Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928)
In the article an attempt to comprehensively cover the chronology of the archaeological activity of the wellknown local historian, archaeologist and founder of the first museum in Kherson, Viktor Ivanovych Hoshkevych (1860—1928) is presented. His scientific path from a student of the Faculty of...
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irk-123456789-1996442024-10-19T15:42:40Z Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) Shevchenko, A.V. Iсторiя науки In the article an attempt to comprehensively cover the chronology of the archaeological activity of the wellknown local historian, archaeologist and founder of the first museum in Kherson, Viktor Ivanovych Hoshkevych (1860—1928) is presented. His scientific path from a student of the Faculty of History of the Kyiv University to an archaeologist is traced. It is proposed to divide the intellectual biography of the scientist into several nominal stages for a more systematic presentation of the material. Special attention was paid to his scientific and publishing activities and participation in scientific societies. This article is an English-language and updated version of one of the chapters of the monograph by A. V. Shevchenko (Шевченко 2023). У статті представлено спробу комплексно висвітлити хронологію археологічної діяльності знаного краєзнавця, археолога та засновника першого у Херсоні музею Віктора Івановича Гошкевича (1860—1928). Інтелектуальну біографію вченого запропоновано поділити на кілька умовних етапів: Перший етап — «київський» (1882—1890) — початки формування особистості в колі родини, навчання В. І. Гошкевича в Київському університеті св. Володимира, де сформувалося перше коло інтелектуальних зв’язків ученого з тогочасними провідними істориками. Другий етап (1890—1928) — «херсонський», під час якого В. І. Гошкевич реалізувався як учений, організатор науки, музейної справи та громадський діяч. За проблемно-хронологічним принципом у межах цього етапу виділяємо кілька періодів. І. Початок наукової та громадської активності (1890—1905). У цей час дослідник працював секретарем Херсонського губернського статистичного комітету та розпочав наукову діяльність на Півдні України. Саме тоді відбувається соціальне утвердження В. І. Гошкевича в новому регіоні та розширення мережі його наукових комунікацій, зокрема, з Одеським товариством історії і старожитностей, до якого він вступив у 1896 р. ІІ. Зміщення акцентів у життєвих стратегіях В. Гошкевича (1905—1909) — згортання громадської активності у зв’язку з подіями й поразкою Першої російської революції та зосередження на науковій і науково-організаційній роботі. Цей період пов’язаний зі становленням Археологічного музею Херсонської губернської вченої архівної комісії як наукового та освітнього центру інтелектуального життя Херсонщини. ІІІ. Пік інтелектуальної біографії В. Гошкевича (1909—1917) — на чолі Херсонського міського музею старожитностей та витончених мистецтв, це апогей його наукової творчості. Поступово вчений увійшов до кола провідних археологів-дослідників курганів Південного регіону України. Разом із тим, вивчаючи античні, середньовічні та козацькі пам’ятки, він розширив свої наукові інтереси та збагатив науковий доробок. IV. Радянський період (1917—1927) пов’язаний із новими соціально-політичними умовами життя в період утвердження радянської влади. Це був чи не найскладніший час у житті В. І. Гошкевича. Загострення політичної ситуації та голод 1921—1923 рр. поставили музей і самого вченого на межу виживання. 2024 Article Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) / A.V. Shevchenko // Археологія. — 2024. — № 2. — С. 117-145. — англ. 0235-3490 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.02.117 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/199644 [902:929] (1860/1928) en Археологія Інститут археології НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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Iсторiя науки Iсторiя науки |
| spellingShingle |
Iсторiя науки Iсторiя науки Shevchenko, A.V. Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) Археологія |
| description |
In the article an attempt to comprehensively cover the
chronology of the archaeological activity of the wellknown
local historian, archaeologist and founder of the
first museum in Kherson, Viktor Ivanovych Hoshkevych
(1860—1928) is presented. His scientific path from a
student of the Faculty of History of the Kyiv University
to an archaeologist is traced. It is proposed to divide
the intellectual biography of the scientist into several
nominal stages for a more systematic presentation of
the material. Special attention was paid to his scientific
and publishing activities and participation in scientific
societies. This article is an English-language and
updated version of one of the chapters of the monograph
by A. V. Shevchenko (Шевченко 2023). |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Shevchenko, A.V. |
| author_facet |
Shevchenko, A.V. |
| author_sort |
Shevchenko, A.V. |
| title |
Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) |
| title_short |
Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) |
| title_full |
Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) |
| title_fullStr |
Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) |
| title_sort |
archaeological chronicles of viktor hoshkevych (1860—1928) |
| publisher |
Інститут археології НАН України |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| topic_facet |
Iсторiя науки |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/199644 |
| citation_txt |
Archaeological Chronicles of Viktor Hoshkevych (1860—1928) / A.V. Shevchenko // Археологія. — 2024. — № 2. — С. 117-145. — англ. |
| series |
Археологія |
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AT shevchenkoav archaeologicalchroniclesofviktorhoshkevych18601928 |
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2024-10-20T04:03:03Z |
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2024-10-20T04:03:03Z |
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1813404171743789056 |
| fulltext |
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 117
УДК: [902:929] (1860/1928) https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.02.117
* SHEVCHENKO Anastasiia Vadymivna ― PhD, Senior
Researcher of the Swiss National Foundation,, the University
of Lausanne, ORCID: 0000-0001-9227-3978, Anastasiia.
Shevchenko@unil.ch
ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHRONICLES OF VIKTOR HOSHKEVYCH
(1860—1928)
© A. V. SHEVCHENKO* 2024
In the article an attempt to comprehensively cover the
chronology of the archaeological activity of the well-
known local historian, archaeologist and founder of the
first museum in Kherson, Viktor Ivanovych Hoshkevych
(1860—1928) is presented. His scientific path from a
student of the Faculty of History of the Kyiv University
to an archaeologist is traced. It is proposed to divide
the intellectual biography of the scientist into several
nominal stages for a more systematic presentation of
the material. Special attention was paid to his scientific
and publishing activities and participation in scientific
societies. This article is an English-language and
updated version of one of the chapters of the monograph
by A. V. Shevchenko (Шевченко 2023).
K e y w o r d s: V. І. Hoshkevych, archaeology, Southern
Ukraine, Archaeological Museum of the Kherson
Provincial Statistical Committee, Kherson Historical
and Archaeological Museum.
The beginning of the 20th century is characterised
by the prosperity of regional local history and re-
gional archaeology within the framework of mod-
ern Southern Ukraine. In the Kherson region, this
flourishing is inextricably linked with the name of
V. I. Hoshkevych (1860—1928) (fig. 1), an archae-
ologist and the founder of the first museum in Kher-
son. The study on the scholar’s intellectual biogra-
phy has been recently published (Шевченко 2023).
The current article is a further study of the topic
covered in one of the chapters of this monograph.
Of course, it is impossible to investigate this with-
in the limits of one publication, therefore, in our
research we aim to reproduce the chronology of
Hoshkevych’s archaeological activity, only partially
examining his social, political and museum affairs.
The historiography of V. I. Hoshkevychʼs
archaeological activity can be divided into three
stages. The first one — “early historiography”
(chronologically until 1928), is characterised by its
source nature, descriptivity, factuality, because the
authors were his contemporaries and personally or in
absentia acquainted the researcher. In particular, these
are the works of archaeologist V. Z. Zavytnevych,
Cambridge University professor E. Minns (Minns
1913, p. 145, 375, 376), professor of the department
of Byzantine philology of the Imperial Novorossiysk
University S. D. Papadimitriou (Пападимитриу
1912; 1915), etc.
The second period of research (1928—1991)
can be described as reaching the level of scientific
generalisations. V. I. Hoshkevych’s activity is
presented in fragments in the works of Soviet
researchers, despite his prominent place in the
history of national archaeology and museum affairs.
The greatest contribution to the study of the work
of V. I. Нoshkevych in view of his archaeological
achievements was made by his adopted daughter
Fig. 1. Viktor Ivanovych Hoshkevych (1860—1928)
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2118
Iryna Fabrytsius. She continued her father’s work
in creating an archaeological map of Kherson
region, territorially expanding research to the entire
Northern Black Sea coast (Фабрициус 1951). In
addition, the results of V. I. Hoshkevych’s research
were presented in the works of archaeologists
who continued to develop those areas of
archaeological research initiated by the researcher
in Southern Ukraine. In 1977, M. I. Abikulova and
M. P. Olenkovskyi made archaeological excavations
of the Tiahyn Fortress, started by V. I. Hoshkevych
in 1914 (Оленковський 2007, с. 15-16). Among
the diaspora scholars, V. I. Kedrovskyi, a member
of the Ukrainian Central Rada and a colonel in the
UPR (Ukrainian People’s Republic) army (Кедров-
ський 1966) and the other public figure of the UPR
Ilko Borshchak (I. K. Barshak) (Борщак 1946)
wrote about V. I. Hoshkevych.
The third, modern stage of research (since 1990s)
is primarily related to the intensification of the
study of V. I. Hoshkevych and his family life and
work in Kherson region. In 1990, on the centenary
of the founding of the Archaeological Museum of
the Kherson Provincial Statistical Committee (now
the Kherson Regional Local History Museum),
a conference “Problems of Archaeology of the
Northern Black Sea Coast” was held. The conference
resulted in three collections of scientific papers
published in 1990. Among them, several publications
were devoted to certain aspects of archaeological
activities of the museum’s founder V. I. Hoshkevych,
including articles by V. P. Bylkova (Былкова 1990)
and I. L. Aleksieieva (Алексеева 1990).
In 1991 another collection of articles “Problems
of Archaeology of the Northern Black Sea Coast”
was published by V. H. Mironov (Миронов 1991)
and V. A. Kraiev, where the museum activity of
V. I. Hoshkevych was partially studied (Краев 1991).
In 1993, researchers of the Kherson Regional
Universal Scientific Library named after Oles
Honchar created the first scientific and auxiliary
bibliographic index on V. I. Hoshkevych’s life and
work (Диба, Мокрицька 1993).
In the late 1990's — early 2000's S. H. Vodotyka
(Водотика 1998) and V. B. Pyvorovych (Пиворо-
вич 2004) devoted their articles to the biography
of the scientist; biographical information
about the archaeologist is in the directory of
M. P. Olenkovskyi “Outstanding Kherson
archaeologists: a bibliographic guide” (Оленков-
ський 2000).
Modern historians, who have continued
his search, are analysing V. I. Hoshkevych’s
archaeological research. Among them are the
Director of the “Kamianska Sich” National
Historical Park A. I. Lopushynskyi (Лопушин-
ський 2016) and researchers of the Tiahyn
Fortress D. R. Kobaliia (Кобалия 2018) and
S. O. Biliaieva (Біляєва 2018). In addition, in
2023, Andrii Lopushynskyi published an article in
which he explored the archaeological activities of
the scientist during his student years when he still
lived in Kyiv (Лопушинський 2023).
Some facts of V. I. Hoshkevych’s museum
activity during his work as the Secretary of the
Kherson Provincial Statistical Committee (hereinaf-
ter referred to as “the KhPSC”) and subordination of
the museum of antiquities to the Kherson Provincial
Academic Archival Commission (hereinafter ref-
fered to as “the KhPAAC”) are highlighted in
I. Yu. Sinkevych’s articles (Сінкевич 2000; 1999).
Museologists M. I. Abikulova and A. V. Kostenko
in their works (Костенко, Абікулова 2016; Кос-
тенко 2018; 2016а; 2015a; 2015b; 2015c; 2015d;
2015е; 2015g; 2014a; 2014b) investigated the
stages and peculiarities of the formation of the
Kherson Museum of Antiquities collection.
