Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства
This research introduces a groundbreaking approach to significantly enhance the performance of navigation radars under adverse weather conditions. Traditional ship radars, relying on horizontal polarization, encounter difficulties in effectively suppressing rain interference. In response, this study...
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System research and information technologies| _version_ | 1866302942143840256 |
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| author | Stetsenko, Maksym Melnyk, Oleksiy Vorokhobin, Igor Korban, Dmytro Onishchenko, Oleg Ternovsky, Valentin Ivanova, Iryna |
| author_facet | Stetsenko, Maksym Melnyk, Oleksiy Vorokhobin, Igor Korban, Dmytro Onishchenko, Oleg Ternovsky, Valentin Ivanova, Iryna |
| author_sort | Stetsenko, Maksym |
| baseUrl_str | http://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2024-08-11T01:12:49Z |
| description | This research introduces a groundbreaking approach to significantly enhance the performance of navigation radars under adverse weather conditions. Traditional ship radars, relying on horizontal polarization, encounter difficulties in effectively suppressing rain interference. In response, this study proposed an innovative method employing circular polarization for detecting navigation targets. This technique capitalizes on the distinct polarization properties exhibited by stable navigation targets and fluctuating interfering objects. Theoretical analysis and model experiments substantiate consistent ellipticity parameter values of scattered waves, independent of rain intensity, for both rain interferers and surface metallic objects. The practical implications of our research are highly promising. They enable detection irrespective of the noise-to-signal ratio by integrating an additional channel of circularly polarized waves and applying straightforward mathematical functions. This advancement marks a significant stride towards overcoming the challenges posed by rainy conditions in maritime navigation radar systems. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.03 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:28:24Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova, 2024
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 35
UDC 621.396.96:629.12
DOI: 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.03
POLARIZATION-BASED TARGET DETECTION APPROACH TO
ENHANCE SMALL SURFACE OBJECT IDENTIFICATION
ENSURING NAVIGATION SAFETY
M. STETSENKO, O. MELNYK, I. VOROKHOBIN, D. KORBAN,
O. ONISHCHENKO, V. TERNOVSKY, I. IVANOVA
Abstract. This research introduces a groundbreaking approach to significantly en-
hance the performance of navigation radars under adverse weather conditions. Tra-
ditional ship radars, relying on horizontal polarization, encounter difficulties in ef-
fectively suppressing rain interference. In response, this study proposed an
innovative method employing circular polarization for detecting navigation targets.
This technique capitalizes on the distinct polarization properties exhibited by stable
navigation targets and fluctuating interfering objects. Theoretical analysis and model
experiments substantiate consistent ellipticity parameter values of scattered waves,
independent of rain intensity, for both rain interferers and surface metallic objects.
The practical implications of our research are highly promising. They enable detec-
tion irrespective of the noise-to-signal ratio by integrating an additional channel of
circularly polarized waves and applying straightforward mathematical functions.
This advancement marks a significant stride towards overcoming the challenges
posed by rainy conditions in maritime navigation radar systems.
Keywords: safety of shipping, navigational safety, maritime transportation, radar in-
terference, unfavorable weather conditions, rain and snow interference suppression,
navigational targets, automonous surface vehicles, radiolocation principles, ship de-
tection principles framework, radar accuracy.
INTRODUCTION
In today’s global transportation landscape, approximately 80% of cargo is trans-
ported via oceangoing vessels, constituting a fleet of nearly 100 thousand units.
Given this extensive maritime activity, ensuring navigation safety is paramount
and involves adherence to specific technical requisites and construction guide-
lines. Central to these regulations is the inclusion of a navigation radar as standard
equipment aboard seagoing vessels, serving as a critical tool for safeguarding
navigation. The operator’s ability to make precise decisions regarding vessel posi-
tioning, collision avoidance, and grounding prevention hinges significantly on the
accuracy of radar-derived data.
Regrettably, the quality of data received is not consistently optimal. Opera-
tors frequently encounter challenges, particularly in adverse weather conditions
such as heavy seas, rain, and snow. These atmospheric conditions introduce inter-
ference that affects radar performance. Presently, there exist various methods to
mitigate rain and snow interference. The hardware approach employs a gain func-
tion, enabling operators to manually adjust signal strength to filter out low-
amplitude signals. However, this manual intervention often results in unintended
consequences, potentially filtering useful signals from small surface targets like
small boats and floating objects.
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 36
To address this dilemma, contemporary radars employ algorithms designed
to suppress rain and snow interference. Typically, interference from precipitation
follows an even distribution pattern. The intensity of interference correlates with
the severity of rain or snowfall. This interference can be effectively suppressed
using a Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR) approach. In low-resolution radars,
the interference probability density aligns with a Rayleigh distribution. In high-
resolution radars, it can be modeled by a Weibull distribution.
