Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure
The aim of the study is to develop physical principles and methods of calculating efficient plasma-chemical reactors based on a sliding discharge at atmospheric pressure with pumping a gas mixture to decompose harmful compounds and to synthesize the compounds of use, and also to develop various ecol...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2000
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| Цитувати: | Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure / G.P. Berezina, A.M. Yegorov, V.I. Karas`, V.S. Us // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2000. — № 1. — С. 92-96. — Бібліогр.: 17 назв. — англ. |
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irk-123456789-816182015-05-19T03:02:37Z Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure Berezina, G.P. Yegorov, A.M. Karas, V.I. Us, V.S. Газовый рaзряд, ППР и их применения The aim of the study is to develop physical principles and methods of calculating efficient plasma-chemical reactors based on a sliding discharge at atmospheric pressure with pumping a gas mixture to decompose harmful compounds and to synthesize the compounds of use, and also to develop various ecologically clean processes. The necessity of wide-scale theoretical and experimental investigations, into the atmospheric-pressure gas discharge stems from: i) the importance for solving ecological and technological problems and ii) its inadequate study, as opposed to the case of discharges with tens of torrs, because of the difficulties of using the existing diagnostic facilities and even the methods of measurements at these parameters. Studies were made into gas-dynamic and electrodynamic characteristics of TSD-based plasma-chemical reactors at positive and negative polarities of supply voltage applied to the wire-like electrode and for different rates of air flow through the reactors at different pressures inside the plasma-chemical chamber. The studies were made to optimize the plasma-chemical reactor design and to investigate the influence of different polarities of supply voltage to the wire electrode on the performance of the devices under consideration. The electrodynamic SD characteristics were taken by the standard technique using standard instrumentation. The radiation spectra of high-pressure TSD were studied with an aid of the diffraction spectrograph DFS-452, the spectrograph SP 51, the diffraction monochromator MDR-12U and the photomultiplier tube PMT-39A in the 200 to 600 nm range. 2000 Article Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure / G.P. Berezina, A.M. Yegorov, V.I. Karas`, V.S. Us // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2000. — № 1. — С. 92-96. — Бібліогр.: 17 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/81618 533.9 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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English |
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Газовый рaзряд, ППР и их применения Газовый рaзряд, ППР и их применения |
| spellingShingle |
Газовый рaзряд, ППР и их применения Газовый рaзряд, ППР и их применения Berezina, G.P. Yegorov, A.M. Karas, V.I. Us, V.S. Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The aim of the study is to develop physical principles and methods of calculating efficient plasma-chemical reactors based on a sliding discharge at atmospheric pressure with pumping a gas mixture to decompose harmful compounds and to synthesize the compounds of use, and also to develop various ecologically clean processes. The necessity of wide-scale theoretical and experimental investigations, into the atmospheric-pressure gas discharge stems from: i) the importance for solving ecological and technological problems and ii) its inadequate study, as opposed to the case of discharges with tens of torrs, because of the difficulties of using the existing diagnostic facilities and even the methods of measurements at these parameters.
Studies were made into gas-dynamic and electrodynamic characteristics of TSD-based plasma-chemical reactors at positive and negative polarities of supply voltage applied to the wire-like electrode and for different rates of air flow through the reactors at different pressures inside the plasma-chemical chamber. The studies were made to optimize the plasma-chemical reactor design and to investigate the influence of different polarities of supply voltage to the wire electrode on the performance of the devices under consideration.
The electrodynamic SD characteristics were taken by the standard technique using standard instrumentation. The radiation spectra of high-pressure TSD were studied with an aid of the diffraction spectrograph DFS-452, the spectrograph SP 51, the diffraction monochromator MDR-12U and the photomultiplier tube PMT-39A in the 200 to 600 nm range. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Berezina, G.P. Yegorov, A.M. Karas, V.I. Us, V.S. |
| author_facet |
Berezina, G.P. Yegorov, A.M. Karas, V.I. Us, V.S. |
| author_sort |
Berezina, G.P. |
| title |
Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure |
| title_short |
Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure |
| title_full |
Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure |
| title_fullStr |
Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure |
| title_sort |
studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2000 |
| topic_facet |
Газовый рaзряд, ППР и их применения |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/81618 |
| citation_txt |
Studies of the sliding spark discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure / G.P. Berezina, A.M. Yegorov, V.I. Karas`, V.S. Us // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2000. — № 1. — С. 92-96. — Бібліогр.: 17 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| first_indexed |
2025-07-06T06:49:09Z |
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2025-07-06T06:49:09Z |
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| fulltext |
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ 2000. №1.