The first relatively thorough biography of
the archaeologist was presented in the article by
N. V. Karmazina “Researcher of antiquities of
the South of Ukraine: V. I. Hoshkevych (1860—
1928)” (Кармазіна 2013). The genealogy of
the Hoshkevych family has been studied by
A. V. Shevchenko (Шевченко 2016a; 2016c;
2021a; 2021b; Костенко, Шевченко 2016; 2017a;
2017b), A. V. Kostenko (Костенко 2015f; 2016a;
2018; Костенко, Шевченко 2016; 2017a; 2017b),
Ye. H. Sinkevych (Сінкевич 2019).
A. Shevchenko studied the social and political
activities and political views of Hoshkevych as
the chief editor of the Yug (South — in English,
hereinafter — Yuh) newspaper (Шевченко 2015;
2016b; Shevchenko 2015).
The figure of V. I. Hoshkevych is one of the
main ones in the history of the Kherson region,
his pub-lic, museum and scientific activities
are mentioned in most generalising works
(fig. 2). However, the data of the work indicate
the discreteness of the study of Hoshkevych’s
activities, which makes it necessary to study it more
comprehensively. Building a certain chronology
of the scientist’s archaeological activity should
become an important step for further research.
The methodological basis of our research was
the use of the “intellectual biography” model.
The theoretical and methodological foundations
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 119
of this area of “intellectual history” were laid by
French researchers P. Nora and F. Arie. Today they
have already been sufficiently implemented in
Ukrainian historiography (see: Шевченко 2023, p.
23-26 with lit.).
In our study we used a well-tested methodo-
logical scheme of “intellectual biography”,
proposed by V. M. Andrieiev (Андрєєв 2010). This
allowed to present the role of V. I. Hoshkevych in
the scientific circle of contemporaries, as well as
the perception by historians and archaeologists of
the results of his research in the scientific discourse
of national archaeology.
Due to the main areas of intellectual activity
of V. I. Hoshkevych and the possibility of their
implementation in a particular sociocultural
environment, the basis for periodisation was a set
of criteria: general historical context, change of
political regimes, priority areas of scientific and
social activities, status in the scientific environment
and official positions, geographical location and links
with scientific institutions. His life path can be divided
into two main periods: “Kyiv” and “Kherson.” How-
ever, the most important criterion in highlighting the
periods of Viktor Ivanovych’s intellectual biography
during his stay in the Kherson region was his public,
scientific and scientific-organisational work on the
creation, and development of the Kherson Museum
and filling its archaeological collection.
The first stage — “Kyiv” (1882—1890)
— includes the beginnings of the formation
of personality in the family, the study of
V. I. Hoshkevych at the St. Vlolodymyr’s Kyiv
University, where the first circle of intellectual
connections of the scientist with the leading
historians of that time had been formed. Historians
V. B. Antonovych and M. I. Petrov had a special
influence on the formation of the democratic and
Ukrainophile socio-political and scientific views
of V. I. Hoshkevych in this period.
The second stage (1890—1928) was
“Kherson”, during which V. I. Hoshkevych was
recognised as a scholar, an organiser of science,
museum affairs and as a public figure. According
to the problem-chronological principle, within this
stage we distinguish several periods:
I. The beginning of scientific and social activity
(1890—1905). At that time he worked as the Sec-
Fig. 2. V. I. Hoshkevych in his mother’s apartment in Kherson (circa 1909)
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2120
retary of the KPSC and had began his scientific
activity in the South of Ukraine. Namely at that time
the social establishment of V. I. Hoshkevych in the
new region had taken place along with the expansion
of his network of scientific communications, in
particular, with the Odesa Society of History
and Antiquities (the OSHA), which he joined in
1896. Despite the fact that the main activity of
V. I. Hoshkevych was bureaucratic, having made a
number of archaeological surveys and excavations
of mounds, he had begun to study the ancient history
of Southern Ukraine. The results of these studies are
published in the work “Treasures and Antiquities”
of the Kherson province. At the same time, Viktor
Ivanovych conducted an active social and political
activity, publishing the first private newspaper in
the city Yuh (South) (1898—1907), which became
the only alternative media in the Kherson region.
However, the most significant achievement of the
intellectual at that time was the founding in 1890 of
the KhPSC — the first museum in Kherson.
ІІ. “Shifting the emphasis in the life strategies of
V. I. Hoshkevych” (1905—1909) — the curtailment
of public activity in connection with the events and
defeat of the First Russian Revolution and the focus
on scientific and scientific-organisational work.
This period is associated with the establishment of
the Archaeological Museum of the KhPAAC as a
scientific and educational centre of intellectual life
of the Kherson region.
III. “The Peak of V. I. Hoshkevych’s Intellectual
Biography” (1909—1917) — being the Head of
the Kherson City Museum of Antiquities and Fine
Arts, it is the culmination of his scientific work.
With the growth of the museum’s collection and
its recognition as a serious scientific institution,
Viktor Ivanovych’s intellectual ties expanded due
to international communications. Gradually, the
scientist became one of the leading archaeologists
and researchers of the mounds of the southern
region of Ukraine. At the same time, studying
ancient, medieval and Cossack monuments, he
widened his scientific interests and enriched his
scientific achievements.
IV. “Soviet” stage (1917—1927), associated
with the new socio-political living conditions
during the establishment of the Soviet state. This
was perhaps the most difficult time in the life of
V. I. Hoshkevych. The aggravation of the political
situation and the famine of 1921—1923 put the
museum and the scientist at the edge of extinction
limits. Due to his deteriorating health, the research-
er could no longer continue his active scientific
activity and focused all his intellectual and vital
forces on the preservation of the museum.
Despite V. I. Hoshkevych’s multi-vector
activity, in our article we still plan to dwell on
the chronicles of his archaeological activity, only
partially touching on his museum work.
Kyiv stage: V. Hoshkevych’s first scientific steps
V. I. Hoshkevych was born in Kyiv on March
9 (21), 1860. Like his brothers, he received a
theological primary education. However, in cleri-
cal data of his father, priest Ivan Hoshkevych, there
is information that Viktor had studied remotely:
“he studies at home, but is enrolled in the Kyiv-
Podil theological school”1 (Клірові…1869, с. 91).
Viktor Ivanovych began his higher education at
the Kyiv Theological Seminary. After completing
theological studies in 1881, he entered the Physics
and Mathematics Faculty of the St. Volodymyr’s
University. However, at the second year of the
university, he changed his specialty and transferred
to the Faculty of History and Philology.
In 1881, V. I. Hoshkevych married
K. O. Bakanovska (1864 — ?), and a year later the
couple gave birth to a daughter, Kateryna. In order
to provide for his young family, V. I. Hoshkevych,
in parallel with his studies, worked as a calculator
at the University’s astronomical observatory from
1880 to 1883, and from 1882 he was a writer
and out-of-staff correspondent for several Kyiv
newspapers (Костенко, Шевченко 2017a, с. 65).
During his studies at the university, V. I. Ho-
shkevych became close to several lecturers.
V. B. Antonovych (1834—1908) exerted the
greatest influence on the formation of the public
position of the young historian. In fact, from the
beginning of his studies, V. I. Hoshkevych had
entered the so-called “Kyiv School of Histori-
ans” of V. B Antonovych, where students studied
the history of Ukraine in parallel with the official
University course (Кедровський 1966, с. 58-59).
Learning process with V. B Antonovych especially
influenced his populist ideas, based on the principles
of the “Ukrainian form” of European democracy.
In 1884, the University administration paid
attention to V. Antonovych’s student club. Most
likely, this happened because of the organisation
of students’ protests in Kyiv that year. Students’
worries, fuelled by the approval of a new
1 Hereinafter translated from Ukrainian and Russian by
A. V. Shevchenko.
ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2024, № 2 121
“reactionary” statute, which to a certain extent
cancelled the autonomy of universities, for example
allowing the appointment of teachers “from above”
without a proper academic degree, erupted after the
celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Universi-
ty on September 8, 1884. The reason for the protest
actions was the ban of the University administration
to choose the managing staff of the celebration by
organising a student meeting, therefore they were
appointed independently. As a result, students
attacked the rector’s apartment and sabotaged the
work of the educational institution. Immediately
after that, the administration decided to close the
University by January 15, 1885 and expel 150
students (Бухбиндер 1930). V. I. Hoshkevych, who
was expelled from the third year of the University,
was among them.
Expulsion from the university did not stop
the scientist, who continued to study history
and archaeology in his spare time. As a result of
informal meetings organised by V. B. Antonovych,
V. I. Hoshkevych managed to form a circle of first
intellectual contacts, which included historian and
public figure M. S. Hrushevskyi, archaeologist
V. H. Liaskoronskyi, professor of art history
A. V. Prakhov, collector S. L. Drozdov, professor
of archaeography M. I. Petrov, archaeologist
Volodymyr Zavitnevych and many others.
The professor of the Kyiv Theological
Academy, archaeographer, historian and
ethnographer M. I. Petrov (1840—1921) suppor-
ted Hoshkevych’s scientific potential. Perhaps
M. I. Petrov brought young Viktor to the circle of
his friend V. B. Antonovych. Being a graduate and
then a teacher of the Kyiv Theological Academy,
M I. Petrov was well acquainted with V. I. Ho-
shkevych’s father, I. A. Hoshkevych, who taught
a number of disciplines there (Костенко 2015a,
с. 139). Although Mykola Petrov was not officially
a teacher of V. I. Hoshkevych, informally he
was his friend and mentor. It is known from the
scientists’ correspondence that throughout their
lives Hoshkevych and M I. Petrov kept in touch and
shared scientific achievements (Гошкевич 1890b;
1891).
In 1872, M. I. Petrov supported the idea of
P. H. Lebedyntsev and V. B. Antonovych and was
an active participant in the process of creating
the Church-Archaeological Museum of the Kyiv
Theological Academy. It is known from archival
materials that M. I. Petrov actively involved his
student, V. I. Hoshkevych, in the systematisation
of the museum’s collections. In the report on the
activities of the Church-Archaeological Society for
1889 there are noted some changes in the placement
of museum exhibits made by M. I. Petrov and
V. I. Hoshkevych. Although it is not known what
kind of work was made in the museum, thus, O. V.
Stavniuk, a researcher of M. I. Petrov’s activities,
believes that the reorganisation is connected with
the systematisation and editing of the new museum
guide, and as a result, a certain revision of the
structure of the museum space itself (Ставнюк
2019, с. 164). V. I. Hoshkevych would successfully
use the museum experience gained during several
years of working with M. I. Petrov in the future by
founding his own museum in Kherson region.
In parallel with the museum affairs,
V. I. Hoshkevych became actively interested in
archaeology. V. Z. Zavitnevych (1853—1927), a
lecturer at the Kyiv Theological Academy, played
the most important role in the formation of the
young archaeologist. Most likely, V. Z. Zavitnevych
and V. I. Hoshkevych met during informal
meetings at V. Antonovych’s place. In 1884,
V. Z. Zavitnevych began working as an assistant
professor at the Department of History of the
Kyiv Theological Academy, and during the same
period, together with V. B. Antonovych, he made
archaeological excavations of mounds in Central
Ukraine. In the summer of 1888, V. I. Hoshkevych
for the first time took part in an archaeological
expedition headed by V. Z. Zavitnevych in the
Cherkasy County of the Kyiv Province. In the note
to the “Moscow Archaeological Society” that is
stored in the archive of the Manuscript Institute of
the V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine,
regarding the compilation of an archaeological
map and information about excavations and
barrows in the vicinity of the village Kosochov of
the Cherkasy County, among other things, there is
information about V. I. Hoshkevych’s participation
in this expedition (Гошкевич, Завидович 1889).
