Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019
In 2019, new excavations were carried out at Doroshivtsi III site, dated to the Last Glacial Maximum. Ten identifiable archaeological levels belong to the Gravettian technocomplex. In the article, detailed data about the faunal remains is presented. The remains of reindeer, horses, mammoths, a...
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| Цитувати: | Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 / L. Demay, M. Połtowicz-Bobak, L. Kulakovska, D. Bobak, V.I. Usik, O.M. Kononenko, M. Łanczont, P. Mroczek, K. Standzikowski, A. Nadachowski, A. Lemanik // Археологія. — 2024. — № 2. — С. 5-49. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-1996392024-10-19T15:41:46Z Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 Demay, L. Połtowicz-Bobak, M. Kulakovska, L. Bobak, D. Usik, V.I. Kononenko, O.M. Łanczont, M. Mroczek, P. Standzikowski, K. Nadachowski, A. Lemanik, A. Статтi In 2019, new excavations were carried out at Doroshivtsi III site, dated to the Last Glacial Maximum. Ten identifiable archaeological levels belong to the Gravettian technocomplex. In the article, detailed data about the faunal remains is presented. The remains of reindeer, horses, mammoths, a wolf, a vulpine, and also a crow have been identified. According to the data, the main species for hunting were reindeer, then horses. In comparison with the sector of earlier excavations, in 2007— 2010, the same species are represented on the site as well as a wolf, but the remains are less concentrated in the area, which may indicate a different purpose for the sector of 2019. У прикарпатській зоні, у південній частині басейнів Серету, Прута та Дністра, зокрема на палеолітичних пам’ятках Румунії та Республіки Молдова, засвідчено різноманітну діяльність первісної людини у час останнього льодовикового максимуму (LGM). Північніше, в районі середнього Подністров’я, на заході України, при дослідженні стоянки Дорошівці III було отримано нові результати, які підтвердили попередні дані, а також стали ключовими для відтворення людської діяльності в найбільш холодний відрізок часу. У 2019 році поновилися дослідження верхньопалеолітичної стоянки Дорошівці ІІІ, яка існувала в часи останнього льодовикового максимуму. Зафіксовано десять археологічних шарів з артефактами граветського технокомплексу. У статті представлено результати детального археозоологічного аналізу фауністичних решток. Загалом, можна говорити про добру збереженість кісткового матеріалу. У процесі досліджень було ідентифіковано останки північного оленя, коня, мамонта, вовка та лисиці, а також ворону. Наразі ми маємо небагато даних для шарів 0, 5а, 6 і 8. Фауністичні рештки у шарах 1 та 2 довгий час перебували просто неба. Результати аналізу фауністичних решток свідчать, що основними видами полювання були північні олені та потім — коні. Довгі кістки коней і оленів мають сліди переломів що пов’язано з добуванням кісткового мозку. У археологічних шарах 4 і 5 північний олень був представлений переважно дорослими особинами та дитинчатами. Подібний склад типовий для літніх стад тварин. Коні представлені дорослими особинами та молоддю, що загалом характерно для змішаних табунів. Рештки мамонтів належать також дорослим і молодим особинам. Кістки мамонтів могли бути зібрані із недавно впольованих тварин. Склад фауни тотожний матеріалам із розкопок 2007—2010 рр. (розкоп І). Також варто зауважити, що в колекції 2019 р (розкоп ІІ) вперше ідентифіковано кістки вовка. Щільність кісток у цій частині поселення менша порівняно з розкопом І. Неочікувано з’ясувалося, що у цьому секторі краще представлений мамонт. Імовірно, що тварини помирали на місці. Невелика кількість фауністичних решток та крем’яних артефактів свідчить про відмінне від сусіднього сектора призначення ділянки. 2024 Article Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 / L. Demay, M. Połtowicz-Bobak, L. Kulakovska, D. Bobak, V.I. Usik, O.M. Kononenko, M. Łanczont, P. Mroczek, K. Standzikowski, A. Nadachowski, A. Lemanik // Археологія. — 2024. — № 2. — С. 5-49. — англ. 0235-3490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.02.005 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/199639 [903.4:562/569] (282.247.314-197.4) 632 en Археологія Інститут археології НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
Статтi Статтi |
| spellingShingle |
Статтi Статтi Demay, L. Połtowicz-Bobak, M. Kulakovska, L. Bobak, D. Usik, V.I. Kononenko, O.M. Łanczont, M. Mroczek, P. Standzikowski, K. Nadachowski, A. Lemanik, A. Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 Археологія |
| description |
In 2019, new excavations were carried out at Doroshivtsi
III site, dated to the Last Glacial Maximum.
Ten identifiable archaeological levels belong
to the Gravettian technocomplex. In the article,
detailed data about the faunal remains is presented.
The remains of reindeer, horses, mammoths, a
wolf, a vulpine, and also a crow have been identified.
According to the data, the main species for
hunting were reindeer, then horses. In comparison
with the sector of earlier excavations, in 2007—
2010, the same species are represented on the site
as well as a wolf, but the remains are less concentrated
in the area, which may indicate a different
purpose for the sector of 2019. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Demay, L. Połtowicz-Bobak, M. Kulakovska, L. Bobak, D. Usik, V.I. Kononenko, O.M. Łanczont, M. Mroczek, P. Standzikowski, K. Nadachowski, A. Lemanik, A. |
| author_facet |
Demay, L. Połtowicz-Bobak, M. Kulakovska, L. Bobak, D. Usik, V.I. Kononenko, O.M. Łanczont, M. Mroczek, P. Standzikowski, K. Nadachowski, A. Lemanik, A. |
| author_sort |
Demay, L. |
| title |
Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 |
| title_short |
Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 |
| title_full |
Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 |
| title_fullStr |
Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 |
| title_sort |
upper palaeolithic occupations in the middle dnister valley: zooarchaeological studies in the doroshivtsi iii site (ukraine) — campaign 2019 |
| publisher |
Інститут археології НАН України |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| topic_facet |
Статтi |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/199639 |
| citation_txt |
Upper Palaeolithic Occupations in The Middle Dnister Valley: Zooarchaeological Studies in the Doroshivtsi III Site (Ukraine) — Campaign 2019 / L. Demay, M. Połtowicz-Bobak, L. Kulakovska, D. Bobak, V.I. Usik, O.M. Kononenko, M. Łanczont, P. Mroczek, K. Standzikowski, A. Nadachowski, A. Lemanik // Археологія. — 2024. — № 2. — С. 5-49. — англ. |
| series |
Археологія |
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1813404159342280704 |
| fulltext |
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 5
Статтi
УДК: [903.4:562/569] (282.247.314-197.4) 632
https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.02.005
*DEMAY Laëtitia — PhD, Research Fellow, Muséum
National d’Histoire Naturelle, ORCID: 0000-0003-4930-
7030, laetitia.demay@mnhn.fr
POŁTOWICZ-BOBAK Marta — Dr. hab., Institute of
Archaeology, University of Rzeszów, ORCID: 0000-0003-
1973-4971, mpoltowicz@lithics.eu
KULAKOVSKA Larysa Vitaliivna — PhD, Head of the
Department, the Institute of Archaeology of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Department “Archaeological
Museum” of the Institute of Archaeology of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0002-8704-
8642, larissa.kulakovska@gmail.com
BOBAK Dariusz — Foundation for Rzeszów Archaeological
Centre, ORCID: 0000-0002-5216-6630, deni@lithics.eu
USIK Vitalii Ivanovych — PhD, Senior Research Fellow, the
Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine; Department “Archaeological Museum” of the
Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology Brno, Czech Academy
of Sciences Čechyňská́, ORCID: 0000-0002-2671-3485,
vitaly.i.usik@gmail.com
KONONENKO Olesia Mykolaivna — PhD, Research Fellow,
the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of
UPPER PALAEOLITHIC OCCUPATIONS IN THE MIDDLE
DNISTER VALLEY: ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN THE
DOROSHIVTSI III SITE (UKRAINE) — CAMPAIGN 2019
© L. DEMAY, M. POŁTOWICZ-BOBAK,
L. KULAKOVSKA, D. BOBAK, V. I. USIK,
O. M. KONONENKO, M. ŁANCZONT,
P. MROCZEK, K. STANDZIKOWSKI,
A. NADACHOWSKI, A. LEMANIK* 2024
In 2019, new excavations were carried out at Dor-
oshivtsi III site, dated to the Last Glacial Maxi-
mum. Ten identifiable archaeological levels belong
to the Gravettian technocomplex. In the article,
detailed data about the faunal remains is present-
ed. The remains of reindeer, horses, mammoths, a
wolf, a vulpine, and also a crow have been iden-
tified. According to the data, the main species for
hunting were reindeer, then horses. In comparison
with the sector of earlier excavations, in 2007—
2010, the same species are represented on the site
as well as a wolf, but the remains are less concen-
trated in the area, which may indicate a different
purpose for the sector of 2019.
