Open Source: the Case of Channels
In global practice, the Open Source phenomenon is usually associated with software. But in reality, the concept of open source code is much broader. There are even examples of open source beer, etc. The study is devoted to the case study of the sea canals (Panama, Suez) in the context of demonstrati...
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Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України
2023
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irk-123456789-1977322024-07-06T13:52:10Z Open Source: the Case of Channels Cherevatskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, D. Myshanov, A. International and Regional Economics In global practice, the Open Source phenomenon is usually associated with software. But in reality, the concept of open source code is much broader. There are even examples of open source beer, etc. The study is devoted to the case study of the sea canals (Panama, Suez) in the context of demonstrating the features characteristic of the Open Source phenomenon. Against the background of the requirements for ensuring sustainable development, the Open Source approach can become decisive in terms of industrial development, infrastructure restructuring, and reduction of the environmental footprint in general. The work was carried out by the method of theoretical research, in particular, using the methods of abstraction, analysis, synthesis, case study. У світовій практиці феномен Open Source зазвичай асоціюється з програмним забезпеченням. Але насправді поняття відкритого коду набагато ширше. Є навіть приклади пива з відкритим кодом. Дослідження присвячено прикладу морських каналів (Панама, Суець) у контексті демонстрації особливостей, характерних для феномена Open Source. На тлі вимог щодо забезпечення сталого розвитку підхід Open Source може стати вирішальним у плані промислового розвитку, реструктуризації інфраструктури та зменшення впливу на навколишнє середовище в цілому. Робота має характер теоретичного дослідження, зокрема з використанням методів абстрагування, аналізу, синтезу, кейсів. 2023 Article Open Source: the Case of Channels / D. Cherevatskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, A. Myshanov // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2023. — № 4 (74). — С. 5-8. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2023-4(74)-5-8 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/197732 338.45:681.513.2:656.62 en Економічний вісник Донбасу Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
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International and Regional Economics International and Regional Economics |
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International and Regional Economics International and Regional Economics Cherevatskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, D. Myshanov, A. Open Source: the Case of Channels Економічний вісник Донбасу |
| description |
In global practice, the Open Source phenomenon is usually associated with software. But in reality, the concept of open source code is much broader. There are even examples of open source beer, etc. The study is devoted to the case study of the sea canals (Panama, Suez) in the context of demonstrating the features characteristic of the Open Source phenomenon. Against the background of the requirements for ensuring sustainable development, the Open Source approach can become decisive in terms of industrial development, infrastructure restructuring, and reduction of the environmental footprint in general. The work was carried out by the method of theoretical research, in particular, using the methods of abstraction, analysis, synthesis, case study. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Cherevatskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, D. Myshanov, A. |
| author_facet |
Cherevatskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, D. Myshanov, A. |
| author_sort |
Cherevatskyi, D. |
| title |
Open Source: the Case of Channels |
| title_short |
Open Source: the Case of Channels |
| title_full |
Open Source: the Case of Channels |
| title_fullStr |
Open Source: the Case of Channels |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Open Source: the Case of Channels |
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open source: the case of channels |
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Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| topic_facet |
International and Regional Economics |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/197732 |
| citation_txt |
Open Source: the Case of Channels / D. Cherevatskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, A. Myshanov // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2023. — № 4 (74). — С. 5-8. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
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Економічний вісник Донбасу |
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AT cherevatskyid opensourcethecaseofchannels AT lypnytskyid opensourcethecaseofchannels AT myshanova opensourcethecaseofchannels |
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2024-07-07T04:00:57Z |
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1803891358426988544 |
| fulltext |
S. Grytsenko, A. Hrechkovska, M. Kordyak
5
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(74), 2023
SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12958/1817-3772-2023-4(74)-5-8
UDC 338.45:681.513.2:656.62
D. Cherevetskyi,
DrHab (Economics),
ORCID 0000-0003-4038-6393,
e-mail: cherevatskyi@nas.gov.ua,
D. Lypnytskyi,
Doctorant,
ORCID 0000-0002-4616-7936,
e-mail: denis.lipnitsky@i-klass.com,
Institute of Industrial Economics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv,
A. Myshanov,
ORCID 0009-0005-4825-8515,
e-mail: anton.myshanov@gmail.com,
Institute of Industrial Economics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv,
Schneider Electric Ukraine13-V lit.”A”, Kyiv
OPEN SOURCE: THE CASE OF CHANNELS
The Open Source paradigm is taking over the
world: 37% of all companies use Open Source software;
large companies are almost twice as likely to use open
source software as small counterparts (63% vs. 37%);
the number of Forbes Global 2000 companies using
open source solutions tripled; 79% of the world's
software vendors use open source code to build
commercial systems [1].