At that time, V. I. Hoshkevych became a member
of the Kyiv Church-Archaeological Society and
during the following year was engaged in archival
research work in the library of the Kyiv Theological
Academy. With the help of his mentor M. I. Petrov,
V. I. Hoshkevych managed to research numerous
documents about the land ownership of Kyiv
monasteries: “Thanks to the kindness of profes-
sor Petrov, I had the opportunity to research these
archival materials; although my work is far from
being finished, it can already be said that the named
systematic material is interesting for the local
history” (Гошкевич 1890а, с. 228).
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On September 18, 1889, V. I. Hoshkevych dis-
closed the results of his exploration in a report
at a meeting of the Kyiv Church-Archaeological
Society, namely the location of the Kyiv prince
Semen Olelkovych’s (1420—1470) castle ruins
in 1454—1470 and the chronicle city Horodets:
“Currently it is a pleasure to share with the society
the discovery of the precise identification of the
place on which, without any doubt, stood the court
and a castle of Prince Symeon Olelkovych, who
ruled Kyiv in the second half of the 15th century
and rebuilt the cathedral church of the Kyiv-
Pechersk Lavra” (Гошкевич 1890а, с. 228).
As a proof of the results of his investigation,
V. I. Hoshkevych quoted 16 documents of different
periods, which testified to the location of the castle
on the left bank of the Hnylisha River, one of the
tributaries of the Chortoryi River (the modern
name of the Desenka River) (opposite Kyiv) near
Vyhurivshchyna village. In 1890, the results of
V. I. Hoshkevych’s research were published in
the monthly journal Pratsi Kyyivskoi dukhovnoi
akademii (Proceedings of the Kyiv Theological
Academy — in English) (Гошкевич 1890а).
Archaeological exploration in the indicated area,
made by V. I. Hoshkevych and V. Z. Zavitnevych,
confirmed the presence of the settlement remains.
Although the ruins of the castle have not been
preserved, the high ramparts of the hillfort on
which it stood were found. In 1891, in his speech
at a meeting of the Historical Society named after
Nestor the Chronicler, V. Z. Zavitnevych said:
“Checking these data at the place revealed that on
the left bank of the Dnipro River, opposite Kyiv,
there is really an earthen trench, the topographical
position of which completely coincides with the
information of the written sources. Upon further
study of the historical fate of this trench, it became
clear that it appears already on the first pages of
our chronicles under the name “Horodets” (Зави-
тневич 1891, с. 134).
However, scientific success did not affect the
scientist’s personal life. A few years after the
University scandal, V. I. Hoshkevych divorced
K. O. Bakanovska (the daughter stayed with
her). The reason for the divorce was, most likely,
the family’s financial problems. After all, taking
into account the researcher’s Ukrainophile
ideas, he made concessions to his principles
and even worked as a correspondent for the
Ukrainophobic newspaper “Kyianyn” (“Kyiv
citizen” in English). In addition, according to
the memories of his daughter Kateryna, the
family lived quite modestly in a cramped two-
room apartment in the same building where the
editorial office of Kievlianin was located (Фул-
лер 2009, с. 61). During this period, Viktor
Ivanovych became close to the wife of the Kyiv
scientist-astronomer V. I. Fabrytsius (1845—
1895) — V. A. Fabrytsius, who already had three
children: Fedir, Iryna, and Leonid. However,
they met during Viktor Ivanovych’s work at the
astronomical observatory in 1881—1883, and
it is symbolic that it was in 1882 when Varvara
Amosivna’s daughter Iryna was born.
However, the greatest meaning of his life
was scientific work. Perhaps due to the “family
scandal” in V. I. Hoshkevych’s family or because
of financial difficulties, in 1890 he responded to
the offer of his brother M. I. Hoshkevych to move
to Kherson (Костенко, Шевченко 2017a, с. 65).
In April 1890, Viktor Ivanovych received an
official invitation from the provincial board to
perform the duties of the secretary of the KhPSC
(Кармазіна 2013, с. 62). V. A. Fabrytsius (fig. 3),
who was still married, moved to Kherson together
with V. I. Hoshkevych with her children.
Thus, the moving was facilitated by a complex
of personal and family reasons and the search for
new opportunities for self-realisation.
The Kherson stage: the beginning of
V. I. Hoshkevych’s scientific and social activities
in Southern Ukraine (1890—1905)
The new stage began in the scientific life of the
thirty-year-old scholar in 1890, with the moving to
Kherson. Nominally, his scientific activity during
Fig. 3. V. I. Hoshkevych and V. A. Fabrytsius
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this period can be divided into two directions:
museum work and archaeological research. Viktor
Ivanovych began to work on the first direction a
few months after moving to a new city, starting the
process of creating a museum. The history of the
establishment of the first collection of the Kherson
Museum has become almost legendary.
The head of the KhPSC, in which Viktor
Ivanovych worked as a secretary, was the gover-
nor S. V. Oliva (1844—1909). In one of the letters
to M. І. Petrov dated by April 19, 1891, V. I. Ho-
shkevych, characterising the leader, wrote that “the
new governor of Kherson, “not a bookworm”,
instructed me to write […] a handwritten report for
the sovereign” (Гошкевич 1891, арк. 1). From the
context of the letter, it is clear that the report was
partly devoted to the investigation of the activities
of the religious (Protestant) movement of Stundists
in the province: “I had to, among other things,
touch on the issue of Stundists, which is serious
for the province. I have already collected and
processed the materials” (Гошеквич 1891, арк. 1).
Stundism was a fairly common phenomenon in the
South of the Russian Empire in the 19th century,
which spread as a result of the influence of German
colonists on the local population. In a letter to M. I.
Petrov, V. I. Hoshkevych asked, if it was possible,
to send him books about the historical connection
between the Germans and the local Stundists
(Гошкевич 1891, арк. 1).
While carrying out similar orders of the
governor, in particular, looking for materials,
V. I. Hoshkevych accidentally found a broken
antique amphora with the master’s stamp in the
attic of the office. Later, the scientist found out
that such “junk” had been sent to the discretion
of the provincial leadership for many years,
which ordered it to be carried to the roof. From
that time, V. I. Hoshkevych began to assemble
his own collection, which in 1893 he officially
named the “Archaeological Museum of the
Kherson Provincial Statistical Committee”, which
included 1000 items. The exhibits were stored in
the scientist’s house in a chest specially purchased
for this purpose. The history of the creation of the
museum was described by V. I. Hoshkevych in one
of his publications in the newspaper Yuh (1905),
which he symbolically called “Junk” due to the
accusations of detractors (Гошкевич 1905).
For a while, museum affairs, like archaeology,
was just a hobby for the scientist, which he had to
combine with the work of a statistician. On February
11, 1895, the governor Mykhailo Viesolkin (1842—
1897) appointed V. I. Hoshkevych as a senior official
on special assignments under the Kherson governor,
retaining his position as secretary of the KhPSC.
The position of an official on special assignments
was quite prestigious and involved reporting to the
governor personally. Historian A. V. Kostenko very
aptly and satirically describes the social significance
of the position held by V. I. Hoshkevych with
a quote by M. V. Gogol from the novel Nevsky
Prospekt: “those whom a favourable fate bestowed
with the blessed position of an official on special
assignments” (Костенко 2015a, с. 141).
The numerical advantage in the exposition of
the V. I. Hoshkevych Archaeological Museum was
occupied by finds from the scientist’s archaeological
explorations and excavations. Having moved to the
southern region, V. I. Hoshkevych immediately
began to actively conduct archaeological
explorations, calling them “excursions along the
sands of the left bank of the Dnipro River” (Гош-
кевич 1905). V. I. Hoshkevych received the first
Archaeological Excavation Permit (no. 540) for
an archaeological expedition to Oleshky and Hola
Prystan towns of the Tavriia province in 1892, but
for unknown reasons the excavations were not held
(Императорская… 2009, с. 39). Therefore, the first
expedition led by V. I. Hoshkevych took place in
1893 (Archaeological Excavation Permit no. 699)
in Dymivka village. The results of the field re-
search are stored in the repository of the Imperial
Archaeological Commission of the Manuscript
Department of the Scientific Archives of the Institute
of History of Material Culture of the Russian
Academy of Sciences: V. I. Hoshkevych’s diary
no. 1, drawings and photos of finds (Открытый…
1895). The archaeological commission allocated
100 rubles for these excavations. The archaeologist
investigated 17 burial mounds of the Bronze Age.
The main scientific result of the excavations was
the studying of burial methods, most likely of the
Cimmerians. From the researcher's diary no. 1, it is
known that as a result of the excavations, several
flint tips, pottery, a copper awl and eight human
bones were found (Гошкевич 1903, с. 107-108).
From the materials presented in the repository
of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, it is
known that during 1895—1896 V. I. Hoshkevych
was issued two Archaeological Excavation Permits
to conduct excavations. The first Permit no. 551
was issued by order, in relation with the discovery
of an underground mine near Novo-Petrivka village
(Императорская…2009, с. 49). And the second
— no. 1079 was issued for excavations in 1895—
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1896 of the monuments of the Kherson and Tavriia
Provinces. V. I. Hoshkevych was given 330 rubles
for the organisation of the work for two years (Им-
ператорская… 2009).
As a result of the expedition of 1895, five burial
mounds of the Bronze Age were investigated in
Kherson region: three near Arkhanhelske village
and two near the estate of M. I. Blazhkov in the of
Kamianka village (Гошкевич 1903, с. 107-108).
The mound near Arkhanhelske village (on the
Inhulets River) was known among local residents
as the “Buzyniana mohyla” (“Elderberry grave”),
it was surrounded by three smaller mounds. An
underground passage led to the largest mound,
which testified to the robbing of the burial by
treasure hunters. As a result of research, human
skeletons were found; some deceased were in a
“sitting position”, and there were a considerable
number of remains of buried animals. There were
almost no material, except for a few small jugs
(Гошкевич 1903, с. 109).
As a result of excavations in the estate of
M. I. Blazhkov (1859—1919), the scholar dis-
covered the burial of two people. The materials
were transferred by the landowner to the
archaeological museum for studying (Гошкевич
1903, с. 86). Relations between the archaeologist
V. I. Hoshkevych and M. I. Blazhkov, who held the
position of Kherson mayor from 1909 to 1917, had
been friendly throughout their lives. It is interesting
that M. I. Blazhkov, like V. I. Hoshkevych, was
expelled from the Kyiv University after the
student riots of 1884. It is possible that they were
acquainted even before V. I. Hoshkevych moved
to Kherson. Later, M. I. Blazhkov played a crucial
role in Viktor Ivanovych’s Cossack studies, as a
part of the former Kamianska Sich was located on
the territory of M. I. Blazhkov’s estate.
V. I. Hoshkevych quite often conduct-
ed excavations on the private lands of Kherson
landowners. After all, the scientist could not send
the results of these studies to the Imperial Archae-
ological Commission, but with the permission of
the owner, left them in the museum. In particular,
in 1899, V. I. Hoshkevych investigated three
burial mounds on the territory of the estate of
P. M. Trubetskyi, near Kozatske village (Гошке-
вич 1903, с. 87). And in 1902, M. Vysotskyi in
his father’s estate in Liubomyr Volost under the
guidance of V. I. Hoshkevych investigated ten
mounds (Гошкевич 1903, с. 88). Some of the
finds from these excavations were transferred to
the archaeological museum.
In 1896, V. I. Hoshkevych excavated four
barrows in Kherson, three of which were robbed.
One of them, located between Husakov’s and
Chornobaiev’s estates, was investigated (near
modern Chornobaivka village).
In March 1896, a bronze statuette (fig. 4) from
one of the robbed barrows, brought to the museum
by Eduard Schults for identification, accidentally
came to V. I. Hoshkevych. After sifting through the
soil thrown away by treasure hunters near the mound,
the scientist found the remains of skeletons, iron and
bronze arrows, fragments of two clay vessels and
fragments of a bronze mirror. After research, the re-
searcher was able to determine the purpose of the
statuette, which was the handle of this mirror. Modern
science attributes this work to the Ionian school of
art. The scholar described its appearance as follows:
“The statuette is the best of all finds, depicting the
goddess Cybele in a chiton and a short cloak; with
her left hand she is supporting her chiton, and in
her right she is holding a bird with a human face.
