.2 cm. Findspot and context: 1969, Southern
section, square 30 V-Д; grey clay layer. Storage
location and inventory no.: ОАМ, without num-
ber (БД-75, l. 69/12). Bibliography: unpublished.
Analogies: Topoleanu 2016, pl. III: 16; Кузманов,
Минчев 2018, Табл. XII: 169.
Sunburst lamps
No. 23. Fig. 6: 1. Description: circular reser-
voir; ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with ra-
diating grooves; concave discus surrounded by
a ridge and a groove; central filling-hole; elon-
gated nozzle; ridge with transverse grooves and
two globules separating nozzle from the shoul-
der; raised, rounded base-ring with two rows of
radiating lines. Material: red clay; dark orange
slip of poor quality. Condition: complete. Dimen-
sions: L = 7.2 cm, W = 5 cm, H = 2.5 cm. Findspot
and context: 1963, excavation site B, square 272;
mixed layer. Storage location and inventory no.:
ОАМ 80217 (БД-63/28). Bibliography: unpub-
lished.
No. 24. Fig. 6: 2. Description: circular reser-
voir; ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with ra-
diating grooves; concave discus with central fill-
ing-hole; elongated nozzle decorated with two
globules; base-ring with twelve radiating lines.
With traces of use. Material: red clay; brown,
metallic, shiny slip of poor quality. Condition:
complete. Dimensions: L = 6.8 cm, W = 5 cm,
Н = 2.4 cm. Findspot and context: 1963, excava-
tion site B, square 27; mixed layer. Storage loca-
tion and inventory no.: ОАМ 80218 (БД-63/74).
Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 25. Fig. 6: 3. Description: circular reser-
voir; wide ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with
radiating grooves; concave discus surrounded by
a ridge; central filling-hole; elongated nozzle dec-
orated with a globule; raised, rounded base-ring
with ten radiating lines. With traces of use. Ma-
terial: red clay; red-brown matte slip. Condition:
restored. Dimensions: L = 7.3 cm, W = 5.2 cm,
H = 2.3 cm. Findspot and context: 1975, South
section, square 29 V-Д; grey clay layer. Storage
location and inventory no.: BDLM А-7586 (БД-
75/154). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 26. Fig. 6: 4. Description: circular reservoir;
ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with radiating
grooves; concave discus surrounded by three ridges;
central filling-hole; elongated nozzle decorated with
a globule; raised, rounded base-ring with two circu-
lar grooves. Material: red clay; reddish-brown, me-
tallic, shiny slip. Condition: complete. Dimensions:
L = 6.2 cm, W = 4.9 cm, H = 2 cm. Findspot and
context: 1989, North-Eastern section, squares 226,
225 IV-Д; yellow clay layer. Storage location and
inventory no.: ОАМ 90790 (БД-89/22). Bibliogra-
phy: unpublished.