Open Source is a form of the free software
movement, which was founded by Richard Stallman. It
was he who in 1983 started the GNU project to create a
Unix-like operating system that would have only open
source software. In 1984, Stallman left MIT to devote
himself fully to the GNU project. In the early 1990s,
almost all the necessary components of the system were
developed, with the exception of the core. Linus
Torvalds, a Finnish student of Helsinki University
created it as a hobby. The kernel's name "Linux" was
invented by Ari Lemmke, the server administrator of the
university network.
Richard Stallman considered and called his
software free (free software, software libre) in contrast
to proprietary software, which is protected by property
and/or non-property copyright. Proprietary software has
closed access to the code, does not allow changes,
duplication, distribution and resale.
The fact that a program is provided for free does
not mean that it is free: there are free software products
whose source code is not published or there are
restrictions on their use or distribution. And, conversely,
open software does not necessarily have to be free:
copies can be distributed for money, but the user cannot
be restricted in any of the specified rights.
The most famous example of a proprietary
computer operating system is Microsoft Windows.
Open source operating system – Linux. An open source
Linux system developed by enthusiasts for use on their
own computers, thanks to the support of IBM and
others. Large companies, gained popularity as a server
operating system. It is installed on many hardware
platforms, smartphones, tablet PCs, routers, automation
devices and other gadgets.
Stallman himself does not accept the alternative
name "Open Source", at least in relation to programs
under the GNU Lesser GPL licenses, because, in his
opinion, this term hides the true purpose of such
software, which is freedom. Despite this, the concept of
Open Source is catching on even outside the software
field.
If you look into history, the activities of Eliezer
Ben-Yehuda, a man who spent his whole life engaged in
the revival of Hebrew as a modern spoken language, can
well claim the place of the forerunner of Open Source.
The beer "Voresøl" is worth to be mentioned in this
regard also (translation means "Our beer") [2]. The
drink was created by Danish students as a challenge to
Carlsberg's closed-code beer. To begin with, the
students met with the author of a Danish book on home
brewing. Then they agreed on the type of beer they
wanted, bought the ingredients and brewed about 100
liters of beer right in the university canteen. Thus,
according to software traditions, version 1.0 of "Our
International and Regional Economics
D. Cherevetskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, A. Myshanov
6
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(74), 2023
beer" appeared. The recipe, as for any software product
with open source code, was published with the statute of
"license of national creativity", after which people from
Mexico, Brazil and even Afghanistan joined the
experiments in making the Open Source product.
But an Open Source product, if it is interpreted as
any development open to study, modify, replication,
distribution and resale, according to the authors of this
work, can refer to much larger phenomena that are far
from the field of software. The purpose of the work is to
demonstrate the moment of open source code as a case
studies, in particular, of the maritime transport channels.
Research methods: theoretical–analysis,
abstraction, synthesis, case studies.
Case study 1. Modification and replication of
Hohenwarte Dams’ design (on the Elbe) during the
reconstruction of the Panama Canal.
In 2006, the decision of the Panama Canal
administration to increase the capacity of the transport
artery of world importance due to the construction of the
third line of locks (significantly increasing overall
dimensions – 420 m long, 60 m wide and 18 m deep,
with the length of each lock up to 2.4 km) was adopted
in 2006. It was a technological, but more of an
environmental challenge. Regularly filling the locks
with water required 8 million tons of fresh water per
day. The expansion of the canal with the construction of
new locks made it necessary to double the consumption
of water resources. This required new reservoirs with
new dams, resettlement of residents of entire districts,
which is impossible without great political tension.
Even in a tropical country where up to 2,500 mm of rain
fall annually, saving fresh water becomes the most
important task for engineers.
