Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network
The article deals with the model of production planning activities of enterprises business network and the methodology of constructing a coherent planning system. Using the coordinated planning model of production activities allows to solve the following problems consistently and iteratively: basic...
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Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України
2016
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| Цитувати: | Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network / O. Khadzhynova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2016. — № 4 (46). — С. 137–144. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1149162017-03-20T03:02:19Z Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network Khadzhynova, O. Management The article deals with the model of production planning activities of enterprises business network and the methodology of constructing a coherent planning system. Using the coordinated planning model of production activities allows to solve the following problems consistently and iteratively: basic coordinated production planning provided the demand is known; optimum planning, taking into account casual external demand, the results of which are deterministic input parameters for the first task; optimization of the system viability of enterprises business network by controlling domestic product prices, the results of which are inputs to the second problem. The author suggests a scientific and methodical approach to the coordinated planning of production enterprises business network, which is a complex of economic and mathematical models. У статті розглянуто моделі планування виробничої діяльності підприємств підприємницької мережі і методологія побудови системи узгодженого планування. Використання моделі узгодженого планування виробничої діяльності дозволяє послідовно й ітеративно вирішувати такі завдання: базове узгоджене планування випуску продукції в умовах, коли попит відомий; оптимальне планування, що враховує випадковість зовнішнього попиту, результати якого є вхідними детермінованими параметрами для завдання першого; оптимізація системного критерію життєздатності підприємств підприємницької мережі шляхом регулювання внутрішніх цін на продукцію, результати якого є вхідними параметрами для завдання другого.Автором запропоновано науково-методичний підхід до узгодженого планування виробництва підприємств підприємницької мережі, який являє собою комплекс економіко-математичних моделей. В статье рассмотрены модели планирования производственной деятельности предприятий предпринимательской сети и методология построения системы согласованного планирования. Использование модели согласованного планирования производственной деятельности позволяет последовательно и итеративно решать следующие задачи: базовое согласованное планирование выпуска продукции в условиях, когда спрос известен; оптимальное планирование, учитывающее случайность внешнего спроса, результаты которого являются входными детерминированными параметрами для задачи первой; оптимизация системного критерия жизнеспособности предприятий предпринимательской сети путем регулирования внутренних цен на продукцию, результаты которого являются входными параметрами для задачи второй.Автором предложен научно-методический подход к согласованному планированию производства предприятий предпринимательской сети, который представляет собой комплекс экономико-математических моделей. 2016 Article Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network / O. Khadzhynova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2016. — № 4 (46). — С. 137–144. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/114916 658.5:334 en Економічний вісник Донбасу Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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Management Management |
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Management Management Khadzhynova, O. Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network Економічний вісник Донбасу |
| description |
The article deals with the model of production planning activities of enterprises business network and the methodology of constructing a coherent planning system. Using the coordinated planning model of production activities allows to solve the following problems consistently and iteratively: basic coordinated production planning provided the demand is known; optimum planning, taking into account casual external demand, the results of which are deterministic input parameters for the first task; optimization of the system viability of enterprises business network by controlling domestic product prices, the results of which are inputs to the second problem. The author suggests a scientific and methodical approach to the coordinated planning of production enterprises business network, which is a complex of economic and mathematical models. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Khadzhynova, O. |
| author_facet |
Khadzhynova, O. |
| author_sort |
Khadzhynova, O. |
| title |
Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network |
| title_short |
Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network |
| title_full |
Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network |
| title_fullStr |
Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network |
| title_sort |
coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network |
| publisher |
Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| topic_facet |
Management |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/114916 |
| citation_txt |
Coordinated planning of the production program of enterprises business network / O. Khadzhynova // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2016. — № 4 (46). — С. 137–144. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| fulltext |
O. Khadzhynova
137
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
UDC 658.5:334
O. Khadzhynova,
Dr. Hab.(Economics),
Priazovskyi State Technical University, Mariupol
COORDINATED PLANNING OF THE PRODUCTION PROGRAM
OF ENTERPRISES BUSINESS NETWORK
Formulation of the problem. The operation of en-
terprise networks is characterized by the complexity of
enterprises interactions within the network. The main
means of reconciling the interests of the owners of en-
terprises, goals and strategies of enterprise network
members are planning procedures. By means of coordi-
nated planning of production activities it should be pos-
sible to study the integration of options, to determine the
structure of sales and purchases, the expected results of
operations, as well as proposals for the network part-
ners.