Серия: Плазменная электроника и новые методы ускорения (2), с. 92-96.
92
UDK 533. 9
STUDIES OF SLIDING DISCHARGE IN GAS AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
G.P.Berezina, A.M.Yegorov, V.I.Karas`, V.S.Us
National Scientific Center "Kharkov Institute of Physics & Technology",Kharkov,Ukraine,
karas@kipt.kharkov.ua
The aim of the study is to develop physical principles and methods of calculating efficient plasma-chemical
reactors based on a sliding discharge at atmospheric pressure with pumping a gas mixture to decompose harmful
compounds and to synthesize the compounds of use, and also to develop various ecologically clean processes. The
necessity of wide-scale theoretical and experimental investigations, into the atmospheric-pressure gas discharge
stems from: i) the importance for solving ecological and technological problems and ii) its inadequate study, as
opposed to the case of discharges with tens of torrs, because of the difficulties of using the existing diagnostic
facilities and even the methods of measurements at these parameters.
Studies were made into gas-dynamic and electrodynamic characteristics of TSD-based plasma-chemical reactors
at positive and negative polarities of supply voltage applied to the wire-like electrode and for different rates of air
flow through the reactors at different pressures inside the plasma-chemical chamber. The studies were made to
optimize the plasma-chemical reactor design and to investigate the influence of different polarities of supply voltage
to the wire electrode on the performance of the devices under consideration.
The electrodynamic SD characteristics were taken by the standard technique using standard instrumentation. The
radiation spectra of high-pressure TSD were studied with an aid of the diffraction spectrograph DFS-452, the
spectrograph SP 51, the diffraction monochromator MDR-12U and the photomultiplier tube PMT-39A in the 200 to
600 nm range.
1.Introduction
A method for treating gaseous effluents has appeared,
called treatment by plasma [1-4]
2.Experimental studies into physical properties
of the SD
At a positive potential across the wire, the discharge
is ignited as a result of molecule and gaseous atom
ionization in the region of high field intensity ( E ≥ 3
MV/m) in the vicinity of the anode wire. The electrons
arrive to the anode in 10-7 - 10-8 sec leaving behind them
the positive charge, and this still more increases the
electric field strength. In turn, this favors the formation
of the ionization wave propagating from the anode into
the depth of the discharge gap with the result that the
voltage needed to maintain the continuous discharge
decreases as opposed to the case of negative polarity at
the wire. At the same time, however, favorable
conditions arise for creating local high-charge density
regions in the discharge volume, at distances rather
close to the flat cathode. And this, in turn, facilitates the
conditions for jumping the discharge gap by the current
channel and for the sparkover between the electrodes.
2.1.Experimental studies into electrodynamic
and gas-dynamic characteristics of the
sliding spark discharge
To investigate the processes have proposed to use a
new-type plasma discharge, i.e., the sliding discharge at
atmospheric pressure of the working gas, where a
nonequilibrium weakly-ionized plasma is created with
the electron temperature Te much higher than the ion
temperature Ti and the neutral gas temperature T0 .
To achieve this aim, it was necessary to deelop and
manufacture the flow-type plasma reactor, where the
sliding discharge is ignited between two divergent
electrodes and is propagating along them in the gas flow
at atmospheric pressure. The ignition voltage is
determined by the minimum spacing between the
electrodes at the beginning of the system.