The CFAR mechanism enables the adjustment of interference control
thresholds, allowing for a specified false alarm rate and enhancing target tracking
capabilities. However, in scenarios where substantial noise fluctuations occur, the
likelihood of false alarms rises. To sustain a consistent false alarm rate, it be-
comes imperative to elevate the detection threshold proportionally, subsequently
augmenting the input signal-to-noise ratio. This adaptation, while crucial, does
introduce a trade-off in the form of a potential loss of the consistent false alarm
rate (LCFAR).
The literature review encompasses a diverse array of sources that signifi-
cantly contribute to the radar technology field. Bohren and Huffman’s seminal
work, “Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles” (1998), provides
fundamental insights into the behavior of light with small particles. Their earlier
1983 paper underscores their enduring impact in the field. Reference [2] intro-
duces a signal processing algorithm specifically tailored for ship navigation radar,
with a focus on azimuth distance monitoring. Scientific work [3] delves into po-
larization invariants within the scattering matrix, emphasizing stability in aperture
synthesis. Paper [4] critically distinguishes between forward propagation and
backscattering in formulating the proper polarimetric scattering matrix for radar
systems. Reference [5] demonstrates the practical application of polarimetric ra-
dar technology in target detection through a method based on polarimetric Syn-
thetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Source [6] lays the foundation for understanding
radiolocation principles, potentially exploring pivotal concepts and theoretical
frameworks. Paper [7] centers on antenna miniaturization for radiolocation, sug-
gesting advancements in antenna technology for enhanced radiolocation applica-
tions. Source [8] introduces a novel radiolocation method applicable to depth es-
timation, with potential applications in groundwater level analysis. Reference [9]
discusses beamforming techniques within radio-telescope technology, signifying
its relevance in radiolocation applications. Study [10] offers insights into radio-
location experiments within urban environments, potentially addressing chal-
lenges specific to this setting. Papers [11; 12] explore the directional radio re-
sponse of a specific device guided by radiolocation, potentially contributing to
advancements in device localization. They also introduce an algorithm for simul-
taneous radiolocation of multiple sources, indicating advancements in source lo-
calization techniques. Works [13; 14] present lightweight radar-based ship detec-
tion frameworks, potentially offering innovative methods for ship detection. They
propose a unified approach to ship detection, combining optical and radar data,
potentially advancing ship detection methods. Source [15] introduces a novel ap-
proach for estimating ship speed and heading using radar sequential images, po-
tentially advancing ship tracking technology. Articles [16–18; 43] discuss inshore
ship detection methods based on multi-modality saliency, potentially enhancing
ship detection accuracy. They present a network designed for small ship detection
in synthetic aperture radar imagery, indicating progress in ship detection algo-
rithms. Additionally, they introduce a method for assessing the motion state of
Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 37
ships and selecting appropriate radar imaging algorithms, potentially improving
ship detection accuracy. Source [19] delves into calibration methods involving
ground-based, ship-based, and spaceborne radars, potentially enhancing radar ac-
curacy. In [20], the authors focus on estimating ship berthing parameters using a
fusion of Multi-LiDAR and MMW radar data, potentially advancing ship docking
technology. Articles [21–23] underscore the critical role of situational awareness
in ensuring ship safety, addressing the optimization of ship speed for secure heavy
cargo transportation under diverse weather conditions, and exploring the concept
of autonomous ships and their steering control using mathematical models. Works
[24–27] present assessment methodologies based on Markov models for naviga-
tional safety, offering a comprehensive approach to evaluating the vulnerability of
critical ship equipment and systems. They examine information security risks in
shipping to ensure safety in maritime transportation and investigate the environ-
mental impact of ship operation in relation to efficient freight transportation. In
[28–30], discussions encompass the use of fuzzy controllers in ship motion con-
trol systems for automation, the identification of energy-efficient operation modes
for propulsion electrical motors in autonomous swimming apparatus, and the
presentation of a straightforward technique for identifying parameters of vessel
models.
Papers [31–33] introduce a decision support system concept for designing
combined propulsion systems, explore challenges in creating energy-efficient po-
sitioning systems for multipurpose sea vessels, and investigate risk management
mechanisms in higher education institutions using innovative project information
support. Work [34] discusses a method for managing human resources in educa-
tional projects of higher education institutions. The article [35] focuses on model-
ing the creation of organizational energy-entropy. In [36], a model for creating a
roadmap for enterprise development is constructed and analyzed. In [37], the dy-
namics of project portfolio structure in organizational development are examined,
considering information entropy resistance. A model depicting the energy entropy
dynamics of organizations is constructed and investigated in [38]. Studies on var-
ious forms of cooperation among participants in inland waterways cargo delivery
in the Dnieper region and the development of a strategy for modernizing passen-
ger ships by optimizing fund distribution are presented in [39; 40].