K e y w o r d s: Upper Palaeolithic, Last Glacial
Maximum, Gravettian, Subsistence, Taphonomy.
Sciences of Ukraine, Department “Archaeological Museum”
of the Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, ORCID: 0000-0003-1575-1854,
olesia.m.kononenko@gmail.com
ŁANCZONT Maria — Prof., Dr. hab., Institute of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
ORCID: 0000-0002-0459-8658, maria.lanczont@mail.umcs.
pl
MROCZEK Przemysław — Dr. hab., Institute of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
ORCID: 0000-0003-2702-5577, przemyslaw.mroczek@mail.
umcs.pl
STANDZIKOWSKI Karol — M. Sc., Institute of Earth and
Environmental Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University,
ORCID: 0000-0002-1215-0415, karol.standzikowski@mail.
umcs.pl
NADACHOWSKI Adam — Prof., Dr. hab., Institute of
Systematics and Evolution of Animals of the Polish Academy
of Sciences, ORCID: 0000-0001-6452-3028, nadachowski@
isez.pan.krakow.pl
LEMANIK Anna — Dr., Institute of Systematics and Evolution
of Animals of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ORCID: 0000-
0002-2523-0940, lemanik@isez.pan.krakow.pl
The archaeological site of Doroshivtsi III is a
key site for understanding human occupations in
the Dnister River valley during the Last Glacial
Maximum. We focus here on the study of faunal
remains coming from the new excavations in
order to comprehend better the preservation of this
sector and the human activities.
Introduction
During the Last Glacial Maximum (31.0 and
21.5 ka cal BP / 26.0—18.0 ka C14 BP), sever-
al occupations are known in the extra-Carpathian
area, in the Siret, the Prut and Dnister River ba-
sins, mainly in the south part, in Romania and in
the Republic of Moldova (Черныш 1959; Borzi-
ak 1994; Păunescu 1998; Cârciumaru 1999; Hae-
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 26
saerts et al. 2003; Chirica, Borziak 2009; Noiret
2009; Anghelinu, Niţă, Murătoreanu 2018; De-
may et al. 2021). Further to the north, in the mid-
dle Dnister area in Western Ukraine the site of
Doroshivtsi III provided key results in this area
about human activities during this period (Kulak-
ovska et al. 2015). It is also during this period
that the technocomplexes evolved from Gravet-
tian to Epigravettian features.
It is evident from various works that cultur-
al aspects in the region are quite homogeneous.
These are human groups of small size, with high
mobility, using local mineral resources, with hunt-
ing strategies focused on the reindeer migrations.
Lithic industries are characterised by specif-
ic tools, such as truncated elements, then large
Gravettian points, and finally points with con-
vex backs. These particularities are grouped un-
der the same regional facies, as a late stage of
the Molodovian, sometimes labelled as Molodo-
va-Cosăuți-Cotu Miculinți cultural entity (Borzi-
ak et al. 2006) or Eastern Gravettian/Epigravet-
tian of Ukraine (Борисковский 1953; Черныш
1954; 1973; 1985; Григорьев 1970; Otte et al.
1996; Борзияк 1998; Борзіяк, Кулаковська 1998;
Djindjian 2002; Noiret 2007; Nuzhnyi 2009; Нуж-
ний 2015; Kulakovska et al. 2015). Nevertheless,
we observe an intensification of bladelets and bone
industry producing and the enlargement of the raw
materials used (Anghelinu et al. 2019).
In this area, the main mammalian species pres-
ent in archaeological sites are reindeer, horses and
bison, often associated with a few canids. The wool-
ly mammoth remains are used as artistic support,
for osseous industry, especially ivory, as well as fuel
(Demay et al. 2019). Therefore, it is important to
specify the role of different species as food and non-
food resources in the daily life of these populations.
The new excavations carried out in 2019 in
Doroshivtsi III have yielded the following data
(Połtowicz-Bobak et al. 2022) (fig. 1). Here we
present detailed information about faunal remains,
in order to describe in detail the faunal spectrum,
the anatomical representation, the taphonomic
conditions and the human activities.
History of research
The first prospections in Doroshivtsi were made
in 1951 by A. P. Chernysh (1954) and he contin-
ued later in the 1960s (Черныш 1985). He discov-
ered three open-air archaeological sites named Dor-
oshivtsi I, II and III. From 2006 to 2010 new works
had been conducted in Doroshivtsi III under the di-
rection of L. V. Kulakovska (Кулаковська та ін.
2008). In 2019, a new project to excavate a bigger
area was led by M. Połtowicz-Bobak and L. V. Ku-
lakovska (fig. 2).
Location of the site
The site is located 26 m above the river on the
terrace II of the Dnister. It was excavated over an
area of 22,4 m².
Fig. 1. The East European Plain (A) and the localisation of Doroshivtsi III in Ukraine (B)
A B
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 7
Stratigraphic data and dating
In the first excavations made on around 50 m²,
seven archaeological layers were discovered in
clay-sandy loess. The main layers (3, 6) were dat-
ed between around 20.6 and 22.4 ka C14 BP by
charcoals (Кулаковська та ін. 2011; Kulakovska
et al. 2015; Haesaerts et al. 2020). In 2019, ten lay-
ers with artefacts were identified (fig. 3).
The fieldwork reassumed in 2019 covered an
area immediately to the east of the zone studied
earlier. The topographic surface of the explored
section is located at 157.86 m a.s.l., i.e. 1 m low-
er than the previously investigated profile (Ку-
лаковская, Усик, Эзартс 2012). A detailed de-
scription of the Doroshivtsi III’s section was pre-
pared down to the depth ca. 7.15 m according to
palaeopedological criteria (Guidelines for soil
description, 2006), and a preliminary examina-
tion down to 8.3 m. In the studied sequence six
(I—VI) main lithological units have been distin-
guished, plus — tentatively — unit VII. Layers
with artefacts from A- to 4 are within the limits
of litho-pedological subunits 4, 5, and 6 of unit V
and in unit VI, while layers with artefacts 5, 5a,
and 6 are located in the tri-segmented unit VII
(fig. 3).
The upper, archaeologically sterile, part of
the Doroshivtsi sequence of calcareous, layered
sandy-clay sediments can be identified as aeoli-
an loess (unit II) and colluvial-solifluction loess
(units III—IV). The main layer of carbonate de-
bris (unit III) is a record of a single, albeit visi-
bly repeated, cycle of more intensive activity of
solifluction processes. The OSL ages between
20.1 and 21.9 ka (but with inversions) of sedi-
ments within units II—IV suggest that they were
formed over a relatively short period. The lack of
younger deposits than 20 ka and thus correspond-
ing to the main phase of loess sedimentation in
the Dnister valley (Łanczont et al. 2021) may be a
consequence of the significant activation of slope
processes at the end of the Last Glacial period
(Starkel et al. 2015).