No. 27. Fig. 7: 1. Description: circular reservoir;
ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with radiating
grooves; concave discus surrounded by a groove;
central filling-hole; elongated nozzle decorated
2 Based on L. D. Dmitrov’s system of squares that was used
from 1945 to 1968.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2026, № 1120
with a globule. Material: red clay; reddish-brown,
metallic, shiny slip. Condition: fragment; lower
part of the lamp and the nozzle missing. Dimen-
sions: L = 6.8 cm, W = 5.4 cm, H = 1 cm. Findspot
and context: 1996, Western sector, area between
Building 610 and Tower 68; grey clay layer. Stor-
age location and inventory no.: BDLM А-9825
(БTE-96/154). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 28. Fig. 7: 2. Description: circular reser-
voir; ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with ra-
diating grooves; concave discus surrounded by
two grooves; central filling-hole. Material: red
clay; yellowish-brown, metallic, shiny slip of poor
quality. Condition: fragment, lower part of reser-
voir and nozzle missing. Dimensions: L = 5.3 cm,
W = 5.2 cm. Findspot and context: 1974, Eastern
section, square 348 IV-Д; grey clay layer. Storage
location and inventory no.: ОАМ without invento-
ry number (БД-74/48). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 29. Fig. 7: 3. Description: circular re-
servoir; ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with
radiating grooves. Material: red clay; yellow-
ish-brown, metallic, shiny slip of poor quali-
ty. Condition: fragment. Dimensions: L = 5 cm,
W = 4 cm. Findspot and context: Western section,
squares 324, 344, 345 IV-Д; mixed layer. Storage
location and inventory no.: ОАМ, without number
(БД-71, сп. 14). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 30. Fig. 7: 4. Description: circular reservoir;
ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with radiating
grooves; concave discus surrounded by a ridge. Ma-
terial: red clay; dark red slip of poor quality. Condi-
tion: fragment. Dimensions: L = 5.3 cm, W = 5 cm,
H = 2.2 cm. Findspot and context: 1996, squares
345, 366, 367 IV-Д, during the excavation of the out-
er façade of the curtain defensive wall no. 37. Stor-
age location and inventory no.: BDLM А-10889
(БTE-96/196). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 31. Fig. 7: 5. Description: circular re-
servoir; ribbon handle; shoulder decorated with
radiating grooves; flat discus surrounded by a
groove; central filling-hole; slightly concave base
with ten radiating lines. Material: red clay; dark
red slip. Condition: fragment; part of the reser-
voir, discus and nozzle missing. Dimensions:
L = 5.7 cm, H = 2 cm. Findspot and context: 1996,
squares 261/281 IV-Д, area between Building 610
and Tower 68, beneath stone rubble no. 544. Stor-
age location and inventory no.: BDLM А-9632
(БТЕ-96/110). Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 32. Fig. 7: 6. Description: circular reser-
voir; ribbon handle; concave discus surrounded by
a ridge; central filling-hole; elongated nozzle dec-
orated with three globules; raised, rounded base-
ring with a circular groove. Material: red clay;
reddish-brown slip. Condition: complete. Dimen-
sions: L = 7.9 cm, W = 5.5 cm, H = 2.1 cm. Find-
spot and context: 1971, squares 325/345 IV-Д;
backfill at defensive wall no. 37. Storage location
and inventory no.: ОАМ 84249 (БД-71/53). Bibli-
ography: unpublished.
No. 33. Fig. 7: 7. Description: circular reser-
voir; ribbon handle; concave discus with central
filling-hole; elongated nozzle; raised, rounded base-
ring. With traces of use. Material: red clay. Condi-
tion: complete. Dimensions: L = 7 cm, W = 5.5 cm,
H = 2.3 cm. Findspot and context: North-eastern
section, squares 226/225 IV-Д, pavement 514. Stor-
age location and inventory no.: BDLM ВХ-694
(БД-89/108). Bibliography: unpublished.
Wheel-made lamps with a pinched spout (Tyra-
sian type)
No. 34. Fig. 8: 1. Description: shallow, round-
ed bowl with a pinch on one side forming a spout;
looped handle; slightly raised circular base-ring.
Material: light brown clay with visible impuri-
ties, grey on the surface. Condition: some chips on
vessel rim. Dimensions: L = 6.1 cm, W = 5.5 cm,
H = 3.7 cm. Findspot and context: 1963, excava-
tion site B, square 27; mixed layer. Storage loca-
tion and inventory no.: ОАМ 80216 (БД-63/6).
Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 35. Fig. 8: 2. Description: shallow flat-bot-
tomed bowl with a pinch on one side forming a
spout. Material: light brown clay with visible im-
purities, grey on the surface. Condition: fragment;
some chips on vessel rim. Dimensions: L = 9.2 cm,
W = 7 cm, H = 3.2 cm. Findspot and context: 1989,
North-Eastern section, squares 225, 226, 227, 245,
246, 247 IV-Д, during site clearance. Storage loca-
tion and inventory no.: ОАМ 90788 (БД-89/17).
Bibliography: unpublished.