On her head there are lions killing a bull, and two
quadrupeds are fighting on her shoulders” (Гошке-
вич 1903, с. 44). Viktor Ivanovych sent the statuette
and other finds to the Hermitage for studying.
In the same year, the caretaker of the County
hospital I. Ya. Stempkovskyi, under the leadership
of V. I. Hoshkevych, conducted excavations in the
Tyraspol County (Гошкевич 1903, с. 86).
His official position gave V. I. Hoshkevych the
opportunity to explore the region from different
angles. In 1896, he was elected as a clerk during
Fig. 4. A bronze handle of a mirror in the form of a statuette
depicting the ancient Greek goddess Cybele (Minns 1913,
p. 23)
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the 1896 census of the Kherson Province, the
result of which was the publication of the book
List of settled places in the Kherson province:
statistical data on every settlement (English trans-
lation) (Список… 1896).
In 1897, V. I. Hoshkevych was promoted “from
provincial to the rank of collegial secretary”,
according to years of service (Херсонские гу-
бернские ведомости 1898). After that, for almost
a year, the scientist was burdened with bureau-
cratic concerns (Костенко 2015а, с. 144).
After 1898, V. I. Hoshkevych’s official work
was moved into the background. Being a respected
member of the community, the scholar was able
to afford to devote more time to hobbies. With the
expansion of V. I. Hoshkevych’s archaeological
activity, the number of museum exhibits also had
been growing. Over the years, the Archaeological
Museum turned from a personal collection of an
archaeologist into a solid museum collection. The
recognition of the museum by the city community
contributed to this. In particular, antiquities found
within the province sent for “consideration to the
governor”, were handed over to V. I. Hoshkevych
for safekeeping. A vivid example is the history of
the entry into the museum of a unique monument
of Classical art of the 5th century BC — the Leoxos
stele, which was described in the publication
“Marble stele of the Kherson Museum from Olbia”
by B. V. Farmakovskyi, the archaeologist, researcher
of Olbia and contemporary of V. I. Hoshkevych.
According to his testimony, in May 1895, Makar
Melnyk, a peasant from Parutyne village, located
near Olbia (modern Mykolaiv Oblast), dug up a
marble slab from the ground at Olbian necropolis.
He found no practical use in it, so he sold it to the
shopkeeper Nison Livshyts, from whom the find
was taken by the bailiff and handed over to the
discretion of the governor. The Archaeological
Commission ordered “to hand over the fragment
to the Kherson Archaeological Museum” (Фарма-
ковский 1915, с. 82-83). On one side of the slab
was depicted the man Leoxos, on the other — an
Amazon. Significantly, this image is one of the
earliest depictions of an Amazon in the Ancient
Greek world. For a long time, the “Leoxos ste-
le” was the “pearl” of the lapidary of the Kherson
Museum, but unfortunately, in November 2023, the
Russian occupiers stole the stele from the Museum
of Local History, along with as more than 20000
other exhibits.
The museum collection was supplemented
by gifts from local residents and collectors. A
significant contribution to the enrichment of the
museum collection was made by V. I. Hoshkevych’s
friend and associate, local landowner and
archaeologist H. L. Skadovskyi (1847—1919).
According to I. V. Chornoivanenko, a researcher
of the Skadovskyi family, the archaeological
practices of H. L. Skadovskyi were, to a certain
extent, a tribute to the intellectual fashion that was
prevalent in this period in the noble environment
(Чорноіваненко 2015, с. 157-158). However,
despite the fact that H. L. Skadovskyi was an
amateur, he made an invaluable contribution to
the development of South Ukrainian archaeology.
In 1898, V. I. Hoshkevych realised that his
museum could no longer physically accommodate
the premises of his house and the KhPSC. Therefore,
he agreed to the proposal of H. L. Skadovskyi
(leader of the local nobility) to move the museum
collection to the premises of the newly built city
library. During the construction of the library, it
was planned to equip a three-room building with a
fireproof floor and iron doors for the Prince Potemkin
Museum. However, not having a significant number
of exhibits, the library management decided to give
the premises for the V. I. Hoshkevych collection.
Cabinets and showcases for the museum were
purchased at the expense of the city administration
(Костенко 2015а, с. 144).
On the day of the exposition opening at the
Provincial Archaeological Museum, on May 31,
1898, V. I. Hoshkevych in his speech told the story
of the collection he had collected: “The results
exceeded all expectations. A collection of monuments
from the Stone Age, the Scythian era, the time of
the migration of peoples and various later nomads
appeared here... I did not have the opportunity to
manage them, and there was not enough space to
properly store all the ancient monuments collected in
the museum... Transferring the museum of the scien-
tific archival commission, I can only wish its further
prosperity and development from the bottom of my
heart” (Юг, 1898a). To manage the museum, the
Kherson Provincial Academic Archive Commission
(the KhPAAC) was created, which had been headed
by H. L. Skadovskyi during 1898—1911 (Чорно-
іваненко 2015, с. 167). V. I. Hoshkevych became
a museum keeper on a voluntary basis. Museum
working hours were published in the issues of the
Yuh newspaper, most often the exposition was open
on Sundays from 12:00 to 2:00 p.m. Entrance for
visitors was free of charge.
The head of the KhPAAC H. L. Skadovskyi,
like V. I. Hoshkevych, constantly replenished
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the museum’s collection with antiquities from
his archaeological excavations. A part of the
exposition was occupied by finds from numerous
expeditions carried out in Bilozerka village, on the
territory of the H. L. Skadovskyi family estate.It is
worth noting that, the well-known archaeologist,
ethnographer and historian D. I. Yavornytskyi
(1855—1940), with whom V. I. Hoshkevych also
maintained contacts, joined these excavations
several times. Most likely, the scientist owes this
acquaintance to H. L. Skadovskyi.
The first official face-to-face meeting between
V. I. Hoshkevych and D. І. Yavornytskyi took
place in December 1898 during his visit to
Kherson: “Yesterday, professor of the Moscow
University D. Yavornytskyi visited the Kherson
Archaeological Museum. He looked through
all the collections very carefully and could not
hide his delight at the variety of local antiquities
collected according to a strict system,” writes
Yuh (Юг 1898с). However, there is a possibility
that D. I. Yavornytskyi and V. I. Hoshkevych
met a year earlier, when Dmytro Ivanovych was
excavating Bronze Age barrows in the Kherson
region, and a few months before that V. I. Hosh-
kevych led an expedition in approximately the
same area. The results of these excavations are
described in V. I. Hoshkevych’s work Treasures
and Antiquities of the Kherson Province (English
translation) (Гошкевич 1903, с. 86-87).
It is known from epistolary sources that
communication between the scholars did not end
with one meeting. After D. I. Yavornytskyi became
the Director of the Katerynoslav Historical and
Archaeological Museum in 1902, from time to time
he shared his thoughts with the Kherson colleague
regarding the organisation of the museum’s work. In
a telegram dated by September 27, 1911, in which
D. I. Yavornytskyi congratulated V. I. Hoshkevych
on moving the museum to a separate building, the
scientist wrote: “The museum is the past, its history,
it is the soul, it is the heart of our ancestors, and for
us it is a spacious temple where we must enter with
reverence, and leave with deep respect and ardent
love for everything that our fathers, grandfathers
and great-grandfathers lived by and what all of us
and the generations that will come after us should
imitate and learn, as long as the earth stands and
the sun shines [...] I regret that after a difficult
treatment in Saki, I cannot personally take part
in your celebration, but I am with you in soul,
thoughts and heart and all yours, always loving and
respecting you, D. Yavornytskyi” (Абросимова, С.
В. (уклад.). 2005, с. 47). Today, only two letters
of this correspondence from 1903 and 1911 have
been found in archival repository, but they are not
logically connected with each other, so it is obvious
that the other letters were simply lost (Абросимова,
С. В. (уклад.). 2005, с. 47).
D. Yavornytsky’s second visit to the Kherson
Museum took place on September 28, 1915. It is
known from the materials of the local press that the
scientist was impressed by the significant growth
of the Archaeological Museum compared to his
previous visit (Родной край, 1915a). In Kherson,
D. І. Yavornytskyi spent more than ten days working
with materials from V. I. Hoshkevych’s excavations
in Kamianska Sich, and on October 8 he went back
to Katerynoslav (Родной край, 1915b).
At the end of the 19th century V. I. Hoshkevych
suggested H. L. Skadovskyi to change the location of
the excavations, and insisted on researching Berezan
Island. In the summer of 1900, H. L. Skadovskyi, at
his own expense, began excavating the necropolis
located in the north-western part of the island (Ка-
пошина 1956, с. 214). The results of the expedition
exceeded all expectations. Among the finds were
unique items: copper coins and ceramics, in
particular “yellow Milesian vases, vases of Athenian
masters of the prosperity of antique art”. The pearl
of the collection was the Cup of Tles, which was the
first found work of the master Tles in the territory of
the Northern Black Sea Region (так Херсонский
археологический музей 1898—1903… 1908,
Чорноіваненко 2105). H. L. Skadovskyi trans-
ferred all the finds to the archaeological museum.
From the materials of the local chronicle of the Yuh
newspaper, it is known that in February—March
1901, the ceremonial opening of the museum
exposition of the Berezan collection took place,
which became well-known among among the public
(Местная… 1901). However, in 1904, the Imperial
Archaeological Commission began to demand that
the Berezan collection had to be transferred to the
Hermitage for preservation. In an effort to leave the
collection in Kherson, H. L. Skadovskyi proposed
to send to the Hermitage the finds from future
excavations by Professor E. von Stern. However,
the commission refused the archaeologist: “It is not
known what success E. Stern’s expedition will have
and what finds will be discovered, so the Hermitage
decided to keep the items sent for the Supreme
Inspection in the Hermitage premises, and then to
carry out a selection, and everything that becomes
unnecessary, to send back to the Kherson Museum”
(Чорноіваненко 2015, с. 164). So, despite long
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disputes and the desire of H. L. Skadovskyi and
V. I. Hoshkevych to leave the collection in Kherson,
in September 1904, all finds were transferred to St.
Petersburg.
It is worth noting that this answer of the
Archaeological Commission was somewhat
rude, because it actually recognised the Kherson
Museum as “unworthy” to store valuable
exhibits. In general, at the first stages of the
museum’s existence, V. I. Hoshkevych was
often criticised, considering his collection to be
“junk”. Viktor Ivanovych described the absurdity
of these accusations in one of his publications:
“... some people believed that I was selling finds,
others that I was treating various diseases with
them. Not everyone understood the scientific
significance of this matter, only those who visited
the museum and saw all the excavated “junk”
already in systematic collections and listened to
my simple explanations of such collecting” (Гош-
кевич 1905).
The historian actually had to fight for the
museum’s right to exist. In 1895, the professor
of the Novorossiisk University A. M. Derevitskii
came to Kherson with a proposal to transfer all
exhibits collected by V. I. Hoshkevych to the
Odesa Museum of Antiquities, which was under
the Odesa Society of History and Antiquities.
However, despite official written appeals from
the Society and pressure from the authorities,
V. I. Hoshkevych refused: “The desire to have my
“junk” in Odesa persisted in the following year
as well, and pressure was exerted on me through
the late governor M. Veselkin (I was an official
subordinate to the governor at that time), with
great difficulty I managed to keep my “junk” in
Kherson” (Гошкевич 1905).
