Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства
This paper considers the problem of the store, share, and reuse of organizational knowledge represented using business process models. Various studies related to managing large collections of business process models are reviewed. The core concept of Business Process Model Repository was outlined as...
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| author | Kopp, Andrii M. Orlovskyi, Dmytro L. |
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| description | This paper considers the problem of the store, share, and reuse of organizational knowledge represented using business process models. Various studies related to managing large collections of business process models are reviewed. The core concept of Business Process Model Repository was outlined as well as the reference architecture provided in related works. This research is focused on considering the Business Process Model Repository as part of the whole Architecture Repository defined in the field of Enterprise Architecture. The knowledge-based model used to store process models, as well as the similarity measure used to identify process models in the repository that are similar to a given process model or a fragment thereof are proposed. Besides that, the elaborated approach proposes the decision tree model for business process models classification according to the Enterprise Continuum concept of Enterprise Architecture, as well as the conceptual model of the Business Process Model Repository. The software prototype developed to implement the proposed approach was used to upload sample process models and estimate their similarity according to the Enterprise Continuum categories. The accuracy of the proposed similarity measure is analyzed for the different Enterprise Continuum categories of artifacts. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2018.4.04 |
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A.M. Kopp, D.L. Orlovskyi, 2018
48 ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2018, № 4
УДК 004.91
DOI: 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2018.4.04
ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF BUSINESS PROCESS
MODELS SIMILARITY IN ENTERPRISE CONTINUUM
REPOSITORY
A.M. KOPP, D.L. ORLOVSKYI
Abstract. This paper considers the problem of the store, share, and reuse of organ-
izational knowledge represented using business process models. Various studies re-
lated to managing large collections of business process models are reviewed. The
core concept of Business Process Model Repository was outlined as well as the ref-
erence architecture provided in related works. This research is focused on consider-
ing the Business Process Model Repository as part of the whole Architecture Re-
pository defined in the field of Enterprise Architecture. The knowledge-based model
used to store process models, as well as the similarity measure used to identify proc-
ess models in the repository that are similar to a given process model or a fragment
thereof are proposed. Besides that, the elaborated approach proposes the decision
tree model for business process models classification according to the Enterprise
Continuum concept of Enterprise Architecture, as well as the conceptual model of
the Business Process Model Repository. The software prototype developed to im-
plement the proposed approach was used to upload sample process models and esti-
mate their similarity according to the Enterprise Continuum categories. The accu-
racy of the proposed similarity measure is analyzed for the different Enterprise
Continuum categories of artifacts.
Keywords: business process model, similarity measure, organizational knowledge,
repository, enterprise continuum.
INTRODUCTION
At higher levels of BPM (Business Process Management) maturity, a lot of or-
ganizations tend to accumulate considerable amounts of business process models
[1]. Thus, business process model repositories might contain hundreds or even
thousands models represented using various modeling notations [2].
A Business Process Model Repository offers organizations a space for stor-
ing, maintaining, and changing process knowledge (business rules, relationships,
process elements, etc.) for future reuse. Also it enables business users to retrieve
process models for various purposes like understanding, updating, simulating, and
analyzing business process models [3]. The Business Process Model Repository
also might be considered as the software for storing, managing and sharing of
process models for future reuse [4].
Another area where the repository concept appears is EA (Enterprise Archi-
tecture). It is an important concept of an extremely popular architectural frame-
work TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework). The Architecture Re-
pository can be used to store diverse types of architectural outputs, each at
varying levels of abstraction [5]. Whereas TOGAF supports four architectural
domains, business process models belong to the Business Architecture domain.
Estimation and analysis of business process models similarity in enterprise continuum repository
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2018, № 4 49
Thus, to support an iterative cycle of business process models transformation
from reference models to organization-specific models and their further reuse as
building blocks, the Business Process Model Repository concept should be con-
sidered as part of the whole Architecture Repository.
Since business process modeling technique is used to describe knowledge
about organizational activities, the problem of store, share, and reuse of organiza-
tional knowledge, represented using business process models, becomes relevant.
Hence in this paper the similarity measure used to retrieve process models from
the repository in order to their further reuse in a business process continuous im-
provement cycle according to BPM concept is proposed.
RELATED WORK
In the study [6] authors noted that collections that contain hundreds or even thou-
sands of business process models become more common for organizations that
describe their operations in terms of business processes. They analyzed existing
business process model repositories, which provide specific functions for manag-
ing collections of process models, such as managing the consistency and extract-
ing knowledge from existing processes to better design new processes. As a re-
sult, they have proposed a framework for repositories that assists in managing
large collections of business process models.
