Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів
Storing and sharing healthcare data is challenging. Despite different data types that can be used on different platforms, also there is a question of security of gathered data. Storing data in a traditional way may cause data leak and it unavailability in critical moments. In this work we present de...
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The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"
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System research and information technologies| _version_ | 1866302146416214016 |
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| author | Petrenko, Anatoly Kyslyi, Roman Pysmennyi, Ihor |
| author_facet | Petrenko, Anatoly Kyslyi, Roman Pysmennyi, Ihor |
| author_sort | Petrenko, Anatoly |
| baseUrl_str | http://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/oai |
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| datestamp_date | 2018-03-30T15:35:21Z |
| description | Storing and sharing healthcare data is challenging. Despite different data types that can be used on different platforms, also there is a question of security of gathered data. Storing data in a traditional way may cause data leak and it unavailability in critical moments. In this work we present decentralized way of storing patient data that can be used to avoid security and unavailability problems. A blockchain is a distributed and decentralized ledger that contains connected blocks of transactions. Unlike other ledger approaches, blockchain guarantees tamper proof storage of approved transactions. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2017.3.01 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:23:15Z |
| format | Article |
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A. Petrenko, R. Kyslyi, I.. Pysmennyi, 2017
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2017, № 3 7
TIДC
ПРОГРЕСИВНІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ,
ВИСОКОПРОДУКТИВНІ КОМП’ЮТЕРНІ
СИСТЕМИ
УДК 004.031.43
DOI: 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2017.3.01
BLOCKCHAIN AS A SERVICE FOR MEDICAL RECORDS
A. PETRENKO, R. KYSLYI, I. PYSMENNYI
Abstract. Storing and sharing healthcare data is challenging. Despite different data
types that can be used on different platforms, also there is a question of security of
gathered data. Storing data in a traditional way may cause data leak and it unavail-
ability in critical moments. In this work we present decentralized way of storing pa-
tient data that can be used to avoid security and unavailability problems. A block-
chain is a distributed and decentralized ledger that contains connected blocks of
transactions. Unlike other ledger approaches, blockchain guarantees tamper proof
storage of approved transactions.
Keywords: cloud computing, medical records, distributed databases, computer sci-
ence, online care helping, sensor data storage.
INTRODUCTION
Patient data, such as medical history, tests results or other sensitive information
should be stored in such a way, that patient himself, any doctor or clinical institu-
tion in which patient appeared should have access to it and possibility to use it.
This will lead to significant increase of effectiveness of medical help, and re-
search. Despite evidence that the value of healthcare data exchange is large, these
issues, described below, remain significant barriers. Main idea is to provide ac-
cess to patient data on demand — as needed (in case of emergency, planning ex-
amination etc.) to give doctors an instrument for making decisions based not only
on current symptoms, but also on historical data. And at the same time provide
patient himself with more relevant information about his health and possible is-
sues. For this purposes clinical data have to be standardized according to interna-
tional standards (e.g. ISO 12967 [2]).
Failing to secure the patient record has financial and legal consequences, as
well as the potential to impact patient care. Securing patient data is a challenging
task. Data privacy involves ensuring only authorized parties may access the medi-
cal record, especially considering that using blockchain technology means that
full copy of all data are stored on different nodes across the network . This im-
pacts any healthcare system, as patient privacy is not only an ethical responsibil-
ity, but a legal mandate. Patient data is also an asset to the institution, and unau-
thorized access could compromise competitive advantages or reveal proprietary
practices.
A. Petrenko, R. Kyslyi, I. Pysmennyi
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2017, № 3 8
The main goal of this work is to describe an approach to effectively and se-
curely share healthcare information within all interested parties. We believe that a
patient’s record should be consistent and easy to access, and the terms of its ac-
cess strictly dictated by the patient. As a secondary goal, this data should not only
be shared, but shared in such a way that all interested parties should have an abil-
ity to use anonymized data for research purposes.
To meet these requirements we assume that user data has to be encrypted by
any trusted cryptographic algorithm and accessed using digital signature of the
patient.