In view of the requirements on optimum steady-state
nonequilibrium discharges, namely:
− the electron plasma density should be high enough to
ensure the vibrational excitation of molecules
passing through the gas;
− the average energy of nonequilibrium electron
distribution must be of the same order of magnitude
as the vibrational energy of gas molecules, but lower
than the ionization energy,
the following discharge parameters were chosen: voltage
10 to 20 kV, current 0.1 to 1 A, the gas flow rate may
vary from several m/s to several tens of m/s.
A pair of extended electrodes is located in the reactor
chamber, whose design provides for:
− making the most use of the space between the
conductors;
− a safe high-voltage supply to the electrodes
(appropriate adjustment of spacing between them);
− variability in the angle of inclination between the
electrodes;
− transparence of the reactor side walls for performing
spectrography studies of the discharge;
− pumping the system along the gas flow direction
under conditions of sufficient air tightness of the
system.
93
The above-given technical requirements were taken
into consideration on designing the plasma reactor. The
reactor is in appearance a transparent dielectric chamber
of rectangular section, measuring 50x200x1200 mm.
The reactor walls are made from a common glass, ~ 8
mm thick, the extended ends of the walls enter deep (~ 6
mm) into the grooves of the upper and lower flanges. A
sheet acrylic plastic, about 25 mm in thickness, was used
to manufacture the flanges. All the system is reliably
fixed between two stainless steel end flanges of
rectangular section. The mobility of reactor walls and
extended flanges is totally excluded.
The reactor chamber entrance is connected via a
special flange with a gas flow supply system which
includes a fan with a controllable gas feed rate and an
adapter manufactured from a multilayer rubber.
The reactor chamber accommodates two electrodes.
One of them is a duralumin or steel plate, ~ 30 mm wide
and ~1.5 mm thick, and the other is a copper pipe, 5 to 6
mm in diameter, or a duralumin or steel wire, 0.5 to1.5
mm in diameter. The lower electrode is fixed on the
acrylic plastic flange. The upper electrode is mounted on
the upper acrylic plastic flange in such a way that the
distance of each of its end with respect to the lower
electrode can be varied independently. This provides a
possibility of setting the required angle between the
electrodes at the beginning of the chamber. The
electrodes are connected with the power source via the
top and bottom flanges of the reactor.
The reactor also comprises a pair of additional
electrodes located immediately before the extended
electrodes. They are used to ignite a spark or arc
discharge. Under the action of the gas flow the arc is
drawn into the gap between the main discharge
electrodes and this essentially facilitates the initial
breakdown between them at appreciably greater
interelectrode spacings. The additional electrodes are
the two copper rods, being in opposition to each other,
have molybdenum or tungsten rod extension pieces.
When the wire is worn by sparking, the interelectrode
spacing can be smoothly adjusted.
The two extended electrodes can be easily moved
along the reactor axis within 15 to 20 cm, either
approaching the arc discharge electrodes or receding
from them.
The reactor has been made as a pilot model which
can quickly be adapted to the required electrode
configuration, to evaluation of different materials from
which the electrodes are made, and also to introduction
of diagnostic probes, probes for igniting the arc
discharge associated with the synchronous diagnostics
start system (to take oscillorgams of the respective
signals), etc.
The two sets of electrodes (extended and arc) are fed
from two supply sources: 25 kV, 300 A and 15 kV, 500
A, respectively. The supply system of extended
discharge electrodes includes a regulating two-phase
transformer, a high-voltage transformer, a diode D1008-
based Gratz rectifier, a Π-shaped filter with a choke and
a 0.5mf×25kV (type KBG-P) capacitor, a KEV-20×2
MO discharge resistor, a kilovoltmeter C-96. The arc-
electrode supply unit consists of a regulating
transformer, a high-voltage three-phase transformer, a
diode KTs201D-based Larionov rectifier and a
kilovoltmeter C-196.