Quite similar ideas of the Business Process Model Repository are shown in
papers [2, 3, 4]. Elias in [4] proposes the open and language-independent process
model repository, which allows any potential users to capture, share, and reuse of
process models. As the central function of the repository, author of [4] called sup-
porting reuse of process models among different stakeholders, across organiza-
tions and industries. Studies [3, 4] also provide requirements for the business
process models repository with considering its place and role in the BPM life-
cycle.
Authors of paper [2] proposed the reference architecture for the Business
Process Model Repository, which is based on analysis of existing solutions in this
field. This reference architecture includes four layers:
1. “Presentation Layer” provides user interface.
2. “Process Repository Management Layer” provides access management,
version control etc.
3. “Database Management Layer” provides basic functions of database man-
agement system.
4. “Storage Layer” provides storage of business process models.
As for EA, according to TOGAF the Architecture Repository concept is
tightly related to another architectural concept called Enterprise Continuum. This
concept explains how certain generic solutions can be customized and used as per
specific requirements of an organization. The Enterprise Continuum provides
a view of Architecture Repository that provides ways and techniques for classify-
ing architecture and other related artifacts as they transform from generic archi-
tecture to specific architectures that are suitable for specific needs of an organiza-
tion. This interaction allows stakeholders to use all architectural resources and
assets that are available in an organization-specific architecture. The Enterprise
A.M. Kopp, D.L. Orlovskyi
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2018, № 4 50
Continuum provides a very good context for understanding various architectural
models, the building blocks, and relationships between building blocks [5].
Scheme that represents the structure and relationships between the Architecture
Repository and Enterprise Continuum according to the TOGAF framework is
shown in Fig. 1 [7].
The problem of retrieving similar business process models from the reposi-
tory has been earlier considered in studies [1, 8, 9], which propose label simi-
larity, structural similarity, and behavioral similarity measures based on labels
comparison of business process models nodes. Authors of these papers discussed
the foundations of detecting and measuring similarity between business process
models described in BPMN (Business Process Modeling and Notation) and EPC
(Event-driven Process Chain) notations. In the survey on business process
similarity measures [10], Becker and Laue concluded that there is not a single
“perfect” similarity measure. They also gave some recommendations for the se-
lection of an appropriate similarity measure for different use cases.
Another interesting paper [11] considers not only similarity measures of
business process models, but also provides an approach to similarity search in
large business process model repositories. Proposed indexing approach is based
on metric trees, a hierarchical search structure that saves comparison operations
during search with nothing but a distance function at hand. Dijkman et al. have
also mentioned the ideas of similarity search of process models, which are based
on computationally inexpensive metrics, comparison of models’ fragments, and
clustering techniques [12].
PROPOSED APPROACH
Earlier we have proposed using of the knowledge representation model called
RDF (Resource Description Framework) to describe business process models that
are used to represent organizational activities [13]. The RDF model is based on
“subject-predicate-object” statements, which are convenient for machine process-
ing [14]. A set of such statements might be represented as a marked directed
graph.
Fig. 1. Structure and relationships between the Architecture Repository and Enterprise
Continuum
Estimation and analysis of business process models similarity in enterprise continuum repository
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2018, № 4 51
Proposed RDF Schema used to describe a business process model as the
RDF graph includes classes and properties (Fig. 2), such as:
1. “FlowObject” is the class that describes process flow objects, such as
functions (“Function” class), processes (“Process” class), events (“Event” class),
and gateways (“Gateway” class) related to each other using “isPredecessorOf”
property. Classes “DataStore” and “ExternalEntity” derived from the class
“Process” are used to provide description for business processes in DFD (Data
Flow Diagram) notation.
2. “OrganizationalUnit” is the class that describes organizational units, such
as departments (“Department” class) and positions (“Position” class) related to
functions and processes using “isPerformedBy” property.
3. “ApplicationSystem” is the class that describes supporting IT-systems re-
lated to functions and processes using “isSupportedBy” property.
4. “BusinessObject” is the class that describes domain objects that might be
considered as inputs (“requires” property), outputs (“produces” property), and
regulations (“isRegulatedBy” property) of functions and processes.
Maintenance of the repository of business process models, represented as
RDF graphs, might allow various possibilities, such as store and retrieve knowl-
edge about organizational activities, and its further reuse to design new or im-
prove existing business processes. Improvement of an existing organizational
business process, according to BPM concept, assumes selection of its design vari-
ants and further transformation using obtained recommendations.