The unit V illustrates a dynamic periglacial
slope environment on terrace II in a period of
rapid palaeoclimate changes (chiefly an increase
in humidity), including — probably short — ep-
isodes of weakening of aeolian-slope processes
and stabilisation of its surface, occurring between
25.5—23.7 ka BP. Such episodes of landscape
stabilisation are evidenced by thin soils devel-
oped as weak humus or vegetation horizons with
variable — yet always thin — thickness, and ulti-
mately fading away. The lateral disappearance of
soil horizons should be assigned to the post-pe-
dogenic activity of destructive slope processes,
spreading the soil material across the slope. The
unit VI, formed ca. 27 ka ago, represents a period
with relatively cool and wet climate conditions,
as evidenced by small cryoturbation structures
and gley signs. The preliminary explored soil ho-
Fig. 2. Localisation of the excavations of 2006—2010 and 2019 of Doroshivtsi III
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 28
rizons forming unit VII in the lower part of the
section are dated OSL to ca. 27—29 ka; they are
continuous, relatively well developed, and testi-
fy to the existence of palaeoclimatic conditions
more conducive to pedogenesis. However, the
gleysol, which is the lowest horizon of unit VII,
had developed in a rather cold climate.
The set of initial soils at the Doroshivtsi III
site with OSL ages of ca. 27—21 ka (fig. 3) is
likely to be an environmental response deter-
mined by the local lithology and relief in the site
(including exposure and inclination etc.) to the
hydroclimate variability of MIS 2. For these rea-
sons, the soil horizons distinguished during the
different excavation seasons at the site are diffi-
cult to correlate despite the generally small area
surveyed. The differences are smaller in the lower
part of the sequence. There is an interstadial cam-
bisol (Poltowicz-Bobak et al. 2022), found also in
all the previous studies of the site (Кулаковська
та ін. 2011; Kulakovska et al. 2015; Haesaerts et
al. 2020). It is a horizon probably of stratigraph-
ic marker importance, representing the younger
part of MIS 3.
Environmental data
In the previous excavations, typical species
of the glacial period were present, such as Mam-
muthus primigenius (woolly mammoth) and Ran-
gifer tarandus (reindeer) (Demay, Patou-Mathis,
Kulakovska 2015). They are also present in the
new excavations. Moreover, small mammals were
studied in the new excavations coming from the
units V, VI and VII. The most represented taxa are
Lasiopodomys anglicus (European narrow-headed
vole) and Ochotona pusilla (steppe pika). Then are
present Alexandromys oeconomus (tundra vole),
Dicrostonyx torquatus (Arctic lemming) and Sicis-
ta sp. (birch mouse). These species are typical for
Fig. 3. Lithopedostratigraphy of the Doroshivtsi III section-2019 (after: Połtowicz-Bobak et al., 2022)
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 9
the steppe-tundra community, living in treeless and
bushy environments with a mosaic of grassy veg-
etation, quite wet (Połtowicz-Bobak et al. 2022).
During the previous excavations, the results
were obtained on the malacofauna (Popiuk 2014).
The species Succinea oblonga elongata and Succin-
ea putris were present. They are eurythermal and
can live in very cold environment, although they are
hygrophilous; therefore, these species lived near a
stream. Freshwater species, including Anisus spiror-
bis and Lymnaea palustris, are numerous and testi-
fy to the proximity of a calm and constant aqueous
environment. A few amphibious species have also
been identified. Terrestrial species are mainly repre-
sented by cryophilic species (Pupilla loessica, Col-
umella columella, Vallonia tenuilabris). Pseudotri-
chia rubiginosa is typical for the Pleistocene tundra
and Columella columella gredleri of the loess of the
Carpathian region. Finally, the presence of Trichia
hispida testifies to short periods of warming (see:
Alexandrowicz et al. 2014).
According to the palynological studies from
the preceding excavations (Кулаковська та ін.
2011), the indications are similar. Indeed, the
vegetation is of the steppe-tundra type with her-
baceous plants, shrubs and bushes adapted to the
cold environment, but denoting a certain humidi-
ty. During the formation of humus soils, the vege-
tation is denser, with the presence of trees (birch,
alder, willow, pine, oak), which testifies to an in-
crease in temperature and humidity. The archae-
ological levels of Doroshivtsi III are character-
ised by a steppe-tundra environmental type with
the presence of forest corridors and hygrophilous
species.
Faunal data
During the previous excavations we identified a
restricted faunal spectrum with few individuals in
each layer, mainly dominated by Rangifer tarandus
(reindeer), associated with Equus sp. (horse),
Mammuthus primigenius (woolly mammoth) and
Vulpes vulpes and lagopus (fox) (Demay, Patou-
Mathis, Kulakovska 2015).
Lithic industry data
During the prior excavations, a total of 27920 piec-
es were counted (Кулаковская, Усик, Эзартс 2012).
Layers 1 and 7 yielded very few pieces and layers 2
and 5 only a few tools, especially burins. Layers 3
and 4, rich in lithic artefacts, were the subject of a
techno-typological analysis. Longitudinal and paral-
lel longitudinal debitages, by hard and soft percus-
sion, were used. The tools are diversified: scrapers,
retouched blades, bladelets, backed microblades and
burins. Layer 6 is the richest in lithic pieces. Longitu-
dinal and parallel longitudinal debitages, by hard per-
cussion, were used. End scrapers, blades, bladelets,
retouched and backed microblades and shouldered
points have been identified.
In the excavations of 2019, a total of 67 pieces
were discovered, including 62 flint and five stone
artefacts. A total of 25 pieces were observed in the
layer 2 and between 2 and 15 pieces in the other
layers. Surprisingly, we observed an almost com-
plete lack of retouched tools and chips. The lithic
industry uses local raw material and most of the
finds were fragmented (Połtowicz-Bobak et al.
2022).
Osseous industry data
During the excavations of 2006—2010, lay-
er 6 yielded five pieces of osseous industry (Рі-
душ 2008; Кулаковська, Усик, Эзартс 2012;
Kulakovska et al. 2015; Demay, Patou-Ma-
this, Kulakovska 2015). There is an ivory point
(116 × 7.9 mm) with an oval cross-section and
presenting a series of fine transverse striations
in the proximal part. Two pointed ivory frag-
ments with deep transverse cutmarks were
also found. Two points, probably awls, were
made on reindeer metapodials. The first one
(120 × 41 × 5.19 mm) has been polished and the
second one (104.9 × 6.87 mm) has an oval sec-
tion, more triangular at the base. In addition, a
mammoth tusk was decorated with engraved pat-
terns. It is 150 mm long and 50—20 mm in di-
ameter. The surface was decorated with meanders
and zoomorphic images made by very fine inci-
sions.
Structure data
During the excavations of 2006—2010, layers 6
and 4 yielded undelineated ash deposits and layer 3
a constructed hearth. In 2019 no structures were
identified.
Human behaviour data
In the previous results, small human groups
came at different seasons, used local flint and
mainly exploited reindeer for soft tissue, as well
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as horses and foxes. Bones were used as fuel, also
as mammoth ivory as artistic media and to make
tools.
It is difficult to characterise the status of the
woolly mammoth within the levels of Doroshivt-
si III. Indeed, mammoth bones are present in all
layers, but, no butchering marks were found on the
bones. Moreover, these are too scattered to proceed
with interpretations based on skeletal preservation.
These findings are to be related to the large dimen-
sions of this animal. Indeed, a mammoth is charac-
terised by a large mass of fat and meat which, dur-
ing cutting, generates little or no butchery marks on
the bones. Similarly, as a result of the large size of
the bones, it is possible that the meat would be cut,
without human groups bringing the bones to the
site. It is therefore possible that mammoth was con-
sumed in Doroshivtsi III. It could be the acquisition
of meat by scavenging on fresh carcasses, or only
the collection of dry bones. The presence of young
adults and juveniles suggests that these individuals
came from a matriarchal herd. The low number of
individuals makes it impossible to identify popula-
tion profiles. We can note that it is relatively rare for
young adults to be the most represented in the cata-
strophic or attritional mortality profiles, they could
be individuals hunted by human groups. However,
we cannot be certain about the status of this taxon in
terms of acquisition and diet.