Analysis of recent publications. A large number
of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists
V. Leontiev [6], K. Bagrinovsky [1], A. Borodin [2],
A. Petrenko [10], I. Lyashenko, N. Klimenyuk and oth-
ers [8], dedicated to modeling production and marketing
management systems and processes. However, in most
studies, there are no ready-made models of coordinated
production planning within the framework of network
structures in industry, which dictates the need for such
modeling.
The purpose of the article. The aim of the article
is to develop a model of production activities coordi-
nated planning of the business network.
Statement of the base material. Interaction of en-
terprises business networks is due to mutually beneficial
cooperation, which, however, leads to a certain mutual
obligations. In each case the list of possible advantages
and disadvantages of the enterprise in terms of enter-
prise network may be different, which is determined by
the specificity of a particular network. However, we can
identify a number of the most characteristic features of
enterprise networks that need to be considered when
planning the production activities of the enterprises in-
cluded in it.
1. For companies that can sell their products to
other enterprises within the network, you can distin-
guish the following advantages:
1.1) the guaranteed purchase price for the compa-
ny's products;
1.2) the guaranteed amount of demand for the com-
pany's products, known in advance;
1.3) a priority in choosing the company as a sup-
plier with an increase in demand for its products from
other business networks.
At the same time the company, selling its products
within the network, has also negative aspects of such in-
teraction:
1.a) The obligation to sell products within the net-
work at an agreed price in advance, when there is a pos-
sibility of its selling at higher prices outside the network;
1.b) inability to meet editorialized external demand
at higher prices due to capacity utilization in service-net
orders.
2. For enterprises that buy products (raw materials,
components, semi-finished products) one can distin-
guish the following advantages in the network:
2.1) the guaranteed purchase price for the acquired
products;
2.2) guarantees of obtaining necessary volumes of
products by the fixed date.
At the same time the company, acquiring products
within the network, has also negative aspects of such in-
teraction:
2.a) the obligation to purchase the products in the
network at an agreed price in advance, when there is a
possibility of purchasing them at lower prices outside
the network;
2.b) the need to purchase specified volumes of
products in the absence (disappearance) of the need for
it (for example, unforeseen drop in demand for this com-
pany`s products).
Taking into account a greater or lesser degree of
the above mentioned conditions, let us consider the pe-
culiarities of planning production activities of business
networks in a variety of market conditions.
Let us assume:
0
,i xQ – The volume of production of the i- enterprise
network (i = 1, …, n) for the planning period to meet ex-
ternal demands; i.e. the production of the form х
(x = 1, …, X) in an amount which is sold outside the
network;
,
l
i xQ – The volume of production of the i- enterprise
network (i = 1, …, n) for the planning period to meet the
internal order of the enterprise l (l = 1, …, n; l ≠ i); i.e
.the production of the form x to the extent necessary for
the enterprise network l;
,i xQ – The total production volume of the i- enter-
prise network of type product x;
Management
O. Khadzhynova
138
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
max
,i xQ – The maximum possible output of the i- en-
terprise network of type product x (production capacity);
,i xy – The volume of the external demand for x
products of company I In general it is assumed that the
demand for the same x products to the enterprise i and
for any other company, which can also produce products
x, – is not the same. This is due to the fact that the for-
mation of the demand for the company's products affect
its image, reputation, marketing activities, etc., and not
only the consumer properties of the goods.
At the first stage of formalization of the coordi-
nated tasks of planning, we assume that the negative as-
pects of cooperation between enterprises in the network
1.a), 1.b), 2.a) and 2.b) are absent, that is, if possible, the
company will buy products within the network; product
demand has arisen within the network will be met re-
gardless of the tactical changes in the market. Let us
consider the simplest case, which, however, is the most
common in view of the general market situation of over-
production of goods – when ,i xy < max
,i xQ for all i and x,
when all the network companies are able to meet and
satisfy all the external demand for their products.
Then, obviously, the total volume ,
1
n
x i x
i
Y y
=
= of
foreign demand for the products of x can be fully satis-
fied with the use of production capacity of enterprise
networks; wherein each of the enterprise network is able
to meet fully its own demand. To plan the volume of
production it is advisable to use the balance matrix mod-
els, like Leontiev model [1, 4, 6]. Let us assume: Y - col-
umn vector of final demand for products consisting of
elements, xY , x = 1, …, X. We can also assume:
A=(axj)X×X – technological matrix consisting of elements
axj, which indicate how many units of x type must be
expended to produce one unit of output j.