Therefore, business process models that are similar to an existing business
process model should be retrieved from the Business Process Model Repository.
Hence, the similarity measure of two business process models 1BPModel and
2BPModel represented using RDF graphs is proposed:
21
121
1
1
),(
NN
BPModelBPModelBPModelSim
21 21
)()(1
12
21
2
FlowxFlowx FlowFlow xmxmNN
Fig. 2. Classes and properties of the proposed RDF Schema
A.M. Kopp, D.L. Orlovskyi
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2018, № 4 52
21 21
)()(1
12
21
3
OrgxOrgx OrgOrg xmxmFF
21 21
)()(1
12
21
4
AppxAppx AppApp xmxmFF
21 21
)()(1
11
21
5
InxInx InIn xmxmFF
21 21
)()(1
1
OutxOutx OutOut xmxm
,
)()(1
12
21 2121
6
RegxRegx RegReg xmxmFF
where i , 6,1i are the weights of structure similarity by size, control flow, or-
ganizational units, supporting IT-systems, regulation objects, input objects, and
output objects respectively, 1654321 ; iN is the set of
flow objects; iFlow is the multiset of tuples that contain in-degree and out-degree
values for each flow object (event, function, connector, etc.); iOrg , iApp , igRe ,
iIn , and iOut are the multisets of degree values for each function (or process)
with considering only organizational units, IT-systems, regulation objects, input
objects, and output objects respectively; )(xmA is the number of occurrences of
the element x in a certain multiset A .
For example, considered multisets for a given business process model
sampleBPModel shown in Fig. 3 will be the following:
},)0,1(,)1,2(,)1,1(,)1,1(,)2,1(,)1,1(,)1,1(,)1,1(,)1,1(,)1,0({sample Flow
},0,1,1,1{},1,1,1,1{ samplesample AppOrg
.,, samplesamplesample OutIngRe
Fig. 3. Sample business process model
Estimation and analysis of business process models similarity in enterprise continuum repository
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2018, № 4 53
Whereas known similarity measures of business process models [1, 8, 9]
contain difficulties of syntactic, semantic, and contextual label comparisons, pro-
posed measure is based on process model graph structural characteristics. More-
over, proposed measure allows configuring similarity degree according to specific
features of business process modeling notations. The corresponding values of
weights i , 6,1i that depend on notations used to describe the compared busi-
ness process models are shown in table 1. Those weights that are missing for a
certain notation (e. g., column that corresponds to BPMN contains only 1 and
2 weights) should be considered as zeros.
T a b l e 1 . Weights of the similarity measure components according to various
business process modeling notations
BPMN DFD eEPC IDEF0
Notation
1 2 1 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 3 4 5 6
BPMN 0,5 0,5 1 0 0,5 0,5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
DFD 1 0 0,5 0,5 0,5 0 0 0 0,5 0,5 0 0 0,5 0
eEPC 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,25 0
IDEF0 1 0 0,5 0,5 0,25 0 0,25 0,25 0,25 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Proposed similarity measure of business process models is normalized
]1,0[),( yxBPModelSim , symmetric ),(),( xyBPModelSimyxBPModelSim ,
and reflexive 1),( xxBPModelSim , where x stands for an existing business
process model and y is a model retrieved from the business process model re-
pository.
Since the similarity measure of business process models is normalized, its
values might be evaluated using the Harrington’s desirability function and the
corresponding scale [15]. Mapping categories of Harrington’s scale to categories
of architectural artifacts provided by the TOGAF Enterprise Continuum allows
classifying business process models as they transform from generic models to or-
ganization-specific models in the following manner by applying the decision tree
model shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Decision tree model for business process models classification
A.M. Kopp, D.L. Orlovskyi
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2018, № 4 54
Proposed decision tree model was built using the machine learning algorithm
CTree which is implemented in the R programming language and serves as the
implementation of conditional inference trees method [16].
In the context of business process modeling, we assume artifacts as business
process models provided using various notations and languages and then trans-
lated into the corresponding RDF graphs according to the proposed RDF Schema
(Fig. 2). Therefore, proposed conceptual model of the Business Process Model
Repository is shown in Fig. 5.
This model is based on the Repository Pattern that acts as a collection of ar-
tifacts [5]. As it is shown, the Business Process Model Repository might be con-
sidered as the concrete implementation of the Architecture Repository provided
by TOGAF. According to this model, proposed similarity measure might be used
to find process models in the repository that are similar to a given process model
or a fragment thereof. Classification of a found business process model according
to the Enterprise Continuum categories of artifacts (from foundation to organiza-
tion-specific assets) is provided by the decision tree model (Fig. 4).