Occupation interpretation and technocomplexes
In the previous results, layers 7 and 1 were
too poor in artefacts to allow cultural attribution.
Layers 5, 4, 3 and 2 have been attributed to the
Gravettian. With regard to layer 6, there are few
burins, a frequent tool in the Gravettian, and a
predominance of bladelets and microbladelets
with a backed edge. This is the third site with Za-
mostje (Борисковский 1953; Kozłowski 1998;
Noiret 2009) and Molodova V/7 (Kozłowski
1998; Noiret 2009; Кулаковська та ін. 2011) and
Molodova 8 (Черныш 1987; Borziac 1998) hav-
ing delivered shouldered points. However, those
of Doroshivtsi III differ from those known in the
Molodovian culture. If this industry has some
similarities with those of the Epigravettian sites
of Mezyn, Amvrosiivka, Borshchevo 1 and Ko-
styonki 21/III, the presence of a bone industry
and an engraved defence, in particular meanders,
makes it a singular site. It is currently difficult
to define with certainty which culture belongs to
layer 6 of the Doroshivtsi III/6 site. It would be
Gravettian with very ancient Epigravettian fea-
tures. In the excavations of 2019, the first nine
layers are referred to the Gravettian. The last one
cannot be clearly identified.
Methods and materials
The faunal remains of Doroshivtsi III of 2019
are stored in the Archaeological Museum in Kyiv.
We conducted zooarchaeological research on this
material.
The current study includes palaeontological
analyses, the biology and ethology of the species,
by means of actual comparisons. In addition, the
description and quantitative analysis of the ana-
tomical elements associated with taphonomy (cli-
mate and edaphic factors and non-human biolog-
ical agents) will make it possible to identify the
conditions that make up the fossil assemblage. The
combination of these analyses in relation to the
stigmas that may have been left by humans would
lead to a better understanding of the anthropogenic
impact on this assemblage (Poplin 1976; Behrens-
meyer 1978; 1990; Binford 1979; Lyman 1994;
Denys, Patou-Mathis (dir.), 2014; Fernández-Jal-
vo, Andrews (eds.) 2016). Taxonomic references
and systematics are based on the zoological no-
menclature code (ICZN 1999). The vernacular an-
atomical terms are used according to the criteria
of Barone (1976) taking into account the current
nomenclatures. Here we adopt the quantification
units defined by Poplin (1976) and Lyman (2008).
The skull (cranium and face) is considered as an
element. The frontal appendages can also be re-
garded as a separate element. The hemi-mandible
is counted as an element, except for the mammoth
whose mandible is a complete element. A tooth,
whether isolated or in place, is counted as an ele-
ment. To estimate the Minimal Number of Individ-
uals (MNI) we proceeded to reassembling, pairing,
associations, according to the criteria of age and
sex.
Quantitative measures followed by Poplin
(1976) and Lyman (2008), where:
Qsp: specific coefficient, obtained from the fre-
quency of occurrence of an element in the anato-
my of species;
MAU: Minimum Animal Unit, specifying the
degree of preservation of different anatomical el-
ements of species, where MAU = MNE/Qsp, and
MAU frequency (%) = MAU × 100/MAUmax;
Ps: percent survivorship, involving observa-
tion on three levels: each element; each anatom-
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ical region; and the overall deficit (total) of the
species. It is calculated by elements. It takes into
account the MAU which is based on the Mini-
mum Number of Individuals evaluated by the
cMNI. Ps = MNE × 100/Qsp × MNImax = MAU
× 100/MNI max.
The rate of determination is: (specifically
determined remains/total number of remains)*100
The index of fragmentation is: NR/MNE.
For the splinters we determined different
size classes: class I (<2 cm), class II (2—5 cm),
class III (5—10 cm), class IV (10—20 cm) and
class V (20—40 cm).
We distinguish different mammal size classes:
large-sized mammals (>200 kg, ex: M. primigeni-
us, Equus sp.), medium-sized (> 20 kg—200 kg,
ex: R. tarandus, C. lupus) and small-sized (<
20 kg, ex: Vulpinae).
Osteometric measurements follow the proce-
dures of von den Driesch (1976), and concerning
mammoth, of Agenbroad (1994), Lister (1996) and
Göhlish (1998).
We identified the age of horses (Equus sp.) (Bar-
one 1966), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) (Bou-
chud 1954; 1966; Miller 1972; 1974; Hufthammer
1995; Enloe 1997) and a wolf (Canis lupus) (Bar-
one 1976). For mammoths (Mammuthus primigeni-
us), age and sex determination are based on epiphy-
seal stages of long bones and eruption and eruption/
wear sequence of the cheek teeth (Osborn 1942;
Vaufrey 1955; Coppens 1965; Laws 1966; Haynes
1991) and the morphometry of bones (Haynes 1991;
Averianov 1996; Shoshani, Tassy (eds.) 1996; Lis-
ter 1999).
Concerning a mammoth, the references for os-
teometric comparisons are based on well-known
specimens from Eurasia (Воллосович 1909; Felix
1912; Toepfer 1957; Siegfried 1959; Koenigswald
1989; Ziegler 1994; 2001; Lister 2009; Kirillova,
Shidlovskiy, Titov 2012).
Concerning age classes, they are determined as:
a juvenile, a young adult, an intermediate adult, a
mature adult and an old adult. Patterns in the age at
death (mortality profiles) of animals are used to in-
Fig. 4. Graphic representation of faunal remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019 in number of remains (NR), minimal number of
elements (MNE) and minimal number of individuals (MNI)
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fer the origins of assemblages (Klein, Cruz-Uribe
1984; Haynes 1987; Stiner 1990).
The skeletal preservation on %MAU by
anatomical segments related with bones density
(from Lam et al. 1998; Lam, Pearson, 2003) are
used for reindeer to determine the origin of the
assemblage according to the bone dispersion. The
correlation testing is used to assess an association of
dependence or independence between two variables.
The correlation coefficient can be calculated using
different methods. The Pearson correlation coefficient
r makes it possible to analyse the linear relationships
between two continuous quantitative characters.
if r is close to 0, there is no linear relationship
between X and Y,
if r is close to −1, there is a strong negative cor-
relation between X and Y,
if r is close to 1, there is a strong linear positive
correlation between X and Y.
The nutritional strategies can be estimated
(Binford 1978; 1987; Metcalfe, Jones 1988;
Lyman 1994; Faith, Gordon 2007).
Fig. 5. Counting of the determined remains of mammals from Doroshivtsi III-2019 by main layers in number of remains (NR)
and minimal number of elements (MNE)
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Results
Global analysis. We recorded a total of 283 re-
mains corresponding to at least 134 elements be-
longing to at least 30 individuals. We identified re-
mains of reindeer, horses, mammoths, a wolf and a
vulpine (table 1), as well as a crow.
Layers 2 and 4 are the richest in terms of num-
ber of remains, of elements and of individuals,
then layers 1, 3 and 5. The layers 0, 5a, 6 and 8
furnished few remains (fig. 4).
All the main layers are characterised by the
presence of reindeer and mammoths. Horses are
present in the layers 1, 3 and 4. A vulpine and a
wolf are present in the layer 2. Remains are a bit
fragmented, more for mammoths (fig. 5).
Analysis by layers.
Layer 0. The layer 0 furnished a fragment
(class II) of an epiphysis of a relatively young
large- or medium-sized mammal. This bone had
been affected by weathering and bears deposits of
manganese. It is associated with two lithic artefacts
(fig. 6).