To determine how many products with regard to
intermediate product must be produced by the network
enterprises, use Leontiev model [6]:
Q = (E – A)–1Y, (1)
where Q – the desired column vector of gross output, the
elements xQ of which are, in fact, the sum:
,
0 1
n n
l
x i x
l i
Q Q
= =
= , x = 1, …, X.
The problem of the composition of values xQ , and
namely of the importance of values, ,
l
i xQ , l = 1, …, n, is
not considered. We assume that the company l, deciding
what firm i can be ordered the required amount of x
products uses certain individual criteria (own or net-
work-wide). As for determining the value 0
,i xQ , , as noted
above, it is determined by the demand for this type of
product in the enterprise 0
,i xQ = ,i xy .
Local production program of the i individual enter-
prise will be determined not only by external demand,
but also by domestic demand ,
1
n
l
i x
l
l i
Q
=
≠
. Let us assume
, , , ,
1 0
n n
l l
i x i x i x i x
l l
l i l i
Y y Q Q
= =
≠ ≠
= + = , – the amount of the final
product for the company i of the form x, which it must
produce. Then iY – column vector of elements ,i xY ,
x = 1, …, X. By analogy (1) according to the formula
(2) –we will get the production program for the gross
output of the enterprise i:
Qi = (E – A)–1Yi, (2)
where Qi – the desired column vector of gross output of
the enterprise i, which elements ,i xQ are the sum of:
, , , ,
0
n
i l
i x i x i x i x
l
Q Y Q Q
=
= + = , x = 1, …, X.
The following should be noted. Obviously, not all
kinds of products can be made using only the network
resources and the production plants. Then for the model
(1) the value of Ix = max
,
1
n
x i x
i
Q Q
=
− will show «net im-
ports» – the number of the type of product x, which must
be purchased outside the network. It is advisable to
make purchasing decisions of the scope of the «import»
in a centralized form, leading to savings in transaction
costs and resulting in savings due to volume purchases.
Then «import» is distributed for businesses in accord-
ance with their production program.
Similarly, the value of Ii,x = max
, ,i x i xQ Q− define
«import enterprise» i, that is, the volume of the type of
product x, which is to be bought from other businesses
(inside or outside the network).
Note that in a reverse situation , when max
, , ,i x i xQ Q<
we will have a reserve capacity of the i – enterprise on
output x (denoted ri,x), that is – the volume of production
x, that the company would make additionally to its cur-
rent production program ,i xQ , i.f. max
, , ,i x i x i xr Q Q= − . Ac-
cordingly, it is possible to define the fulfillment of busi-
ness network for the production of this type of product
xr ,that is the amount of product x, which the enter-
prises network might produce further in addition to the
totality of the production program max
,
1
n
x i x x
i
r Q Q
=
= − . It
should also be noted that while local production pro-
grams (pattern 2) are not matched and an intermediate
product required for the production network program
(pattern 1) is not distributed over the internal orders and
is not included in the production program of the local
O. Khadzhynova
139
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
companies, then ,
1
n
x i x
i
r r
=
< . The equality ,
1
n
x i x
i
r r
=
= is
performed only when the entire intermediate product is
included in the local production programs of enterprises
and their total is equal to the intermediate product:
Qx – Yx = ,
1 1
n n
l
i x
i l
Q
= =
.
Note also that in the models (1) and (2) it was as-
sumed that the technological matrix of the network and
individual businesses are the same. In practice, this may
not be entirely true, because the processes for the pro-
duction of the same type of product in different plants
may differ slightly (but not to a large extent). However,
if it is, models (2) can use the local processing matrix
of the companies, denoted, ( )i
i xj X XA a ×= , i = 1, …, n.
Then network matrix of technological coefficients can
be obtained as the arithmetic mean of local coefficients,
weighted by the volume of production capacity of each
of the companies for each type of product,
max
,xiQ .
Thus, if Ai ≠ Al for each of i, l = 1, …, n, then the pro-
cessing network elements matrix A= ( xja )X×X are calcu-
lated as follows:
max
,
1
max
,
1
N
i
i x xj
i
xj N
i x
i
Q a
a
Q
=
=
=
для всех x, j = 1, …, X.