During operation a constant control over the
discharge current and the voltage across the discharge
gap was exercised. The voltage was controlled
independently, i.e., across the source and directly across
the electrodes (before Rb and after it). The discharge
current is measured in the circuit between the low-
voltage electrode and the ground (both the upper and
lower electrodes can be grounded). The signal to the
oscillograph comes in this case from a specially made
inductance-free resistor. Under synchronous start-up
conditions, the double-beam oscillograph S 8-14 with a
memory took pictures of the current and the discharge
voltage. The voltage was supplied from the
corresponding attenuator. The processing of signals
obtained made it possible to determine the I V−
discharge characteristics for various modes of operation
which differed in the electrode shapes, materials of
electrodes and their polarities.
A videocamera (Panasonic M-9000") was used to
carry out visual observation and to study the sliding
discharge velocity.
The discharge velocity was also determined using a
set of probes located at regular intervals. The signals
from each pair of probes went to the double-beam
oscillograph. Given the interprobe distance and the
delay time of one signal with respect to the other, the
discharge motion velocity could be calculated.
The air volume pumped through the reactor was
determined by measuring the dynamic resistance with an
aid of the standard Venturi nozzle.
The discharge spectrum was investigated by means
of a diffraction spectrograph DFS-452. The light from
the discharge, that was taken from the open end of the P-
C reactor on the mirror, was projected onto the
spectrograph slit restricted in height by a diaphragm.
The spectrum was taken in the operating range of
spectrograph wavelengths from 190 to 1100 nm.
A 600 lines/mm first-order grating was used in the
measurements. Considering that on using this grating the
photofilm length can cover the spectrum part of no more
than 330 nm, all the range was divided into parts, each
being photographed on a separate film with different
light filters, namely, BS-10 for operation in the spectrum
range from 360 to 730 nm and the KS-19 for the 720-
1100 nm range. These light filters were used to cut off
other orders of the spectrum. For comparison purposes,
reference spectrograms of hydrogen, mercury- and
sodium-vapor lamps in the corresponding ranges were
applied to the film.
The voltage of the supply source was kept constant,
U 0 17= kV. At the beginning of measurements, the
maximum interelectrode spacing was determined, at
which the self-sustained discharge propagated in the air
flow along the whole length of the electrodes. The
interelectrode spacing was then increased by 0.2 to
0.3×10-2 m, and the discharge was ignited through the
use of high-voltage pulses coming to the additional
94
electrode from the spark device.
The oscillographs with memory and the spark device
were operated in the synchronous start mode. The start
was controlled through the synchronizer.
From fig.1 and fig.2 it is seen that at low discharge
currents the comparison between the curves given in
curves exhibit a clearly marked sloping part (negative-
resistance part). At high discharge currents, the
discharge gap resistance value becomes small and is
weakly dependent on the current value. The discharge
with these I V− characteristics is intermediate in the
discharge classification between the glow discharge and
the arc discharge. It should be noted that the E N
value is rather low in the discharge under discussion at
an arbitrary polarity of the voltage applied.
0 1 2 3 4 5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
432
1
I, mA
U, kV
Fig. 1. I U− curve of the slidling spark discharge
with a negative potential at the wire electrode: 1 -
τ = 10 ms, 2 - τ = 30 ms, 3 - τ = 50 ms, 4 -
τ = 70 ms.
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
I=200 mA
I=100 mA
I=60 mA
R, k ΩΩΩΩ
ττττ, ms
Fig. 2. Time dependence of the discharge resistance for
different discharge currents and applied voltage
polarities at positive (—) and negative ( - - ) polarities
of the wire electrode
It is seen form fig.2 that at low currents the time
variation of resistance is much more prominent than at
high currents. The increase in the discharge resistance
with time is here connected with an increasing
interelectrode distance as the discharge is propagating
along the electrodes.
The velocity of discharge propagation along the
electrodes was determined with an aid of a movable
probe and through video shooting. In the first case, the
probe was moved along the lower electrode. The probe
received a portion of the discharge current at the instant
∆t as the discharge traveled past it, this apparently
depends on the distance between the discharge start and
the probe, ∆L . Hence, the average discharge velocity at
each part of the way ∆L can be readily calculated as
v L t= ∆ ∆ .
