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Social media presents both opportunities and risks for any firm. The Internet has recently made everything possible. Due to its low cost and rapid speed, it is in high demand. Due to the virtual technique of interacting through various social media apps like Instagram, WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, e...
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The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute"
2023
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Репозитарії
System research and information technologies| _version_ | 1867334441056075776 |
|---|---|
| author | Alkahtani, Hend Khalid |
| author_facet | Alkahtani, Hend Khalid |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Hend Khalid Alkahtani",
"institution": "College of Computer and Information Sciences of Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh"
}
] |
| author_sort | Alkahtani, Hend Khalid |
| baseUrl_str | http://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2024-02-01T21:03:07Z |
| description | Social media presents both opportunities and risks for any firm. The Internet has recently made everything possible. Due to its low cost and rapid speed, it is in high demand. Due to the virtual technique of interacting through various social media apps like Instagram, WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, etc., people are drawn to social networking. Despite the fact that it offers advantages on both sides, new threats are constantly emerging. Social media usage is widespread, but awareness is low, which makes significant cyberattacks more likely. Numerous threat categories put consumers at risk for cyber security. This research reviewed literature on educating Middle Eastern social media users about information security. Additionally, this research examines various threats made via social media, offers countermeasures, and considers various detection methods. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2023.4.06 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:28:26Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Hend Khalid Alkahtani, 2023
76 ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2023, № 4
TIДC
ПРОБЛЕМНО І ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНО
ОРІЄНТОВАНІ КОМП’ЮТЕРНІ СИСТЕМИ
ТА МЕРЕЖІ
UDC 62-50
DOI: 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2023.4.06
RAISING THE INFORMATION SECURITY AWARENESS
AMONG SOCIAL MEDIA USERS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
HEND KHALID ALKAHTANI
Abstract. Social media presents both opportunities and risks for any firm. The
Internet has recently made everything possible. Due to its low cost and rapid speed,
it is in high demand. Due to the virtual technique of interacting through various so-
cial media apps like Instagram, WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, etc., people are
drawn to social networking. Despite the fact that it offers advantages on both sides,
new threats are constantly emerging. Social media usage is widespread, but aware-
ness is low, which makes significant cyberattacks more likely. Numerous threat
categories put consumers at risk for cyber security. This research reviewed literature
on educating Middle Eastern social media users about information security. Addi-
tionally, this research examines various threats made via social media, offers coun-
termeasures, and considers various detection methods.
Keywords: security, security awareness social media, WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the Internet has become a social environment that includes commu-
nity, value and norm [1]. Sites like YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram
have seen a huge increase in the number of users. With the advancement of tech-
nology, social network has become pervasive and used like never before. In fact,
social media is a collection of websites and applications designed and its goal is
to allow people to share the content they want in a fast, efficient, and real-time
manner [2]. It is also an online digital communication tool with which you can
share links, SMS messages, photos and videos, it can be accessed anytime and
anywhere. In fact, there are many social media sites where a large number of peo-
ple spend a long time using them. Moreover, the number of OSNs is increasing
year by year [3].
Facebook was the first social media network in the list of the most popular
social networks with a large number of accounts and nearly 2.6 billion monthly
active users. It also carries a huge amount of information due to this large number
of users [4]. Nevertheless, this wide spread may cause great harm to users’ private
information because it may facilitate access to and violation of this information,
because users cannot choose and specify their own privacy preferences in applica-
Raising the information security awareness among social media users in the Middle East
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2023, № 4 77
tions [5]. This poses significant privacy risks by making users’ private data avail-
able to applications when they are often not fully aware of the risk of disclosing
such information [2]. Moreover, Internet technology inherently leads to security
problems, cybercrime, hackers, and intruders. In fact, the characteristics of the
Internet reinforce the network structures that may lead to the occurrence of major
Internet theft and fraud which is referred to as cybercrime.
Social media users need awareness and knowledge regarding the importance
of personal information security, known as Information Security Awareness
(ISA). ISA focuses on how an individual is aware of information security poli-
cies, rules, and guidelines [6]. Furthermore, ISA can shape individual characteris-
tics to be more interested in revealing self-information in the context of social
media. Thus, in this review, we will talk about the level of information security
awareness among social media users in the Middle East [1]. Privacy violation is
one of the main problems faced by social media users. It presents an ongoing risk
to these users.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Due to its extensive use in the most prominent industries including education,
healthcare, and entertainment, social media in the Middle East has grown to play
a significant role in our lives. The popularity of various online social media plat-
forms like Twitter, YouTube, Facebook and other social networking applications
has increased because of this growth in the social networking field [7]. Therefore,
the study’s literature review will cover the knowledge gap of the significant risk
to the personal information post on social media platforms.