To ensure the consistency of planning, enterprise i,
calculating the necessary amounts required for the im-
plementation of its program of industrial supplies Ii,x,,
must make a decision about their provision at the ex-
pense of formation of domestic orders ,
i
l xQ (within the
enterprise network) or by means of purchases outside
the network. To do this, it has to know:
a) models obtained as a result of the use (1) having
unutilized manufacturing capabilities for the production
of the product network rx = max
,
1
n
i x x
i
Q Q
=
− ; or the same
amount of the desired «import network» of this product
Ix = max
,
1
n
x i x
i
Q Q
=
− ;
b) models obtained as a result of the use (2) having
unutilized manufacturing capabilities for the production
of the products of each company network
ri,x
= max
, ,i x i xQ Q− , which you can use to make an internal
order ,
i
l xQ ; or the same volume of external purchases of
this product by each of the companies Ii,x = max
, ,i x i xQ Q− ;
c) the stocks of this type of product in each of the
business enterprise network,being ready to sell it zi,x;
d) composite supplies of these products at all
businesses of entrepreneurial networks zx = ,
1
n
i x
i
z
=
.
Knowledge of items a) and d) is necessary for an
overall assessment of the number of products that busi-
nesses which need it, will not be able to purchase within
the network and will be forced to «import», to acquire
abroad. In this case, an enterprise in need of these pro-
ducts, is interested as soon as possible to apply for the
production of these products within the network, unless
it is not done by other network companies. Knowledge
of items b) and c) is necessary to estimate the number of
products of this type, which can save the company and
is used for making a decision on direct legal ordering of
these items of a particular company. It is obvious that
after the placement of orders, model 2 must be recalcu-
lated and paragraphs b) to d) must be specified.
The proposed basic algorithm of the coordinated
production plans of enterprises network is valid, as
stated above, on a limited deterministic external de-
mand, which allows the company to have sufficient re-
serves for production and internal orders from the enter-
prise network. The situation becomes more complicated
when an external enterprise demand approaches or ex-
ceeds the production capabilities of the enterprise and is
non-deterministic. Then in the presence of the guaran-
teed volume of orders within the network, the company
is facing a choice: to meet external orders or to provide,
at least in some degree, the satisfaction of the internal.
Obviously, at the determined external demand with
excess production capacity of the enterprise, the enter-
prise strategy is unambiguous: it is necessary to carry
out those orders, which rate of profitability is higher.
Such orders are obviously external orders.
In case of accidental external demand, which may
exceed the available capacities of the enterprise, the
company is faced with such difficulties in choosing its
strategy [4, 5, 9, 10]:
a) in case of excessive load of its production capac-
ity with marginally guaranteed volumes of production
for domestic orders - the company risks a loss in the
form of lost profits and image losses from external cus-
tomers as unreliable producer; because of impossibility
to meet external, more profitable orders.
b) Conversely, in case of conservation of reserve
capacity left to serve highly profitable external orders
and non-deployment of the guaranteed domestic ones-
the company is at risk of losing profits from the un-
derutilization of their capacities in the absence of exter-
nal orders, as well as insure image losses in the network,
which can negatively affect the volumes of guaranteed
domestic orders in future periods.
Let us consider the features of production planning
enterprise network in a situation with indeterminate ex-
ternal demand. Let ,i xyξ – random variable demand,
which is characterized by the following parameters:
O. Khadzhynova
140
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
,i xyξ – the mathematical expectation of the demand in the
planning period 2
,i xσ – its dispersion. The distribution of
this magnitude is usually not known. In some cases (in
mass or volume production), it can be considered nor-
mally distributed; for single or small batch production –
it is rather a uniformly distributed quantity. However,
data distribution evaluation parameters can be per-
formed on the basis of past demand periods by averag-
ing. If the expectation of demand fluctuates from period
to period it is advisable to check the tendency to its in-
crease (or decrease), and then to predict the expectation
for trend models or moving average. If there is no clear
trend ,i xyξ , variation in demand can be reduced if you
choose from it the deterministic part, well-known at the
beginning of the plan period. Let us examine this case in
detail.