No. 36. Fig. 8: 3. Description: shallow flat-bot-
tomed bowl with a pinch on one side forming a
spout. Material: reddish-brown clay with visible im-
purities. Condition: large part missing. Dimensions:
L = 6.1 cm, W = 5.6 cm, H = 2.9 cm. Findspot and
context: 1998, Western sector, square 321 IV-Д, pit
no. 597 of 2nd–3rd century. Storage location and in-
ventory no.: BDLM (БTE-98, l. 25). Bibliography:
Бруяко, Росохацкий 2000, с. 343, fig. 1, 3.
No. 37. Fig. 8: 4. Description: shallow flat-bot-
tomed bowl with a pinch on one side forming a
spout. Material: reddish-brown clay with visi-
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2026, № 1 121
ble impurities. Condition: fragment. Dimensions:
H = 3.2 cm. Findspot and context: 1998, Western
sector, south of Building 610, 2nd–3rd century layer.
Storage location and inventory no.: BDLM (БTE-
98, сп. 19). Bibliography: Бруяко, Росохацкий
2000, с. 343, fig. 1, 4.
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Катерина С. Савельєва1, Олег К. Савельєв2
1Кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України, науковий співробітник відділу археології Криму та
Північно-Західного Причорномор’я, ORCID: 0000-0002-1899-3923, savelievakat6@gmail.com
1Кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України, науковий співробітник відділу археології Криму та
Північно-Західного Причорномор’я, ORCID: 0000-0002-2010-2974, sav_reun@ukr.net
СВІТИЛЬНИКИ З РИМСЬКОЇ ЦИТАДЕЛІ ТІРИ
У статті розглянуто світильники, які були знайдені в Тірі на території римської цитаделі та на прилеглих до неї ділянках
в результаті шурфувань 1930 р. та систематичних розкопок 1963–1998 рр. Картографування знахідок дало можливість
виявити ділянки з найбільшою концентрацією світильників. Одним із таких місць є будівля № V («будівля вексиляції»),
всередині якої та поблизу виявлено 7 ламп. Кілька знахідок може бути повязано з комплексом із двома гончарними печами,
розташованим біля північного оборонного муру цитаделі. Кілька світильників знайдено під час дослідження житлових або
господарських споруд, розташованих вздовж південно-західного оборонного муру. Також із зовнішнього боку оборонних
мурів цитаделі виявлено кілька комплексів, які попередньо можна інтерпретувати як такі, що пов’язані з її функціонуванням.
Зокрема всередині та поблизу будівлі № 610, яка на нашу думку, є святилищем римського гарнізону, зафіксовано скупчення
світильників. Знайдений на підлозі апсиди світильник, імовірно, був одним із культових атрибутів.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2026, № 1 123
Усі знахідки розподіляються на дві групи за технологією виробництва: світильники, виготовлені у формах (33 оди-
ниці), та на гончарному крузі (4 одиниці). Серед світильників виготовлених у формах, представлено три основні
типи: Ефеські (2 екземпляри), тип Loeschcke VIII (20 екземплярів) і т. зв. «рубчасті», або «Sunburst» світильники
(11 екземплярів). Очевидно, до цієї групи належать як імпортні, так і місцеві лампи, однак через відсутність фізико-
хімічного аналізу глини не можна однозначно віднести жодну з них до локального виробництва. Група гончарних
світильників складається з чотирьох відкритого типу, очевидно, місцевого виготовлення.
Загалом, кількість світильників, знайдених під час розкопок римської цитаделі в Тірі, є відносно незначною. Це
можна пояснити тим, що такі споруди, як казарми, де освітлення використовувалося б більш інтенсивно, ще не були
розкопані. Як наслідок, наявний матеріал не дозволяє провести повноцінний статистичний аналіз використання ламп.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: Тіра, римський час, римський гарнізон, цитадель, світильники.