The Perspective of Social networking privacy
People in general enjoy exchanging private information with each other, at the
same time they have an obvious lack of awareness and knowledge about what
might happen if they do so voluntarily or how to stop illegal disclosure of their
personal information [8]. Social media’s structure encourages its users to contrib-
ute willingly by exposing personal information. Users may reveal their personal
information if they believe the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.
Social media provides a platform for studying business trends, consumer
opinions, trend-setting, and political movements. Online activities that lack
enough knowledge and social security and privacy can lead to extreme catastro-
phes, such as electronic hacking in which personal and private information is re-
quired for harmful purposes. Popular social media platforms like Facebook and
Twitter, for example, also have their own unique techniques for determining the
social characteristics of its users without having to ask them directly [8].
Despite the security measures taken by social media producers and pro-
grammers to protect the user information, it is still possible for the personal data
to fall into the wrong hands and be exploited. This issue has already occurred in
the early months of 2018 known as The Facebook-Cambridge Analytica data
scandal, which involved Cambridge Analytica consulting company using millions
of Facebook users’ personal information without their knowledge or agreement
for political advertising [9].
Hend Khalid Alkahtani
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2023, № 4 78
To sum up, threats are growing daily despite the existence of numerous pre-
ventative strategies, especially that many social media platforms have the option
of making the user’s profile available to the public. Moreover, without the user’s
awareness, attackers and online hackers can have access to the user’s private in-
formation, as well as analyze and use them at remarkable speeds intending to
cause harm.
Information security awareness
Information security awareness is a process that modifies and changes users’ atti-
tudes toward safe information standards as well as their values, behaviors, prac-
tices, work habits, and organizational culture. Changing these standards and prac-
tices helps every user to recognize the information security policies, guidelines,
and procedures that should be followed in order to avoid any electronic harass-
ment. Thus, users are required to understand both general and personal informa-
tion security concepts [10].
Self-disclosure is defined as any knowledge about oneself that is voluntarily
and consciously shared with others. Social media users need to be familiar with
the significance of protecting personal information. Furthermore, security aware-
ness can alter a person’s personality so that they are more concerned about expos-
ing personal information in the social media platforms [9].
Furthermore, the weakest link in any business is its regular users, who re-
ceive very little security awareness training as organizations grow their usage of
cutting-edge security technologies and continually train their security personnel.
As a result, organized hackers are working very hard right now to develop cut-
ting-edge hacking techniques that can be used to steal both personal data and
money from the general population [14]. Additionally, the Middle East is a desir-
able target for cybercriminals due to the region’s rapid internet use rate and low
consumer security awareness of the threats that may arise [10].
Accordingly, to escalate information security awareness of users, threats and
harmful activities by online hackers should be pointed out and acknowledged.
Threats in Social Media Platforms
There are various threats done on social media platforms and applications, which
a large number of users are not aware about, including the following.
Multimedia content threats. Multimedia content include threats associated
with static links, Video and audio conferencing, and steganography.
Static links are used by 48.6% of social networking service users to ex-
change information from interactive media. This act causes the exposure of per-
sonal information and data loss for the users.
Moreover, most social media users post their own video and audio content to
social media platforms in order to share their skills and ideas, some people abuse
these audios and videos by modifying them to make them uncomfortable or life
threatening [12].
Another threat of multimedia is steganography, which concentrates on en-
coding secret communications in a form that only the sender can comprehend in
order to conceal sensitive information in visual form without the recipient aware-
ness. For instance, a car image can contain some sort of computer viruses that
deletes or steals the users’ system files [13].
Raising the information security awareness among social media users in the Middle East
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2023, № 4 79
Traditional threats. Traditional threats include digital stalking, spamming,
phishing data, and click jacking. Digital stalking is the practice of following and
stalking someone online via email, or through other electronic communication
channels. Typically, stalking requires a person engaging in persistent annoying or
threatening actions [12].
While spamming refers to unsolicited texts or emails, which are distributed
with multiple copies over the internet. Usually, spam messages are about com-
mercial advertising. Spamming consumes a significant amount of network capac-
ity in addition to wasting people’s time.
Phishing is a fraud strategy used to obtain private data by misrepresenting a
reliable organization, such as a password. Attackers frequently utilize phishing
emails to spread risky links [8]. Figure 1 shows an illustration of the phishing
technique used by hackers.