BLOCKCHAIN
A blockchain is a distributed transaction ledger. The blockchain itself is com-
posed of blocks, with each block representing a set of transactions. As a data
structure, a blockchain has several interesting properties. First, blocks are prova-
bly immutable. This is possible because each block contains a hash, or numeric
digest of its content, that can be used to verify the integrity of the containing
transactions. Next, the hash of a block is dependent on the hash of the block be-
fore it. This effectively makes the entire blockchain history immutable, as chang-
ing the hash of any block (n − i) would also change the hash of block n. The
blockchain itself does not depend on a central, trusted authority. Rather, it is dis-
tributed to all nodes participating in the network. Because no centralized authority
may verify the validity of the blockchain, a mechanism for reaching network con-
sensus must be employed.
In one of the most widely used implementations of blockchain technology —
Bitcoin, a Proof of Work function is used to ensure network consensus. This strat-
egy requires that any node wishing to add a block to the blockchain must com-
plete a computationally expensive (but easily verifiable) puzzle first. At a high
level, this ensures consensus of the network because there is an opportunity cost
(the computation time) to building a block. There are several other techniques
used, such Proof of Stake and Proof of Activity, but all are designed to drive the
network to consensus on blockchain validity. Miners are nodes that assemble the
blocks and add them to the blockchain. It is through the miners that the consensus
strategy is enacted, usually via some incentivisation protocol. In Bitcoin, for ex-
ample, miners are incentivized by collecting transaction fees and also by a reward
for adding the block to the blockchain. In general, however, there should exist an
incentive for them to only build on top of valid blocks, which in turn drives the
entire network to consensus.
A transaction has the following characteristics:
hash: The SHA256 hash of the resource payload. Although the actual re-
source itself is not entered into the blockchain, its content can be verified using
the transaction hash upon retrieval;
contributor Signature: The digital signature of the originating node;
record data itself;
secure Index: An encrypted index allowing for data discovery without
leaking information about the record.
Blockchain as a service for medical records
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2017, № 3 9
The hashes of all transactions in a block contribute to the hash of the Merkle
Root, or Block Header. The Block Header contains the following metadata used
to validate the new block:
hash: The SHA256 hash of the block. Assume the Merkle Root has two
children c0 and c1, with a previous block bn−1. Let the hash of bn equal the hash
of the hashed concatenation of the of the bn−1, c0, and c1 hashes;
previous Block Hash: The hash of the previous block, for validation pur-
poses;
contributor Signatures: For each node that contributed to the block, a digi-
tal signature is required. This is to ensure that the block remains valid after it was
assembled by the miner;
miner Elections: Each node that contributed to the block is required to
provide a random number encrypted with the node’s private key. This will be
used to seed the election of the next miner, which is discussed below.
ADDING DATA TO THE BLOCKCHAIN
For purposes of such system can be used different implementations of blockchain,
currently we suggest to use hyperledger (as it is supported by key players in
blockchain development, such as IBM, Huawei and Intel), figure.
Hyperledger uses a NoSQL DB in the backend for storage of data (transac-
tional info). Every transaction is identified by a unique txn id and the relevant info
is encrypted, then mapped to this id and stored in the DB. Now if we want to
query all txn in the same ledger, we must keep the txn id with us which we will
pass to the NoSQL DB as keys. The DB will return all the relevant information
about the transaction to you. On the high-level algorithm can be presented as fol-
lows (can be used with different implementations of blockchain):
input : A set N of Nodes participating in the network;
input : A blockchain, B representing a sequence of {b0...bn} where bn is the
current (last) block on the chain;
input : T, the end of the Message Distribution phase;
1) a ← ElectMinerNode(bn, N);
2) P ← {}; //Begin with an empty set of pending transactions.