The velocities were measured at different discharge
current values, different voltage polarities and discharge
propagation lengths. In all the cases, the velocity was
found to be the same, v = 7 6. m/s. It should be noted
that the air pumping rate in the experiments was
maintained to be the same.
As mentioned above, video shooting was also used to
determine the velocity of discharge propagation. The
shooting could be performed both in the usual
(automatic) mode of operation and at fixed settings of
the diaphragm, focus and exposure [from (125 s)-1 to
(2000 s)-1] for a constant field frequency f = 50 Hz.
The discharge was recorded on the film at three
discharge current values with and without hooking up
the capacitor to the discharge gap. Nearby the electrodes
there is a scale marked every 5×10-2 m and 10-1 m. The
videopictures were introduced to the computer.
Fig.3 shows the sequence of charge propagation for
different conditions. It is seen from Fig.3 that the
discharge propagates in T = ⋅ −2 10 2 s over 0.15 m at
the beginning and at the end of its path. So, the average
velocity of discharge propagation is v = 7 5. m/s. Note
that the discharge velocity depends neither on the
discharge current nor on the polarity of voltage applied
to the electrodes.
Thus, based on the two methods of measuring the
velocity of discharge motion along the electrodes, it is
found that, irrespective of the electrodynamic
characteristics, the velocity of discharge motion is fully
governed only by the gas flow characteristics.
from the initial region (near the fan), to which either a
pulsed voltage U p from the modulator (U pmax
= 25
kV, square pulse length is 1.5 ms) or the voltage from
the power supply (Ua = 8 kV, current Ia ~ .05 A)
was applied. In this case the voltage across the main
electrodes was 1 or 2 kV lower than in the self-sustained
discharge mode of operation. In the pulse mode, it was
convenient, from the standpoint of better
synchronization of oscillograph sweep with the onset of
discharge, to operate at a repetition frequency of 1 Hz.
According to the above-given conclusions about the
velocity of traveling spark discharge motion, it may be
expected that with the fan of the rig that ensures a
smooth adjustment of the flow velocity from 3 m/s to 10
m/s, the time of discharge propagation along the
electrodes would be from 400 ms to 120ms,respectively.
95
Fig. 3. Sequence of charge propagation
along the electrodes (U 0 17= kV)
(a)-without a capacitor in the discharge gap,
Rb = 53 kΩ, exposure time1/500s;
(b)- with a capacitor in the discharge gap,
Rb = 53 kΩ, exposure time 1 500 s;
(c)- without a capacitor in the discharge gap,
Rb = 53 kΩ, exposure time 1 500 s;
(d)- without a capacitor in the discharge gap,
Rb = 53 kΩ, exposure time 1 500 s;
(e)- with a capacitor in the discharge gap,
Rb = 53 kΩ, exposure time 1 500 s;
(f)- without a capacitor in the discharge gap,
Rb = 53 kΩ, exposure time 1 50 s.
The reactor was used to perform the experiments
with the spark discharge sliding due to the gas flow
motion. The minimum interelectrode distance (at the
start of discharge) varied within (0.6 to 1.6)×10-2 m; in
this case, the independent spark discharge was struck at
a voltage from 12 kV to 23 kV, depending on the shape,
material and surface state of the electrodes. The rig also
provides for the mode of operation corresponding to the
semi-self-maintained discharge. For this purpose, two
electrodes were accommodated at a distance of 3.0 cm
It is shown that the voltage from the modulator causes
a spark discharge to occur between the additional
electrodes with the result that intense high-frequency (10
to 20 MHz) oscillations are excited. In about 1 ms the
traveling spark charge occurs between the main
electrodes of the P-C reactor. In the circuit connected to
the electrodes, intense HF oscillations are excited. Their
frequency can be varied by means of external elements
(e.g., a 4700 pF capacitor connected in parallel with the
discharge). It is shown that oscillations occur at a
frequency of 0.6 MHz, and in the absence of the
capacitor their frequency was 2 MHz. The frequency of
spark discharges occurring during discharge propagation
along the electrodes can be varied by the external
elements and through the gas pumping speed.
