Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding
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Iнститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології iм. М.Т. Рильського НАН України
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irk-123456789-2088392025-11-08T01:19:47Z Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding Mykytenko, O. Хроніка 2022 Article Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding / O. Mykytenko // Матеріали до української етнології: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: ІМФЕ ім. М.Т. Рильського НАН України, 2022. — Вип. 21(24). — С. 213-216. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 2313-8505 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/208839 en Матеріали до української етнології application/pdf Iнститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології iм. М.Т. Рильського НАН України |
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Хроніка Хроніка |
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Хроніка Хроніка Mykytenko, O. Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding Матеріали до української етнології |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Mykytenko, O. |
| author_facet |
Mykytenko, O. |
| author_sort |
Mykytenko, O. |
| title |
Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding |
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Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding |
| title_full |
Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding |
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Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding |
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Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding |
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intangible cultural heritage in ukraine: current challenges and threats of safeguarding |
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Iнститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології iм. М.Т. Рильського НАН України |
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2022 |
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Хроніка |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/208839 |
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Intangible Cultural Heritage in Ukraine: Current Challenges and Threats of Safeguarding / O. Mykytenko // Матеріали до української етнології: Зб. наук. пр. — К.: ІМФЕ ім. М.Т. Рильського НАН України, 2022. — Вип. 21(24). — С. 213-216. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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Матеріали до української етнології |
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213
INTA NGIBLE CULTUR A L HER ITAGE IN UK R AINE:
CUR R ENT CH A LLENGES A ND THR EATS OF SAFEGUA R DING
Safeguarding is the key word and objective of cultural heritage, the concept covering
both tangible and intangible heritage. It means identification, documentation, research,
preservation, protection, promotion, enhancement and transmission, education, revitalisation.
There is the core intangible value in the tangible heritage too. Nevertheless there exists a
long tradition of ways to safeguard tangible cultural heritage, while intangible cultural
heritage, which is much younger notion, needs the importance of the generational chain [4].
Intangible cultural heritage is understood as a complex of intangible practices, representations,
expressions, knowledge and skills. Recognition of human rights and sustainability is the first
and the main measure of safeguarding. In the other words, these are two principle conditions
to qualify the intangible cultural heritage that is to be compatible with both human rights
and the principle of sustainable development.
Cultural and historic heritage includes its national, ethnic, social and individual
components – accept huge losses as a result of the military aggression of the RF. The current
situation in Ukraine represents the important time frame for the new political and economic
profile of long-term development relations and strategies for Europe and the whole world. In
Ukraine we pay a great attention to the demand to set up a complex system of actions and
activity trends in order to preserve, protect and keep in the active memory of communities
all those creations, structures and innovations produced by human mind which leading to
the birth and development of cultural diversity and specificity of different types of identities
(ethnical, national, gender, etc.) [1, p. 21]. At present, in the 21st century, we are the
witnesses of the world becoming more multi-polar and multi-cultural. Besides, we see that
the guarantee of its existence is provided by mutual respect to cultural and civilisational
traditions. Thus, the understanding of uniqueness of your culture becomes the guarantee of
another culture’s existence. Every integration process requires obvious difference even on the
level of language and culture, where there are no small or big cultures, and each of them has
its own uniqueness and originality.
MYKYTENKO OKSANA
a Doctor of Philology, a chief research fellow at the Ukrainian and Foreign Folklorisitcs Department of M. Ry-
lskyi Institute of Art Studies, Folkloristics and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv,
Ukraine).
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7613-8557
МИКИТЕНКО ОКСАНА
докторка філологічних наук, провідна наукова співробітниця відділу української та зарубіжної
фольклористики Інституту мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського НАН
України (Київ, Україна).
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7613-8557
© Видавництво ІМФЕ ім. М. Т. Рильського НАН України, 2022. Стаття опублікована на умовах відкритого доступу
за ліцензією CC BY-NC-ND (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
214
The intangible cultural heritage is embedded in the people [4, p. 50–51] and requires
more complex methods then those to protect tangible cultural heritage, which usually consist
of the prohibitions to destroy and to modify. These measures cannot be simply transferred
to intangible cultural heritage and mostly depends on the social dimension. While the
safeguarding of tangible monuments is understood as the protection of cultural heritage, the
safeguarding of intangible monuments may be comprehended as the protection of civilisational
heritage [6, p. 38].
General threats of globalization and urbanization, unresolved legal issues, in particular
under-regulated copyright, which does not provide transfer of knowledge and skills of living
traditions, change in cultural landscape (both in the village and the city), weakness of
economic and social development of the regions, youth migration, replacement of cultural
forms for pseudo-cultural or post-cultural etc., are considered as existential risks to intangible
cultural heritage. The very destruction of the continuity of cultural tradition becomes the
greatest challenge to the existence of intangible cultural heritage, the elements of which
(in order to be recognized as ones in conformity with the Convention) must be vital. The
destruction of identity (including cultural, historical and religious identity) is one of the
main threats or the attempt to “instil” a dual identity, the phenomenon of cultural kitsch,
change of the inherited culture by the next generations and in particular of the architectural
landscape marks the simultaneous destruction and annihilation of tangible cultural heritage.