The delegation from the Panama Canal Authority
discovered the solution to the problem as a result of
studying the design of the Hohenwarthe Dams on the
Elbe River in Germany: the water that passed through
the lock during lifting and lowering operations is
partially returned for reuse, and not, as usual, dumped
into the ocean [3].
The borrowed technical-technological solution
turned out to be very important against the background
of the current drought, from which the Panama Canal is
currently suffering. Passing through the old lock system
requires about 500 million liters of water per vessel,
while the new route requires 200 million liters. As a
result, the daily throughput capacity of one set of locks
for Panamax class vessels has decreased from 23 to 16,
and for many of the larger Neopanamax vessels serving
the locks in 2016, has remained at 10 vessels per day [4].
Case study 2. Modification and replication of
Berendrecht (Antwerp) lock door design during the
reconstruction of the Panama Canal.
A solution to the maintenance problem for the 730 t
double-leaf flood gates has been found in Europe, where
locks were already capable of passing the vessels of Post
Panamax size. The Belgian Berendrecht Lock in
Antwerp became an analogue. The gate has wheels and
can roll out and block the airlock chamber. Particularly
attractive in such a design is the possibility of turning
any of the niches into a miniature dry dock, which
allows you to carry out all the necessary preventive and
repair work with the mechanisms of lock gates without
stopping the movement of ships along the canal.
Case study 3. Adaptation and replication of the
procedure for the passage of vessels with a large
sediment through the Suez Canal in Ukraine.
Unlike the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal has no
locks, so the only limiting parameter is sediment. Ships
capable of passing through the Suez Canal with a full
load of 150,000 tons are called Suezmax. The passage
of ships with a larger tonnage makes it necessary to
unload a part of the cargo when entering the canal and
load it on board after leaving the canal [5].
The scheme developed for the Suez Canal was
implemented in a certain way for the handling of
Capesize vessels in the Black Sea ports of Illichivsk and
South. The name Capesize was given to ships that are
not able to pass through the Suez and Panama Canals
due to their dimensions and therefore have to go around
Cape Horn in South America or the Cape of Good Hope
in South Africa. Transformations of the global economy
contribute to the increase in the size of the Capesize
class fleet.
This is what exacerbated the problem of port
servicing of heavy cargo ships in the ports of Ukraine,
which are relatively shallow, and sparked interest in the
experience of shipping supertankers through the Suez
Canal.
Modernization of the specified scheme found two
types of implementation in Ukrainian practice. First, it
is incomplete loading of ships near the quay wall with
additional loading of materials on the outer road. The
first application of such experience took place in 2016
in the Illichiv port (now the commercial port of
Chornomorsk) during the maintenance of the Capesize
Greek bulker "Anangel Astronomer". 176.5 tons of iron
ore raw materials were to be loaded. At the first stage,
directly in the water area of the port, more than 121,000
tons were loaded, the rest (55,000 tons) was loaded at
the external roadway at a depth of 20 m [6].
Experts consider the processing of a Capesize
vessel completely at the berth of a Ukrainian port,
without operations on an external roadway, a new
method of domestic logistics. The first experience of
using the scheme, which was developed on the basis of
foreign experience by the company "Metinvest", was the
loading operation in 2016 of the bulk carrier "Frontier
Youth" with the acceptance on board of the initial part
of the ship's batch (110.5 thousand tons of iron ore
concentrate of the company "Metinvest") in the port of
Chornomorsk with further loading of the second part
(64.2 thousand tons) in the port of Pivdenny. The
commercial port of Chornomorsk and the port of
D. Cherevetskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, A. Myshanov
7
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(74), 2023
Pivdenny are part of the port economy of the so-called
Great Odesa. The total volume of cargo on the vessel
"Frontier Youth" amounted to 174.7 thousand tons of
ore concentrate [7].
Case study 4. Möbius forms.
Scientists from Manhattan David Stark and
Elizabeth Anne Watkins (Columbia University, USA)
proposed a way of doing business, according to which
the subject does not create (bade) assets, does not
acquire (buy) them, does not use them cooperatively
(cooperate), – it co-opts them (co-opt), that is, to make
use of for one's own purposes [8]. Thus, the Amazon
company, which at the stage of the Internet trade
development did not have its own stores, used the stores
of the retail giant Best Buy as its storefront. The retailer
was losing revenue because any owner of the app
installed on their mobile phone could buy an item they
liked from a Best Buy retail store on Amazon at a
significant discount.