3) while CurrentTime() < T do
T T Tω Time
Algorithm: Creating a new block and adding it to the blockchain
A. Petrenko, R. Kyslyi, I. Pysmennyi
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2017, № 3 10
foreach Nn }{ do
PP GetTransactionsFromNode ( n );
4) b AssembleBlock ( P );
5) 0N { Nn | ( t ) Pt[ IsOrigin( tn, )]}; // 0N is all nodes with
1 transaction;
6) foreach 0Nn do
SignBlock ( nB, );
7) B0 AddBlock( bB, )
8) foreach Nn do
DistributeBlockchain( nB ,0 ).
VOTING
To save consistency of data, we need to make voting schema different from clas-
sic (where block accepts when it is accepted by more than 50% nodes of the net-
work). Only trusted nodes should have an ability to vote. In this implementation,
trusted nodes can be identified by their public keys.
The vote object contains the details of the vote being made as well as the
signature and identifying information of the node passing the vote:
1) node_pubkey;
2) signature;
3) previous_block;
4) voting_for_block;
5) is_block_valid;
6) invalid_reason;
7) timestamp.
SECURITY
As said above, data security is fundamental priority for the system. A multi-
faceted approach to security for our proposed network includes:
Blockchain Encryption. Nothing in the blockchain should be stored in plain
text. Public information, or information intended for all nodes in the network, is
expected to be encrypted by a network-shared key, while sensitive information
should be encrypted by the originating node.
Smart Contracts. Patients may authorize access to their record only under
certain conditions or for a specific reason. This notion of the codification of usage
agreements is called smart contracts. There is precedent for their use on a block-
chain, and given the complexities involved with our healthcare use case, smart
contracts will play an important role. The intent is to ensure that patient authoriza-
tion is codified and executable — for example, a patient may want their data
shared only for research of a certain type, or for a given time range. These smart
contracts can be placed directly on the blockchain as transactions, providing not
only assurances of validity but an audit mechanism as well.
Blockchain as a service for medical records
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2017, № 3 11
Value of the system
Patient has control over the data.
Patient has no problems with reaching his data and sanding it to required
specialist or institution.
More data can be used by specialist which may lead to more accurate diag-
nosis.
Data can be shared for research activities including clinical trials, enabling
larger and more diverse patient populations.
SUMMARY
There are a lot of challenges in storying such sensitive information as medical
records. This model will create a possibility to run general medical network that
will allow benefiting all healthcare industry by using more accurate and fresher
data — while patients will receive more accurate diagnoses, doctors will receive
wider datasets for researches.
All this, will make possible to use wider different cognitive tools like IBM
Watson for healthcare purposes.
REFERENCES
1. BigchainDB: A Scalable Blockchain Database. — Available at: https://www. big-
chaindb.com/whitepaper/
2. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12967-1. ISO 12967-1:2009(E). — Available
at: http://hsevi.ir/RI_Standard/File/1551
3. Marques Rodolphe. How We Integrated With MongoDB / Rodolphe Marques. —
Available at: https://blog.bigchaindb.com/how-we-integrated-with-mongodb-
d6a45e776d6b
4. Peterson Kevin. A Blockchain-Based Approach to Health Information Exchange
Networks / Kevin Peterson, Rammohan Deeduvanu, Pradip Kanjamala, Kelly
Boles, Mayo Clinic. — Available at: https://www.healthit.gov/sites/default/files/
12-55-blockchain-based-approach-final.pdf
5. King Sunny. PPCoin: Peer-to-Peer Crypto-Currency with Proof-of-Stake / Sunny
King, Scott Nadal. — Available at: https://peercoin.net/assets/paper/peercoin-
paper.pdf
6. Thomas Roy. Fielding. Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Soft-
ware Architectures / Roy Thomas. — Available at: https://www.ics.uci.edu/
~fielding/pubs/dissertation/fielding_dissertation.pdf
7. Hyperledger Whitepaper. — Available at: http://www.the-blockchain.com/docs/
Hyperledger%20Whitepaper.pdf
8. Ashish K. Jhaa The use of health information technology in seven nations / Ashish
K. Jhaa, David Doolanb, Daniel Grandt, Tim Scott, David W. Batese. —
Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2b67/6d6013995a65cca36596d7
d906233af32b39.pdf
Received 04.07.2017
|
| id | journaliasakpiua-article-117178 |