Thus a situation often takes place when at the be-
ginning of the period the production program is based
on actually made orders, or orders, the occurrence of
which can be accurately predicted (because of their re-
currence, the presence of arrangements, etc.). In this
case, out of the total demand, observed in the previous
period we can deduct the part, which was known in ad-
vance, estimating purely random component of demand
,i xξ : ,i xξ = ,i xyξ – ,i xy , where – ,i xy the deterministic
part of the demand. And it is for such random compo-
nent that we can evaluate ,i xξ and 2
,i xσ . Then the produc-
tion program of previous local business periods i can be
represented as the sum:
, , , ,
1
n
l
i x i x i x i x
l
Q y Q qξ
=
= + + , ∀x. (3)
In expression (3) ,i xqξ denotes the value of the por-
tion ,i xξ , of the random order, which is included in the
production program to meet the demand of the random
component. Here, obviously, we have the condition
,i xξ ≥ ,i xqξ . Since the beginning of the plan period, the
quantity ,i xξ
is not known, respectively, the amount ,i xqξ
must be included in the production program not directly,
but in the form of reserve production capacity for the
production of the form x.
Thus, carrying out the planning of the production
program in a random demand, the company must ensure
that there are reserves
max
, , , ,
1
n
l
i x i x i x i x
l
r Q y Q
=
= − − .
Obviously, one can increase the amount of reserves
only at the expense of less profitable domestic orders
,
l
i xQ . Conversely, increasing the portfolio of orders due
to domestic guaranteed orders, the company reduces the
maneuvering corridors when random demand occurs
,i xξ .
When ,i xξ ≥ ri,x reserves become physical volumes
of output ,i xqξ = ri,x, and provide a high profitability of
sales. At the same time there is a loss of revenue from
the fact that it would be better to implement external or-
ders, if there were more reserves. When ,i xξ < ri,x only
part of reserves will become a volume product
,i xqξ = ,i xξ . The rest of reserves ri,x – ,i xξ will bear the
losses associated with downtime and underutilization of
capacities (si,x), as well as the loss of profits from the
possibility of the unused internal orders.
Let us assume that 0
,i xp
– selling price per unit of
output x to the i- enterprise. We assume a market to have
developed and prices to be stable , so the price for sim-
plicity will be considered to be the same for all network
enterprises, and then it can be described without unnec-
essary index:
0
xp . Thus different enterprise networks
can have different cost Ci,x of production units x, and re-
spectively different profitability
0
, ,0
,
,
i x i x
i x
i x
p C
R
C
−
= from
the sale of one unit. Then, obviously, the profit received
from the sale of one unit of output
0
,Pr xi ,will be differ-
ent and will be connected with the selling price, cost and
profitability ratios: 0
,Pri x = 0
, ,i x i xp C− = 0
,i xR ,i xC =
0 0
,
0
, 1
i x x
i x
R p
R +
.
The price for the same product, if it is sold within
the network is considered as the amount of px. Then, re-
spectively, and profit and profitability from the sale of
product unit x within the network is denoted: ,Pri x and
,i xR .
Then, the objective function for the i- enterprise re-
lated to the maximization of the profits from the produc-
tion of the product type x, can be represented as follows:
Z = 0
,Pri x ,i xy + ,Pri x ,
1
n
l
i x
l
l i
Q
=
≠
+ 0
,Pri x ( ), ,min ;i x i xrξ –
– ( )( ) ( )( )( )0
, , , , , , , ,max Pr Pr ; Pri x i x i x i x i x i x i x i xr s rξ ξ− − + − . (4)
O. Khadzhynova
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Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
The first item of the objective function represents
the profit received from the sale of deterministic exter-
nal orders, the second – from deterministic domestic
ones. The third item is a random amount of profit from
the sale of additional random orders at the expense of
the use of available reserves of production capacities.
The latter item refers to the random variable fine; if de-
mand exceeds the given reserves, it is defined as the
profit difference gained by the sale of foreign orders in
comparison with domestic ones; if a random demand is
less than reserves, the penalty is a loss of unplaced in-
ternal orders and idle production capacity.
For a complete description of the optimization
problem let us formulate the restrictions:
1) in a limited volume production capacities:
max
, , , ,
1
n
l
i x i x i x i x
l
y Q r Q
=
+ + = ; (5)
2) classical restrictions on the sign of the variable:
, 0i xr ≥ . (6)
Thus a stochastic optimization problem (4) - (6) is
given, which can be solved by classical direct methods,
such as stochastic kvazigradientov method [2, 10], and
can maximize the profitability of the local enterprise
business network of the production program in the non-
stationary demand.
