Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз
Internet of Things (IoT) is the amalgamation of hardware, like sensors and trackers, which monitor several parameters of the environment or physical objects, and software that processes all the data gathered by hardware. Globally, the IoT market is anticipated to reach 53.8 billion USD by 2025. This...
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System research and information technologies| _version_ | 1866302965843755008 |
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| author | Punitha, Mahadevappa Rekha, Puranic Math |
| author_facet | Punitha, Mahadevappa Rekha, Puranic Math |
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| description | Internet of Things (IoT) is the amalgamation of hardware, like sensors and trackers, which monitor several parameters of the environment or physical objects, and software that processes all the data gathered by hardware. Globally, the IoT market is anticipated to reach 53.8 billion USD by 2025. This enhancing demand is due to its innate ability to automate, which drives several industries to adopt IoT. In addition, minimum memory cost, processing, and storage with an increase in Big Data (BD), cloud, and conjunction of industrial networks and the internet are the added factors for the increase in IoT development. Due to this significance, IoT has applications in numerous areas like medical management, farming, wearable technology, smart energy meters, smart cities, etc. The applications are not limited to the examples mentioned above. Considering this, existing studies have considered different applications and attempted to execute them. As different applications have been focused on by these studies, the present review intends to provide a compilation of potential applications of IoT as considered by conventional research between 2018 and 2022. The study also intends to explore the advantages and disadvantages of different IoT applications (deliberated by conventional studies) through tabular analysis. Further, this review emphasizes IoT’s major key challenges and countermeasures to resolve its security issues. Finally, the study affords recommendations that will assist all IoT experts in bringing IoT products with enhanced security into the market. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.1.01 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:28:29Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha, 2024
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 7
TIДC
ПРОГРЕСИВНІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ,
ВИСОКОПРОДУКТИВНІ КОМП’ЮТЕРНІ
СИСТЕМИ
UDC 62-50
DOI: 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.1.01
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF THINGS:
A COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS
M. PUNITHA, P.M. REKHA
Internet of Things (IoT) is the amalgamation of hardware, like sensors and trackers,
which monitor several parameters of the environment or physical objects, and soft-
ware that processes all the data gathered by hardware. Globally, the IoT market is
anticipated to reach 53.8 billion USD by 2025. This enhancing demand is due to its
innate ability to automate, which drives several industries to adopt IoT. In addition,
minimum memory cost, processing, and storage with an increase in Big Data (BD),
cloud, and conjunction of industrial networks and the internet are the added factors
for the increase in IoT development. Due to this significance, IoT has applications in
numerous areas like medical management, farming, wearable technology, smart en-
ergy meters, smart cities, etc. The applications are not limited to the examples men-
tioned above. Considering this, existing studies have considered different applica-
tions and attempted to execute them. As different applications have been focused on
by these studies, the present review intends to provide a compilation of potential ap-
plications of IoT as considered by conventional research between 2018 and 2022.
The study also intends to explore the advantages and disadvantages of different IoT
applications (deliberated by conventional studies) through tabular analysis. Further,
this review emphasizes IoT’s major key challenges and countermeasures to resolve
its security issues. Finally, the study affords recommendations that will assist all IoT
experts in bringing IoT products with enhanced security into the market.
Keywords: Internet of Things, automation, security, potential applications.
INTRODUCTION
The contemporary universe is experiencing silent smart evolution with enhancing
technological progress touching all life aspects. Smart technologies positioned as
the epi-centre of DT (Digital Transformation) possess drastic result leasing to in-
novation towards designing IoT (Internet of Things) as the main pillar of recent
Industry 4.0 [1]. IoT is defined as the network of objects embedded with circuits,
sensors, electronics, and connectivity, which permits the objects for gathering and
transmitting data. In IoT, the term ‘thing’ might be a vehicle with in-built sensors
or any manmade or natural objects for which an IP (Internet Protocol) address
could be assigned by which data could be transferred on a network. Consequently,
it has become easy for creating chances to directly incorporate the world into
computer-oriented systems that lead to efficiency, enhancements, minimized hu-
man exertion, and economic benefits. IoT definition has aroused due to the con-
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 8
junction of several technologies like ML (Machine Learning), the internet, auto-
mation, micro-electromechanical systems, and wireless technology. This conjunc-
tion has enabled to bridge of the gap between information and operational tech-
nology permitting unstructured machine-retrieved data to remain examined for
insights that will bring innovation. It permits objects to get sensed and managed
remotely throughout the existing infrastructure of the network creating choices to
directly integrate the physical environment into computer-oriented systems. IoT is
also capable of interacting with no human intervention. Few primary IoT applica-
tions already exist in transportation, automotive industries, and healthcare. By a
report produced by a business insider, nearly 24-billion IoT-based devices were
used by 2020. It has also been predicted that the revenue of IoT will touch 300
billion dollars in the upcoming years which will lead to numerous jobs in various
industries. This vast reach is due to the significance of IoT which includes real-
time monitoring and tracking, optimal decision-making, automation, and the ca-
pability of IoT for affording sensor information and permitting communication
between devices.
For instance, automatic driving technology demands huge data from several
sensors embedded within vehicles. These embedded sensors gather the engine’s
behaviour, field data, and camera feed for enhancing the self-driving method for
handling any circumstance which could happen while driving. IoT also possesses
several other applications. IoT finds its application in smart grids for energy man-
agement where sensors are deployed on each customer outlet and transmission
line. These sensors assist in notifying failures, and irregularities in line, realizing
the behavior pattern and usage nature over time. The smart meters could also alert
the customers regarding the cost of peak time and non-peak time based on which
cost can be reduced. In addition, IoT is applicable in fleet management. IoT logis-
tics have been a complicated task as goods have to be dealt with better efficiency
and care. Despite transmission from one place to another, the service providers
must confirm that correct conditions are maintained at the transportation time. To
alleviate such manual efforts, smart sensors that can connect with IoT networks
persistently monitor GPS location, container’s tilt angle, shock, temperature, and
humidity. Data gathered from such sensors are later processed and evaluated in a
central cloud server. This information could be accessed by the logistics team
from anywhere through the internet. Fleet movement could also be monitored in
real-time and later conveyed to customers regarding the delivery progress. Be-
sides, IoT finds its application in the manufacturing sector where the initial IoT
adopters have altered various phases of product development. IoT (Industrial IoT)
will assist in optimizing several manufacturing phases through monitoring of in-
ventory management and supply chain, quality testing, product enhancement, etc.
Further, IoT could be employed in agriculture to support researchers and farmers
to discover several cost-efficient and optimized manners to enhance production.