Layer 1. The layer 1 contained 25 remains
corresponding to at least 20 elements belonging
to 5 individuals, three mammoths, a horse and a
reindeer (table 2).
The rate of determination is 80%. Bones are
relatively lightly fragmented (fracturing index:
1.25). We observed longitudinal, diagonal, step
and helicoidal fracturing.
Concerning the taphonomic conditions (fig. 7;
fig. 8; fig. 9) more than half of the remains are
affected by weathering, mainly stages 4 and 5 for
all species. Remains of the reindeer are a little bit
less affected (stage 3). All remains bear deposits of
iron and mainly manganese in large quantity due to
percolation water. Remains of the reindeer and the
horse bear few dissolution alterations due to run off
water. Some bones of mammoths bear plant root
marks. The fragments are mainly of size classes IV
and V (fig. 10). So, the remains of the layer 1 had
stayed in open air for a relatively long time, and
were covered not so deep and then were affected by
post-depositional percolation water. The fracturing
shows fragmentations of dry and fresh bones.
Concerning mammoths, we identified
18 remains which correspond to at least
15 elements: cranial elements, ribs, girdle bones
and a humerus. Except short bones, all the other
anatomical parts are represented (fig. 11; fig. 12).
We identified three individuals, a juvenile, a young
adult and a mature adult (table 3).
Concerning the mandible, the left cheek teeth
are characterised by an abnormal shape (fig. 13).
Indeed, the teeth can develop malformed due to
an unbalanced diet or a lack of fodder (Fowler,
Mikota 2006). A horse adult s.l. is represented by
a vestigial metapodial. Moreover, a bone fragment
of a large-sized mammal was found.
A reindeer adult s.l. is represented by a left talus.
Furthermore, two fragments of a diaphysis
of two different long bones were discovered,
belonging to a medium-sized mammal, which
Fig. 6. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/0
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Table 1. Counting of faunal remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019 in number of remains (NR),
minimal number of elements (MNE) and minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species
M
. p
ri
m
ig
en
iu
s
Eq
uu
s s
p.
Ra
ng
ife
r t
ar
an
du
s
C
. l
up
us
Vu
lp
in
ae
la
rg
e-
si
ze
d
m
am
m
al
la
rg
e-
o
r
m
ed
iu
m
-
si
ze
d
m
am
m
al
m
ed
iu
m
-s
iz
ed
m
am
m
al
m
ed
iu
m
-s
iz
ed
m
am
m
al
(R
.
ta
ra
nd
us
?
)
m
ed
iu
m
-
or
s
m
al
l-
si
ze
d
m
am
m
al
sm
al
l-s
iz
ed
m
am
m
al
A
ve
s (
C
or
vu
s
co
ra
x)
un
de
te
rm
in
ed
T
O
T
A
L
0 NR 1 1
MNE 1 1
MNI 1 1
1 NR 18 1 1 1 2 1 1 25
MNE 15 1 1 1 2 20
MNI 3 1 1 5
2 NR 35 3 3 4 11 8 3 6 73
MNE 27 3 3 4 1 1 39
MNI 2 1 2 1 2 5
3 NR 2 2 4 1 3 2 2 3 20
MNE 2 1 4 2 2 2 14
MNI 2 1 1 4
4 NR 25 3 17 22 30 24 9 1 1 1 10 142
MNE 13 3 16 1 3 4 3 1 1 1 45
MNI 1 1 3 1 1 1 7
5 NR 3 3 1 1 4 2 14
MNE 3 3 1 1 8
MNI 1 2 3
5а NR 1 1 1 1 4
MNE 1 1 1 3
MNI 1 1 2
6 NR 1 1 1 3
MNE 1 1 1 3
could be a reindeer. Another fragment of bone of
a medium or small-sized mammal was found, also
as undetermined fragments of bone. Bones are
more or less scattered with lithic artefacts between
both both small bone concentrations (fig. 14).
Layer 2. The layer 2 furnished 73 remains
corresponding to at least 39 elements belonging to
5 individuals, 2 mammoths, a reindeer, a wolf and
a fox (table 4).
We determined at least specifically 62 % of
bone remains. The fragmentation index is 1.9. We
observed longitudinal, perpendicular, diagonal,
step and helicoidal fracturing.
Concerning the taphonomic conditions (fig. 15;
fig. 16; fig. 17), almost all the bones were affected
by weathering of different stages and percolation
water. Mammoths remains were altered by plant root
marks. The fragments are mainly of size classes II,
III and IV (fig. 18). So, the remains of layer 2 had
stayed in open air for a relatively long time and were
covered not so deep and then were affected by post-
depositional percolation water. The fracturing shows
fragmentations of dry and fresh bones.
Concerning mammoths, they are represented
by 35 remains which correspond to at least
27 elements belonging to 2 individuals. All the
anatomical parts are represented, especially the
axial skeleton, except the girdles (fig. 19). We
identified at least 2 mammoths (table 5), a juvenile
(fig. 20) and a young adult (figs. 21, 22, 23, 24).
A mammoth rib also has a pathology (fig. 25).
Looking at the skeletal preservation in percentage
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Fig. 7. Alterations due to climate-edaphic and non-human biological agents in percentage of number of remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
Fig. 8. Alterations due to weathering according to the different stages by species and categories of remains from Doroshivtsi III-
2019/1
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Fig. 9. Alterations due to climate-edaphic and non-human biological agents in percentage of the number of remains by species
from Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
Fig. 10. Splinters by size classes from Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
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Fig. 11. Counting of mammoth bones in number of remains and in minimum number of elements from Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
Fig. 12. Skeletal preservation by elements in percentage survival (Ps%) of mammoths (MNI: 3) from Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
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Fig. 13. Mandible of a mammoth with left cheek teeth with abnormal shape from Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
Fig. 14. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
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Fig. 15. Alterations due to climate-edaphic and non-human biological agents in percentage of number of remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
Fig. 16. Alterations due to weathering according to the different stages by species and categories of remains from Doroshivtsi III-
2019/2
survival, cranial elements are the most represented,
then limb bones, followed by vertebra, ribs and
short bones (fig. 26).
Concerning a reindeer, there is a quite
complete thoracic vertebra of an adult s.l. and a
right radius with a fragment of ulna. The distal end
is fused (>38—48 months old), so it is an adult s.l.
(> young adult).
Concerning a wolf, there are right humerus
(fig. 27), ulna and radius which can be paired. The
radius and ulna were still in anatomical connection.
This individual was 8—9 months old, so it was a
juvenile (table 6).
Concerning a fox, there are a right hip bone
quite complete, a left femur, a right humerus and
an I3 very worn of an adult s.l.
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Fig. 17. Alterations due to climate-edaphic and non-human biological agents in percentage of the number of remains by species
from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
Fig. 18. Splinters by size classes from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
We also identified a sesamoid of a large-sized
mammal, as well as a long bone diaphysis (tibia?)
of a large or medium-sized mammal. A fragment
of a large-sized mammal rib bears cutmarks of
deflashing and impacts which could be due to human
activities (fig. 28). Bones are associated with lithic
artefacts and stones. They are scattered. Mammoth
bones are more concentrated in two areas (fig. 29).
Layer 3. The layer 3 contained 20 remains
corresponding to at least 14 elements belonging to
4 individuals, 2 mammoths, a horse and a reindeer
(table 7).
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Fig. 19. Counting of mammoth bones in number of remains and in minimum number of elements from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
Fig. 20. Skull of a juvenile mammoth from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
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Fig. 21. Osteometry of humerus of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2 and specimens of references
Fig. 22. Osteometry of lunatums of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2 and reference specimens
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Fig. 23. Osteometry of hamatums of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2 and specimens of references
Fig. 24. Osteometry of tibias of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2 and specimens of references
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Table 2. Counting of faunal remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/1 by number of remains
(NR), minimal number of elements (MNE) and
minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 18 15 3
Equus sp. 1 1 1
Rangifer tarandus 1 1 1
large-sized mammal 1 1
medium-sized mammal
(R. tarandus ?)