This basic form of the problem can be upgraded
with additional conditions and parameters:
a) as a restriction, you can use the required mini-
mum internal orders, which the company network must
perform;
b) as a restriction terms on the total maximum
amounts of several different types of products that use
the same production capacity can be imposed (it is con-
sidered that each type of product produced does not af-
fect the volume of production of other types of prod-
ucts);
c) restrictions on the available volumes of some re-
sources can be imposed (it is believed that all resources,
raw materials, are available and can be purchased - or
otherwise it should be reflected in the value of the max-
imum capacity);
d) as an objective function one can include penal-
ties for non-deployment of domestic orders in the pro-
duction program of the enterprise, if any, and the enter-
prise has obligations to fulfill prior domestic orders;
e) parameters 0
,Pri x
and
,Pri x
for random orders
may be different from the deterministic orders, as the
need for unplanned deliveries of raw materials can be
reflected in their cost, which may be higher due to the
higher purchase prices.
These and any other similar adjustments of the
problem formulation are not difficult to formalize and
include into the base setting (4) - (6). Such adjustments
provide the flexibility of using the proposed model, tak-
ing into account the specificity of different operation
conditions of the various business networks, but they do
not require a change in the method of solving the prob-
lem and not really reflected in the increasing complexity
of its decision.
In addition to the local optimization of production
programs of enterprises business network the coordi-
nated production planning task also involves ensuring
the efficiency of the entire network. Current local op-
tima plans do not provide such solutions, as the plans of
some enterprises, focused on the maximization of local
profits may prevent the efficient functioning of the other
companies network, and even engage them in direct
competition. The question arises, what is considered a
criterion for the efficiency of the enterprise network as
a whole. The following options can be proposed, indi-
cating positive and negative aspects of these criteria.
1. Maximizing the total profit enterprise networks.
Positive aspects: simplicity and clarity for any
economist or potential investor.
Negative aspects: the possibility of uneven distri-
bution of profits between enterprises is not taken into
account: some may have excess profits, and others may
be unprofitable and do not ensure even simple reproduc-
tion. The high rate of profitability of some enterprises
may be due to low profitability of enterprises-contrac-
tors, by means of which profitable leaders «parasitize».
As enterprise networks do not belong to the owner, such
as holding companies, investment redistribution of prof-
its from one company to another is not possible, the use
of such criteria could lead to instability and frailty of the
system.
2. Ensuring the viability of the network companies.
Characteristics of the system determines the viability of
its ability to be in homeostasis and save its parameters
for a long time under the influence of negative environ-
mental factors [7, 25].
Positive aspects of this criterion is that it semanti-
cally describes the mission of creating a global business
network – the survival and development of all of its
member companies.
The negative aspect is that it is difficult to formal-
ize. You can suggest a few options, which to some ex-
tent reflect the aspects of vitality, but in all, there are
significant disadvantages:
- the percentage of break-even enterprise users: it
is uninformative, it does not consider the degree of
break-even, it does not consider the importance and sig-
nificance of various enterprises for the network; it may
be difficult to correlate with the maximization of the to-
tal profit;
- the average rate of return on net sales of enter-
prises: it does not take into account the importance of
different companies and products for the network; it
does not take into account the specificity of the products
(custom-made products due to the unstable demand
should have greater profitability than the mass products
relatively to the deterministic consumer goods); it does
O. Khadzhynova
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Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
not take into account the contribution of a product (even
low-profit) in the capacity utilization of enterprises;
- the average capacity utilization of network enter-
prises (percentage):it does not take into account the sig-
nificance of various enterprises for the network; It may
be difficult to correlate with the maximization of the to-
tal profit;
- the average level of investment activity of the en-
terprise network (e.g., the ratio of own investments in
production volumes) does not consider the significance
of various enterprises for the network; It does not take
into account a relatively prosperous businesses that,
however, don't carry out the investment activity.
- the average increase in production of enterprises
networks: it does not take into account the significance
of various enterprises for the network; It may be difficult
to correlate with the maximization of the total profit; it
will be uninformative when the productive capacity is
utilized to the full.
The list goes on and on, offering other averages,
however, other criteria will either reflect the concept of
viability to a lesser extent, or will be more difficult to
estimate, or even less will be consistent with the eco-
nomic criteria of profit maximization.
1. Maximizing the synergy effects from the joint
venture of enterprise network.