Individual agriculture stages can be improved through smart-sensor technology;
automation supports to minimize manual labour. Additionally, IoT is applicable
in the healthcare sector for saving the lives of individuals. Initiating from the
gathering of essential data from bedside devices, accessing patient information
and healthcare records throughout several departments and real-time processes in
diagnosing, overall patient care could be enhanced with the execution of IoT. In
addition to such useful applications of IoT, there also exist certain issues due to
IoT usage [2]. Hence, the present work intends to summarize the significant chal-
lenges in IoT use and countermeasures to solve the drawbacks along with the
analysis of existing works about potential applications of IoT.
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 9
Objectives
The major objectives of the present work are listed below:
To comprehensively examine the potential IoT applications as considered
by traditional works ranging from (2018–2022) to bring out the drawbacks faced
by these works.
To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different IoT applications
(considered by conventional studies) through tabular analysis.
To emphasize the major key issues of IoT and countermeasures to resolve
the security challenges of IoT along with recommendations that will assist IoT
experts while designing products in the future.
Paper Organization
Section 2 explores the IoT evolution and its concepts. This is followed by IoT
architecture, protocols, and significance of IoT in section 3. Subsequently, the
potential applications of IoT are discussed in section 4. After this, a comparative
analysis is presented in section 5. Following this, major key challenges are sum-
marized in section 6 with the countermeasures for security problems in IoT in sec-
tion 7. Finally, the entire study is concluded in section 8.
EVOLUTION OF IOT (INTERNET OF THINGS) AND ITS SIGNIFICANT
CONCEPTS
The arrival of smart concepts has made the globe become completely connected.
These concepts create a network of several devices. Its fundamental role involves
the connection of several devices for transmitting and receiving data. Kevin
Ashton was the one who invented the term “IoT” in 1999. Following this, LG es-
tablished the first smart fridge in 2000. After 7 years, 1st iPhone was introduced.
IoT has accomplished significant influence on the globe in its initial phase and
will also persist to evolve with time. The concept of IoT has also bought numer-
ous applications ranging from fiction to statistics permitting the 4IR (Fourth In-
dustrial Revolution). This has caused a significant impact on social, technical, and
economic aspects. Scientists have stated that probable merits attained from IoT
technology will develop a predictable future where smart things sense, contem-
plate and act. It is a trending technology that embodies several concepts like edge
computing, electronic devices, geo-location of the sensor, fog computing, etc.
A basic IoT concept is the things that have aroused to encompass several device
kinds from wireless sensors and RFID tags to intricate systems like consumer de-
vices and many more basic facilities. IoT possesses diverse names which expand
or refine its overall possibility. Examples include IoE (Internet of Everything-
things like processes, people, data, and connection), and IIoT (Industrial IoT-
explaining how IoT employs in the manufacturing and industrial sector) [3]. IoT
comprises huge interconnected devices as a network. Such devices transmit and
gather huge data amounts regarding how they function and describe the informa-
tion stored by the devices. These devices also possess sensors embedded within
them which continuously emit information about the environment along with the
functionality of the devices. Thus, IoT acts as a medium for dumping all the in-
formation gathered by IoT devices.
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 10
This platform examines data completely for gathering significant informa-
tion which is later sent back by the data afforded. Lastly, gathered data is shared
among other devices to achieve better performance to enhance the experience of
users [4]. In the past era, IoT has multiplied its attention in numerous areas. Ac-
cordingly, numerous researchers have tried to afford a glimpse of the IoT land-
scape. The study [5] intended to realize the evolvement of IoT and its diversified
technologies, applications, services, and concepts. It has been explored that, AI
(Artificial Intelligence), CC (Cloud Computing), and BDA (Big Data Analytics)
have a crucial contribution as IoT has been advancing its vision of smart services
by the use of connected devices. Though the notion of the IoT concept has been
prevailing for a long time, numerous technologies have made this concept practi-
cal. Reliable and affordable sensors have been making this technology probable
for several manufacturers. Different network IPs (Internet Protocols) have made it
ease in connecting sensors to the cloud for effective transmission of data. With
the progress in ML (Machine Learning), analytics, and access to huge data stored
in the cloud, businesses could gain fast and easy insights. The advent of such al-
lied technologies persists to drive IoT boundaries, the overall evolution of IoT is
tabulated in Table 1.
T a b l e 1 . IoT Evolution
S
. n
o
R
ef
er
en
ce
s
Io
T
-
P
ar
ad
ig
m
s
A
h
ea
d
of
2
01
0
20
10
t
o
20
15
20
15
t
o
20
20
A
ft
er
20
20
1 [6]
N
et
w
or
k
Sensor-networks
Self-organized and self-
aware networks
Transparency in locat-
ing sensor network
Delay tolerant network
Power network and
storage network
Hybrid networking
Awareness
of network
context
Self-learning
and self-
restoring
networks
Cognitive
network
2 [3]
H
ar
dw
ar
e
Some sensors
and RFID tags
Construction of
sensors into mobile
NFC (Near Field
Communication)
in mobile
Cheap and small MEMs
technology
Multi-standard and
multi-protocol readers
More actuators
and sensors
Low-cost and secure
tags (For example-
silent-tags)
Biochemical
(smart sensors)
Tiny sensors
(actuators and
numerous
sensors)
New materials
and nano-
technology
3 [7]
D
at
a-
pr
oc
es
si
ng
Processing serial data
Processing parallel data
QoS
(Quality of Services)
Energy, frequency, and
spectrum-aware
processing of data
Context-adaptable data
processing
Context-aware
processing of
data and
responses
Cognitive
processing
and cognitive
optimization
4 [8]
A
lg
or
it
hm
s
an
d
S
of
tw
ar
e
Integrating relational
database
IoT concerned with
RDBMS
Event oriented platforms
Sensor-middleware
Sensor network-
middleware
Localization or
proximity algorithms
Open and large-scale
semantic software
components
Assembly algorithms
Social software based
on NextGen (Next
Generation) IoT
Enterprise applications
based on NextGen IoT
Goal oriented
software
Problem-
solving and
distributed in-
telligence
Things to
Things collabo-
rative environ-
ment
User-oriented
software
Invisible IoT
Easy to
deploy IoT
Things to
Human
Collaboration
IoT-for-all
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 11
IoT-ARCHITECTURE AND PROTOCOLS
No single agreement of IoT architecture exists which is approved universally.
Varied architectures have been endorsed by different investigators. For instance,
the study [9] suggests a decentralized framework relying on SDN (Software De-
fined Networking) integrated with block chain for IoT in a smart city. The rec-
ommended framework depends on three major SDN technologies namely mobile
computing, fog computing, and edge computing for detecting the attack existence
in IoT networks.
After the accomplishment of initial research on IoT, 3-layered architecture
remained the central model for the applications based on IoT. These 3-layers
include the perception layer, network layer, and application layer.