In the context of Möbius forms, the expression of
E. Lorenz (Edward Lorenz) regarding the flapping of a
butterfly's wings in Panama (in the original Brazil),
which is capable of causing a tornado in Texas [9],
becomes appropriate. The case of the modernization of
the Panama Canal actualized the idea of "Post
Panamax" – container ships with a capacity of up to
12,000 TEU instead of the existing "Panamax" with a
capacity of 4,000 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit).
But the arrival of one such container ship can paralyze
the workings of the entire port economy. To avoid this,
a major reconstruction was needed, in particular, the
Bayonne Bridge, which since 1931 has been among the
five largest structures of its kind in the world. The
Bayonne Bridge connects Staten Island, New York, and
Bayonne, New Jersey, and under its spans the Kill van
Kull Channel, ships pass to the two (New York and New
Jersey) busiest ports on the east coast. It took a major
project launched in 2013 to raise the road surface 215
feet (over 65 m) above the water.
The Panama Canal reconstruction project cost
$5.25 billion [10], Americans spent 1.3 billion dollars at
work on raising the Bayonne Bridge roadway and
modernizing the New York harbor.
Hands-on maintenance of vessels of the new series
is available at one or two ports in Northern Europe, two
or three ports in Asia and one port in North America
[11].
The decision to modernize the canal, which was
supported by 79% of Panamanians who came to the
referendum, was the most satisfied with the Chinese
business structures, both managing the canal and those
that accelerated the supply of Venezuelan oil to China
for themselves. The task of paying for the consequences
of the "historic" transformations is left to Staten Island-
bound drivers, who each pass on the bridge costs them
from $12.50 to $15.00 [12].
Actors-builders of economies of Möbius forms
[13], seek to co-opt the activity of open-sourcers.
However, the importance of the Open Source pheno-
menon is growing more and more in the context of
ecology and sustainable development. The international
community should promote the transformation of
proprietary forms into Open Source forms of nature,
with their openness, economic attractiveness, and wide
availability. Open Source approaches are more suited to
the Industry 5.0 paradigm.
Conclusions
Open Source is gaining more and more popularity
in the software industry. Open source computer
programs, the same as Linux, place on a large number
of hardware platforms, embedded in smartphones, tablet
PCs, routers, automation devices and other gadgets. But
the authors of this work, using the case of sea channels,
prove that the phenomenon of Open Source is much
more powerful and wider in terms of implementation
than the software world.
The following cases studies are presented: 1)
modification and replication of Hohenwarte Dams’
design (on the Elbe) during the reconstruction of the
Panama Canal; 2) modification and replication of
Berendrecht (Antwerp) lock door design during the
reconstruction of the Panama Canal; 3) adaptation and
replication of the procedure for the passage of vessels
with a large sediment through the Suez Canal in
Ukraine.
The content of the given cases demonstrates
compliance with Open Source principles. In
conversation, canal officials make it clear that they see
themselves as carrying on a grand engineering tradition.
Speaking of the original builders, Alberto Alemán
Zubieta, CEO of the ACP, says, "If you look at this canal
through the eyes of an engineer, it is still so impressive
what they did, how imaginative they were." He and
other officials stress that, in contrast to the original
construction, the challenges facing the expansion mostly
involve well-known technologies [3].
The case of the reconstruction of the Panama Canal
in the light of the Möbius forms, i.e. management
methods based on the principles of asset co-optation, is
considered separately. It was concluded that actors-
builders of economies of Möbius forms are able to co-
opt the activity of open-sourcers. However, the
importance of the Open Source phenomenon is growing
more and more in the context of ecology and sustainable
development. The international community should
promote the transformation of proprietary forms into
Open Source forms of nature, with their openness,
economic attractiveness, and wide availability. Open
Source approaches are more suited to the Industry 5.0
paradigm.