RESULTS
Proposed conceptual model of the Business Process Model Repository was used
to implement the prototype of such tool using the Java-based open source library
Apache Jena [17]. This library was used as the RDF triples storage and the
framework to operate the set of business process models described using RDF
graphs according to the RDF Schema shown in Fig. 2.
Since the version control of the Business Process Model Repository content
is one of the basic requirements [3, 4], we used the distributed version control
system Git in order to satisfy this requirement and provide maintenance of several
versions of business process models [18]. The architecture of the Business Process
Model Repository implementation is shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 5. Proposed conceptual model of the Business Process Model Repository
Estimation and analysis of business process models similarity in enterprise continuum repository
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2018, № 4 55
The software prototype developed to implement the Business Process Model
Repository was used to translate into RDF graphs and upload 73 business process
models provided by the business diagramming software vendors Conceptdraw,
EDraw, and MyDraw on their websites. Proposed similarity measure was used to
find similar business process models among the considered 73 models (including
20 eEPC models, 25 BPMN models, and 28 DFD models). The Rand index [19]
accuracy values were calculated in order to validate proposed similarity measure
by comparing it with the similarities based on business process model metrics:
size, density, and coefficient of network connectivity [20]. Moreover, the accu-
racy values were defined for each similarity threshold according to the proposed
classification (see Fig. 5). These results are outlined in Table 2.
T a b l e 2 . Accuracy and estimation of similar business process models
Artifacts categories Size Density Connectivity Similar models
Foundation 0,51 0,5 0,48 55,49%
Common Systems 0,82 0,78 0,77 24,26%
Industry 0,98 0,91 0,92 7,19%
Organization-Specific 0,98 0,92 0,93 4,79%
Obtained results demonstrate decrease of the number of similar pairs of
models and growth of accuracy during the transition from foundation to organiza-
tion-specific categories according to the TOGAF Enterprise Continuum. The val-
ues shown in Table 2 demonstrate correctness of the proposed similarity measure
since its accuracy grows according to the Enterprise Continuum categories – from
generic to specific artifacts.
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have proposed the similarity measure between business process
models. In contrast with already known measures based on labels comparison
[1, 8, 9], it uses graph structural characteristics to define similarity of business
Fig. 6. Architecture of the Business Process Model Repository implementation
A.M. Kopp, D.L. Orlovskyi
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2018, № 4 56
process models described using various modeling notations and standards. Be-
sides, proposed measure allows considering similarity not only by the process
flow objects, but also by the organizational units, supporting IT-systems, and
business objects. Proposed measure could be used to identify process models in
the repository, which are similar to a given process model or a fragment thereof.
Proposed conceptual model of the Business Process Model Repository is
based on the TOGAF framework in order to provide interoperability with the
whole Architecture Repository and Enterprise Continuum. Being the concrete
implementation of the Architecture Repository, proposed conceptual model of the
Business Process Model Repository uses the RDF Schema (Fig. 2) and decision
tree model (Fig. 4) to provide structure and classification for stored business
process models according to the Enterprise Continuum concept.
Proposed similarity measure was used to estimate similarity of the sample
business process models in order to analyze accuracy of this measure while going
from the foundation to organization-specific categories of the stored artifacts ac-
cording to the TOGAF Enterprise Continuum.
Future work includes additional consideration of the business process models
similarity search technique that should be elaborated taking into account a large
collection of business process models stored in the repository in which pairwise
comparison of models is not feasible due to performance reasons.
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Received 31.10.2018
From the Editorial Board: the article corresponds completely to submitted
manuscript.