After talking with V. I. Hoshkevych, the governor
agreed to leave the museum in the city. Howev-
er, probably, since that time, V. I. Hoshkevych’s
relations with the OSHA were partially damaged.
In his “oral history”, historian A. O. Dobroliubskyi
wrote: “The Odesa Society of History and Antiq-
uities was rich and famous, and it persecuted and
despised V. Hoshkevych in his native Kherson […]
They hadn’t given him the Archaeological Exca-
vation Permit, all sorts of intrigues and tricks had
begun” (Добролюбский 2009, с. 96). Despite this,
on May 24, 1896, A. M. Derevitskii insisted on
V. I. Hoshkevych’s acceptance as a valid member
of the the OSHA — the most numerous scientific
community of historians in the South (Длужнев-
ская 2014, с. 132).
Despite the short stay of the Berezan collection
in Kherson, it attracted the attention of leading
historians and collectors to the museum. On June 16,
1901, the grandson of Emperor Nicholas I, Grand
Duke Alexander Mikhailovich (Пребывание…
1901) decided to familiarise himself with the
exposition of the Kherson Museum. His visit was
covered in detail by Yuh in several publications
(Великий… 1901). However, the historian’s
communication with the famous imperial collector
Alexander Mikhailovich began three years before
their personal meeting. About fifteen letters and
telegrams of this correspondence are stored in the
collections of the Kherson Local History Museum.
In addition, the Grand Duke agreed to take the
KhPAAC under his patronage (Юг 1898b).
The result of thirteen years of archaeological
explorations and mound excavations was the
published book Treasures and Antiquities of the
Kherson Province (Гошкевич 1903) by Viktor
Ivanovych, published in 1903. The work consists
of three sections: “Treasures”, “Antiquities”, and
“Annexes”. The purpose of writing the book, as
determined by the author himself, is to settle the
archaeological case in the province, the biggest
problem of which was the widespread robber-
ing of cultural monuments here: “Thousands of
mounds are damaged in search of treasures, and
instead of the desired money, treasure hunters find
things they don’t need and ruthlessly destroy these
scientific relics” (Гошкевич 1903).
In the first chapter, the the scholar actually
explained to the grave robbers and amateur
archaeologists the legislation on conducting
archaeological expeditions and the results of his
search “excursions”, that is, the likely location of
“treasures” (mounds, Greek settlements, etc.) on
the territory of the Kherson Province. At the same
time, V. I. Hoshkevych constantly tried to explain
to the readers that the barrows are graves, not
treasure houses: “stones, decayed bones and wood,
coal, ashes, pots, pottery fragments, rusted iron
and copper, this is what the robbers who searched
for money in the barrows, usually found” (Гош-
кевич 1903, с. 67). The section also presented
the classification and description of coins that
the residents of the province could find near their
settlements.
The second section, entitled “Antiquities”,
presented a list of official expeditions made on
the territory of the province and the basic rules
for conducting legal excavations. In addition, it
contained information about the life and routine
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of the Iranian-speaking Cimmerian tribes that
inhabited the territory of the Northern Black Sea
region in the 8th — 7th centuries BC.
The third part, “Annexes”, contained name
indexes and twenty pages with illustrations.
Having analysed the work of V. I. Hoshkevych, we
can conclude that it has an educational character
and is written in sufficiently simple language
for the general public. And the purpose of its
writing was to explain to the local population the
peculiarities of making archaeological work and
the value of the found “junk” in the exact order in
which it was left by our ancestors. The fact that the
first part of the book “Treasures and Antiquities
of the Kherson Province” was a free gift to every
subscriber of the Yuh newspaper in 1902 was a
confirmation of the educational mission of Viktor
Ivanovych’s book: “The printing of the first part of
the book “Treasures and Antiquities of the Kherson
Province” has been completed – a free bonus to
Yuh’s subscribers of 1902. The book will be sent by
April 25” (Черникова (сост.) 2012, с. 115).
V. I. Hoshkevych had already gave the second
part to the subscribers in 1903: “Subscriptions
for the Yuh newspaper are open for 1903... Sub-
scribers who paid the full subscription money
for 1903 will receive the second part of the book
“Treasures and Antiquitie of the Kherson Province”
free of charge” (Черникова (сост.) 2012, с.108) .
An interesting fact is that the notice about these
two gifts was on the pages of almost every issue of
the newspaper during the year, and the book was
originally titled “Antiquities and Treasures of the
Kherson Province”, for example: “Those wishing
to become subscribers of the Yuh can subscribe
in instalments from May 1. When all the money is
deposited, they will also receive a free prize — an
illustrated edition of “Antiquities and Treasures
of the Kherson Province” (Юг 1902). Thus, in the
numbers published after November 3, 1902 (from no.
1338), the scholar changed the name to “Treasures
and Antiquities of the Kherson Province.” Perhaps
this change should have interested most of the
“treasure hunters” whom V. I. Hoshkevych planned
to “enlighten.”
Shifting the emphasis in the life strategies of
V. I. Hoshkevych (1905—1909)
The growing revolutionary crisis in the empire
and V. Hoshkevych’s public activity led to his
dismissal from the position of secretary of the
KhPSC in August 1905. During this period, the
most active scientific stage in the scientist’s life
had started. The Kherson Museum began to be
perceived as a serious scientific institution. In the
summer of 1905 , in order to study the collection
of the V. I. Hoshkevych’s museum, a member
of the Imperial Archaeological Commission,
prof. B. V. Farmakovskyi, and his colleagues
archaeologists M. I. Repnikov and V. Malko
arrived at Kherson (Юг 1905). V. I.Hoshkevych
maintained scientific and friendly contacts with
B. V. Farmakovskyi, who systematically excavated
Olbia during 1901—1915 and 1924—1926,
throughout his life.
Since 1905, the researcher’s archaeological
activity has also reached a new level. The Imperial
Archaeological Commission in 1905—1907
offered three Archaeological Excavation per-
mits addressed to Viktor Ivanovych, but he made
most of the excavations during this period on the
territory of the estates of Kherson landowners.
In 1905, V. I. Hoshkevych investigated several
mounds that interfered with the construction of the
Kherson-Mykolaiv railway branch (Archaeological
Excavation Permit no. 1030) (Императорская…
2009). In 1907, the scientist received permission
to make two research expeditions of the Imperial
Archaeological Commission in Kherson Province,
according to permits nos. 391 and 539. The re-
searcher did not send reports on the results of these
excavations to the Commission, or they were lost
by the archival institution, even though the first
expedition was even financed by the Commission:
150 rubles was given for its implementation (Им-
ператорская… 2009). At that time, in May 1907,
the local newspaper Khersonskii Kurier (Kherson
Courier) published an article about the start of
V. I. Hoshkevych’s archaeological expedition. The
excavations were planned to be combined with
prospecting works from Hola Prystan town along
the border of the Dnipro County and from Kinburn
spit to Kakhovka. The total area of the planned
works was about 1000 km2. On the Kinburn spit,
the scholar planned to find the remains of ancient
Greek settlements (Летние…1907). Most likely,
these excavations did not take place, because this
year the owner of the estate A. F. Bishler, on the
territory of which the Tsareva Mohyla mound was
situated (the scientific value of which was described
by V. I. Hoshkevych in his work Treasures and
Antiquities of the Kherson Province), invited the
researcher to start researching it.
In 1907—1908, V. I. Hoshkevych led the
excavation of the Tsareva Mohyla mound in the estate
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of A. F. Bishler in Kryvyi Rih (not to be confused
with the mound of the same name in Kyiv Oblast).
Before the start of the works, Viktor Ivanovych, in
the pages of local press, said that this burial mound
was one of the few surviving burials of a Scythian
or Sarmatian king, whose power spread across the
South Ukrainian steppes (Херсонский вестник
1908). The mound was located 2 km to the south of
the modern Hdantsivka residential area in Kryvyi
Rih city. The results of V. I. Hoshkevych’s expedition
were described in detail by his adopted daughter
Iryna Fabrytsius in an article (Fabritus 1929, p. 126-
134). As a result of excavations by V. I. Hoshkevych,
ten burials with twelve graves were investigated.
Although there were few archaeological materials,
the collection of the Tsareva Mohyla, according to
I. Fabrytsius, is sufficient for the description of the
Black Sea steppes. As for the dating of the find, there
were difficulties here. Studying the stele found to
the west of the mound, O. I. Terenozhkin attributed
it to the period of the Novocherkassk stage of the
Cimmerian culture. The monument in question had
the appearance of an elongated boulder, the images
on the ceiling were carved: a dagger with the sharp
end turned to the left is suspended on a wide belt in
the form of horizontal lines, and a bow is figuratively
marked on the left side.
Among the burials studied by V. I. Hoshkevych,
only one can be attributed to this period; it is
marked as no. 9 in the journal of the scientist’s
excavations. According to the testimony of
I. V. Fabrytsius, V. I. Hoshkevych considered
it the latest among the others. According to
O. I. Terenozhkin, there can be no doubt that it
belongs to the latest pre-Scythian period (750—
650 BC) (Тереножкін 1978, с. 17). Part of the
finds from the Tsareva Mohyla by agreement with
the landowner A. F. Bishler were transferred to
the Kherson Museum (Херсонский археологи-
ческий музей 1904—1908…1908).
On October 5, 1909, V. I. Hoshkevych led
another expedition on the territory of a private
estate, the owner of which was Prince Petro
Mykolaiovych Trubetskyi. As a result of research
near the village of Mykolaivka, the remains of
an ancient post-Scythian settlement — Kozatske
hillfort — were found. At the first stage of the
research, the foundations of three buildings were
discovered, one of which was two-storeyed. At the
second stage, the scholar managed to reconstruct
schematically the street system and part of the city
wall. Excavations were carried out over an area
of approximately 300 m2 (Херсонский…2012,
с. 178-179). V. I. Hoshkevych’s assistant in this
expedition was his adopted son, Fedir Fabrytsius,
who took pictures of the finds and the excavation
itself.
V. I. Hoshkevych was constantly distracted
from conducting archaeological research by
museum organisational problems. After all, since
1905, relations between the management of the
city library, in the building of which the Archae-
ological museum was located, and the Scientific
Archaeological Commission had been strained.
The management of the library demanded the
immediate transfer of the museum to another place,
arguing that this was due to the significant growth
of library collections. V. I. Hoshkevych’s sarcastic
publication “Junk”, which was discussed earlier,
is dedicated to the library management, which
publicly threatened to “throw” the museum out
of its building: “Talk about throwing such “junk”
into the street is unacceptable in an educational
institution, which we are used to consider a
society’s public library,” V. I. Hoshkevych wrote
(Гошкевич 1905).
Disputes had dragged on for several years. It was
difficult to find a way out of the situation, because
the KhPAAC did not have money for a new building.
And in general, with the growth of the revolutionary
crisis, the majority of Kherson landowners took a
passive position in the public life of the city. Due
to the inaction of the manager of the museum in
solving the problem, in October 1907, in the City
Duma (city council), the question of closing the
Commission began to be raised. On May 29, 1908,
the members of the KhPAAC unanimously decided
to donate the Archaeological museum to Kherson,
and this decision was approved by the Kherson City
Council on the same day (Херсонский археологи-
ческий музей 1904—1908…1908). After that, the
museum received a new name — the Kherson City
Museum of Antiquities and Fine Arts (1909—1923).