Positive aspect of this criterion is that it perfectly
describes the practical goal of creating a business net-
work - getting effects from joint ventures that are im-
possible for businesses operating completely inde-
pendently.
Negative aspect is that it is also poorly amenable to
formalization, as well as to ensuring the viability; and
the effects obtained are difficult to reconcile with the fi-
nancial performance in a simple manner. There are sev-
eral possible options:
- Increase in the average rhythm of production
(downtime and overtime reduction) does not take into
account the significance of various enterprises for the
network;;it poorly correlates with the maximization of
the total profit from the sale of products;
- Improving of warranty performance of orders in
time, providing the necessary resources (such as the av-
erage percentage of overdue orders): formal mathemat-
ical linking of empirical indicator with the parameters of
production planning is difficult; it poorly correlates with
the maximization of the total profit.
Of all above mentioned criteria there are two crite-
ria, the shortcomings of which can to some extent be ig-
nored when using the proposed model in this section of
modeling complex to ensure coherent planning. This is
the average capacity utilization of enterprise network
and the average increase in production of enterprises
networks. Both of these criteria are to some extent re-
lated to each other, so we can choose any of them. Both
of them have two drawbacks: the importance of busi-
nesses to the network and connection with the produc-
tion volume are not taken into account with a profit.
Nevertheless, let us focus on the examination of the first
of them: the average capacity utilization - because it is
much more concerned with the development of agreed
plans and can be easily integrated into the model pro-
posed above. In its present formalized form it can be
shown as follows:
max
, ,
max max
1 1 1 1, ,
1 1 1 1
max
i iX Xn n
i x i,x i x
i x i xi i x i i x
Q Q r
W
n X Q n X Q= = = =
−
= =
,
where Xi – the number of products types produced by
the i-enterprise.
Thus, enterprise network, as a system, is interested
in ensuring its viability and stability of all enterprises
network. The criterion of the viability percentage is con-
sidered to be the average utilization of production ca-
pacity. Disadvantages of this criterion can be ignored,
because they are eliminated by the implementation of a
model of the complex as a whole. Let us consider and
refute the following points:
1. One can increase capacity utilization working at
a loss, selling products below cost. So, it has nothing to
do with ensuring the profitability of enterprises.
The system, maximizing the target criterion, only
sets some parameters of its operation. For example, the
domestic price of the products. Production program is
developed by local businesses, taking into account these
parameters, but following its criteria - maximizing prof-
its. If the domestic price is below cost, or the company
is profitable to produce fewer products, but at a higher
price, focusing on the external customer and maintain-
ing reserves for increasing production in case of surge
in external demand - then it will not plan to release this
product at a loss. Production capacity will not be utilized
and the system, again maximizing its target criteria, will
be forced to raise domestic prices. After a number of it-
erations an equilibrium point, if it exists, will be
reached. At this point it will be profitable for enter-
prises-producers to include domestic orders in its pro-
duction program, and for enterprises-consumers it will
still be profitable to order within the network. The sys-
tem target criterion - maximization of capacity utiliza-
tion-will be reached.
2. The fact that the calculation does not take into
account the importance and significance of various en-
terprises for the network makes the target criterion, cal-
culated as a simple average, senseless. Different scales
of production indicate that utilization of one company
for the network may be more important than perhaps for
a dozen others, as it can provide jobs and survival of
other network companies.
If a large enterprise provides internal orders to a
number of other enterprise networks, then the growth of
production capacities of the enterprise will be automati-
cally reflected in the startup of companies-contractors.
Then the system target criterion will strongly be corre-
lated with the downloading of an enterprise leader. And
O. Khadzhynova
143
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
therefore there is no need to apply any special coeffi-
cients – in fact, the significant factor will automatically
become the number of enterprises the operation of
which depends on this leader. If this is not the case, and
the activity of a large enterprise network does not affect
the operation, and the rest of enterprises network, for ex-
ample, suffer losses, then, obviously, the download of
such a large enterprise can not strongly affect the viabil-
ity of the network, and substantial increase in the system
criterion would not happen; it would inevitably be ob-
served if there are significant factors.
Again, regulating prices on domestic orders and
maximizing its target criterion the system can achieve a
reduction of internal prices for certain products, which a
large company before buying them from external sup-
pliers, will start to order within the network. Thus, there
can be attained an equilibrium point at which enter-
prises-consumers will make profitable domestic orders
instead of external supplies, and enterprises-producers
will still be profitably guaranteed to sell products on do-
mestic prices than rely on risky external demand. The
system target criterion will be reached maximizing the
average capacity utilization of the network companies.