|
| id | journaliasakpiua-article-146128 |
| institution | System research and information technologies |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:24:09Z |
| publishDate | 2018 |
| publisher | The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | journaliasakpiua/25/a10dff8809cff34235ccc0e073a2a225.pdf |
| spelling | journaliasakpiua-article-1461282019-04-26T15:57:21Z Estimation and analysis of business process models similarity in enterprise continuum repository Оценка и анализ сходства моделей бизнес-процессов в репозитории континуума предприятия Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства Kopp, Andrii M. Orlovskyi, Dmytro L. business process model similarity measure organizational knowledge repository enterprise continuum модель бизнес-процесса мера сходства организационные знания репозиторий континуум предприятия модель бізнес-процесу міра подібності організаційні знання репозиторій континуум підприємства This paper considers the problem of the store, share, and reuse of organizational knowledge represented using business process models. Various studies related to managing large collections of business process models are reviewed. The core concept of Business Process Model Repository was outlined as well as the reference architecture provided in related works. This research is focused on considering the Business Process Model Repository as part of the whole Architecture Repository defined in the field of Enterprise Architecture. The knowledge-based model used to store process models, as well as the similarity measure used to identify process models in the repository that are similar to a given process model or a fragment thereof are proposed. Besides that, the elaborated approach proposes the decision tree model for business process models classification according to the Enterprise Continuum concept of Enterprise Architecture, as well as the conceptual model of the Business Process Model Repository. The software prototype developed to implement the proposed approach was used to upload sample process models and estimate their similarity according to the Enterprise Continuum categories. The accuracy of the proposed similarity measure is analyzed for the different Enterprise Continuum categories of artifacts. Рассмотрена проблема хранения, обмена и повторного использования организационных знаний, представленных при помощи моделей бизнес-процессов. Выполнен обзор исследований, посвященных управлению большими коллекциями моделей бизнес-процессов. Оценены основы концепции репозитория моделей бизнес-процессов и эталонная архитектура, определенная в исследованиях по данному направлению. Исследование базируется на рассмотрении репозитория моделей бизнес-процессов как составной части архитектурного репозитория, определенного в области архитектуры предприятия. Предложена модель представления знаний, предназначенная для хранения моделей процессов, и мера сходства для идентификации моделей процессов в репозитории, схожих с заданной моделью процесса или ее фрагментом. Предложены модель дерева решений для классификации моделей бизнес-процессов в соответствии с концепцией континуума архитектуры предприятия и концептуальная модель репозитория моделей бизнес-процессов. Разработанный прототип программного обеспечения, реализующий предложенный подход, использовался для загрузки примеров моделей бизнес-процессов и оценки их сходства в соответствии с категориями континуума предприятия. Проанализирована точность предложенной меры сходства для различных категорий артефактов континуума предприятия. Розглянуто проблему зберігання, обміну та повторного використання організаційних знань, поданих за допомогою моделей бізнес-процесів. Виконано огляд досліджень, присвячених управлінню великими колекціями моделей бізнес-процесів. Оцінено основи концепції репозиторію моделей бізнес-процесів та еталонну архітектуру, визначену у дослідженнях за цим напрямом. Дослідження ґрунтується на розгляді репозиторію моделей бізнес-процесів як складової частини архітектурного репозиторію, визначеного в галузі архітектури підприємства. Запропоновано модель подання знань, призначену для зберігання моделей процесів, та міру подібності для ідентифікації моделей процесів у репозиторії, подібних до заданої моделі процесу або її фрагмента. Запропоновано також модель дерева рішень для класифікації моделей бізнес-процесів відповідно до концепції континууму архітектури підприємства та концептуальну модель репозиторію моделей бізнес-процесів. Розроблений прототип програмного забезпечення, що реалізовує пропонований підхід, використовувався для завантаження прикладів моделей бізнес-процесів та оцінювання їх подібності згідно з категоріями континууму підприємства. Проаналізовано точність запропонованої міри подібності для різних категорій артефактів континууму підприємства. The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 2018-12-18 Article Article application/pdf https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/146128 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2018.4.04 System research and information technologies; No. 4 (2018); 48-57 Системные исследования и информационные технологии; № 4 (2018); 48-57 Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології; № 4 (2018); 48-57 2308-8893 1681-6048 en https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/146128/151391 Copyright (c) 2021 System research and information technologies |
| spellingShingle | модель бізнес-процесу міра подібності організаційні знання репозиторій континуум підприємства Kopp, Andrii M. Orlovskyi, Dmytro L. Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства |
| title | Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства |
| title_alt | Estimation and analysis of business process models similarity in enterprise continuum repository Оценка и анализ сходства моделей бизнес-процессов в репозитории континуума предприятия |
| title_full | Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства |
| title_fullStr | Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства |
| title_full_unstemmed | Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства |
| title_short | Оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства |
| title_sort | оцінювання та аналіз подібності моделей бізнес-процесів у репозиторії континууму підприємства |
| topic | модель бізнес-процесу міра подібності організаційні знання репозиторій континуум підприємства |
| topic_facet | business process model similarity measure organizational knowledge repository enterprise continuum модель бизнес-процесса мера сходства организационные знания репозиторий континуум предприятия модель бізнес-процесу міра подібності організаційні знання репозиторій континуум підприємства |
| url | https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/146128 |
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