Recent advancements in system research and information technologies high-
light significant developments across various domains where [41] introduced a
novel modified kernel fuzzy c-means algorithm to enhance the detection of cotton
leaf spots, demonstrating improved accuracy in agricultural diagnostics. The au-
thors in [42] developed a multi-level decision-making framework for predicting
and recommending treatments for heart-related diseases, providing a robust tool
for healthcare applications. The work [43] proposed an interval type-2 generaliz-
ing fuzzy model for monitoring the states of complex systems using expert
knowledge and [44; 45] applied optimal set partitioning theory to solve problems
in artificial intelligence and pattern recognition, advancing methodologies in AI
research.
In light of the aforementioned considerations, the research aims to enhance
radar detection of navigation entities amidst atmospheric precipitation, irrespec-
tive of its intensity. A novel approach is proposed, focusing on recognizing and
categorizing the polarization attributes of partially polarized waves to augment
the information capacity of electromagnetic waves. This approach draws from
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 38
successful applications of statistical methods in the polarization analysis of rain
clouds and precipitation, providing a basis for extending this methodology to the
complex task of detecting and tracking intricate objects. By “complex object”, we
refer to a navigational entity situated against a backdrop of spatially dispersed
reflectors that remain consistent throughout radar observations. The primary ob-
jective of this study is to establish a statistical correlation between the invariant
characteristics of a polarized electromagnetic wave and an object on the sea sur-
face, enveloped by spatially distributed reflectors like rain or other forms of pre-
cipitation. Resolving this requires determining the Stokes parameters for the scat-
tered wave upon irradiation of the complex object. This transition from the energy
traits to informative parameters such as polarization degree, azimuth, and elliptic-
ity of the polarized wave holds significant promise.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
To describe all possible polarization states of a quasimonochromatic plane wave,
four Stokes parameters can be used, which are determined through the compo-
nents of the transverse electric field.
Let us write the electric vector of a plane monochromatic homogeneous
wave in the form
2 ] [
)
(
)
(
yx
z
ti
y
z
ti
xyx eAeAEEE
,
where yx AA , denote amplitudes, and yx , denote phases of the components
of plane wave.
Time-averaged values for the amplitude and phase of the parallel and transverse
components of the vector E
determine the known Stokes parameters I, Q, U, V:
,)()( 2222
tAtAEEI yxyx
,)()( 2222
tAtAEEQ yxyx
)] ()([ coscos)()(2)( ** tttAtAEEEEU yxyxxyyx ,
)]()([sin)()(2)( ** tttAtAEEEEiV yxyxxyyx ,
where the * sign means the complex conjugate, and the angle brackets mean time
averaging: ... )(
1
)(
0
2 dtt
T
tA
T
x .
The first component of the Stokes vector I characterizes the intensity of the
light flux, the second component Q characterizes the degree of polarization
(Fig. 1) [1; 2]. V component defines the direction of rotation of the polarization
ellipse: a positive sign means right-handed rotation, and a negative sign means
left-handed. The components of the Stokes vector are associated with ellipsomet-
ric parameters and have the following properties:
Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 39
222,0 VUQII ,
Q
U
2tg ; ,2tg
22 UQ
V
where is the azimuth; tg is the ellipticity of the polarized wave
.
44
It is known that the Stokes parameters of a scattered wave are determined by
the Muller scattering matrix. In general terms, the model of scattering of an elec-
tromagnetic wave by an arbitrary surface is described by the operator equation:
,0SMS
where Т
00000 },,,{ UVUIS is Stokes vector of incident radiation;
Т},,,{ UVUIS is the Stokes vector of scattered radiation; M is the scattering
matrix characterizing the reflective properties of the scattering surface and the
angle of incidence of the electromagnetic wave [2; 3; 4].
To compose the matrix of the linear scattering operator M, we consider the trans-
formation of the components of the Stokes vector of the incident radiation according to
the Fresnel formulas.
The intensities of the incident and scattered radiation are defined as
,;
2222
0
refl
y
refl
x
inc
y
inc
x EEIEEI
where ,inc
xE inc
yE are the projections of the vector incE
)( yx iEEE
on the
axis perpendicular to the direction of the incident electromagnetic wave space;
alternatively, are the projections of scattered wave.
Fig. 1. Polarization ellipse of an electromagnetic wave
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 40
In turn, the amplitude Fresnel coefficients
inc
x
refl
x
E
E
1 and
inc
y
refl
y
E
E
2 are
equal to the ratio of the amplitudes of the reflected and incident electromagnetic
waves parallel and perpendicular to the scattering plane, respectively [4].