Actually, in all these cases, it is hardly possible to preserve intangible cultural heritage
without preserving tangible one.
The war in Ukraine has indicated clearly that the present-day mankind lives in a space
of a united global civilization. It won’t be able to resist various serious dangers if it doesn’t
realize the full volume and the full depth of the global context in connection with everything
it dares to do as well as the full volume and depth of the responsibility it bears. The origins
and sources of such responsibility are in the breadth of society’s spiritual experience, piled up
for many centuries in the framework of different traditions and religions. It is very important
to see the unity of basic elements that compose the common property of mankind at the heart
of different religions and cultures in the period of open planetary commonwealth formation.
At the same time the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage
proves to be not only the normative umbrella but also the central trigger for many more
states to start developing an appropriate legal framework [6, p. 33]. Despite of the fact that
the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) is ratified
by Ukraine in 2008, the existence of intangible cultural heritage elements has not been
regulated legally yet. Legal framework for the establishment of the National Register has not
been developed. As it is well known, the application of international documents, important
both for interpretation and implementation at national or regional level, should be based on
sound theoretical background and practical experience. It should be noted that since 2015
the Ukrainian Center for Cultural Research has been operating at the Ministry of Culture
of Ukraine, which carries out “information and awareness-raising work using the Internet
resource”, and organizes workshops involving research and higher education institutions. As
it is well known, the UNESCO Convention provides many opportunities for identification,
determination, documentation, storage, reproduction, promotion and study of intangible
cultural heritage. These include the possibility of concluding several lists of intangible cultural
heritage in a specific territory, involving also non-governmental organizations, communities
and groups. Currently, only one item has been added to the UNESCO Representative List
(Petrykivka painting). The Cossack’s songs of Dnipropetrovsk region are included in the
List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. 26 elements are now
listed in the National Register and the Representative List, as well as the List of Intangible
Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. Let’s compare:
Present-day Ukrainian cultural and social life is more and more characterized by the
attention paid to intangible cultural heritage as the spiritual basis of ethnic consciousness
and national renaissance. It defines the urgency of different aspects of ethnology and requires
in-depth study of the problems of national uniqueness and identity on both methodological-
theoretic and socio-cultural levels, taking into account European scientific experience as well.
The implementation of intangible cultural heritage is a dynamic process, which establishes
215
characteristic cultural and academic policies on global, regional and local levels. In this sense
the intangible cultural heritage project itself touches complex administrative and political
strategies, academic knowledge and presentation.
Various conferences and expert meetings have been held in Ukraine, as well as in the
other countries to discuss the application of the Convention and various practical problems
related to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. As it has been emphasized during the
conference Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage as Applied Science: Experiences
and Challenges in Serbia (2021), there is an extensive international scientific literature
covering this topic. Many reflections are offered by experts from various humanities.
Research prospects are based on a wide range of theoretical and methodological paradigms.
Such discussions are aimed at encouragement of the exchange of opinions and experiences
of researchers from different disciplines. The main framework is institutional action to
safeguard intangible cultural heritage in accordance with the UNESCO concept, taking into
consideration the other concepts of different national cultural policies.
The scholars of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences who are experts in the area of the
intangible cultural heritage have an important role to play in laying down the parameters
and ensuring the implementation of the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the
Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003 Convention). Their expertise has been conducive to the first
steps made by Bulgaria in that area, as well as to subsequent action undertaken in that respect
in both a national and an international context (Santova, 2021: 20). It should be noted that
Bulgaria is one of the first countries to establish its National Register of Intangible Cultural
Heritage. It is an impetus for the creation of a corresponding National Council in 2006,
coordinating activities within the country. At the end of 2007 the large-scale National Program
Living Human Treasures – Bulgaria has been launched and the first five nominees are listed on
the National Heritage List. The creation of the first in Europe Category II Regional Center for
the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (encompassing Southeastern Europe) under
the auspices of UNESCO in February, 2012 has become an event of international importance.
At the same time, the National Center at the Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with
Ethnographic Museum at BAS has been strengthened and local centers of intangible cultural
heritage are opened in the places of cultural heritage of international scale connected with the
so-called Bistrishki baby and nestynary.