Perception layer: sensors stay in this layer and this is the area from where
the data arrives. Data might be collected from numerous sensors on the connected
device. The actuators which work on their surrounding also exist in this layer.
Network layer: this layer explores how huge data are moving in the applica-
tion. It also connects several devices and transfers the data to suitable back-end
services.
Application layer: it is the layer that the users view. It could be a dashboard
exploring device status that is the system’s part or an application for controlling a
device.
The 3-layered model is a good manner of explaining an IoT-based project.
However, it is restricted in possibility. Due to this reason, several proposed mod-
els possess additional or different layers and this renowned model is termed a 5-
layered model. It includes the perception layer, transport layer, processing layer,
application layer, and business layer. In this case, the role of the perception layer
and application layer seems to be similar to 3-layered architecture. On contrary,
the transport layer performs sensor data transformation from the perception layer
to the processing layer and inversely through networks like 3G, Bluetooth, NFC,
RFID, wireless, and LAN. Following this, the processing layer (also termed as
middleware layer stores, evaluates, and processes many data which arrive from
the transport layer. This layer could manage and afford diverse service sets to
lower layers which apply numerous technologies like databases, CC, and BD
processing modules. Lastly, the business layer maintains the entire IoT system
which includes business, applications, and profit frameworks along with the pri-
vacy of users. The 3-layered and 5-layered models are shown in Figure taken
from source [10].
3-layered architecture 5-layered architecture
3-layered and 5-layered architecture [10]
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 12
Further, IoT devices utilize network protocols and standards for permitting
physical objects for interacting with one another and the cloud. Standards and
network protocols are policies that include certain rules which explain the com-
munication amongst many devices throughout the network. Moreover, single de-
vices namely personal computers and smartphones also utilize network protocols
to perform communication. However, general protocols which are utilized by
these devices might seem to be unfit for specific necessities like latency, range,
and bandwidth of solutions based on IoT. Thus, a few enhanced versions of a few
prevailing protocols and new IoT protocols have arouse to satisfy the needs of IoT
devices. These standards and IoT protocols are extensively categorized into two
distinct divisions. This includes IoT data protocols and IoT network protocols.
IoT data protocols [11]: these are utilized for connecting IoT devices of
low power. They afford communication with the hardware on the user’s side
without requiring an internet connection. Connectivity in these standards and pro-
tocols exists through cellular or wired networks. Some IoT data protocols are
listed below.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). HTTP (Hypertext Transfer
Protocol): is an application layered protocol that transmits hypermedia documents
like HTML. It was framed for communication amongst web servers and browsers.
However, it could also be utilized for several other purposes. It is a segment of the
IP suite and states the services and commands utilized to transfer the data of the
webpage. It exists as a basis for the exchange of any data on the web and is a
client and server protocol that indicates that requests are started by the recipient
(typically a web browser).
CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol). CoAP (Constrained
Application Protocol): is an application layer protocol that is designed for
addressing the requirements of IoT systems relying on HTTP. It is ideal for usage
in devices having limited resources like WSN nodes or IoT microcontrollers.
AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol). AMQP (Advanced
Message Queuing Protocol): is an open-standard application layered protocol
utilized for the transaction of messages amongst the servers. It permits
interoperable and encrypted messaging amongst applications and organizations.
The main operation of this protocol involves: receiving and positioning messages
(in queues), setting an interaction amongst the messages, and storing the
messages. With its reliability and security level, it is generally applied in settings
that need analytical environments based on the server like the banking sector.
Nevertheless, it is not extensively utilized elsewhere.
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport). MQTT (Message
Queuing Telemetry Transport): is a lightweight protocol and features a publisher
and subscriber model that permits the simple flow of data amongst varied devices.
Despite the wide adoption of this protocol as an IoT standard especially with
industrial applications, it seems to not assist defined device management and data
representation.
DDS (Data Distribution Service). DDS (Data Distribution Service): is an
ascendable IoT protocol that permits high-quality interaction in IoT. Alike
MQTTT, it also operates with the publisher and subscriber model and could be
installed in numerous settings from cloud to small devices which makes it ideal
for embedded and real-time systems.
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 13
IoT network protocols [12]: are utilized for connecting devices to a net-
work. Typically, these protocols are used over the internet. A few of the network
protocols of IoT are listed below.
Bluetooth. It is a widely utilized protocol for communicating within a spe-
cific range. It remains a standard communication protocol of IoT which is optimal
for low-powered, short-range, and low-cost wireless transmission amongst
electronic devices. Besides, BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) remains a version of
Bluetooth which minimizes the consumption of power and has a crucial part in
connecting IoT devices.
Zigbee. These networks are identical to Bluetooth in the aspect that, it
already possesses a significant base for the user in the IoT world. Nevertheless, its
specifications marginally conceal the use of Bluetooth. It consumes low power
and possesses a low range of data, a long communication range, and high
security. It is a simple protocol for exchanging data and is frequently executed in
devices having minimum needs like sensors and microcontrollers.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification): utilizes radio waves for transmission of fewer data packets upon
network within the low range. It seems to be easy for embedding the RFID chip
into IoT devices. After embedding, the RFID readers could read the corre-
sponding tags and afford information regarding the product which is attached to
the tags. Common RFID applications include inventory management. Through the
attachment of RFID tags to products and then connecting them with IoT devices,
businesses could track the available product count.
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity). It is a renowned IoT protocol utilized for con-
necting neighbouring devices existing within a particular range by broadcasting a
signal or hotspot. Generally, this connection makes use of several radio waves
which are meant in broadcasting information upon specific frequencies namely
2.4GHz, 5GHz, or 6GHz. Presently, 6GHZ is probable to evolve as the biggest
novelty in the past twenty years. It remains the core of this DT (Digital
Transformation) which will permit reliable and fast interactions from the next
device generation.
Significance of IoT
Tracking and Monitoring in Real-Time. The potential of a web-based system
for monitoring and tracking is numerous. IoT tracking affords effective means for
monitoring and tracking everything from stolen goods, and shipping containers to
vehicle fleets. Distinct devices could also detect alterations in climatic conditions.
Multiple industries exist where IoT trackers could immensely enhance the com-
pany’s efficacy. For instance: IoT devices find their significance in determining
COVID-19 by following individual infected persons and taking suitable actions
for reducing its spread. Through the data gathered from several tracking devices,
it is possible to find the area affected with the maximum number of victims. Addi-
tionally, the individuals who are absconding from the isolation wards or clinics
could also be found. It is also probable to monitor the suspects. Conclusively,
with the assistance of IoT devices, the exposure rate could be effectively con-
trolled with the enhancement of patient health [13].