For the coefficients 1 and 2 the following expressions are true:
,
) sinsin( coscos
) sinsin( coscos
coscos coscos
coscos coscos
2
1
2
211
2
1
2
212
12
12
1
mmmm
mmmm
mm
mm
(1)
,
) sinsin( coscos
) sinsin( coscos
coscos coscos
coscos coscos
2
1
2
221
2
1
2
221
21
21
2
mmmm
mmmm
mm
mm
(2)
where 1m is the complex refractive index of the first medium; 2m is the complex
refractive index of the second medium; is the angle of incidence of the elec-
tromagnetic wave; φ is the angle of refraction of the electromagnetic wave.
Given the law of refraction for the refraction angle we write:
sinsin sinsin
2
1
m
m
;
2
2
1 sinsin1 coscos
m
m
.
Since inc
x
refl
x EE 1 and ,2
inc
y
refl
y EE it yields
.
22
2
22
1
2
2
2
1
inc
y
inc
x
inc
y
inc
x EEEEI
Let us express ,
2inc
xE
2inc
yE through the components I0, Q0 of the incident
wave Stokes vector. Since ,
22
0 yx EEI ,
22
0 yx EEQ then
,
2
00
2 QI
Einc
x
2
00
2 QI
Einc
y
.
Hence,
)(
2
1
)(
2
1
22
2
2
2
10
2
2
2
10
002
2
002
1
QI
QIQI
I .
The second component of the Stokes vector of the scattered radiation is
expressed through the components of the Stokes vector of the incident radiation
as follows:
22
2
22
1
2
2
2
1
inc
y
inc
x
inc
y
inc
x EEEEQ
)(
2
1
)(
2
1 2
2
2
10
2
2
2
10 QI .
Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 41
We express the third component U of the Stokes vector through the compo-
nents of the Stokes vector of the incident radiation:
0
*
120
*
21 ) () ( VUU .
And finally, for the fourth component of the Stokes vector of reflected radia-
tion, we write
0
*
210
*
21 ) () ( VUV .
Thus, for the Stokes vector of scattered radiation, the following expression is
obtained:
)(
2
1
) (
2
1
)(
2
1 2
2
2
10
2
2
2
10
2
2
2
10 IQIS
) () () () ) ((
2
1
0
*
210
*
210
*
120
*
21
2
2
2
10 VUVUQ .
We compose the Mueller scattering matrix for reflective metal surfaces:
) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( 4443343322211211 MMMMMMMMM ,
where
;
2
2
2
2
1
2211
MM ;
2
2
2
2
1
2112
MM
)( *
124433 MM , ) ( *
124334 MM .
Mueller scattering matrix for a raindrop with a spherical shape
It is convenient to decompose the vector of the incident electric field incE into
parallel incE and perpendicular incE components, and present the relationship
between the incident and scattered fields in the matrix form:
) ( ) ( ) ( 1432
)(
incinc
zrik
reflrefl EESSSS
ikr
e
EE
, (3)
where k is the wave vector, r is the path travelled by the wave, and jS
)4 ,3 ,2, 1( j are the elements of the amplitude scattering matrix that depend on
the scattering angle θ and azimuth .
Then, for scattering of an electromagnetic wave by a spherical particle, tak-
ing into account the principle of reciprocity, expression (3) can be written as
) )( 0 0 ( ) ( 12
)(
incinc
zrik
reflrefl EEAA
ikr
e
EE
, (4)
where
))(12(
2
1
1 nn
n
banA ; (5)
).coscos())(12(
2
1
2
nn
n
n
banA (6)
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 42
In formulas (5), (6), the coefficients of the scattering series na and nb are
found using the following expressions:
)()()()(
)()()()(
mxxxmxm
mxmxxmxm
a
nnnn
nnnn
n
;
)()()()(
)()()()(
mxxmxmx
mxmxmmxmx
b
nnnn
nnnn
n
,
where )( xn , )(xn are the Riccati–Bessel functions, and x and m denote the
diffraction parameter and relative refractive index, respectively.
Where in
am
kax 22
; (7)
2
1
m
m
m , (8)
where a is the particle radius, 1m and 2m are the refractive indices of the
particle and medium (air), respectively.
We expand the functions included in the coefficients na and nb in the pow-
er series and save only the terms of order 6x . The first four obtained coefficients
are as follows:
;
2
1
9
4
)2(
)1)(2(
5
2
2
1
3
2
2
2
26
22
225
2
23
1
m
mx
m
mmxi
m
mxi
a
)1(
45
2
5
1 m
ix
b ; ;
32
1
15 2
25
2
m
mix
a .01 b
Scattering plane
Incident beam
Particle
Fig. 2. Interaction processes
Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 43
If 1xm , then 11 ab ; under this assumption, the elements of the ampli-
tude matrix up to terms of the order of 3x are equal to
aA
2
3
1 , (9)
coscos
2
3
12 aA , (10)
2
1
3
2
2
23
1
m
mxi
a . (11)
From (4) follows the relation connecting the Stokes parameters of the inci-
dent and scattered electromagnetic waves:
) ( ssss VUQI
), ( ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (
1
333434331112121122 iiii VUQISSSSSSSS
rk
where
,)(
2
1 2
1
2
211 SSS )(
2
1 2
1
2
212 SSS ,
)(
2
1
121233
SSSSS , )(
2
*
12
*
2134 SSSS
i
S .