2 2
medium- or small-sized
mammal
1
undetermined 1
TOTAL 25 20 5
Table 3. Bones of mammoths and determination
of growth stages and age classes from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/1
Number
(labels)
Bone Lateralisation Stage/
age
Age
classes
Sex
21 skull and left and right
DP4 and left and right
M1
VIII /
6-8 y.o.
juve-
nile
/
58 mandible and left and
right M3
X I V -
XV /
4 0 - 5 0
y.o.
matu-
re
adult
/
9 undet.
molar
≥ M1)
/ > IX adult
s.l.
/
3 rib right / adult
s.l.
/
90 rib right / adult
s.l.
/
68 rib right / adult
s.l.
/
1 sca-
pula
right / adult
s.l.
/
36 hume-
rus
(PE
unfus)
left <XVIa
/ <18-
26 y.o.
young
adult
/
69 hip
bone
right / a d u l t
s.l.
/
Table 4. Counting of faunal remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/2 in number of remains
(NR), minimal number of elements (MNE) and
minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 35 27 2
Rangifer tarandus 3 3 1
C. lupus 3 3 1
Vulpinae 4 4 1
large-sized mammal 11 1
large- or medium-sized
mammal
8 1
medium-sized mammal 3
undetermined 6
TOTAL 73 39 5
We determined at least specifically 40 % of the
bone remains. The fragmentation index is 1.4. We
observed longitudinal, perpendicular, diagonal,
step and helicoidal fracturing.
Concerning the taphonomic conditions, all
bones (100 %) were affected by weathering (stages
1, 2 and 3) and percolation water (fig. 30). So, the
remains of the layer 3 had stayed in open air for
a relatively short time and were affected by post-
depositional percolation water. The fracturing
shows fragmentations of dry and fresh bones.
Concerning mammoths, we identified 2 re-
mains which correspond to 2 elements (table 8),
a fragment of tusk which would correspond to an
adult male and a quite complete left scapula that
would correlate with a young adult (fig. 31; fig. 32).
A horse (adult s.l.) is represented by two
fragments of a diaphysis of a left humerus. A reindeer
is represented by 4 elements, a left metatarsal, a left
radius with a fragment of ulna and a quite complete
lumbar vertebra. From the epiphysation stages, this
individual was more than 38—48 months old, so an
adult s.l. The measurements of the distal end of the
radius (46 mm × 29 mm) shows that it was a quite
robust individual. Moreover, a cervical vertebra and
a fragment of a long bone diaphysis were found,
belonging to a medium-sized mammal, which could
be a reindeer. A fragment of an epiphysis and a rib
head belong to a large-sized mammal. A fragment
of a skull and a fragment of a long bone diaphysis
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Fig. 25. Mammoth rib with pathology from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
Fig. 26. Skeletal preservation by elements in percentage survival (Ps%) of mammoths (MNI: 2) from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
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Table 5. Bones of mammoths and determination of growth stages and age classes of Doroshivtsi III-
2019/2
Number
(labels)
Bone Lateralisation Stage/age Age
classes
Sex
108 skull with two tusks and left
and right dP3
III / 1 y.o. juvenile /
30 molar / adult s.l. /
106 humerus
(DE
unfused)
/ < XVIa si F ou M young
adult
undet.
45 lunatum right ~young
adult
undet.
28 hamatum right ~young
adult
undet.
44 femur
(PE and
DE fused)
left > XVIa-XVIII si
F; > XVIII-XX
si M
adult s.l. undet.
49 tibia (PE
unfused)
right < XVIa-XVII si
F; < XVIIIa-XX
si M
~young
adult
undet.
Table 6. Bones of a wolf and determination of
growth stage and age classes of Doroshivtsi III-
2019/2
Number
(labels)
Bone Lateralisation Stage/
age
Age
classes
33 humerus
(DE
fused;
PE in
fusion)
right <12-15
months;
>7-8
months
juvenile
34 ulna (PE
fused)
right >7-8
months
juvenile
34 radius
(PE
unfused)
right <9-10
months
juvenile
Table 7. Counting of faunal remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/3 in number of remains
(NR), minimal number of elements (MNE) and
minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 2 2 2
Equus sp. 2 1 1
Rangifer tarandus 4 4 1
large-sized
mammal
2 1
large- or medium-
sized mammal
3 2
medium-sized
mammal
2 2
medium-sized
mammal
(R. tarandus ?)
2 2
undetermined 3
TOTAL 20 14 4
which belong to a large- or medium-sized mammal
were also discovered. A rib and a long bone or a
metapodial belong to a medium-sized mammal.
Concerning anthropogenic modifications, a di-
aphysis of humerus of the horse bears impacts of
fracturation. Furthermore, two remains of a large-
or medium-sized mammal were burned, almost
totally calcined. Bones are very scattered. They
are associated with lithic artefacts and charcoals
(fig. 33).
Layer 4. The layer 4 furnished 142 remains
corresponding to at least 45 elements belonging to
7 individuals, a mammoth, a horse, three reindeer,
a small-sized mammal and a crow (table 9).
We determined at least specifically 32 % of
bone remains. The fragmentation index is 3.4.
We observed longitudinal, perpendicular, step and
helicoidal fracturing.
Concerning the taphonomic conditions
(figs. 34—36), almost all the bones were affected
by weathering of different stages (mainly stages 1,
2 and 3) and percolation water. The horse remains
were altered by run-off water. The fragments are
mainly of size classes II, III and IV (fig. 37). So,
the remains of the layer 4 had stayed in open air for
a relatively short time and were affected by post-
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Fig. 28. Large-sized mammal rib with cutmarks from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
Fig. 27. Right humerus of C. lupus from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
Table 8. Bones of mammoths and deter-
mination of growth stage and age classes from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/3
Number
(labels)
Bone Laterali-
sation
Stage/
age
Age
classes
Sex
122 tusk / / adult
s.l.
male
129 scapula left / young
adult
/
depositional percolation water. The fracturing show
fragmentations of dry and fresh bones.
Concerning a mammoth, it is represented by
25 remains corresponding to at least 13 elements
belonging to 1 individual. All the anatomical parts
are represented, especially the axial skeleton,
except the girdles (fig. 38). We identified at least
one mammoth, probably an adult male not totally
mature (table 10; figs. 39 and 40).
Concerning a horse, it is represented by
3 remains corresponding to at least 3 elements
belonging to 1 individual. There is a fragment of a
diaphysis of a left humerus of a young individual.
There is also a diaphysis of a right radius with
an unfused proximal extremity which means this
individual was less than 15—18 months old, so it
was a juvenile. There is a vestigial metacarpal of a
young individual.
Concerning reindeer, they are represented by
17 remains corresponding to at least 16 elements
belonging to 3 individuals. Almost all the
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Table 9. Counting of faunal remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/4 in number of remains
(NR), minimal number of elements (MNE) and
minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 25 13 1
Equus sp. 3 3 1
Rangifer tarandus 17 16 3
large-sized mammal 22 1
large- or medium-sized
mammal
30 3
medium-sized mammal 24 4
medium-sized mammal
(R. tarandus ?)
9 3
small-sized mammal 1 1 1
Aves (Corvus corax) 1 1 1
undetermined 10
TOTAL 142 45 7
Fig. 29. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/2
anatomical parts are represented, particularly
cranial remains, except girdles (figs. 41 and 42).
We identified a juvenile, a young adult and a more
mature adult (table 11).
According to the index of density (r = 0,22)
there is no correlation between X and Y, we cannot
obtain significant statistic interpretation.
Concerning the nutritive strategies, we have
few remains to obtain a significant model.
However, the general curve (fig. 43) is relatively
close to a reverse ‘bulk’ strategy, which means
that nutrients are least represented. Nevertheless,
the richest parts in meat (sternum and femur) are
present (fig. 44). Moreover, 3 ribs were found,
belonging to a medium-sized mammal, which
could be a reindeer. There is also a fragment of
the left femur of a crow Corvus corax (fig. 45).