Another method of traditional threats is click jacking, which is based on de-
ceiving a user into clicking on a wrong link. Users may unintentionally download
spywares and viruses as a result, browse dangerous websites, or make unwanted
online purchases.
Social Media Issues and Security Awareness among the users
Social media and its user have a relationship that is affected by cybersecurity and
its environment. This relationship intensifies as social media use rises, as cyber-
criminals broaden their scope of interest and begin to focus on social media ac-
counts. Users of social media are increasingly becoming one of their targets be-
cause the majority of them are unaware of the security and privacy measures that
can be applied to individual accounts. Nowadays, social media plays a significant
role in how individuals live their daily lives. This amply demonstrated the rise in
popularity of social media in the modern day as well as the fact that its users have
attained a critical mass necessary for influence, which increases their susceptibil-
ity and makes them even more vulnerable as hacking victims [15].
Teenagers in particular are using the Internet more and more frequently as a
result of its increased popularity globally [16]. The majority of these adolescent
social media users are students whose academic and social lives have been greatly
impacted by changes in the global environment. These young adults and teenagers
Fig. 1. Phishing technique [11]
Hend Khalid Alkahtani
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2023, № 4 80
have no idea how to use their privacy settings. Teenagers and young adults want
to express their identity and take the chance of being discovered and coming into
touch with hackers because they are more interested in seizing the opportunity to
connect with others and forge genuine relationships [17].
The majority of social media users do not really understand the significance
of their privacy settings. Young adults and teenagers are more likely to be care-
less with their social media privacy settings. According to Livingstone’s research
findings from 2008, teens mostly use social media to create dangerous and inti-
mate content by expressing themselves. Identity theft is one type of cybercrime
that might occur as a result of this lack of privacy settings. The percentage of so-
cial media users who actively utilize various social network sites raises along with
the overall growth of social media users. This brings us to the second action,
where people are making it easier for hackers to find them. Users frequently link
their social network account authorizations together or use the same password for
several accounts because they maintain multiple social networks for personal
usage [18].
For the hackers, this is a target straight out of heaven. Simply by acquiring
access to one of the person’s many accounts, they can quickly gain access to mul-
tiple accounts. A social network aggregator is what this is. Although it makes it
easier for users to keep an eye on their social media profiles, it poses certain secu-
rity risks [19]. Given that once one of their accounts has been hijacked, hackers
will be able to find all of their other accounts, thereby increasing the risk to other
accounts. For these teenagers and young adults, a cyber-security knowledge gap
might be a problem. Due to their ignorance of the significance of security imple-
mentation, they are blind to nearby cases of accounts being compromised. Al-
though social engineering assaults may not appear to be as sophisticated as other
hacking techniques, they have produced some of the most effective attacks on
targets [20].
The Need for Effective Information Security Awareness
Over the past few years, the Middle East has seen a steady rise in the number of
internet users. While the Middle East only accounts for 3.2% of all internet users
globally, it has seen an increase in internet usage of 1825% over the previous 10
years, compared to a rise of 445% for the rest of the globe, according to the
World Internet Usage Statistics News [21]. Additionally, it stated that as of June
30, 2010, Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar had the greatest rates of
internet penetration in the Middle East, representing 88%, 75.9%, and 51.8% of
their respective populations, respectively. Numerous online businesses have been
drawn to the Middle East by this expansion, enabling many already-established
industries including education, health, aviation, and government to expand [22].
A thorough investigation of the difficulties and dangers that social network-
ing sites and social networks face is the goal of Yassein M. et al. in [15]. In this
study, electronic crimes were analyzed in relation to user-posted content on social
networking sites and the use of that information to locate the original victims. Us-
ers are unaware of the risks associated with sharing this information when it is
being published. After that, they list the flaws and give a brief summary of the
protective strategies now in use, highlighting the weaknesses.
In [23] Almarabeh et al. discuss the distribution of the different sorts of at-
tacks that social media sites are subject to. They present two different sorts of at-
tacks in this context: classic attacks and modern attacks. A clear picture of the
Raising the information security awareness among social media users in the Middle East
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2023, № 4 81
attacks has emerged thanks to the information on the different sorts of strikes.
What kinds are there? And what techniques do they employ? There is information
concerning social media users’ flaws, such as the fact that their personal accounts
have a low level of secrecy, which makes it simple to hack them. The primary
goal of this research is to increase online social networking users’ awareness of
how to protect themselves and their data against risks and assaults while using
social media platforms.