In view of (9), (10), the scattering matrix for a spherical particle takes the
form
coscos 0 0 0 0 coscos 0 0 0 0) 1(
2
1
) 1(
2
1
0 0) 1 (
2
1
) 1(
2
1
4
9
22
2
rk
a
. (12)
Note that if the incident electromagnetic wave of intensity I0 is not polarized,
then the law of Rayleigh scattering determines the intensity of the scattered wave
from (12):
0
2
2
2
24
6
2
4
)1(
2
18
I
m
m
r
am
I
.
The relationship between the rain intensity and the radius of the drops is
conveniently represented as an empirical function of the average size distribution
of raindrops, and written as follows:
,1)(
a
eaF (13)
where the function )(aF characterizes that part of the total volume of water that
falls on drops of radius from 0 to a; η is the constant equal to 2.25.
The parameter depends on the rain intensity rI as listed below:
74.222.289.161.13.111.1
25100.55.20.15.0/,
hourmmIr
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 44
Determining the complex refractive index of water and metal object
The complex refractive index and the complex dielectric constant are related to
each other as follows:
;; 2mi (14)
,m n i (15)
where is the real part of the complex dielectric constant and is the imagi-
nary part of it, n is the refractive index, is the extinction coefficient.
From (14), (15) we obtain following expressions:
22 n ; ;2 n
2
2 1
1 1 ;
2
n
(16)
.
2n
(17)
In order to use formulas (14) and (15) for calculating complex refractive in-
dex of water drop, we need to look at dipole theory.
According to the Debye dipole theory, the real part of the complex dielectric
constant is expressed by the following formula:
,
1
ε
ε 2
2
02
0
s
n
n (18)
and the imaginary part is
,
1
2
2
00
s
s n
(19)
where 0n is the optical refractive index, ε0 is the permittivity of free space, is
the wavelength, and s is the so-called “shocks wave” which corresponds to the
maximum value of the imaginary part of the dielectric constant.
Numerous measurements show that 8.800 , 8.12
0 n and 6.1s .
Above expressions allow to calculate complex refractive index for water drop.
For metal object, complex refractive index is often expressed as
0
0
0
2
2
f
i
m , (20)
where f is the wave frequency, σ is the relative conductivity of a material, µ is the
relative permeability of a material, µ0 is the magnetic permeability of free space,
6
0 102566.1 H/m.
Neglecting the real part in (20), which is true for navigation radar frequen-
cies, complex refractive index for metal objects is obtained as follows:
Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 45
0
02
f
i
m . (21)
Generalized Muller matrix for a composite target
Suppose that against the background of precipitation in the form of rain with in-
tensity rI , there is a navigational target, the radar cross-section (RCS) of which is
less than or comparable with the total RCS of rain drops. In this case, expression
(4) in Cartesian dimensions is written as follows:
) 0 0 ( ) 0 0 ( ) ( 2112
1
)(
AA
ikr
e
EE
N
l
zrik
refl
y
refl
x
) () coscos sinsin sinsin coscos( incinc EE , (22)
where N is the number of rain drops in the irradiated volume, is the azimuth.
It is easy to determine the number N from the considerations that in one cu-
bic meter the number of raindrops and drizzle drops rarely exceeds 1000. Then
for N we find,
,
4
500][1000
22
c
A
r
VN irr
where irrV is the irradiated volume, A is the effective area of the radar antenna, с
is the speed of light, τ is the duration of the probe pulse, and ][ sign denotes
ceiling function.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Using formulas (7)–(11) and (13)–(19), we have estimated numeric values of re-
fraction and extinction parameters as well as scattering coefficient 1a for a typical
rain drop sizes. Results are summarized in Table 1 for both X-band and S-band
radar frequencies.
As expected, extinction and scattering rise with the carrier frequency. Within
same wavelength, size of rain drop is directly proportional to the scattered wave
amplitude.
T a b l e 1 . Influence of raindrop size on permittivity, refraction, extinction, and
scattering coefficient for X-band and S-band radar frequencies
a, mm a1 λ, cm ε m2
1.5 3.794·10-4 + 0.02i
2 8.994·10-4 + 0.047i
3 3.035·10-3 + 0.159i
3 63.461 32.803 81 8.213 − 1.997i
1.5 3.072·10-6 + 5.379·10-4i
2 7.282·10-5 + 1.913·10-3i
3 2.458·10-5 + 4.564·10-3i
10 79.023 12.324 81 8.916 − 0.691i
As an example, let us calculate the scattering matrix for 1 m3 of rain drops
with radius of 1.5 mm irradiated by plain wave with wavelength of 3 cm and
scattering angle 0 over the time . Refractive index for air is 11 m .