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| id | arheologia-com-ua-article-443 |
| institution | Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface |
| issn | 2616-499X |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-08-07T01:06:20Z |
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| publisher | Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine |
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| spelling | arheologia-com-ua-article-4432026-03-21T11:43:32Z Lamps from the Roman Citadel of Tyras Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри Savelieva, K. S. Saveliev, O. K. Tyras, Roman period, Roman garrison, citadel, lamps. Тіра, римський час, римський гарнізон, цитадель, світильники. The present paper discusses 37 lamps discovered in the area where the Roman garrison of Tyras was stationed during the 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century AD. Attention is focused on the distribution of lamps in the area under consideration and their typology. In total, three types of moulded lamps and one type of wheel-made lamps were identified. У статті розглянуто світильники, які були знайдені в Тірі на території римської цитаделі та на прилеглих до неї ділянках в результаті шурфувань 1930 р. та систематичних розкопок 1963–1998 рр. Картографування знахідок дало можливість виявити ділянки з найбільшою концентрацією світильників. Одним із таких місць є будівля № V («будівля вексиляції»), всередині якої та поблизу виявлено 7 ламп. Кілька знахідок може бути повязано з комплексом із двома гончарними печами, розташованим біля північного оборонного муру цитаделі. Кілька світильників знайдено під час дослідження житлових або господарських споруд, розташованих вздовж південно-західного оборонного муру. Також із зовнішнього боку оборонних мурів цитаделі виявлено кілька комплексів, які попередньо можна інтерпретувати як такі, що пов’язані з її функціонуванням. Зокрема всередині та поблизу будівлі № 610, яка на нашу думку, є святилищем римського гарнізону, зафіксовано скупчення світильників. Знайдений на підлозі апсиди світильник, імовірно, був одним із культових атрибутів. Усі знахідки розподіляються на дві групи за технологією виробництва: світильники, виготовлені у формах (33 оди-ниці), та на гончарному крузі (4 одиниці). Серед світильників виготовлених у формах, представлено три основні типи: Ефеські (2 екземпляри), тип Loeschcke VIII (20 екземплярів) і т. зв. «рубчасті», або «Sunburst» світильники (11 екземплярів). Очевидно, до цієї групи належать як імпортні, так і місцеві лампи, однак через відсутність фізико-хімічного аналізу глини не можна однозначно віднести жодну з них до локального виробництва. Група гончарних світильників складається з чотирьох відкритого типу, очевидно, місцевого виготовлення.Загалом, кількість світильників, знайдених під час розкопок римської цитаделі в Тірі, є відносно незначною. Це можна пояснити тим, що такі споруди, як казарми, де освітлення використовувалося б більш інтенсивно, ще не були розкопані. Як наслідок, наявний матеріал не дозволяє провести повноцінний статистичний аналіз використання ламп. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2026-03-15 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/443 10.15407/archaeologyua2026.01.106 Arheologia; No 1 (2026): Arheologia; 106-124 Археологія ; № 1 (2026): Археологія; 106-124 Археология; № 1 (2026): Arheologia; 106-124 2616-499X 0235-3490 uk https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/443/451 Copyright (c) 2026 Arheologia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.en |
| spellingShingle | Тіра римський час римський гарнізон цитадель світильники. Savelieva, K. S. Saveliev, O. K. Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри |
| title | Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри |
| title_alt | Lamps from the Roman Citadel of Tyras |
| title_full | Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри |
| title_fullStr | Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри |
| title_full_unstemmed | Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри |
| title_short | Світильники з римської цитаделі Тіри |
| title_sort | світильники з римської цитаделі тіри |
| topic | Тіра римський час римський гарнізон цитадель світильники. |
| topic_facet | Tyras Roman period Roman garrison citadel lamps. Тіра римський час римський гарнізон цитадель світильники. |
| url | https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/443 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT savelievaks lampsfromtheromancitadeloftyras AT savelievok lampsfromtheromancitadeloftyras AT savelievaks svítilʹnikizrimsʹkoícitadelítíri AT savelievok svítilʹnikizrimsʹkoícitadelítíri |