Finally, on December 29, 1910, the newspaper
Ridnyi Krai (Native Region) published an article
about the transfer of the museum: “The new two-
storeyed building for the museum of antiquities
of the Kherson Рrovince in the former building of
the Falts-Fein night shelter has been completely
renovated. Preparatory work for the transfer of the
museum has begun” (Перенесение… 1910). The
official opening of the museum on Howard street,
in the building of the former night shelter, took
place on August 1, 1911. It is known from the press
materials that V. I. Hoshkevych received about 50
telegrams with congratulations, including from
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D. І. Yavornytskyi, Bishop Kirion (a monk of the
Kherson monastery), Bishop Oleksii (the rector of
the Kazan Theological Academy, who previously
worked as a lecturer of the Kherson Theological
School), Professor E. von Stern (Херсонский…
2012, с. 233-234), the German professor F. von
Strick, the British historian E. Minns, the guardian
of the Kazan educational district A. Derevnytskyi,
native historians and archaeologists M. I. Petrov,
B. V. Farmakovskyi, V. V. Khvoika, A. A. Spitsyn,
A. P. Pavlov and others (Поздравление… 1911).
The museum received letters not only
from the researchers who were part of its
scientific communications network before this
transformation, but also from scholars who were
just planning to get acquainted with the museum
collections. In particular, in the correspondence
of V. I. Hoshkevych with Kyiv local historian and
collector S. L. Drozdov (1867—1933), the one
who asked to send him the works of the Archive
Commission, which until 1909 took care of the
museum. In his reply to the researcher, dated by
December 28, 1911, V. I. Hoshkevych said that
“you can familiarise yourself with the nature of
the activity (the KhPAAC — author’s note) from
the printed minutes of its meetings, which are sent
to you at the same time. It did not publish any
“Works”. The museum became the property of the
city of Kherson. I have recently moved it to a new,
large room; I am currently putting the collection in
order, and in 1912 I hope to publish the “Guide of
the Museum” (Гошкевич 1911, арк. 2).
Such a number of congratulatory telegrams and
attention from leading scholars to the provincial
museum was in fact evidence of high appreciation
of its scientific activity and recognition of the
academic significance of the work of the “second
plan” historian V. I. Hoshkevych among researchers
of ancient history. In addition to the name, the
museum’s working hours had also changed: daily
from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., the entrance for
visitors remained free (Юг 1911а). On May 31 of
the same year, the KhPAAC finally ceased its work
(Сінкевич 1999, с.19).
The intellectual peak of V. I. Hoshkevych’s biog-
raphy (1909—1917)
In 1910, V. I. Hoshkevych published the first
issue of the scientific periodical Litopys muzeiu
(Museum Chronicle), which described the main
archaeological finds in the Kherson province.
Under the editorship of the scholar, seven issues
of the Museum Chronicle were published, the last
in 1916. The establishment of the status of the
City Museum of Antiquities every year attracted
more attention not only of native historians,
but also of world researchers. As a result,
V. I. Hoshkevych managed to expand the circle
of his scientific contacts. German scholar and
editor of the magazine Praehistorische Zeitschrift
K. Schuhgardt, Athenian historian G. Dragendorff,
prof. K. Kinch from Copenhagen, Director of the
Stockholm Museum of Antiquities, Dr. T. Arne,
German researcher G. von Strick, Cambridge
University professor E. Minns and others had come
to get acquainted with the museum’s exposition
(Кармазіна 2013, с. 62). The stay of all the above-
mentioned scientists in Kherson can be partially
traced through the materials of the local press.
For example, the arrival on May 25, 1910 of the
Danish archaeologist, professor of the University
of Copenhagen, K. Kinch (1853—1921) (fig. 5)
was covered by the local newspaper Kopeika (Ko-
peck - in English, hereinafter - Kopiika). A year
before, at the International Archaeological Con-
gress in Cairo, K. Kinch learned that the Berezan
collection of vases of the 7th — 5th centuries BC
of the Kherson Museum was of the same style as
the vases found by him during the expedition to
Rhodes Іsland. The Danish researcher studied the
museum exposition for five days. It is interesting
that during his stay in the Southern province, the
scholar settled in the house of V. I. Hoshkevych in
Hola Prystan and travelled a considerable distance
to the museum every day (Пребывание… 1910).
After completing the study of Berezan vases,
K. Kinch, impressed by the collection of artefacts
found during the excavations of the ancient
settlement Kozatske in the estate of P. M. Trubetskyi,
asked V. I. Hoshkevych to make a tour at the
expedition site for him. Having studied the defen-
sive walls of the settlement, K. Kinch unequivocally
attributed it to the Greek culture. It is interesting that
before that V. I. Hoshkevych was sure that this was
an ancient Roman settlement (Юг 1898a).
After the excursion, the Danish colleague
decided to join the burial mound excavations
of V. I. Hoshkevych in the Chernodolin estate
of Count A. Mordvinov in the Dnipro County.
The first investigated barrow contained two
burials. Among the material finds were two
arrowheads with partially preserved shafts
painted with yellow and red stripes, an iron spear
and an iron knife with a bone handle. Viktor
Ivanovych attributed the burials to the cultures
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no later than the 2nd century AD, most likely
Sarmatian, although, according to archaeologist
V. P. Bylkova, these mounds belonged to the
Scythian culture (Былкова 1990, с. 68). There
was an underground passage in the vault of
the burial niche, which testified to the robbing
of the burial mound. The Kherson Local His-
tory Museum preserves a photo of Professor
K. Kinch during the excavations (fig. 5; 6; 7).
The study of two more mounds had
to be cancelled due to K. Kinch’s illness. It is an
interesting fact that while receiving his Danish
colleague, the Ukrainophile V. I. Hoshkevych
introduced him to Ukrainian culture, in particular
songs from Mykola Lysenko’s collection, that were
sung by the local choir for the patient, at the request
of Viktor Ivanovych. According to information
from the newspaper Ridnyi krai (Native Region),
the Dane was impressed by the melodiousness of
the Ukrainian language. On June 4, 1910 K. Kinch
returned to Copenhagen (Археологические…
1910). The following year, V. I. Hoshkevych
finished the research he had started on the mounds
in the Mordvinov estate.
In 1912, another foreign researcher, archaeo-
logist M. Ebert (1879—1929) of the Berlin Royal
Museum, became interested in the archaeological
research of the ancient settlement on the territory
of the P. M. Trubetskyi estate. It is known from
the materials of the newspaper Khersonska Dumka
(Kherson Thought) that in May 1912 the he came to
the Kherson Museum to familiarise himself with the
expedition materials of V. I. Hoshkevych (Херсон-
ский…2012, с. 292). From 1907 to 1913, Dr. Ebert
conducted periodic archaeological excavations in
and around Olbia. From V. I. Hoshkevych’s article
Ancient Cemetery and Settlement in Mykolaiv,
published in the fourth issue of Museum Chronic-
le, it is known that in 1912 the scholar excavated
a settlement and a burial ground of ancient times,
discovered during construction on the territory of
the future international pier, in Mykolaiv (Гошке-
вич 1914). Taking into account the coincidence of
the time and location of the two expeditions, it can
be assumed that the acquaintance of the scholars
took place on the eve of the meeting in the museum
or even earlier.
Scientific contact between V. I. Hoshkevych
and the British historian E. Minns (1874—
1953) is known from the researcher’s letter to
V. I. Hoshkevych, in which E. Minns congratulated
the Kherson Museum on moving to a new building:
“Dear gentlemen! Allow me to congratulate you on
the festive opening of your museum. Even in distant
Fig. 5. Professor of the University of Copenhagen, Karl Frederik Kinch (1853—1921)
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England, one can be interested in the antiquities
of the Russian South, and I sincerely followed and
worried about the changing fate of the collection
of precious monuments of antiquity, which was
created by many years of efforts by the honourable
V. Hoshkevych. I now take great pleasure in providing
this collection with a safe depository, and hope
that for many years the finds of the same energetic
custodian will continue to arrive there. In addition,
in such a centre as Kherson, it is necessary that
there should be a museum to which the donations
and finds of the numerous antiquities lovers in
your region would be transferred. Prosperity to the
Kherson City Museum!” (Миннз 1912, с. 74-75).
The same telegram was published on the pages of
the Kopiika (Kopeck) (Поздравление… 1911) and
Yuh (Юг 1911b) newspapers.
Among the scientific interests of E. Minns
were Slavic studies and the ancient history of the
Northern Black Sea region. In 1898—1901, the
historian was in the territory of the Russian Empire,
among other things collecting information for the
book Scythians and Greeks, published in 1913.
A. V. Kostenko suggested that it was during this
period that V. I. Hoshkevych and E. Minns got to
know each other personally. This is confirmed by
the fact that E. Minns was elected as a member of
the OSHA, which also included V. I. Hoshkevych
(Костенко 2016b, с. 10). In addition, during the
visit of E. Minns to Odesa (probably in 1900—
1901), the Kherson Museum exhibited the Berezan
collection, which could interest the cholar.
The book Scythians and Greeks by E. Minns is
stored in the collections of the Kherson Local His-
tory Museum. It was sent to Kherson in August
1926 with the signature: “To dear Viktor Ivanovych
Hoshkevych for the Kherson Historical and
Archaeological Museum as a sign of long-standing
friendship, February 15, 1926. Ellis H. Minns”
(Костенко 2016b, с. 8-10). In the preface to this
work, there is a mention of the Kherson museum and
personal thanks to V. I. Hoshkevych as a researcher
who provided the author with information about
archaeological finds in the territory of the Kherson
region: “At Kherson, Mr V. I. Goszkewicz has
kept me abreast of the progress of archaeology
Fig. 6. V. I. Hoshkevych at the excavations of the ancient settlement of Kozatske on the estate of P. M. Trubetskyi
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in his district. At Chersonese, the late Director
of the Excavations” (Minns 1913, p. 10). In his
book, the researcher analyses in detail the barrow
studies of V. I. Hoshkevych, described in the works
Treasures and Antiquities of the Kherson Province
and the journal Museum Chronicle, sometimes
even criticising them. In particular, he describes
the features of burials with “coloured skeletons”,
i.e., where the bones of people found were painted
in a bright red colour, with ocher or another
composition containing iron (Minns 1913, p. 142).
The scholar does not agree with archaeologists
D. Y. Samokvasov and V. I. Hoshkevych, who in
their works attribute such burials to the Cimmerians.
In his book Treasures and Antiquities of the
Kherson Province, V. I. Hoshkevych, explaining the
features of Cimmerian burials, wrote, among other
things, that some skeletons are distinctly painted in
red, sometimes the entire skeleton is painted, and
the paint even lies on the bones in a whole layer; in
some skeletons, only the limbs are painted — the
head, arms and legs; although other bones are not
painted, pieces of red paint, sometimes yellow or
white, are found with them (in the hand or next to
the deceased). Usually this red paint turns out to be
ocher (iron oxide) (Гошкевич 1903, с. 136-137).
E. Minns adhered to the concept that these burials
cannot be identified as Cimmerian, arguing this with
the research of Professor J. L. Myres, who called
them “the Kurgan people” who had long blond
hair: “Mr V. I. Goszkewicz of the Kherson museum
unhesitatingly applies the name Cimmerian to graves
of this class, which he enumerates fully as far as they
occur in the government of Kherson. He says that in
particular cases the position of the bones makes it
appear that the colour was applied after the flesh had
been removed, and suggests that there existed some
arrangement like the “Towers of Silence”. But there
are too many suppositions concerned for this to be
an argument in favour of the Iranian affinities of the
Cimmerians. I take it these are the people Professor
J. L. Myres calls “the Kurgan people”, and declares
to have been blonde longheads” (Minns 1913,
p. 145). Modern science identifies these burials as
belonging to the Yamna culture. Therefore, the
scholar’s criticism was appropriate.
Analysing the Scythian burials, E. Minns,
as an example, cited the findings of
V. I. Hoshkevych’s expedition in 1896, and in
particular the fragments of the bronze mirror and
the handle of the statuette, which have already
been mentioned. In his work, the researcher
presented a high-quality photo of the artefact
(Костенко 2016b, с. 15) (fig. 4).