Optimal Decision Making. IoT devices possess numerous sensors based on
which they could gain considerable data from several sources, affording them ad-
ditional information for working with the data obtained. For instance, the study
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 14
[14] has explored an integrative agricultural monitoring system through the use of
IoT and smartphone application. Through the use of this system, farmers could
remotely observe the farm for determining the soil’s pH level, wetness duration of
the leaf, humidity, temperature, and soil moisture. The system quickly evaluates
the soil and weather conditions in the specific region where the plant exists and
affords new insights for manipulating the decision process. For instance, the
article [15] intended to outline and progress control through the sensor modes in
crop areas with the management of data through web applications and
smartphones. This permits manual or automatic management by users. Automatic
control utilizes data from the sensors used to monitor the soil moisture for
watering. Nevertheless, the user could opt for manual management of crop
watering in functional mode. The system could also send notifications by LINE
API for line applications. Outcomes have explored the execution to be valuable in
agriculture.
Automation. The main reason behind the IoT invention is convenience. The
smart devices which automate day-to-day tasks permit humans for performing
other activities. Such devices lessen the workload of people. For instance, the
research [16] has explored that home automation methods are moving to
mechanization techniques wherein machinery equipment manages varied systems
in houses with less effort from humans. It also forces the automatic management
of home appliances by several technologies. A Bluetooth kit used for automating
homes is cheap and versatile. However, it could be used only within a limited
range. Moreover, an automation solution utilized a zigbee-RF module for creating
a wireless network that permits users for remote monitoring of the appliances at
home. GSM-based automation outline is also under consideration wherein
consumers could monitor and manage the home appliances by transferring
messages from the corresponding devices.
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Generally, day-to-day applications work smart. However, they are not able to in-
teract with one another. To permit them for communicating with one another for
sharing valuable information, IoT comes into origin with wide applications. These
evolving applications with autonomous abilities would certainly enhance the lives
of individuals. IoT is bringing technological modifications to the daily lives of
people which assists in creating and comfortable and simple life through several
applications and technologies. There are innumerable IoT applications in almost
all domains inclusive of industry, medicine, education, mining, transportation,
governance, manufacturing, etc. Some common and recent applications of IoT are
discussed in this section.
IoT based smart-city
IoT possesses good importance in constructing smart cities. It also holds positive
implications in enhancing the progress of urban trade which includes the industry
throughout the city with commercial progress in the city’s central area. In a huge
sense, realizing IoT is of huge importance to re-alter the city’s industrial structure
that encompasses the features of centralized use of resources and optimizing a
smart city’s structure. The direct influence of executing IoT is to minimize the
cost of information management. As IoT relies on a network, it quickly processes,
stores and transfers huge information. As a new technology, the physical network
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 15
not only creates new opportunities for the economic development of urban areas
but also improves the creation of new management and production techniques. An
IoT model relying on fog-computing has been endorsed in the study [17] that effi-
ciently resolves the network scalability and BD processing issues. This model has
been suggested to create efficient, harmonious, and coordinated operations of the
city through several information processing, network transmission and intelligent
perception means. Analytical outcomes have explored that, the recommended
scheme has been suitable for fog-environment having numerous computing re-
sources. Additionally, IoT could be utilized in several ways for making the cities
highly effective ranging from the management of traffic, air pollution control,
waste management, early planning for environmental disasters, creation of smart
buildings, etc. For providing traffic solutions, IoT makes use of varied sensor
kinds and fetches GPS location from the smartphone of drivers to find the loca-
tion, vehicle speed, and number. Concurrently, traffic lights based on IoT con-
nected with cloud platforms permit the monitoring of timings of the green light
and automatically modify the lights relying on the current circumstance of traffic
to avoid congestion. In addition, the use of historical data and smart solutions to
manage the traffic could forecast where traffic might go and undertake measures
for preventing probable congestion. Further, for monitoring air pollution, an IoT-
based system has been considered for observing the quality of air upon the server
through the internet. This will prompt an alarm if the quality of air exceeds a cer-
tain level indicating that, there are enough quantity of detrimental gases existing
in the air namely smoke, benzene, etc. general use of IoT is managing waste
through route optimization. It minimizes the consumption of fuel thereby empty-
ing the dustbins all over the city. Moreover, IoT also assists in determining natu-
ral disasters before their occurrence. The sensors and IoT devices gather real-time
information on things namely volcanic activity, barometric readings, and water
levels. The sensors could detect tornadoes, earthquakes, cloudbursts, etc, and
alerts through initial warnings. Thus, with its minimum energy consumption,
great connectivity, low cost, and strong coverage, IoT has turned out to be a key
expertise in smart-city creation. Nevertheless, faced with numerous terminals,
non-uniformity in smart buildings, rational assignment of restricted resources, and
integration of heterogeneous data have become significant trends in the IoT study
area. Consequently, the study [18] has suggested a method to process the hetero-
geneous data gathered by IoT networks in smart-building thereby converting them
into standardized homogeneous data which could be taken as input to monitor and
manage the procedures in smart buildings to optimize its performance.
IoT-based smart home
Using IoT for home automation has become a modern lifestyle to comfort the citi-
zens of smart cities. The person who is employing applications for home automa-
tion at the time of construction of the home could manage, monitor as well as
regulate the use of energy in all probable manners. It lessens the manual work.
For instance, a lamp in a bedroom glows automatically once an individual enters
the room. Moreover, lights in a specific area in the home could be programmed to
automatically switch on or off. Such home automation comes with several advan-
tages: they bring safety through the appliance, enables light control, enhances
awareness through cameras, and improvises convenience through automatic tem-
perature adjustments, alarm control, smartphone alerts, energy management, etc.
Some significant applications of IoT in automating homes are emphasized in the
study [19]. It has been claimed that IoT manages home automation devices from
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 16
any place throughout the globe by managing them from tablets, smartphones, and
personal computers. Monitoring has been another factor of IoT for affording how
things could be known in advance in terms of water distribution, security alarms,
and energy management. User-friendliness has been a significant factor of IoT for
managing home utilizations with less interface, limited range of wireless trans-
mission, and easy opera table through tablets and smartphones. Similarly, the re-
search [20] has suggested a system with interconnecting sensors, data sources,
and actuators to accomplish multi-purpose home automation. This system has
been termed a toggle which works by holding the ability for powerful and flexible
API (Application Program Interface) that indicates the basis of a common and
simple communication mechanism. Most devices utilized by qToggle rely on
raspberry-pi boards or ESP8266 or ESP8285. Besides, an application has also
been developed which permits users for managing the sequence of sensors and
home appliances. In such cases, qToggle has been utilized for several purposes
like controlling temperature and lights, security alarms, garden sprinklers, concur-
rent opening and closing of doors, and observing energy and power. Suggested
qToggle has been flexible, and user-friendly and could be developed through the
use of varied devices.