A rib of a large-sized mammal was found. We
also discovered 3 caudal vertebrae of a large-
or medium-sized mammal. Fragments of a
phalanx, a thoracic vertebra and 2 ribs belonging
to a medium-sized mammal were discovered. A
fragment of a long bone diaphysis belongs to a
small-sized mammal. A fragment of ivory bears
anthropogenic modifications with grooves and an
edge was abrased (fig. 46) and bones of different
species have traces of fracturing (fig. 47). A
fragment of bone is totally calcified. Bones are
very scattered. They are associated with lithic
artefacts and charcoals (fig. 48).
Layer 5. The layer 5 consisted of 14 remains
corresponding to at least 8 elements belonging
to 3 individuals, a mammoth and reindeer
(table 12).
We determined at least specifically 40 % of the
bone remains. The fragmentation index is 1.75.
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Fig. 30. Alterations due to weathering according to the different stages by species and categories of remains from Doroshivtsi III-
2019/3
Fig. 31. Osteometry of tusks of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/3 and specimens of references
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Fig. 32. Osteometry of scapulas of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/3 and specimens of references
Fig. 33. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/3
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Fig. 34. Alterations due to climate-edaphic and non-human biological agents in percentage of number of remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
Fig. 35. Alterations due to weathering according to the different stages by species and categories of remains from Doroshivtsi III-
2019/4
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Fig. 36. Alterations due to climate-edaphic and non-human biological agents in percentage of number of remains by species from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
Fig. 37. Splinters by size classes from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
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Fig. 38. Counting of mammoth bones in number of remains and in minimum number of elements from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
Fig. 39. Osteometry of ulnas of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4 and specimens of references
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Fig. 40. Osteometry of lunatums of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4 and specimens of references
Fig. 41. Counting of reindeer bones in number of remains and in minimum number of elements from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
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Fig. 42. Skeletal preservation by elements in percentage survival (Ps%) of reindeer (MNI: 3) from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
Fig. 43. Skeletal preservation of reindeer remains in relation to nutritional values from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
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Table 10. Bones of a mammoth and
determination of growth stage and age classes
from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
Number
(labels)
Bone Latera-
lisation
Stage/age Age
classes
Sex
140 ulna left < XVIIIa-
XX if
female / <
30-35 y.o.;
adult
s.l.
maybe
quite
young
/
201 luna-
tum
right < XXII-
XXX if
male / <
36-60 y.o.
adult
s.l.
male
Number
(labels)
Bone Latera-
lisation
S t a g e /
age
Age
classes
133 maxillar
and P2
P3 P4 M1
M2
right F / 15
months
old
juvenile
249 mandible
and M3
right I / 30
months
old
young
adult
188 femur
(PE
fused)
right > 36-48
months
old
adult s.l.
(> young
adult)
292 tibia (DE
fused)
>18-30
months
old
adult s.l.
Table 11. Bones of reindeer and determination
of growth stages and age classes from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
We observed longitudinal, step and helicoidal
fracturing.
Concerning the taphonomic conditions
(figs. 49 and 50), an important part of the bones
was affected by weathering of different stages
(mainly stages 1, 2 and 3) and percolation water.
The fragments are mainly of size classes III
(fig. 51). So, the remains of the layer 5 had stayed
in open air for a relatively short time and were
affected by post-depositional percolation water.
The fracturing show fragmentations of dry and
fresh bones.
Concerning a mammoth there is a fragment
of a molar of an adult s.l., a fragment of ivory
and another fragment of bone. Reindeer are
represented by a femur, a metacarpal and a left
radius. They are two individuals, an adult s.l. and a
young adult (table 13).
There is also a bone of a large- or medium-
sized mammal and several bone fragments. A
rib of a medium-sized mammal is also present.
Two remains of diaphyses of a medium-sized
mammal bear anthropogenic impacts of fracturing.
Bones are associated with few lithic artefacts and
Fig. 44. Skeletal preservation of reindeer bones in percentage of minimum animal unit (%MAU) by anatomical parts, according
to indexes “grease”, “meat” and “marrow” from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
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Fig. 45. Left femur of C. corax from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4 Fig. 46. Anthropogenic modifications on an ivory fragment
from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
Fig. 47. Anthropogenic modifications on bones from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
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Fig. 48. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/4
Fig. 49. Alterations due to climate-edaphic and non-human biological agents in percentage of number of remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/5
charcoals. They are concentrated on the east part
of the excavation (fig. 52).
Layer 5a. The layer 5a furnished 4 remains
corresponding to at least 3 elements belonging to
2 individuals (table 14).
Bones were affected by weathering effects
(stages 2 and 4) and iron and manganese deposits
due to percolation water. There is a fragment of
a mammoth rib and a fragment of a flat bone of a
large-sized mammal. There is also a left talus of an
adult s.l. a reindeer (46.8 × 30.0 mm). Bones are
concentrated on the east part of the excavation and
associated with few lithic artefacts and charcoals
(fig. 53).
Layer 6. The layer 6 included 3 remains
corresponding to at least 3 elements belonging to
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Fig. 50. Alterations due to weathering according to the different stages by species and categories of remains from Doroshivtsi III-
2019/5
Fig. 51. Splinters by size classes from Doroshivtsi III-2019/5
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Fig. 52. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/5
2 individuals. There is a fragment of a mammoth
bone, a fragment of a bone of a medium-sized
mammal and a fragment of a spinal disc of a
medium-sized mammal (table 15).
These remains are affected by weathering
(stage 3) and percolation water (iron and
manganese deposits). Bones are associated
with few lithic artefacts and charcoals and
concentrated on the east part of the excavation
(fig. 54).
Layer 8. The layer 8 furnished a fragment of
a bone of a large-sized mammal. The surface is
abraded, affected by weathering and deposits of
iron and manganese due to percolation water.
Discussion
Taphonomy. The bones of Doroshivtsi III-2019
are generally well preserved. In all layers they
are affected by post-depositional percolation
water. The bones are also affected by weathering
sometimes of different stages between bones and/
or species which could be due to different phases
of accumulation, various modalities of burying
Fig. 53. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/5a
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and due to the size of bones according to the
species.
We have few data about layers 0, 5a, 6 and
8. In other layers according to the size classes of
fragments and the type of fracturing we observed
modification due to freeze-thaw actions. The
remains of the layer 1 had stayed in open air
for long time, also as the layer 2, whereas the
others were quite quickly buried (table 16). Some
mammoths bones bear plant root marks, which
could mean bones were buried in subsurface or
were collected in another place.
Table 12. Counting of faunal remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/5 in number of remains
(NR), minimal number of elements (MNE) and
minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 3 3 1
Rangifer tarandus 3 3 2
large-sized mammal 1
large- or medium-sized
mammal
1 1
medium-sized mammal 4 1
undetermined 2
TOTAL 14 8 3
Table 13. Bones of reindeer and determination
of growth stages and age classes from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/5
Number
(labels)
Bone Laterali-
sation
Stage/
age
Age
classes
Sex
236 tusk / / adult
s.l.
male
311 scapula left / young
adult
/
Table 14. Counting of faunal remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/5a in number of remains
(NR), minimal number of elements (MNE) and
minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 1 1 1
Rangifer tarandus 1 1 1
large-sized mammal 1 1
large- or medium-sized
mammal
1
TOTAL 4 3 2
Table 15. Counting of faunal remains from
Doroshivtsi III-2019/6 in number of remains
(NR), minimal number of elements (MNE) and
minimal number of individuals (MNI)
Species NR MNE MNI
M. primigenius 1 1 1
large- or medium-sized
mammal
1 1
medium-sized mammal 1 1 1
TOTAL 3 3 2
Fig. 54. Spatial distribution of the archaeological remains from Doroshivtsi III-2019/6
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The layers 2 and 3 are hard to distinguish
in some places. We identified two radii with
different modalities of preservation, but showing
exactly the same measurements and anatomical
particularities. They could belong to the same
individual (fig. 55).