Of special note is the influence of the transverse gas-
flow component on the sliding discharge. It is shown
that the transverse component leads to an increase in the
dynamic resistance of the discharge, and thereby causes
an increase in the specific electric field rather than a
decrease in the current.
Preliminary spectrometry studies of the discharge
were performed using the spectrograph ICP-51. Fig.4
shows the radiation spectra of the discharge , where the
cathode was a duralumin plate, and a steel wire, 1.5 mm
in diameter, served as an anode; the interelectrode
spacing linearly changes from 12 mm to 18 mm.
Fig.4. Discharge radiation spectra
(U = 135. kV, I = 150 mA): (a) - with
an additional transverse air supply at an
angle of 300 to the electrode axis; (b) -
without an additional air supply; (c) -
PRK-type mercury-quartz lamp radiation
spectrum; (d) - hydrogen lamp radiation
spectrum
The wavelength in all the spectrograms grows from
left to right. Radiation spectra were also taken from the
discharge, where the steel plate served as a cathode, and
a steel wire, 1.5 mm in diameter, served as an anode, the
other things remaining the same. The comparison
between the spectra shows that for the range of traveling
spark discharge parameters under study there are no
spectral lines corresponding to the electrode materials,
i.e., no sputtering of electrodes occurs in the discharge.
The treatment of the radiation spectra shows the
presence of lines emitted by nitrogen molecules of the
first Β3Π→Α3Σ and second C3Π→Β3Π positive
systems.
3.Conclusions
Wide-range theoretical and experimental
investigations as well as computer simulation of the
atmospheric-pressure sliding discharge have been
performed with the use of present-day methods and
techniques, and also a diverse diagnostic equipment.
− The findings for the sliding spark discharge are as
follows:
− the velocity of the sliding spark discharge
propagation is first measured using the probe system
and video shooting; it is independent of the applied
voltage polarity, of the electric current value and is
coincident with the speed of air pumping along the
discharge gap electrodes;
− high-frequency intense oscillations are excited in the
discharge under study in two ranges, the frequency in
the first range (tens of MHz) is independent of the
parameters of external circuit elements, while the
96
frequency in the second range (hundreds of kHz up
to 1 MHz) is specified by the circuit elements being
external with respect to the discharge;
− using the transverse gas flow component can
essentially change the dynamic resistance of the
discharge, and thereby, the E N value that
determines the intensity of chemical reactions;
− in a wide current range, the radiation spectra of the
discharge show do not show any spectral lines
corresponding to the electrode materials.
The undertaken studies are an important stage in the
comprehensive investigation of the atmospheric-
pressure sliding discharge and they substantially add to
the creation of physical principles and calculation
methods of efficient plasma-chemical reactors, being of
scientific and applied importance.
4.References
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NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Non
Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control,
Cambridge University, September 1992,p.61.
2. S.I. Krasheninnikov, V.D.Rusanov, S.D.Sanyuk, and
A.A.Fridman // Zh. Tekh. Fiz.,1986,v.56, p.1104. (in
Russian).
3S.V,Saniuk, S.S.Kingsep, V.D.Rusanov, and
A.Czernichovski //Proceedings of ISPC11,
Loughborough UK, 1993, vol.2, p.740.
4 V,Dalaine, O.Martinie, J-M.Cormier, and
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8. B.M.Penetrante. NATO Advanced Research
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September 21-25, 1992).
9. Yu.S.Akishev, A.A.Deryugin, V.B.Karal’nik, I.V.
Kochetov, A.P.Napartovich, and N.I.Trushkin.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of an
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Discharge. Plasma Physics Reports. 1994. vol. 20, #
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UDK 533. 9
STUDIES OF SLIDING DISCHARGE IN GAS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
2.1.Experimental studies into electrodynamic and gas-dynamic characteristics of the sliding spark discharge
3.Conclusions
The undertaken studies are an important stage in the comprehensive investigation of the atmospheric-pressure sliding discharge and they substantially add to the creation of physical principles and calculation methods of efficient plasma-chemical reactors
4.References
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