IoT for smart-energy
IoT has become a boundless ally in managing energy consumption and smart dis-
tribution in smart system cases. With the enhancement of IoT networks for opti-
mal energy, a smart meter comes with additional operations namely bidirectional
communication which permits the integration of networks and users, controlling
smart equipment, etc. Smart meters remain the basic component of a smart grid.
Moreover, meters utilized with a management system could be used to monitor
and control the appliances of the home and other devices by the requirements of
users. In a contemporary smart home, IoT and smart meters have been hugely de-
ployed for altering the conventional analog meters which digitalize the meter
readings and data gathered. Data could be transmitted wirelessly which signifi-
cantly lessens the manual efforts. Nevertheless, the smart home community has
been susceptible to the theft of energy. These attacks could not be detected effec-
tively as the conventional methods need specific device installation to make it
work. This levies an issue for such theft detection to be executed despite the defi-
ciency in devices for energy monitoring. To resolve this, the study [21] has devel-
oped SETS (Smart Energy Theft System) which relies on statistical models and
ML (Machine Learning). Three stages of decision taking modules exist. The ini-
tial stage involves the prediction framework that utilizes a multi-model prediction
system. The such system integrates several ML models into a forecast system to
determine the rate of power consumption. This has been followed by the primary
decision-making model which makes use of SMA (Simple Moving Average) to
filter the abnormality. The final phase includes a secondary decision-making
framework which creates the final decision stage on energy stealing. Simulation
outcomes have represented that; the endorsed system could perform successful
detection at a rate of 99.6% which improves IoT security in a smart home for sav-
ing energy. It has also been found that SETS has improved IoT security from en-
ergy theft and could be further executed in industrial and commercial sectors. The
solution of the single integrated system has to be economical and effective. Smart
computation systems permit the monitoring of energy consumption thereby af-
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 17
fording valuable information regarding the quality of energy. The information
afforded by such systems has been utilized by operators for enhancing the energy
supply. Varied methodologies could also be employed on this end like charge
scheduling, demand side management, and non-intrusive monitoring of load. The
intention of the research [22] has been to design, construct, explore and validate
the solution for a cheap smart meter to monitor energy consumption based on IoT.
It transfers the gathered data by wireless communication utilizing IoT protocols.
The collected data by IoT middleware has been capable of managing and afford-
ing users with information for energy use on the internet. The smart meter oper-
ates online where all the data has been attained in real-time. For easy integration
with any tracking software solution, the meter possesses a multi-protocol link.
Zigbee, 6LoWPAN, and Bluetooth have been permitted for this process. Wi-Fi
has also been utilized for validating the ability of the smart meter to interact with
IoT middleware. Lastly, the solution has been validated in real-world settings and
is also used recently.
IoT in medical management
The influence of IoT on the medical industry has attained extensive attention in
recent years. Digitalization has been rapidly occurring in hospitals. Numerous
firms have been developing platforms to connect numerous devices in clinics. For
instance, Philip’s health suite (an open platform) permits medical devices for
sharing data with the specific platform which could later process and evaluate
these data which could then be generated by medical workers inclusive of nurses
and physicians. This process assists the physicians in taking decisions. An eICU
program has also been developed by Philips, which integrates audio technology
with visual technology in addition to data visualization and predictive analytics.
This lays a centrally observed intense care in clinics by use of connected devices
which afford data in real-time [23]. Another research area in IoT in healthcare
involves the networked data produced and retrieved from healthcare devices in
serious care settings, analysis and observance of patients in the clinics from X-
ray, MRI, and CT scanners and mammography with integrated EMR (Electronic
Medical Records) with imaging results that could assist in fast medical decisions.
Moreover, digital pathology represents a term utilized for explaining actionable
information produced using AI (Artificial Intelligence) algorithms on diseased
tissue images including tumours, other diseases, and wounds. Various primary
MedTech companies like Philips have created products of digital pathology for
the market. Likewise, other global organizations like Siemens possess products of
digital pathology [24]. Another evolving sector where IoT has initiated to make
an impact includes prosthetics and the implantation of medical devices like defi-
brillators, robotic surgeries, hip joints, etc. Measurement of heart rate, computa-
tion of intake or calorie burn, automatic patient monitoring, etc. includes a few
tasks accomplished by the IoT devices integrated with healthcare sensors. IoT
with fig-computing, mobile edge-computing, and cloud computing exists as
promising technologies to build a digital, smart, and advanced medical manage-
ment system. An enhanced block chain framework based on IoT has been sug-
gested in the study [25] to access and maintain EMR with reliability, efficiency,
transparency, and security. In this case, block chain resolves the privacy limita-
tions of IoT through the use of cryptographic algorithms. Reliability issues have
also been focussed through the use of tamper-resistant ledgers. Similarly, the
research [26] has used SHA (Saskatchewan Health Authority) which includes
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 18
several medical areas as case-study. The concept of the study has been to execute
IoT in SHA. It has been assumed that this will be sufficient in consolidating to
assure the interoperability and interconnectivity among medical areas through
network designs which will enable wide communication in a health area. It has
been argued that using IoT will give huge merits like enhance workforce produc-
tivity, enhanced business models, and cost savings with enhanced cooperation
with patients and medical practitioners in all the segments of medical delivery.
The smart solution has also been accomplished by concentrating on certain medi-
cal services like cloud services, emergency services, operational services, and
cancer-care services by IoT, particularly with WSNs and other devices through
the full mesh-hierarchical network configuration.