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 46
Muller matrix coefficients have been obtained as follows:
0 0 045.0 526.892(
1
) (
22rk
VUQI ssss
). )(526.892 0 0 0 0 526.892 0 0 0 0 526.892 045.0 iiii VUQI (23)
As can be seen from (23), scattering matrix has six nonzero elements, and
only two independent ones. Since the main contribution is done by diagonal ele-
ments of the matrix, we can consider it diagonal.
Now, if radar beam will meet a metal object, the scattering matrix (23) will
transform in new one:
0 0 684.59 587.891 0 0 0 0 583.893 126.1 0 0 126.1 583.893(
1
) (
22rk
VUQI ssss
). )(587.891 684.59 iiii VUQI (24)
Numerical values of 1 and 2 from (22) were obtained using formulas (20),
(1) and (2). In (20), the relative conductivity was taken 7690000 Ohm 11m ,
and the relative permeability of the metal material is 100 (carbon steel).
It can be seen from (24), another pair of nonzero elements has appeared.
This suggests practical improvement of the navigation target detection method.
By determining ellipsometric parameters of the scattered wave within radar’s sig-
nal processing algorithm, target existence would be discovered easily.
For this purpose, circular polarized (CP) or 45 polarized ( 45 P)
incident probing radiation is required. As can be seen from Table 2, CP and
45 P X-band probing results in zero values for azimuth and ellipticity
irrespective to the rain intensity, if target is not available. However, presence of
target results in nonzero values for those two parameters.
T a b l e 2 . Ellipsometric parameters of scattered circular and 45° polarized 3
cm waves at different environmental and navigational conditions
Ir, mm/hour 0.5 1 2.5 5
Azimuth (CP) 0 0 0 0
Rain
Ellipticity (CP, ±45°P) 0 0 0 0
Azimuth (CP) 2 2.1 2.2 2.5
Rain + object
Ellipticity (CP, ±45°P) 0.134 0.056 0.029 0.017
Improving navigation safety through statistical target detection in atmos-
pheric precipitation involves the use of advanced radar technologies and data pro-
cessing techniques. For Maritime Autonomous Ships (MAAS) in particular, this
approach can significantly improve situational awareness and collision avoidance
capabilities:
Advanced radar systems. MAAS are equipped with advanced radar sys-
tems capable of operating in a variety of weather conditions, including rain and
snow. These radars utilize special technologies to distinguish between real targets
(such as other vessels) and interference caused by precipitation.
Statistical signal processing. This method is based on statistical signal
processing algorithms. These algorithms analyse radar signals and use statistical
models to distinguish between real targets and interference caused by precipitation.
Statistical models are created based on extensive data analysis and experimentation.
Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 47
Constant False Alarm Rate (CFAR). A key component of this method is
the use of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) technology. CFAR algorithms dy-
namically adjust the target detection threshold based on the statistics of received
radar signals. This maintains a constant false alarm rate even in the presence of
interference.
Probability Density Functions. In low resolution radars, the probability
density function of interference often follows a Rayleigh distribution. For high
resolution radars, the Weibull distribution may be more appropriate. These probabil-
ity density functions are used to model the statistical behaviour of radar signals.
Adaptive thresholding. The radar system continuously adapts its detection
threshold depending on the prevailing environmental conditions. When heavy
precipitation is detected, the system dynamically raises the detection threshold to
screen out interference. This ensures that targets of interest remain visible.
Integration with sensor fusion. Radar data processed using the statistical
target detection method is integrated with data from other sensors on board the
MAAS. These can be cameras, LiDAR, GPS and AIS (automatic identification
system). This integration of data from multiple sensors increases overall situ-
ational awareness.
Real-time decision-making. The processed information is fed into the
MAAS decision-making algorithms. These include collision avoidance, route
planning, and other navigation functions. When a potential collision hazard is de-
tected, MAAS can autonomously take evasive action.
Continuous Learning and Adaptation. Statistical models and algorithms
are designed to learn and adapt over time. As MAAS encounters different envi-
ronmental conditions and navigation scenarios, the system refines its statistical
models to achieve even greater accuracy.
This enables MAAS to navigate safely even in unfavourable weather
conditions where traditional radar systems may encounter interference from
precipitation. The integration of statistical signal processing and CFAR
techniques enhances MAAS’ ability to accurately detect and respond to potential
collision risks, which significantly improves navigation safety.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings presented in this study unveil a remarkable phenomenon in electro-
magnetic wave scattering: when a spherical raindrop is illuminated at different
angles, there is an absence of depolarization in the incident wave. This stands in
stark contrast to the partial depolarization exhibited by a metal target, resulting in
distinct azimuth and ellipticity characteristics of the scattered wave. Leveraging
this polarization contrast holds tremendous promise for advancing navigation ra-
dar technology, offering a notable boost in the precision and reliability of target
detection.