The experts emphasize, that now it is important to discuss also those theoretical issues
related to the policies of institutional safeguarding of intangible heritage, including critical
analysis of the UNESCO concept of ICH (eg. regarding some elements as “unsuitable” or
“inconvenient” for formal protection, or even “undesirable”, etc.), as well as an analysis of
experiences related to current methodologies of work (the selection of elements, attitudes
towards ICH of national minorities, sociolinguistic and dialectological aspects as integral
parts of certain elements, attitudes towards human rights and copyright, political and
ideologically controversial issues, and conflicts over certain elements). In many states in
transition, the dualism between global and local is often perceived and expressed through
confrontations of European and national. In addition, it is necessary to discuss the effective
protection of already registered elements, the way of archiving accompanying documentation,
the significance of various organizations and institutions in the process of safeguarding, as
well as the relationship between local communities and professional associations. Folklore
archives belong to the institutions involved in the most important complex of safeguarding
and responsible process. In this sense, it would be important to consider the possibilities
and ways of auditing, i.e. controlling the current condition of already protected elements in
the light of their possible commercialization, commodification and instrumentalization. The
scientific community experts find the issues related to the researchers’ significance in the
procedures of registering, as well as in designing and implementing measures for protection,
especially important [3, p. 11–12].
Intangible cultural heritage is traditional and living at the same time. Folklore and
intangible cultural heritage exist not only as memory but also create the base for coexistence
of “now” and “here”, giving an opportunity for an integration and reintegration of different
communities. The present-day creative potential of public and cultural movement includes
paraphrasing of traditional mythological views, metaphorical allegories or symbolic abstractions
216
of folklore. At the same time functional changes of folklore become more important today,
in particular ethnic-integrative, social, domestic and utilitarian, communicative, educational
and stimulating ones; that’s why the task consists in respectful treatment and comprehensive
study of different manifestations of intangible cultural heritage. Folklore is the source of
the originality, nourishing culture and indicates its vitality. Together with language folklore
constitutes the index of cultural, ethnic and social identity. Each of these identities is defined
by certain links – ethnic, personal and religious. In both present and future processes of
“Europeanisation”, the preservation of intangible cultural heritage means the protection of
identity, as folklore is one of the symbols of every nation. It exists as long as its culture and
its language are alive, and is best pronounced in folklore [2, p. 68].
Speaking about intangible cultural heritage manifested in the domain of oral tradition, we
must mention that the folklore process is an important part of mass political movement today
as well as an organic and immanent part of everyday communication. Political events in
Ukraine are immediately reflected and evaluated in folk texts. It is shown by contemporary
scholarly investigations that modern folklore process is a spontaneous manifestation of folk
interests and as such it depicts all the characteristics of folklore communication. Thus,
mass appeal, oral transmission and variation turn to be the decisive factors which define a
particular text as folklore today.
Cultural integration, on the one hand, and ethnic and national differentiation, on the
other, are diametrically opposite trends. Today they mark scientific research and are reflected
in it. The scientific research in the field of intangible cultural heritage can be more or less
divided into two trends: l) on the horizontal level – the synchronous research, and 2) on the
vertical – the questions of diachronous analysis. The Ethnographic Image of Modern Ukraine
is one of the priority published works of M. Rylskyi Institute of Art Studies, Folkloristics and
Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It is a collection of unique folklore
and ethnographic data edited by H. Skrypnyk – planned as a 10-volume one, 7 of which have
been published already. In particular, they include: Calendar Rites (2016); Domesticities,
Crafts and Trades (2017); Family and Culture of Family Life (2018); People’s Food Culture
(2018); Traditional Casual and Ritual Dress (2018) etc. The data collected during previous
periods is published in the form of synthetic, generic editions – encyclopedias, dictionaries,
catalogues, guides etc. The establishing of the catalogue of demolished and / or affected by
Russian war cultural monuments in Ukraine is among the resent urgent tasks.
References
1. ISPAS, Sabina. The Role of Multimedia Archives in Heritage Preservation, Conservation Techniques,
Indexing. In: Mila SANTOVA, Valentina GANEVA-RAYCHEVA, et al., eds. Intangible Cultural Heritage.
Current Problems. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2021,
pp. 21–32 [in English].
2. MYKYTENKO, Oksana. The Role of the Academic Scientific Research of Intangible Cultural Heritage
within Globalization and Integration Processes. In: Mila SANTOVA, Valentina GANEVA-RAYCHEVA,
et al., eds. Intangible Cultural Heritage. Current Problems. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2021, pp. 66–75 [in English].
3. ANON. Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage as Applied Science: Experiences and Challenges.
In: International Scientific Conference “Contemporary Serbian Folkloristics 11”. Tršić, October 1–3, 2021. Book
of Abstracts and Conference Programme. Belgrade, 2021, pp. 11–12 [in English].
4. SANTOVA, Mila. To Capture the Elusive. Intangible Cultural Heritage [Да уловиш неуловимото.
Нематериално културно наследство]. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy
of Sciences, 2014 [in Bulgarian].
5. SANTOVA, Mila. The Role of the Scholars at BAS for the Implementation of the Convention for the
Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Bulgaria. In: Mila SANTOVA, Valentina GANEVA-
RAYCHEVA, et al., eds. Intangible Cultural Heritage. Current Problems. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing
House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2021, pp. 11–20 [in Bulgarian].
6. WİESHAİDER, Wolfgang. Legal Observations on the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
In: Mila SANTOVA, Valentina GANEVA-RAYCHEVA, et al., eds. Intangible Cultural Heritage. Current
Problems. Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2021, pp. 33–40 [in
English].
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