IoT-wearable
IoT-based wearable technology has been associated with ubiquitous computing. It
is a technology with smart devices and microcontrollers. The device could be
worn on the human body as an accessory or an implant. Such wearable devices
could perform numerous identical computing similar to laptops and mobile
phones. Nevertheless, in certain conditions, wearable technology could perform
better than handheld devices. For instance: smart-belt, smart-shoes, smart-ring,
fitness trackers, smart jewellery, etc. Wearable devices based on IoT are not re-
stricted to these instances alone. While wearable technology inclines to indicate
the items that could be put on with ease and taken off with ease, there exist inva-
sive types of concepts as in implanted device cases like smart tattoos or micro-
chips. No matter if a device has been incorporated into a human body or is worn,
the wearable device has intended to develop convenient, portable, handy, and
constant free access for computers and electronics. The study [27] has presented a
HAR (Human Activity Recognition) system relying on DL (Deep Learning)
methods and a Wi-Fi sensor conceived to use the wearable and smart devices for
recognizing the day-to-day activities of users prevailing within AAL (Ambient
Assisted Living). Generally, the proposed model exploits neural networks and
Wi-Fi connections to be utilized on the cloud to perform demand tasks and on
embedding components or low-cost devices for regular activity recognition. By
this, connection to cloud services has been vital only when any individual initiates
to get monitored affording trivial training for creating an entire dataset to fit into
the use case. The intention of the work has not been real-time, however, it exists
as a personalized activity monitoring in the long-term for the activity accom-
plished during the day by old people to infer any unwanted behaviours often asso-
ciated with emergency or unhealthy cases. Obtained outcomes have been positive
in comparison with other research works. Furthermore, the study [28] has intro-
duced a smartwatch and data pipeline based on the cloud to develop a user-
friendly medicine intake observation system that could contribute for enhance
medication adherence. The introduced smartwatch gathers sensor data through a
gyroscope or accelerometer. With the suggested sensor data retrieval, pre-
processing and ML algorithms, the research has accomplished a maximum F1-score
of 0.977. Outcomes have revealed that spark-cluster with numerous storage,
memory, and CPU could construct ML models quicker by the use of several com-
puting resources simultaneously.
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 19
IoT in farming
IoT in farming utilizes drones, computer imaging, remote sensors, and robots in-
tegrated with persistent progress of analytical tools and ML to monitor the crops,
surveying as well as field mapping with the provision of suitable data to the farm-
ers for better management plans of a farm for saving money and time. Employing
IoT in farming targets traditional farming functionalities to satisfy the enhancing
demands with limited production losses. Accordingly, the research [29] has de-
veloped an algorithm based on image processing to detect and observe the in-
fected fruits from cultivation to harvesting. To accomplish this, ANN (Artificial
Neural Network) has been employed. Four tomato crop diseases have been cho-
sen for the research. Two databases have been used for training infected images
and execution of query images. Weight has been adjusted for training through the
backpropagation concept. Empirical outcomes have presented the mapping and
classification of respective image categories. Images have been categorized as
texture, morphology, and colour. Practical execution of methodology has been
accomplished using MATLAB. Morphology has afforded results at a rate of 93%.
The suggested algorithm is better at determining the disease’s spread. Similarly,
the article [30] has executed services based on IoT for the farming sector. The
main intention has been to gather data from several spots in farmland. This data
later is accessed by farmers in a mobile application through a cloud platform.
Data gets represented in graphical form. The mobile application also affords sev-
eral beneficial services for farmers. Application users could also manage the fun-
damental functions of environmental, irrigation, fertilization, and soil data. These
data have been automatically correlated with the invalid data filtered out from a
view of evaluating the crop performance. Suggested application has also fore-
casted crops and recommended crops based on a specific farm. A farm could pos-
sess numerous crops in its fields. Thus, individual crops will possess varied pa-
rameters that have to be controlled. For this, a cluster has been needed that will
gather data individually. To undertake this, nodes have been installed on several
field areas relying on parameters. The individual node includes a sensor and rasp-
berry pi connected with it. The sensors might be humidity sensors, soil moisture,
or temperature sensor. As the soil moisture sensor has been analog, it needs an
analog-to-digital converter. Data from the sensor remains in an analog form that
has to be transmitted in digital format. Thus, raw data has been supplied to the
analog-to-digital converter which gets converted to digital (in voltage value for-
mat). Based on this value, the percentage of soil moisture has been considered.
Thus, through clustering technology, accurate decisions can be made by farmers
about detecting the particular area in which soil moisture gets reduced, the par-
ticular period in which motor pumps can be turned on/off and device parameters
to be managed. All this data transferred to the cloud has been stored in a cloud
database. These data could be viewed by farmers after logging into their corre-
sponding accounts. Data from the cloud has been afforded to the mobile applica-
tion by which farmers could easily control several devices and maintain all the
readings retrieved from sensors.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
The reviewed articles have been comparatively evaluated to bring out their advan-
tages and disadvantages. The tabular analysis is shown in Table 2.
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 20
T a b l e 2 . Tabular analysis – advantages and disadvantages
S
.n
o
R
ef
er
en
ce
Io
T
ap
p
li
ca
ti
on
s
O
b
je
ct
iv
e
O
u
tc
om
e/
A
d
va
n
ta
ge
s
D
is
a
d
va
n
ta
ge
s
1 [17]
S
m
ar
t-
ci
ty
An IoT model relying on
fog-computing has been
endorsed to create
coordinated operations of
the city through intelligent
perception means
Minimize processing
delay, and reduce running
time and violation rate.
Resource allocation
maintains stability
Competition for sev-
eral resources might
possess a negative
impact on resource
allocation due to lim-
ited communication
and storage resources
2 [19]
S
m
ar
t h
om
e
A significant application of
IoT in automating homes is
emphasized in the study
The researcher has claimed
that IoT manages home
automation devices from
any place throughout the
globe by managing them
from tablets, smartphones,
and personal computers
IoT has been limited
in privacy,
confidentiality, and
over-dependence
on technology
3 [22]
E
ne
rg
y
m
et
er
s
ba
se
d
on
I
oT
The study has aimed to de-
sign, construct, explore and
validate the solution for a
cheap smart meter to moni-
tor energy consumption
based on IoT
For easy integration with
any tracking software
solution, the meter
possesses a multi-protocol
link
Limited with respect
to standardization of
communication pro-
tocols, lack of plug &
play support, and
inefficiency in BD
management.
4 [25]
M
ed
ic
al
m
an
ag
e-
m
en
t
An enhanced block chain
framework based on IoT
has been suggested to ac-
cess and maintain EMR
with reliability, efficiency,
transparency, and security
Block chain has resolved
the privacy limitations of
IoT through the use of
cryptographic algorithms.