One of the most significant merits of this method lies in its capability to fa-
cilitate target detection regardless of atmospheric precipitation intensity and the
accompanying noise-to-signal ratio. This resilience stems from the invariant na-
ture of the parameter, which remains unaffected by Radar Cross Section (RCS)
variations.
However, it is important to note that the implementation of this method ne-
cessitates a navigation radar station equipped with at least two channels, specifi-
M. Stetsenko, O. Melnyk, I. Vorokhobin, D. Korban, O. Onishchenko, V. Ternovsky, I. Ivanova
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 48
cally with horizontal polarization and 45° polarization. While this may entail in-
creased costs and operational complexity for shipboard radar systems, the benefits
in terms of heightened navigational security significantly outweigh this drawback,
particularly in the realm of high-speed maritime transportation. The potential
gains in safety and accuracy of navigation far outweigh the associated investment,
marking a substantial step forward in maritime technology.
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Received 02.11.2023
INFORMATION ON THE ARTICLE
Maksym S. Stetsenko, ORCID: 0000-0001-8155-2947, National University “Odesa
Maritime Academy”, Ukraine
Oleksiy M. Melnyk, ORCID: 0000-0001-9228-8459, Odesa National Maritime Univer-
sity, Ukraine, e-mail: m.onmu@ukr.net
Igor I. Vorokhobin, ORCID: 0000-0001-7066-314X, National University “Odesa Mari-
time Academy”, Ukraine
Dmytro V. Korban, ORCID: 0000-0002-6798-2526, National University “Odesa Mari-
time Academy”, Ukraine
Oleg A. Onishchenko, ORCID: 0000-0002-3766-3188, National University “Odesa
Maritime Academy”, Ukraine
Valentin B. Ternovsky, ORCID: 0000-0002-4402-4157, Odesa National Maritime Uni-
versity, Ukraine
Iryna M. Ivanova, ORCID: 0000-0002-1751-7781, Odesa National Maritime Univer-
sity, Ukraine
ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЙНОГО ПІДХОДУ ДО ВИЯВЛЕННЯ
ЦІЛЕЙ З МЕТОЮ ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ
МАЛИХ НАДВОДНИХ ОБ’ЄКТІВ ТА ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ БЕЗПЕКИ
СУДНОПЛАВСТВА / М.С. Стеценко, О.М. Мельник, І.І. Ворохобін, Д.В. Корбан,
О.А. Онищенко, В.Б. Терновський, І.М. Іванова
Анотація. Досліджено новаторський підхід, що дає змогу значно підвищити
ефективність навігаційних радіолокаційних станцій за несприятливих погод-
них умов. Традиційні суднові радари, які використовують горизонтальну по-
ляризацію, стикаються з труднощами в ефективному придушенні дощових пе-
решкод. Запропоновано інноваційний метод, що використовує кругову
поляризацію для виявлення навігаційних цілей. Цей метод використовує від-
мінні поляризаційні властивості, які демонструють стабільні навігаційні цілі і
флуктуаційні об’єкти, що заважають. Теоретичний аналіз і модельні експери-
менти обґрунтовують узгоджені значення параметра еліптичності розсіяних
хвиль, незалежні від інтенсивності дощу, як для дощових перешкод, так і для
поверхневих металевих об’єктів. Практичні наслідки таких досліджень є дуже
перспективними, адже вони уможливлюють виявлення об’єктів незалежно від
співвідношення шум/сигнал шляхом інтегрування додаткового каналу цирку-
лярно поляризованих хвиль і застосування простих математичних функцій.
Такий підхід знаменує собою значний крок до подолання проблем ідентифіка-
ції малих надводних об’єктів, пов’язаних із метеорологічними умовами в мор-
ських навігаційних радіолокаційних системах.
Ключові слова: безпека судноплавства, навігаційна безпека, морські переве-
зення, радіолокаційні перешкоди, несприятливі погодні умови, придушення
перешкод, навігаційні цілі, автономні надводні транспортні засоби, принципи
радіолокації, виявлення суден, точність радіолокації.