| institution | System research and information technologies |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:23:15Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | journaliasakpiua/c3/e606fd5ef7c985ba5ea5c73fabf305c3.pdf |
| spelling | journaliasakpiua-article-1171782018-03-30T15:35:21Z Blockchain as a service for medical records Блокчейн как сервис для медицинских записей Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів Petrenko, Anatoly Kyslyi, Roman Pysmennyi, Ihor Cloud computing Medical records Distributed databases Computer science Online carehelping Sensor data storage облачные вычисления медицинские записи распределенные базы данных информатика помощь в онлайн-обслуживании хранение данных датчиков хмарні обчислення медичні записи розподілені бази даних комп'ютерні науки надання допомоги в режимі он-лайн зберігання даних сенсора Storing and sharing healthcare data is challenging. Despite different data types that can be used on different platforms, also there is a question of security of gathered data. Storing data in a traditional way may cause data leak and it unavailability in critical moments. In this work we present decentralized way of storing patient data that can be used to avoid security and unavailability problems. A blockchain is a distributed and decentralized ledger that contains connected blocks of transactions. Unlike other ledger approaches, blockchain guarantees tamper proof storage of approved transactions. Сохранение и обмен данными в области здравоохранения является сложной задачей. Несмотря на различные типы данных, которые могут использоваться на разных платформах, возникает вопрос безопасности собранных данных. Хранение данных традиционным способом может привести к утечке данных и их недоступности в критические моменты. Представлен децентрализованный способ хранения данных пациента, которые могут использоваться для предотвращения проблем с безопасностью и недоступностью, блокчейн — распределенный и децентрализованный учет, содержащий связанные блоки транзакций. В отличие от других подходов к организации учета блокчейн гарантирует защиту памяти одобренных операций. Зберігання та обмін медичними даними є складним завданням. Незважаючи на різні типи даних, які можуть використовуватися на різних платформах, існує питання про безпеку зібраних даних. Зберігання даних традиційним способом може призвести до витоку даних та їх недоступності в критичні моменти. Подано децентралізований спосіб зберігання даних пацієнта, який може бути використаний для уникнення проблем із безпекою та недоступністю, блокчейн — розподілений та децентралізований облік, який містить зв'язані блоки транзакцій. На відміну від інших підходів до організації обліку блокчейн гарантує захист пам'яті схвалених операцій. The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 2017-09-29 Article Article application/pdf https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/117178 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2017.3.01 System research and information technologies; No. 3 (2017); 7-11 Системные исследования и информационные технологии; № 3 (2017); 7-11 Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології; № 3 (2017); 7-11 2308-8893 1681-6048 en https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/117178/111276 Copyright (c) 2021 System research and information technologies |
| spellingShingle | хмарні обчислення медичні записи розподілені бази даних комп'ютерні науки надання допомоги в режимі он-лайн зберігання даних сенсора Petrenko, Anatoly Kyslyi, Roman Pysmennyi, Ihor Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів |
| title | Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів |
| title_alt | Blockchain as a service for medical records Блокчейн как сервис для медицинских записей |
| title_full | Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів |
| title_fullStr | Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів |
| title_full_unstemmed | Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів |
| title_short | Блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів |
| title_sort | блокчейн як сервіс для медичних записів |
| topic | хмарні обчислення медичні записи розподілені бази даних комп'ютерні науки надання допомоги в режимі он-лайн зберігання даних сенсора |
| topic_facet | Cloud computing Medical records Distributed databases Computer science Online carehelping Sensor data storage облачные вычисления медицинские записи распределенные базы данных информатика помощь в онлайн-обслуживании хранение данных датчиков хмарні обчислення медичні записи розподілені бази даних комп'ютерні науки надання допомоги в режимі он-лайн зберігання даних сенсора |
| url | https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/117178 |
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