Reliability issues have also
been focussed on by con-
sidering the tamper-
resistant ledgers
A highly compact
system has to be
considered in the
future to alleviate
the security issues
in EMR
5 [27]
Io
T
w
ea
ra
bl
es
The research has presented
a HAR (Human Activity
Recognition) system relying
on DL (Deep Learning)
methods and Wi-Fi sensors
conceived to use wearable
and smart devices for rec-
ognizing the day-to-day
activities of users
Obtained results
have been positive
Real-time execution
has not been
undertaken
6 [30]
A
gr
ic
ul
tu
re
The main intention
has been to gather data from
several spots in farmland
based on IoT
Application users could
also manage the
fundamental functions of
environmental, irrigation,
fertilization, and soil data
Data has to be
centralized in
the future
7 [31]
In
du
st
ry
The basic objective has to
predict the motor vibration
measurements
The working of system
compared with other ML
techniques has stated
better results
A unified system
for maintenance
planning in industry
has to be built
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 21
Continued table 1
S
.n
o
R
ef
er
en
ce
Io
T
ap
p
li
ca
ti
on
s
O
b
je
ct
iv
e
O
u
tc
om
e/
A
d
va
n
ta
ge
s
D
is
a
d
va
n
ta
ge
s
8 [32]
In
du
st
ry
To develop an IoT
architecture to detect
motor faults
The results has projected
better accuracy
in monitoring induction
machines using IoT system
with ML algorithms
The study has to em-
phasize by applying
the methodology in
other machine types
9 [33]
In
du
st
ry
The main objective of the
study has to remove noise
and preserving anomalies
in IIoT data
The study has detected the
noise in presence of
significant anomalies and
has distinguished the
abnormal patterns and
sensor noise caused by
equipment failure
It is not completely
automatic detection
and temporary change
in noise has resulted
in sensor alteration
From comparative analysis, a few disadvantages faced by conventional
works have been explored which include limitations in terms of privacy, confi-
dentiality, over-dependence on technology, lack of real-time execution, data to be
centralized, need of high compact system, and limited communication, lack of
plug & play support, inefficiency in BD management and storage resources. Ma-
jor Key challenges of IoT are discussed below,
MAJOR KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF IOT
IoT has interconnected several physical devices through the internet for exchang-
ing data amongst them. Data is maintained in the cloud. Despite its extensive
popularity, it is facing several issues as listed below [34]:
Regarding technological challenges, IoT lacks standards, and a deficiency in
intelligent analysis, and connectivity.
Standards: IoT organizations lack in adopting a standard which is the rea-
son for their deficiency in planning, implementing, and managing the IoT devices.
Deficiency in intelligent analysis: Sometimes the data gathered by the sen-
sor might be inaccurate which might lead to wrong results.
Connectivity: With the increase in the evolution of IoT devices, connecting
numerous devices have become a challenge.
Regarding societal challenges, IoT is encountering numerous issues to meet
up with customer demands that change frequently. New devices also grow rap-
idly, hence, time is required. As the users have partial knowledge regarding IoT
devices, they might get concerned when the interface seems to be complex which
might lead to averting the product use. Inventing new IoT devices and integrating
them with previous ones requires time and money.
IoT also faces challenges in design where battery life seems to be a limita-
tion. Challenges are also involved in packing and including microchips with
minimum power consumption and weight. Designers have to resolve the design
timing issue and deliver the device to market at the correct time. In addition, IoT
faces issues due to deployment concerning connectivity, data collection and proc-
essing, and capability cross-platform. In IoT, scalability has become another con-
cern which is of 2 kinds-vertical and horizontal scalabilities. In this case, vertical
M. Punitha, P.M. Rekha
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 1 22
scalability indicates the removal or inclusion of computing-resources correspond-
ing to the IoT node, while, horizontal scalability indicates the removal or inclu-
sion of the IoT node. Though the study [35] has attempted to solve scalability is-
sues of IoT using a cloud-based model, it still faces several challenges IoT nodes
demanding enhancing services like functional scalability, data storage, privacy,
security, etc. Moreover, IoT has lacked end-to-end security solutions and privacy
standards which is a prevailing concern to deploy IoT. Deficiencies in encryption,
scarce testing, and updating are a few instances of lack of security in IoT. All
these challenges have to be solved for maintaining IoT devices reliable and secure.
COUNTERMEASURES FOR SECURITY ISSUES IN IOT
Few countermeasures exist using which IoT security challenges could be miti-
gated [36]. This includes data encryption, access control, certification, communi-
cation security, etc.
Data encryption strategies. Encryption involves the procedure of converting
PT (Plaintext) into CT (Cipher text). The IoT network layer accepts the hop-by-
hop encryption strategy for securing nodes at the network layer. In this way, in-
formation gets encrypted during transmission. However, it has to maintain PT in
the individual node by encryption process and decryption process. On contrary,
IoT’s application layer accepts end-to-end encryption for the secure transfer of
information from the sender to the receiver. By business needs, one could select
any encryption approach. In addition, with security management and the ex-
change of keys, one could avoid attacks namely fabrication records, eavesdrop-
ping, etc.
CC (Cloud Computing). Huge data are stored in the cloud and its perform-
ance seems to be more with minimum cost. IoT could adopt CC for storing, proc-
essing, and gathering data from numerous sensor nodes that are also capable of
affording 3rd party security for IoT systems.
Communication Security in IoT. IoT devices include small devices having
low power that results in weak communication security. Hence, a secure and strong
communication protocol is needed for accomplishing communication security.
Access Control and Certification. Through the use of PKI (Public Key In-
frastructure), one could accomplish authentication with public key certification to
preserve the confidentiality and authenticity of IoT. It also seems to be a secure
manner of determining the parties involved in transferring information. Identify-
ing parties could also be performed by a trusted 3rd party termed notarization. Be-
sides, access control affords secure IoT through the limitation of device access
and person or things that are not legal for IoT resource access. For correct, IoT
access control, the system has to afford a certification system for security.
Recommendations
The efficient approach to secure IoT is to concentrate on fundamentals. IoT de-
vice manufacturers, architects, developers, application developers, service devel-
opers, and experience designers have to work collaboratively to bring security in
the initial phases of designing and ensure that it seems to be consistent throughout
the entire IoT phase. It is vital for individuals contributing to the development of
IoT for including security features at the design stage of solution development for
IoT. Efforts for preventing attacks involve designing security, embedding features
of the firewall to integrate additional defence layers, affording encryption abili-
Potential applications of Internet of Things: a comprehensive analysis
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 1 23
ties, and including capabilities of tamper detection. When manufacturers fail to
completely test their IoT devices, safety and consumer trust might be at risk.
Hence, it is significant to assure that security has a purpose, constructed in all the
ecosystem aspects which are implementing specific IoT devices, services, or
products. When constructing IoT products, the vendors must always apply opti-
mal strategy and intend for integrity, availability, and confidentiality.
CONCLUSION
The study reviewed the potential applications of IoT from existing works that
ranged from 2018 to 2022. It also discussed the IoT evolution, its concepts, archi-
tecture, and protocols. Additionally, the significance of IoT was highlighted. The
advantages and disadvantages of different IoT applications (considered by con-
ventional studies) were also discussed through tabular comparative analysis.
Through this comparative assessment, a few issues in considering IoT was deter-
mined which comprised of limitations in terms of privacy, confidentiality, over-
dependence on technology, lack of real-time execution, data to be centralized,
lack of plug & play support, inefficiency in BD management and storage re-
sources, need of high compact system and limited communication. After this, the
study summarized the major key challenges of IoT technological challenges, so-
cietal challenges, and design and deployment challenges. Issues due to scalability
and security were also emphasized. Finally, the study provided countermeasures
for resolving the security challenges of IoT with recommendations that will act as
a guideline for researchers and IoT experts in resolving the unsolved gaps to at-
tain a better vision in adopting IoT products with enhanced security.