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| institution | System research and information technologies |
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| language | English |
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| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |
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| spelling | journaliasakpiua-article-2914622024-08-11T01:12:49Z Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object identification ensuring navigation safety Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства Stetsenko, Maksym Melnyk, Oleksiy Vorokhobin, Igor Korban, Dmytro Onishchenko, Oleg Ternovsky, Valentin Ivanova, Iryna safety of shipping navigational safety maritime transportation radar interference unfavorable weather conditions rain and snow interference suppression navigational targets automonous surface vehicles radiolocation principles ship detection principles framework Safety of Shipping, Navigational Safety, Maritime Transportation, Radar Interference, Unfavorable Weather Conditions, Rain and Snow Interference Suppression, Navigational Targets, Automonous Surface Vehicles, Radiolocation Principles, Ship Detection Principles Framework, Radar Accuracy безпека судноплавства навігаційна безпека морські перевезення радіолокаційні перешкоди несприятливі погодні умови придушення перешкод навігаційні цілі автономні надводні транспортні засоби принципи радіолокації виявлення суден точність радіолокації This research introduces a groundbreaking approach to significantly enhance the performance of navigation radars under adverse weather conditions. Traditional ship radars, relying on horizontal polarization, encounter difficulties in effectively suppressing rain interference. In response, this study proposed an innovative method employing circular polarization for detecting navigation targets. This technique capitalizes on the distinct polarization properties exhibited by stable navigation targets and fluctuating interfering objects. Theoretical analysis and model experiments substantiate consistent ellipticity parameter values of scattered waves, independent of rain intensity, for both rain interferers and surface metallic objects. The practical implications of our research are highly promising. They enable detection irrespective of the noise-to-signal ratio by integrating an additional channel of circularly polarized waves and applying straightforward mathematical functions. This advancement marks a significant stride towards overcoming the challenges posed by rainy conditions in maritime navigation radar systems. Досліджено новаторський підхід, що дає змогу значно підвищити ефективність навігаційних радіолокаційних станцій за несприятливих погодних умов. Традиційні суднові радари, які використовують горизонтальну поляризацію, стикаються з труднощами в ефективному придушенні дощових перешкод. Запропоновано інноваційний метод, що використовує кругову поляризацію для виявлення навігаційних цілей. Цей метод використовує відмінні поляризаційні властивості, які демонструють стабільні навігаційні цілі і флуктуаційні об’єкти, що заважають. Теоретичний аналіз і модельні експерименти обґрунтовують узгоджені значення параметра еліптичності розсіяних хвиль, незалежні від інтенсивності дощу, як для дощових перешкод, так і для поверхневих металевих об’єктів. Практичні наслідки таких досліджень є дуже перспективними, адже вони уможливлюють виявлення об’єктів незалежно від співвідношення шум/сигнал шляхом інтегрування додаткового каналу циркулярно поляризованих хвиль і застосування простих математичних функцій. Такий підхід знаменує собою значний крок до подолання проблем ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів, пов’язаних із метеорологічними умовами в морських навігаційних радіолокаційних системах. The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 2024-06-28 Article Article application/pdf https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/291462 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.03 System research and information technologies; No. 2 (2024); 35-51 Системные исследования и информационные технологии; № 2 (2024); 35-51 Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології; № 2 (2024); 35-51 2308-8893 1681-6048 en https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/291462/301076 |
| spellingShingle | безпека судноплавства навігаційна безпека морські перевезення радіолокаційні перешкоди несприятливі погодні умови придушення перешкод навігаційні цілі автономні надводні транспортні засоби принципи радіолокації виявлення суден точність радіолокації Stetsenko, Maksym Melnyk, Oleksiy Vorokhobin, Igor Korban, Dmytro Onishchenko, Oleg Ternovsky, Valentin Ivanova, Iryna Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства |
| title | Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства |
| title_alt | Polarization-based target detection approach to enhance small surface object identification ensuring navigation safety |
| title_full | Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства |
| title_fullStr | Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства |
| title_full_unstemmed | Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства |
| title_short | Використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства |
| title_sort | використання поляризаційного підходу до виявлення цілей з метою підвищення ефективності ідентифікації малих надводних об’єктів та забезпечення безпеки судноплавства |
| topic | безпека судноплавства навігаційна безпека морські перевезення радіолокаційні перешкоди несприятливі погодні умови придушення перешкод навігаційні цілі автономні надводні транспортні засоби принципи радіолокації виявлення суден точність радіолокації |
| topic_facet | safety of shipping navigational safety maritime transportation radar interference unfavorable weather conditions rain and snow interference suppression navigational targets automonous surface vehicles radiolocation principles ship detection principles framework Safety of Shipping Navigational Safety Maritime Transportation Radar Interference Unfavorable Weather Conditions Rain and Snow Interference Suppression Navigational Targets Automonous Surface Vehicles Radiolocation Principles Ship Detection Principles Framework Radar Accuracy безпека судноплавства навігаційна безпека морські перевезення радіолокаційні перешкоди несприятливі погодні умови придушення перешкод навігаційні цілі автономні надводні транспортні засоби принципи радіолокації виявлення суден точність радіолокації |
| url | https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/291462 |
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