D. Cherevetskyi, D. Lypnytskyi, A. Myshanov
8
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4(74), 2023
References
1. Open Source. Spetsialnyi metod dlia IT-systemy [Open Source. A special method for an IT system]. Retrieved from
https://evolpe.com.ua/open-source [In Ukainian].
2. Sozdano pivo s otkrytym kodom [Open source beer created]. Retrieved from https://podrobnosti.ua/230561-sozdano-pivo-s-
otkrytym-kodom.html [In Russian].
3. Reagan, B. (2007). The Panama Canal’s Ultimate Upgrade. Popular Mechanics. Retrieved from
http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a1277/4212183.
4. Baraniuk, C. (2023). The rival to the Panama Canal that was never built. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/future/
article/20230825-the-rival-to-the-panama-canal-that-was-never-built.
5. Stoyanov, K. (2007). «Khendisayz», «panamaks», «keypsayz»… [«Hendisajz», «panamaks», «kejpsajz»…]. Retrieved from
https://ports.ua/hendisajz-panamaks-kepsajz [In Russian].
6. Kalyakina, A. (2016). Ukraina poluchila vtoroy glubokovodnyy port [Ukraine received a second deep-water port]. Retrieved
from https://www.048.ua/news/1144001/ukraina-polucila-vtoroj-glubokovodnyj-port [In Russian].
7. V portakh Bol'shoy Odessy gruzyat "keypsayz" [Capesize ships are being loaded at the ports of Greater Odessa]. Retrieved
from https://traffic.od.ua/news/fleet/1183436 [In Russian].
8. Watkins, E. A., Stark, D. (2018). The Möbius Organizational Form: Make, Buy, Cooperate, or Co-opt. Sociologica
(International Journal for Sociological Debate), 12 (1), рр. 65-80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6092/issn.1971-8853/8364.
9. Lorenz, E. N. (1972). Predictability: does the flap of a butterfly's wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas? 139th Annual
Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (29 Dec 1972), in Essence of Chaos. 1995. Appendix 1, 181.
10. The Panama Canal turns 109: interesting facts about this strategic location. Retrieved from https://marine-oceans.com/en/the-
panama-canal-turns-109-interesting-facts-about-this-strategic-location.
11. Bayonne Bridge reopens after years of construction work. Retrieved from https://news.yahoo.com/news/bayonne-bridge-
reopens-years-construction-101357256.html.
12. Cherevatskyi, D. Yu. (2019). General'nyye aktory mobiusnoy ekonomiki [General actors of Möbius Economy]. Econ.
promisl., 4(88), рр. 93-104. DOI: http://doi.org/10.15407/econindustry2019.04.092 [In Russian].
Череватський Д. Ю., Липницький Д. В., Мишанов А. Ю. Open Source: казус судноплавних каналів
У світовій практиці феномен Open Source зазвичай асоціюється з програмним забезпеченням. Але насправді поняття
відкритого коду набагато ширше. Є навіть приклади пива з відкритим кодом. Дослідження присвячено прикладу морських
каналів (Панама, Суець) у контексті демонстрації особливостей, характерних для феномена Open Source. На тлі вимог щодо
забезпечення сталого розвитку підхід Open Source може стати вирішальним у плані промислового розвитку, реструктуризації
інфраструктури та зменшення впливу на навколишнє середовище в цілому. Робота має характер теоретичного дослідження,
зокрема з використанням методів абстрагування, аналізу, синтезу, кейсів.
Ключові слова: Open Source, відкритий код, морські канали, промисловий розвиток, реструктуризація інфраструктури.
Cherevatskyi D., Lypnytskyi D., Myshanov A. Open Source: the Case of Channels
In global practice, the Open Source phenomenon is usually associated with software. But in reality, the concept of open source
code is much broader. There are even examples of open source beer, etc. The study is devoted to the case study of the sea canals
(Panama, Suez) in the context of demonstrating the features characteristic of the Open Source phenomenon. Against the background
of the requirements for ensuring sustainable development, the Open Source approach can become decisive in terms of industrial
development, infrastructure restructuring, and reduction of the environmental footprint in general. The work was carried out by the
method of theoretical research, in particular, using the methods of abstraction, analysis, synthesis, case study.
Keywords: Open Source, open code, sea channels, industrial development, infrastructure restructuring.
Received by the editors 04.10.2023
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