Security and privacy issues with social networks and social engineering were
examined by Ali et al. [24]. Additionally, information about OSNs was covered,
including its explanation, methods, resources, and the growth and fall of different
OSNs. The report emphasized crucial privacy safeguards as well as user risks and
weaknesses. By classifying risks into several categories that were investigated as
part of a knowledge-sharing strategy, taxonomy has been constructed. In this
study, the aftermath of a catastrophe is discussed, as well as how terrorism un-
dermines the support for privacy. They incorporated privacy rules to take care of
user privacy for the goal of reducing and monitoring personal information or data,
encouraging users to reply appropriately and utilize social media solely for public
topics.
The issues that could endanger the privacy of social media users were dis-
cussed by Ali et al. in [25]. There were two categories of issues: traditional threats
and contemporary threats. To learn more about users’ attitudes on privacy settings
as well as their knowledge and interest in them, a questionnaire was created. Un-
fortunately, the findings were disappointing because a significant portion of users
did not take use of privacy-preserving settings offered by service providers. Fi-
nally, recommendations and fixes for safeguarding user content and privacy were
made. In [26] Aghasian et al. introduced an automated Fuzzy model for calculat-
ing the score of privacy of unstructured data of social media users on Facebook
and Twitter. They also cautioned these users of the risks associated with using
social media. The model consists of two phases that record privacy and calculate
the privacy risk score. The machine learning model first identifies the features
that have an impact on users’ privacy. The final privacy score is then calculated
using a fuzzy based approach. Information retrieval and pre-processing make up
the first of the model’s three phases. The second is by giving them some funda-
mental information so they can obtain the source of sentimental privacy. The out-
come of the privacy score for users who have shared their information is deter-
mined at the final stage (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Flow of privacy scoring process of proposed method [24]
Hend Khalid Alkahtani
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2023, № 4 82
Soomro et al. talked about a new list of crimes in social media like cyber in-
trusion, credit card fraud alongside disaster fraud and data breaches in [27], as
well as many different types of crimes pertaining to social media like social engi-
neering and phishing, burglary via social networking, identity theft, malware, cy-
ber-casing, and cyber-stalking. Researchers in this area have employed a variety
of strategies and deterrents to combat these crimes. Finally, this study emphasized
a number of tips and methods for preventing cybercrime.
A deep learning-based efficient categorization technique for assaults that
target Twitter users was proposed by Mostafa et al. [28]. The sole supporting
method, the feature extraction issue, the lack of precision, and the slow speed
were all issues this paper addressed. The tweets are first pre-processed using
Sen2Vec rather than the element being extracted. The method used in this work is
a sophisticated deep learning language processing technique that can convert a
word or piece of text into a vector that represents it. Then, using a variety of ma-
chine learning methods, a machine learning model is created to distinguish be-
tween spam and non-spam. At the following level, parameter settings are assigned
for spam filtering. An actual ground truth dataset is used to build up their testing.
Users were informed about the issues and potential harms caused by the dis-
semination of content on social media sites and the absence of privacy by, [26],
and [28]. In this instance, the most significant security flaws affecting social me-
dia platforms and the most significant contemporary methods preventing the
spread of hazardous content were investigated. Users and their exploitation or
targeting were discussed. In order to lessen users’ lack of privacy on social net-
working sites and to stop the spread of hazardous content in social networks, [24]
offered a cutting-edge technology that has been researched and developed.
“Fuzzy-based” is the name of the technology in use.
CONCLUSION
Social media is effective and beneficial in many areas, but new challenges and
concerns regarding privacy and security continue to grow. This review discussed
the most important papers that talk about the problems caused by the content of
social networking sites, and the review also dealt with information security
among social media users in the Middle East. This issue remains a fundamental
and important issue. Accordingly, research and studies are ongoing. We suggest
for future studies to focus more on information security awareness among social
media users in the Middle East.
As Middle Eastern organizations expand their use of social media, advanced
security technology, and use of the latest hardware and software, launching tech-
nical attacks has become more and more difficult. Similarly, organizations de-
velop complete and well-written security policies and hire IT security experts who
also help reduce the number of potential attacks. Unfortunately, little is used to
secure the weakest link, that is, social media users. This drives attackers to gain
unauthorized access to information by exploiting the user’s trust and propensity to
help. The paper discussed the level of information security awareness among so-
cial media users in the Middle East and reported the results of several IT security
awareness studies. Discuss the importance of assessing security awareness by
conducting monitoring audits. Several key factors have also been shown to help
raise security awareness among social media users.