Despite the lack of a sufficient source base
for the study of the collaboration between
Fig. 7. Тhe excavations of the ancient settlement of Kozatske on the estate of P. M. Trubetskyi
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V. I. Hoshkevych and E. Minns, it is nevertheless
an excellent example of successful international
communication between the scholars. Moreover,
regardless of V. I. Hoshkevych’s provinciality or
“secondary nature” as a scientist, in the community
of the Northern Black Sea region researchers (Кос-
тенко 2016b), not only his archaeological finds
were analysed, but also his scientific conclusions
and ideas, which meant recognition of his
professionalism as an archaeologist and historian.
Returning to the chronology of the researc-her’s
scientific work, it is worth noting that after 1910,
V. I. Hoshkevych did not receive “official” funding
for archaeological expeditions from the Imperial
Archaeological Commission, or the information
about monetary receipts was not preserved in the
relevant letters. According to the archive materials
of the Institute of Material Culture History, during
1901—1917, he received eight Archaeological
Excavation Permits for the works within Kherson
and Tavriia Provinces, four of which were issued
for research under the building of railway lines.
The researcher ignored two Permits, and used the
other two (during the construction of the Kherson-
Dzhankoi railway branch) when he excavated
mounds in 1913 and 1917 (Императорская…
2009). The researcher took the other four Per-
mits every year to legitimise his possible mound
researches, focusing on excavations in landlord
estates. The explanation was simple: landowners
paid for these works by hiring people at their own
expense.
Since 1909, V. I. Hoshkevych, being tired of
mound research, had begun to conduct archaeological
explorations on the territory of Kamianska Sich.
Most likely, he was prompted to this research
by his friend and colleague D. I. Yavornytskyi,
on whose order a topographical plan of this Sich
was made for the first time back in 1887. Howev-
er, Viktor Ivanovych was in no hurry to start work
and had been preparing this expedition for several
years. In 1910, the archaeologist conducted his first
“Cossack” excavations at the site of Chortomlytska
Sich (Летопись… 1910, с. 8-20). The results of the
research were published in the Museum Chronicle.
Among other things, the publication included a
photo of a unique find — a body cross with enamel.
It is known from the materials of the newspaper
Ridnyi krai that in the same year V. I. Hoshkevych
together with D. I. Yavornytskyi made an excursion
to the ruins of Bazavlutska Sich near the Pidpilna
River and visited the grave of I. Sirko (Черникова
(сост.) 2012, с. 197-198).
Official expeditionary work on the territory of
Kamianska Sich under the leadership of Viktor
Hoshkevych had started in 1913. Excavations were
carried out on the territory of the estates of F. S. Aharkov
and V. I. Hoshkevych’s friend M. I. Blazhkov, who
owned two parts of the lands of the former Sich.
To carry out the work, the landowners provided the
archaeologist with ten workers. As a result of the
excavations, V. I. Hoshkevych supplemented the
plan of the Sich created by D. І. Yavornytskyi, and
published it with a description of the work carried out
on the pages of the Museum Chronicle. Apart from a
few more articles in the Kherson press, the scholar’s
publication is the only source known to us for the
results of this archaeological research (Гошкевич
1915, с. 4, 20).
The site was studied at four locations:
• mound near the Kamianka River;
• Konsulivka hillfort;
• Tatar cemetery;
• Kamianska Sich.
In modern historical science, there are certain
collisions with the interpretation of the researcher’s
words. In particular, V. O. Lenchenko, without
paying attention to the location of the excavations,
attributed to V. I. Hoshkevych the finding of
ramparts, ditches and the remains of stone walls
within Kamianska Sich, although according to
A. I. Lopushynskyi this does not coincide with
the presented excavation plan (fig. 8) (Ленченко
1990, с. 20-22, Лопушинський 2016 c. 23).
The territory on which the excavations were
carried out was partly built up with rural houses.
Only 24 out of 40 archaeological pits from kurins
remained intact, in which tiles decorated with
flowers and geometric patterns were found in 1913
(Гошкевич 1915, с. 7).
The map of V. I. Hoshkevych’s excavations is
somewhat difficult to understand, because it does
not contain precise explanations of the symbols
(fig. 8). The analysis of the publication allows us to
draw the following conclusions: on the plan from the
wall of the monument bordering the northern edge
of the Sich, four parallel lines consisting of separate
six-pointed crosses (points of pits or trenches) are
shown. One of these lines — the longest — reaches
the crossed-out kurin. Probably, this is the chimney
named in the researcher’s article as “a dug trench
for a sample” (Гошкевич 1915, с. 8); fragments of
massive glass cups and clay tobacco pipes were found
in it. On another line of six-pointed crosses there is
a four-pointed cross, which marks the investigated
object, probably a furnace. During excavations in the
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northern part of the Sich, three such ground furnaces
were found that were used (Лопушинський 2016,
с. 23). V. I. Hoshkevych attributed all the finds to the
beginning of the 18th century, i.e. the period of the
Sich’s activity as an administrative centre.
V. I. Hoshkevych’s main scientific achievement
in this expedition was the assumption of the
existence of two cemeteries in the Sich. One,
according to the scientist, was used for the
burial of ordinary soldiers, and the other — for
the burial of honorable Cossacks and foremen.
The archaeologist made these conclusions
after analysing the graves of Cossacks in both
cemeteries. The correctness of these conclusions
of V. I. Hoshkevych is also recognised by modern
scholars. Collisions arise only in the imprecise
formulation of the scientist’s opinions, namely in
his determination of the geographical location of
these cemeteries: “It is necessary to assume that
the indicated graves of the Zaporizhzhians on
the edge of Sich Square store the ashes of private
soldiers; the cemetery for dignitaries was located
in another place, half a mile from the Sich” (Гош-
кевич 1915, с. 8). The contradictions were caused
by the fact that the location of the grave of the Kish
otaman of the Sich, Kost Hordienko, the location
of which was determined by D. I. Yavornytskyi in
1877 (Эварницкий 1887), should be located in the
foremen’s cemetery. At the same time, according
to A. I. Lopushynskyi (Director of the National
Historical Park “Kamianska Sich”), the grave of
the Cossack K. Hordienko is geographically much
closer to the Sich than the “half a mile” specified
by V. I. Hoshkevych. Probably, V. I. Hoshkevych
expressed his assumptions somewhat incorrectly
and wanted to say that the foremen’s cemetery was
located half a mile not from the Sich, but from the
cemetery of ordinary Cossacks.
So these cemeteries were located on two sides
of the Sich, and the distance between them roughly
Fig. 8. Excavation plan of Kamianska Sich, 1913 (Гошкевич 1915, с. 8)
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corresponds to that indicated in V. I. Hoshkevych’s
publication (Лопушинський 2016, с. 23). In addition,
it is worth noting that the archaeologist knew exactly
the location of the grave of the Kish otaman, and
described it precisely within the boundaries of the
foremen’s cemetery (Гошкевич 1915, с. 9).
In 1914, during works on the expansion of the
park area in the Agarkov’s estate, several more
artefacts from the Cossack era were found: two
complete and twenty fragmentary pieces of tiles
used for lining furnaces, four clay tobacco pipes,
a stone mortar and stone tools. All finds were
transferred to the city museum (Реликвии…
1914). Archaeological excavations on the territory
of the National Nature Park “Kamianska Sich” ,
started by V. I. Hoshkevych, have been continued
by modern scientists.
The museum collection of the Cossack era
grew at an incredible speed. In addition to the
excavations carried out by V. I. Hoshkevych, the
museum’s collections were replenished with gifts
from local residents. From the materials of the
local press, hundreds of donations of “Cossack”
antiquities are known.
In 1914, V. I. Hoshkevych began research and
excavations on the estate of Mykola Ivanovych
Volokhin on the Dnipro Island opposite Tiahynka
village of the Kherson region of the Kherson
Province. Perhaps V. I. Hoshkevych was also
inspired by D. I. Yavornytskyi, in whose writings
was mentioned a high mound on one of the Tiahynka
islands, to conduct archaeological exploration of
this area. In another work, he wrote about the ruins
of a 200-fathom-long hillfort in the south-eastern
part of the island (Кобалия 2018, с. 174).
After the first explorations of the fortress ruins,
V. I. Hoshkevych realised that the monument
had been destroyed for years by local residents
who dismantled it to build their own homes;
this information was confirmed to him by the
old residents of the village. During the work, the
archaeologist was able to identify the following
objects: “A” — the hypothetical fortification (wall)
of the castle with a square citadel, which was located
on top of the conditional letter “A”, a hillfort in
the form of a trapezoid and two mound-like buri-
al grounds in the western part of the island (fig. 9).
The scholar had started excavations from the
central tower, which had a regular square shape
with an entrance from the northern side. Each side
of the tower was 9 m long, the thickness of the
walls of the building was 80 cm, and the total area,
respectively, was 81 m2 (Гошкевич 1916b, с. 3-4).
In addition to the citadel, a cemetery and several
buildings were investigated, in one of which a
furnace was found (Гошкевич 1916b, с. 7). Among
the material finds, there were especially many
fragments of ceramics and nails, and in addition to
this, eight stone cannonballs, a small iron sickle,
an iron braid, scissors, two knives and other small
items were found (Гошкевич 1916b, с. 8).
V. I. Hoshkevych dated the monument to the 14th-
16th centuries. After analysing the written sources,
and more precisely, finding the testimony of the
writer of the 16th century, Mykhalon Lytvyn, the
researcher determined the name of the fortress as
Balneum Vitoldi (Vytautas Customs House). Thus,
the fortress was part of the system of fortifications
on the southern border of the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania, which was supposed to ensure the
functioning of customs at the crossings. According
to V. I. Hoshkevych, judging by the fact that many
skeletons were not buried, as well as by the traces
of fire and found stone cannonballs, the fortress was
destroyed at the end of the 15th century as a result of
a Tatar raid (Гошкевич 1916b, с. 7-11) .
In addition to medieval material, monuments
of ancient Greek culture were also found during
the excavations. The scholar assumed that these
finds got here at the stage of the construction of
the fortress, which involved the use of spolia from
ancient Greek ruins (Археологические… 1914).
Excavations of the Tiahyn fortress are currently
ongoing. Over the past few decades, the researchers
have managed to discover that the territory of the
fortress was significantly larger (Біляєва 2018). In
2018, historian D. R. Kobaliia developed a three-
dimensional model of the site, which revealed a
more complex fortification system of both the
castle itself and the territory adjacent to it (Коба-
лия 2018, с. 172-198).
The next serious archaeological research was
done by V. I. Hoshkevych in 1915. After conducting
archaeological explorations and long-term analysis
of manuscript sources, he tried to identify the ancient
Greek city-colony of Odesa. Viktor Ivanovych
presented his hypothesis in the work Gde byil
drevniy Odessos? (Where was ancient Odessos?)2,
published in 1915 in “Notes” of the Odesa Society
of History and Antiquities (the OSHA) and in 1916
in the 7th issue of Museum Chronicle.
The fact is that by the beginning of the 20th century
archaeologists were looking for the ancient city of
2 The author studied the location of modern Odesa, not
Odessos near modern Varna.
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Odessos exclusively around the estuary of the left
bank of the Tylihul gulf. In 1909, V. I. Hoshkevych
for the first time disagreed with this position of his
contemporaries, believing that the city is located
in the Berezan estuary, identifying it with the
Saharii Bay mentioned in the narrative sources.