Faunal populations. The main species in
Doroshivtsi III-2019 are reindeer, horses and
mammoths. Reindeer are mainly adults with young
individuals (fig. 56). That could correspond for the
layers 4 and 5 to the grouping of herds in summer.
Horses are represented by adults and a juvenile
(fig. 57). It could correspond to mixed herds.
Mammoths are represented by adults and young
individuals (fig. 58). It could correspond to different
groups of mammoths, herds of females with young
individuals and herds of male or solitary males.
Human behaviours. We identified impacts of
fracturing on long bones of horses and reindeer
Fig. 55. Radius of reindeer of layers 2 and 3 from Doroshiv-
tsi III-2019
Table 16. Main taphonomic processes according
to the layers of Doroshivtsi III-2019
Layer Taphonomic processes
0 few remains/no reliable data
1 long time in open open air; freeze-thaw action
2 relatively long time in open open air; freeze-
thaw action
3 short-time; freeze-thaw action
4 short-time; freeze-thaw action
5 short-time; freeze-thaw action
5a few remains/no reliable data
6 few remains/no reliable data
8 few remains/no reliable data
Fig. 56. Age classes of reindeer from Doroshivtsi III-2019
linked to marrow removal. In the layer 4, a juvenile
reindeer could have been slaughtered in summer.
Concerning mammoths, we have few data, but the
rib in the layer 2 with impacts and cutmarks could
belongs to a mammoth. So, the main games are
reindeer, then horses. Mammoths remains could
have been collected on more or less fresh carcasses.
Comparisons with Doroshivtsi III-2007—2010
In comparison with the sector of excavations
2007—2010 (Кулаковська та ін. 2011; Кулаков-
ская, Усик, Эзартс 2012; Kulakovska et al. 2015;
Demay, Patou-Mathis, Kulakovska 2015), we have
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the same species, but the remains are less dense. We
also have few remains of a fox. Moreover, we have
remains of a young wolf in layer 2. And mammoths
are represented more than expected with idividuals
dead in situ.
Conclusions
The excavations at Doroshivtsi III of 2019
furnished well preserved faunal remains (mainly
reindeer, horses and mammoths) associated with
lithic remains and few charcoals and burned bones.
The density of remains being less compactly
arranged than at the previously excavated sector,
could correspond to another functional area — the
camps. The status of mammoths needs to be better
understood.
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the Polish National
Science Centre (project no. 2018/31/B/HS3/03125,
Fig. 57. Age classes of horses from Doroshivtsi III-2019
Fig. 58. Age classes of mammoths from Doroshivtsi III-2019
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Л. Демей1, М. Полтович-Бобак2, Л. В. Кулаковська3, Д. Бобак4, В. І. Усик5, О. М. Кононенко6,
М. Ланчонц7, П. Мрочек8, К. Стандзіковський9, А. Надаховський10, А. Леманік11
1PhD з палеонтології, науковий співробітник,, Національний музей природничої історії, ORCID: 0000-0003-
4930-7030, laetitia.demay@mnhn.fr
2Доктор габілітований, Інститут археології Жешувського університету, ORCID: 0000-0003-1973-4971,
mpoltowicz@lithics.eu
3Кандидат історичних наук, завідувач відділу, Археологічний музей, Інститут археології НАН України,
ORCID: 0000-0002-8704-8642, larissa.kulakovska@gmail.com
4Фундація Жешувського археологічного центру, ORCID: 0000-0002-5216-6630, deni@lithics.eu
5Кандидат історичних наук, старший науковий співробітник, Інститут археології НАН України, Київ,
Україна; Інститут археології Брно, Чеська академія наук Чехинська, ORCID: 0000-0002-2671-3485,
vitaly.i.usik@gmail.com
6Кандидат історичних наук, науковий співробітник, Інститут археології НАН України, Київ, Україна.
ORCID: 0000-0003-1575-1854, olesia.m.kononenko@gmail.com
7Професор, доктор габілітований, Інститут наук про Землю та навколишнє середовище, Університет Ма-
рії Кюрі-Склодовської, ORCID: 0000-0002-0459-8658, maria.lanczont@mail.umcs.pl
8Доктор габілітований, Інститут наук про Землю та навколишнє середовище, Університет Марії Кюрі-
Склодовської, ORCID: 0000-0003-2702-5577, przemyslaw.mroczek@mail.umcs.pl
9Магістр, Інститут наук про Землю та навколишнє середовище, Університет Марії Кюрі-Склодовської,
ORCID: 0000-0002-1215-0415, karol.standzikowski@mail.umcs.pl
10Професор, доктор габілітований, Інститут систематики та еволюції тварин Польської академії наук,
ORCID: 0000-0001-6452-3028, nadachowski@isez.pan.krakow.pl
11PhD, Інститут систематики та еволюції тварин Польської академії наук, ORCID: 0000-0002-2523-0940,
lemanik@isez.pan.krakow.pl
ВЕРХНЬОПАЛЕОЛІТИЧНІ ПОСЕЛЕННЯ В ДОЛИНІ СЕРЕДНЬОГО ДНІСТРА:
ЗООАРХЕОЛОГІЧНІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ НА СТОЯНЦІ ДОРОШІВЦІ III (УКРАЇНА) – РОЗКОПКИ
2019 р.
У прикарпатській зоні, у південній частині басейнів Серету, Прута та Дністра, зокрема на палеолітичних пам’ятках
Румунії та Республіки Молдова, засвідчено різноманітну діяльність первісної людини у час останнього льодовикового
максимуму (LGM). Північніше, в районі середнього Подністров’я, на заході України, при дослідженні стоянки
Дорошівці III було отримано нові результати, які підтвердили попередні дані, а також стали ключовими для відтворення
людської діяльності в найбільш холодний відрізок часу.
У 2019 році поновилися дослідження верхньопалеолітичної стоянки Дорошівці ІІІ, яка існувала в часи останнього
льодовикового максимуму. Зафіксовано десять археологічних шарів з артефактами граветського технокомплексу.
У статті представлено результати детального археозоологічного аналізу фауністичних решток. Загалом, можна
говорити про добру збереженість кісткового матеріалу. У процесі досліджень було ідентифіковано останки північного
оленя, коня, мамонта, вовка та лисиці, а також ворону. Наразі ми маємо небагато даних для шарів 0, 5а, 6 і 8. Фауністичні
рештки у шарах 1 та 2 довгий час перебували просто неба. Результати аналізу фауністичних решток свідчать, що
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 47
основними видами полювання були північні олені та потім — коні. Довгі кістки коней і оленів мають сліди переломів
що пов’язано з добуванням кісткового мозку. У археологічних шарах 4 і 5 північний олень був представлений переважно
дорослими особинами та дитинчатами. Подібний склад типовий для літніх стад тварин. Коні представлені дорослими
особинами та молоддю, що загалом характерно для змішаних табунів. Рештки мамонтів належать також дорослим і
молодим особинам.
Кістки мамонтів могли бути зібрані із недавно впольованих тварин. Склад фауни тотожний матеріалам із розкопок
2007—2010 рр. (розкоп І). Також варто зауважити, що в колекції 2019 р (розкоп ІІ) вперше ідентифіковано кістки вовка.
Щільність кісток у цій частині поселення менша порівняно з розкопом І. Неочікувано з’ясувалося, що у цьому секторі
краще представлений мамонт. Імовірно, що тварини помирали на місці. Невелика кількість фауністичних решток та
крем’яних артефактів свідчить про відмінне від сусіднього сектора призначення ділянки.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: верхній палеоліт, останній льодовиковий максимум, гравет, життєзабезпечення, тафономія.
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