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Received 05.12.2022
INFORMATION ON THE ARTICLE
Punitha Mahadevappa, ORCID: 0000-0003-3567-5537, JSS Academy of Technical
Education, India
Rekha Puranic Math, ORCID: 0000-0003-0866-9502, JSS Academy of Technical Edu-
cation, India, e-mail: rpmresearch22@gmail.com
ПОТЕНЦІЙНЕ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ІНТЕРНЕТУ РЕЧЕЙ: ВСЕБІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ /
Пуніта Махадеваппа, Ріка Пуранік Мет
Анотація. Інтернет речей (IoT) — це об’єднання апаратного забезпечення, на-
приклад датчиків і трекерів, які відстежують кілька параметрів середовища або
фізичних об’єктів, і програмного забезпечення, яке обробляє всі дані, зібрані
апаратним забезпеченням. Очікується, що глобальний ринок IoT зросте на 53,8
мільярдів доларів США до 2025 року. Такий зростальний попит пояснюється
його вродженою здатністю до автоматизації, яка спонукає кілька галузей до
впровадження IoT. Крім того, мінімальна вартість пам’яті, оброблення та збе-
рігання зі збільшенням великих даних (BD), хмари та поєднання промислових
мереж та Інтернету є додатковими факторами для збільшення розвитку IoT.
Завдяки цій важливості IoT застосувується у багатьох сферах, таких як управ-
ління медициною, сільське господарство, носимі технології, розумний лічиль-
ник енергії, розумне місто тощо. Застосування не обмежуються наведеними
прикладами. Із урахуванням цього існуючі дослідження розглядали різні про-
грами та намагалися їх реалізувати. Оскільки ці дослідження зосереджувалися
на різних додатках, метою цього огляду є надання компіляції потенційних за-
стосувань IoT за результатами звичайних досліджень у період з 2018 по 2022
рік. Дослідження також має на меті вивчити переваги та недоліки різних IoT
додатків (розглянутих традиційними дослідженнями) за допомогою таблично-
го аналізу. Крім того, у праці наголошується на основних ключових проблемах
IoT включно з контрзаходами для вирішення проблем безпеки IoT. Дослі-
дження дає рекомендації, які допоможуть усім експертам з Інтернету речей
вивести на ринок продукти Інтернету речей із підвищеною безпекою.
Ключові слова: Інтернет речей, автоматизація, безпека, потенційні застосу-
вання.
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| institution | System research and information technologies |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:28:29Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |
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| spelling | journaliasakpiua-article-3043312024-05-23T07:09:36Z Potential applications of internet of things: A comprehensive analysis Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз Punitha, Mahadevappa Rekha, Puranic Math Internet of Things automation security potential applications Інтернет речей автоматизація безпека потенційні застосування Internet of Things (IoT) is the amalgamation of hardware, like sensors and trackers, which monitor several parameters of the environment or physical objects, and software that processes all the data gathered by hardware. Globally, the IoT market is anticipated to reach 53.8 billion USD by 2025. This enhancing demand is due to its innate ability to automate, which drives several industries to adopt IoT. In addition, minimum memory cost, processing, and storage with an increase in Big Data (BD), cloud, and conjunction of industrial networks and the internet are the added factors for the increase in IoT development. Due to this significance, IoT has applications in numerous areas like medical management, farming, wearable technology, smart energy meters, smart cities, etc. The applications are not limited to the examples mentioned above. Considering this, existing studies have considered different applications and attempted to execute them. As different applications have been focused on by these studies, the present review intends to provide a compilation of potential applications of IoT as considered by conventional research between 2018 and 2022. The study also intends to explore the advantages and disadvantages of different IoT applications (deliberated by conventional studies) through tabular analysis. Further, this review emphasizes IoT’s major key challenges and countermeasures to resolve its security issues. Finally, the study affords recommendations that will assist all IoT experts in bringing IoT products with enhanced security into the market. Інтернет речей (IoT) — це об’єднання апаратного забезпечення, наприклад датчиків і трекерів, які відстежують кілька параметрів середовища або фізичних об’єктів, і програмного забезпечення, яке обробляє всі дані, зібрані апаратним забезпеченням. Очікується, що глобальний ринок IoT зросте на 53,8 мільярдів доларів США до 2025 року. Такий зростальний попит пояснюється його вродженою здатністю до автоматизації, яка спонукає кілька галузей до впровадження IoT. Крім того, мінімальна вартість пам’яті, оброблення та зберігання зі збільшенням великих даних (BD), хмари та поєднання промислових мереж та Інтернету є додатковими факторами для збільшення розвитку IoT. Завдяки цій важливості IoT застосувується у багатьох сферах, таких як управління медициною, сільське господарство, носимі технології, розумний лічильник енергії, розумне місто тощо. Застосування не обмежуються наведеними прикладами. Із урахуванням цього існуючі дослідження розглядали різні програми та намагалися їх реалізувати. Оскільки ці дослідження зосереджувалися на різних додатках, метою цього огляду є надання компіляції потенційних застосувань IoT за результатами звичайних досліджень у період з 2018 по 2022 рік. Дослідження також має на меті вивчити переваги та недоліки різних IoT додатків (розглянутих традиційними дослідженнями) за допомогою табличного аналізу. Крім того, у праці наголошується на основних ключових проблемах IoT включно з контрзаходами для вирішення проблем безпеки IoT. Дослідження дає рекомендації, які допоможуть усім експертам з Інтернету речей вивести на ринок продукти Інтернету речей із підвищеною безпекою. The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 2024-03-29 Article Article application/pdf https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/304331 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.1.01 System research and information technologies; No. 1 (2024); 7-25 Системные исследования и информационные технологии; № 1 (2024); 7-25 Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології; № 1 (2024); 7-25 2308-8893 1681-6048 en https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/304331/296278 |
| spellingShingle | Інтернет речей автоматизація безпека потенційні застосування Punitha, Mahadevappa Rekha, Puranic Math Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз |
| title | Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз |
| title_alt | Potential applications of internet of things: A comprehensive analysis |
| title_full | Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз |
| title_fullStr | Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз |
| title_full_unstemmed | Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз |
| title_short | Потенційне застосування інтернету речей: Всебічний аналіз |
| title_sort | потенційне застосування інтернету речей: всебічний аналіз |
| topic | Інтернет речей автоматизація безпека потенційні застосування |
| topic_facet | Internet of Things automation security potential applications Інтернет речей автоматизація безпека потенційні застосування |
| url | https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/304331 |
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