This hypothesis of the scholar was criticised by the
professor of the Byzantine Philology Department
of the Imperial Novorossiysk University,
S. D. Papadimitriou (1856—1921) on the pages
of Notes (Zapiski Odesskogo obshchestva istorii i
drevnostei, hereinafter Notes of the OSHA) (Агбу-
нов 1985, с. 31-132). In 1912, S. D. Papadimitriou’s
article Mestopolozhenie drevney Odessyi (The
Location of Ancient Odesa) was published in Notes
of the OSHA, in which the archaeologist reported
on the results of his excavations, which actually
turned out to be unsuccessful, but the archaeologist
had a clear position on finding the remains of Odesa
a little further from the Tylihul gulf (Пападимитриу
1912, с. 389-395). It is obvious that this position
of the professor annoyed V. I. Hoshkevych, so he
started a fierce debate with the “top” member of
the OSHA. In the preface to his work “Where was
ancient Odessos?” Viktor Ivanovych wrote: “Prof.
S. D. Papadimitriou left a note at our address.
Acknowledging in it that the Greek settlement we
discovered is a “very pleasant find” and “very
interesting” (thanks for the compliment!), he
claimed that it had no such relation to ancient
Odessos... because, in fact, the settlement we
discovered turned out to be precisely where it was
indicated by ancient geographers, and not at all
where he, Prof. S. D. Papadimitriou, unsuccessfully
had searched for it three times” (Гошкевич 1916a,
с. 2).
According to V. I. Hoshkevych, the ten-year
search for the ancient Greek colony of Odessos
had not yielded results due to an inaccurate
understanding of measurement units. The ancient
Greek writer Arrian (1st — 2nd AD), who described
the location of Odessos, measured the distance
in “stadia”, but each state and period had its own
understanding of this measure. For example, the
Babylonian stadion was equal to 194 meters, the
Roman — 185 meters, and there is a hypothesis
that at the Olympic Games the stadia corresponded
to 197.2 meters. V. I. Hoshkevych found written
evidence that Arrian’s stadia was equal to
197.2 meters. Moreover, the scientist added that
Arrian measured length not in single stadia, but in
multiples of ten. The ancient Greek writer defined
the possible error as approximately 5 stadia, that
is, about 1 km (Arrian, Per. P. Eux. 31; Гошкевич
1916а, с. 1).
After analysing the written sources of Arrian,
which contain accurate data on the location
of Odessos, and conducting geographical
calculations, the scientist identified four possible
locations of the ancient Greek colony. The first
point, according to V. I. Hoshkevych, was located
near Koblevo village — the Tylihul gulf, the
second — on the left bank of the Sosytsk-Berezan
estuary near Oleksandro-Dar village, the third —
on the protrusion of the right bank of the estuary,
the fourth — on the cape that separates the Sosytsk
and Berezan estuaries.
Historically, the first search point is the most
famous among archaeologists, because the search
in this city resulted in an amphora and two Greek
inscriptions. However, the settlement itself was not
found. Moreover, Professor S. D. Papadimitriou
did not agree with this hypothesis either. According
to V. I. Hoshkevych, he was looking for Odess be-
hind Karabash village (a little further from Koblevo
village) for no reason. Archaeological explorations
at the second and third points of the possible location
of the ancient city hadn’t yielded results. After
surveying the deserted cape between the Berezan
estuary and its western arm — the Sosytsk estuary,
Fig. 9. Excavation plan of the Tiahyn fortress, 1914 (Гошке-
вич 1916b, с. 3)
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V. I. Hoshkevych found a settlement with a double
parallel fence (fig. 10) (Гошкевич 1916а, с. 1-2).
It is worth noting that in his calculations,
the scholar also took into account possible
palaeographic changes in the area. In addition, V.
Hoshkevych explained the location of Odessos
in the Berezan estuary with logical arguments: a
more convenient geographical location than in the
Tylihul gulf, and Olbia’s trade needs. In the second
conditional part of his work, V. I. Hoshkevych
managed to determine the likely location of the
small ancient Greek settlement of Skopela (Гош-
кевич 1916а, с. 3-6).
It is not surprising that after the publication of
V. I. Hoshkevych’s article, S. D. Papadimitriou
criticised it in his work More about the location
of ancient Odesa, which was also published in
1915 (Пападимитриу 1915). Modern science still
does not have the exact location of the ancient
Greek colony of Odessos. Discussions on this
issue have been going on for decades. After all,
the site is not where it should be according to
the written sources. There are few supporters of
V. I. Hoshkevych’s hypothesis in this discussion,
and most researchers still continue to look for
Odess in the Tylihul gulf. The most recognised
today is the hypothesis of M. V. Agbunov, who
followed the path of V. I. Hoshkevych and carried
out a paleological reconstruction of the area, not
only the Berezan estuary, but the Tylihul gulf. And
in 1981, M. V. Agbunov’s underwater research
yielded results — fragments of amphorae and hand-
made vessels were found (Агбунов 1985, с. 135).
Despite this, discussions about the localisation of
the ancient city continue to this day.
“Soviet” period (1917—1927)
In 1918, during the hetmanship of Pavlo
Skoropadskyi, V. I. Hoshkevych continued his active
work, tried to preserve his international connections
and started new ones. That year, the German
archaeologist Theodor Wiegand (1864—1936),
the founder of the Pergamon Museum, visited the
Museum of Antiquities for the first time. Howev-
er, the further aggravation of the political situation
put the museum on the verge of survival. The fact
that it was not closed, destroyed or looted is the sole
merit of V. I. Hoshkevych and I. V. Fabrytsius, who
continued their work during the famine of 1921—
1923 (Костенко, Шевченко 2016, с. 125).
On February 21, 1922, V. I. Hoshkevych wrote
an extensive letter to the scientific department of
the Main Museum, which was part of the National
Commissariat of Education of the Ukrainian Soviet
Socialist Republic (NCE USSR) (Документы…
1922, с. 10-20). In it, the he described in detail the
museum’s collection, its structure and scientific
achievements over 22 years of work. In addition,
Viktor Ivanovych provided a list of scientific
connections of the museum, which included both
local and international historians.
Fig. 10. The map of the Northern Black Sea coast created by V. I. Hoshkevych (Гошкевич 1916a, the annex)
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His written appeal did not go unheeded, because
in 1923 the museum was connected to in the
centralised network of scientific museums of the
USSR under the name of the Kherson State Historical
and Archaeological Museum (the KSHAM). It
should be noted that in the 1920s, museums were
considered primarily scientific institutions. Further
museum construction in the Ukrainian SSR resulted
in the unification of all museums of the NCE
USSR in the system of the Main Directorate of
Science of the NCE USSR, which was explained
by the strategy of creating a uniform structure of
museum management apparatus. In 1925, during
the introduction of this reform, only ten museums in
the USSR received the status of state, among them
the KSHAM (Яненко 2016, с. 7).
The last archaeological collection gathered
by Viktor Ivanovych himself for his museum
were objects found during the excavations of the
Adzhyhol hillfort (Solonchaky village, Ochakiv
Region, Mykolaiv Oblast) near Olbia in 1924.
The Kherson archaeologist drew attention to
the Adzhyhol hillfort during the prospecting in
1913, when he took the plan of this attraction.
The official leader of the 1924 expedition was
V. I. Hoshkevych, but in fact all organisational
work was performed by his daughter Iryna
Fabrytsius. In addition, one of the participants of
the expedition was the historian and archaeologist
Ye. P. Mamaienko, who would later work in the
museum under the leadership of I. V. Fabrytsius.
As a result of the completed works, the KSHAM
was enriched with the first collection of Roman
times (Костенко, Шевченко 2016, с. 126).
In addition to archaeological excavations,
V. I. Hoshkevych throughout his life was engaged
in research work, so-called “excursions”, the
results of which he partially published in the
Museum Chronicle. The work of his life became
the selection of material for the archaeological
map of the Kherson region that he conceived.
However, the researcher did not have time to
publish the work. Due to the famine of 1921—
1923, the archaeologist’s health deteriorated
significantly. As he got older, his symptoms of
multiple sclerosis worsened. Iryna Fabrytsius
continued and successfully completed her father’s
work in publishing an archaeological map (Фа-
брициус 1951).
Staying in public positions, working in the
county (zemstvo), public work, journalism and ed-
iting the Yuh newspaper, a wide circle of acquaint-
ances among the powerful and financially secure
people of the region, the intellectual elite of both
Kherson Oblast and leading scientific centres of
the Russian Empire and abroad contributed to the
development of archaeological research and for-
mation of the collection of the Museum created by
V. I. Hoshkevych. V. I. Hoshkevych (who has long
been perceived as a provincial archaeologist) put
forward scientific hypotheses and entered into dis-
cussions with authoritative colleagues. The schol-
ar had a wide range of scientific communications;
foreign colleagues referred to his publications.
V. I. Hoshkevych was a full member of many sci-
entific societies: the OSHA, the Archaeological
Commission of the All-Ukrainian Academy of
Sciences, corresponding member of the Moscow
Archaeological Society, the Tavriia Scientific Ar-
chival Commission, and the Main Centre for His-
torical Research of the Crimea. This is evidence
of the high appreciation of his scientific activity
and recognition among researchers of the ancient
history of the South Ukrainian area.The archaeo-
logical explorations and excavations conducted by
him became a significant contribution to the sci-
entific understanding and popularisation of knowl-
edge about the history of Kherson region.
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Анастасія В. Шевченко
PhD, старша наукова дослідниця Швейцарського Національного Фонду в Лозаннському Університеті, від-
діл історії, ORCID: 0000-0001-9227-3978, Anastasiia.Shevchenko@unil.ch
АРХЕОЛОГІЧНІ ХРОНІКИ ВІКТОРА ГОШКЕВИЧА (1860—1928)
У статті представлено спробу комплексно висвітлити хронологію археологічної діяльності знаного краєзнавця, археолога
та засновника першого у Херсоні музею Віктора Івановича Гошкевича (1860—1928). Інтелектуальну біографію вченого за-
пропоновано поділити на кілька умовних етапів:
Перший етап — «київський» (1882—1890) — початки формування особистості в колі родини, навчання В. І. Гош-
кевича в Київському університеті св. Володимира, де сформувалося перше коло інтелектуальних зв’язків ученого з
тогочасними провідними істориками.
Другий етап (1890—1928) — «херсонський», під час якого В. І. Гошкевич реалізувався як учений, організатор
науки, музейної справи та громадський діяч. За проблемно-хронологічним принципом у межах цього етапу виділяємо
кілька періодів.
І. Початок наукової та громадської активності (1890—1905). У цей час дослідник працював секретарем Херсонсь-
кого губернського статистичного комітету та розпочав наукову діяльність на Півдні України. Саме тоді відбувається
соціальне утвердження В. І. Гошкевича в новому регіоні та розширення мережі його наукових комунікацій, зокрема, з
Одеським товариством історії і старожитностей, до якого він вступив у 1896 р.
ІІ. Зміщення акцентів у життєвих стратегіях В. Гошкевича (1905—1909) — згортання громадської активності у
зв’язку з подіями й поразкою Першої російської революції та зосередження на науковій і науково-організаційній роботі.
Цей період пов’язаний зі становленням Археологічного музею Херсонської губернської вченої архівної комісії як
наукового та освітнього центру інтелектуального життя Херсонщини.
ІІІ. Пік інтелектуальної біографії В. Гошкевича (1909—1917) — на чолі Херсонського міського музею старо-
житностей та витончених мистецтв, це апогей його наукової творчості. Поступово вчений увійшов до кола провідних
археологів-дослідників курганів Південного регіону України. Разом із тим, вивчаючи античні, середньовічні та козацькі
пам’ятки, він розширив свої наукові інтереси та збагатив науковий доробок.
IV. Радянський період (1917—1927) пов’язаний із новими соціально-політичними умовами життя в період утвер-
дження радянської влади. Це був чи не найскладніший час у житті В. І. Гошкевича. Загострення політичної ситуації та
голод 1921—1923 рр. поставили музей і самого вченого на межу виживання.
К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: В. І. Гошкевич, археологія, Південна Україна, Археологічний музей Херсонського губернського ста-
тистичного комітету, Херсонський історично-археологічний музей.
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