Raising the information security awareness among social media users in the Middle East
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2023, № 4 83
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Received 15.12.2022
INFORMATION ON THE ARTICLE
Hend Khalid Alkahtani, College of Computer and Information Sciences of Princess
Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Saudi Arabia, e-mail: hkalqahtani@pnu.edu.sa
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ СЕРЕД КОРИСТУВАЧІВ
СОЦІАЛЬНИХ МЕДІА НА БЛИЗЬКОМУ СХОДІ / Хенд Халід Алкахтані
Анотація. Соціальні медіа створюють як можливості, так і ризики для будь-
якої компанії. Інтернет нещодавно зробив все можливим. Завдяки низькій вар-
тості і швидкості він користується великим попитом. Завдяки віртуальній тех-
ніці взаємодії через різні програми соціальних мереж, такі як Instagram,
WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook тощо, людей приваблює використання соціальних
мереж. Незважаючи на те, що Інтернет пропонує переваги для обох сторін, по-
стійно виникають нові загрози. Соціальні мережі використовуються широко,
але поінформованість низька, що підвищує ймовірність значних кібератак. Іс-
нує багато категорій загроз, які загрожують споживачам. У праці розглянуто
літературу про навчання користувачів соціальних мереж Близького Сходу що-
до інформаційної безпеки. Крім цього, розглянуто різні загрози через соціальні
мережі, запропоновано заходи протидії та розглянуто різні методи виявлення.
Ключові слова: безпека, соціальні медіа, WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook.
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| id | journaliasakpiua-article-297404 |
| institution | System research and information technologies |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:28:26Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | journaliasakpiua/d3/115a103bfc393f6a0769d02b054dfcd3.pdf |
| spelling | journaliasakpiua-article-2974042024-02-01T21:03:07Z Raising the information security awareness among social media users in the Middle East Підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на Близькому Сході Alkahtani, Hend Khalid безпека соціальні медіа WhatsApp Twitter Facebook security security awareness social media WhatsApp Twitter Facebook Social media presents both opportunities and risks for any firm. The Internet has recently made everything possible. Due to its low cost and rapid speed, it is in high demand. Due to the virtual technique of interacting through various social media apps like Instagram, WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook, etc., people are drawn to social networking. Despite the fact that it offers advantages on both sides, new threats are constantly emerging. Social media usage is widespread, but awareness is low, which makes significant cyberattacks more likely. Numerous threat categories put consumers at risk for cyber security. This research reviewed literature on educating Middle Eastern social media users about information security. Additionally, this research examines various threats made via social media, offers countermeasures, and considers various detection methods. Соціальні медіа створюють як можливості, так і ризики для будь-якої компанії. Інтернет нещодавно зробив все можливим. Завдяки низькій вартості і швидкості він користується великим попитом. Завдяки віртуальній техніці взаємодії через різні програми соціальних мереж, такі як Instagram, WhatsApp, Twitter, Facebook тощо, людей приваблює використання соціальних мереж. Незважаючи на те, що Інтернет пропонує переваги для обох сторін, постійно виникають нові загрози. Соціальні мережі використовуються широко, але поінформованість низька, що підвищує ймовірність значних кібератак. Існує багато категорій загроз, які загрожують споживачам. У праці розглянуто літературу про навчання користувачів соціальних мереж Близького Сходу щодо інформаційної безпеки. Крім цього, розглянуто різні загрози через соціальні мережі, запропоновано заходи протидії та розглянуто різні методи виявлення. The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 2023-12-26 Article Article application/pdf https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/297404 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2023.4.06 System research and information technologies; No. 4 (2023); 76-84 Системные исследования и информационные технологии; № 4 (2023); 76-84 Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології; № 4 (2023); 76-84 2308-8893 1681-6048 en https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/297404/290387 |
| spellingShingle | безпека соціальні медіа Alkahtani, Hend Khalid Підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на Близькому Сході |
| title | Підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на Близькому Сході |
| title_alt | Raising the information security awareness among social media users in the Middle East |
| title_full | Підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на Близькому Сході |
| title_fullStr | Підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на Близькому Сході |
| title_full_unstemmed | Підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на Близькому Сході |
| title_short | Підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на Близькому Сході |
| title_sort | підвищення інформаційної безпеки серед користувачів соціальних медіа на близькому сході |
| topic | безпека соціальні медіа |
| topic_facet | безпека соціальні медіа security security awareness social media |
| url | https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/297404 |
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