Thus, three problems are solved consistently and
iteratively:
1) basic coordinated production planning provid-
ing that demand is known;
2) optimal planning, taking into account casual ex-
ternal demand, the results of which are deterministic in-
put parameters for the first task;
3) optimization of the system viability criterion of
business enterprises network by controlling domestic
product prices, the results of which are input parameters
to the second problem.
Conclusions. Thus, the proposed scientific and
methodical planning of the coordinated production of
enterprises business network was proposed. It is a com-
plex of economic and mathematical models:
1) based on Leontiev input-output balance model,
models determining coherent production program, tak-
ing into account the intermediate products in terms of
deterministic external demand;
2) models of stochastic optimization, allowing to
determine the optimum (in terms of local network profit
of production facilities) distribution plan of production
capacity of domestic and foreign orders;
3) optimization model of domestic prices for the
products of enterprise networks, solved by heuristic
methods and allowing enterprises to increase the viabil-
ity of the network by maximizing its production capac-
ity utilization.
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Хаджинова О. В. Узгоджене планування ви-
робничих програм підприємств підприємницької
мережі
У статті розглянуто моделі планування вироб-
ничої діяльності підприємств підприємницької ме-
режі і методологія побудови системи узгодженого
планування. Використання моделі узгодженого пла-
нування виробничої діяльності дозволяє послідовно
й ітеративно вирішувати такі завдання: базове узго-
джене планування випуску продукції в умовах, коли
попит відомий; оптимальне планування, що врахо-
вує випадковість зовнішнього попиту, результати
якого є вхідними детермінованими параметрами для
завдання першого; оптимізація системного крите-
рію життєздатності підприємств підприємницької
мережі шляхом регулювання внутрішніх цін на про-
дукцію, результати якого є вхідними параметрами
для завдання другого.
Автором запропоновано науково-методичний
підхід до узгодженого планування виробництва під-
приємств підприємницької мережі, який являє со-
бою комплекс економіко-математичних моделей.
O. Khadzhynova
144
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(46), 2016
Ключові слова: підприємницькі мережі, вироб-
ничі програми, завантаження виробничих потужно-
стей, попит, пропозиція, узгоджене планування, мо-
делювання.
Хаджинова Е. В. Согласованное планирова-
ние производственных программ предприятий
предпринимательской сети
В статье рассмотрены модели планирования
производственной деятельности предприятий пред-
принимательской сети и методология построения
системы согласованного планирования. Использо-
вание модели согласованного планирования произ-
водственной деятельности позволяет последова-
тельно и итеративно решать следующие задачи: ба-
зовое согласованное планирование выпуска продук-
ции в условиях, когда спрос известен; оптимальное
планирование, учитывающее случайность внешнего
спроса, результаты которого являются входными
детерминированными параметрами для задачи пер-
вой; оптимизация системного критерия жизнеспо-
собности предприятий предпринимательской сети
путем регулирования внутренних цен на продук-
цию, результаты которого являются входными пара-
метрами для задачи второй.
Автором предложен научно-методический под-
ход к согласованному планированию производства
предприятий предпринимательской сети, который
представляет собой комплекс экономико-математи-
ческих моделей.
Ключевые слова: предпринимательские сети,
производственные программы, загрузка производ-
ственных мощностей, спрос, предложение, согласо-
ванное планирование, моделирование.
Khadzhynova О. Coordinated planning of the
production program of enterprises business network
The article deals with the model of production
planning activities of enterprises business network and
the methodology of constructing a coherent planning
system. Using the coordinated planning model of pro-
duction activities allows to solve the following prob-
lems consistently and iteratively: basic coordinated pro-
duction planning provided the demand is known; opti-
mum planning, taking into account casual external de-
mand, the results of which are deterministic input pa-
rameters for the first task; optimization of the system vi-
ability of enterprises business network by controlling
domestic product prices, the results of which are inputs
to the second problem.
The author suggests a scientific and methodical ap-
proach to the coordinated planning of production enter-
prises business network, which is a complex of eco-
nomic and mathematical models.
Keywords: business networks, production pro-
grams, capacity utilization, demand, supply, coordi-
nated planning, modeling.
Received by the editors: 21.10.2016
and final form 28.12.2016
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