Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах
This paper proposes effective methods and means to enhance the quality of mobile communication and mobile Internet in high-speed trains. The current issues related to achieving enhanced mobile communication and Internet quality in high-speed trains are discussed within this thematic scope. The pract...
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System research and information technologies| _version_ | 1867334449515986944 |
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| author | Shtefan, Natalia Zhyhlo, Serhii |
| author_facet | Shtefan, Natalia Zhyhlo, Serhii |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Natalia Shtefan",
"institution": "Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkiv"
},
{
"author": "Serhii Zhyhlo",
"institution": "Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkiv"
}
] |
| author_sort | Shtefan, Natalia |
| baseUrl_str | http://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2025-11-09T00:01:30Z |
| description | This paper proposes effective methods and means to enhance the quality of mobile communication and mobile Internet in high-speed trains. The current issues related to achieving enhanced mobile communication and Internet quality in high-speed trains are discussed within this thematic scope. The practical research examines the metrological features of the proposed new combined methodologies for improving mobile communication and Internet quality in high-speed trains at a model-complex level. It has been established that the methodology combining methods (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G) shows the best results due to the combination of low-latency and jitter technologies. Metrological measurements confirm its effectiveness through lower latency and jitter values compared to other methodologies. Methodology 3 (5G + Micro-grids) offers high local indicators but is limited in bandwidth. Metrological data confirm the reduced latency and jitter. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2025.3.03 |
| first_indexed | 2025-11-09T02:11:02Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo, 2025
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 33
TIДC
ПРОГРЕСИВНІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ,
ВИСОКОПРОДУКТИВНІ КОМП’ЮТЕРНІ
СИСТЕМИ
UDC 004.41: 621.396:004.7:656.2
DOI: 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2025.3.03
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS TO IMPROVE
THE QUALITY OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
AND MOBILE INTERNET IN HIGH-SPEED TRAINS
N.V. SHTEFAN, S.V. ZHIGLO
Abstract. This paper proposes effective methods and means to enhance the quality
of mobile communication and mobile Internet in high-speed trains. The current is-
sues related to achieving enhanced mobile communication and Internet quality in
high-speed trains are discussed within this thematic scope. The practical research
examines the metrological features of the proposed new combined methodologies
for improving mobile communication and Internet quality in high-speed trains at a
model-complex level. It has been established that the methodology combining
methods (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G) shows the best results due to the combination of low-
latency and jitter technologies. Metrological measurements confirm its effectiveness
through lower latency and jitter values compared to other methodologies. Methodol-
ogy 3 (5G + Micro-grids) offers high local indicators but is limited in bandwidth.
Metrological data confirm the reduced latency and jitter.
Keywords: comprehensive model, quality standards, integration testing, modular
testing, technological challenges, micro-grids, 5G, digital communications.
RELEVANCE
Improving the quality of mobile communication and mobile internet in high-
speed trains is a relevant issue in modern society, as mobile technologies have
become an integral part of people’s daily lives. The increasing number of mobile
device users and the growing demand for high-speed connections during travel
make this topic particularly important. Mobile communication in high-speed
trains often faces challenges such as unstable signals, high latency, jitter, and lim-
ited bandwidth, which reduce the quality of services for passengers. High-speed
trains pose unique technical challenges related to their high speeds, changing
network zones, and frequent handovers between base stations. These factors af-
fect the continuity and stability of the connection.
Moreover, the relevance of this topic is reinforced by the necessity of pro-
viding passengers with reliable internet access for work, entertainment, and com-
munication during trips, enhancing their comfort and satisfaction with the services
of transport companies.
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2025, № 3 34
According to the work [1], improving the quality of mobile communication
in mobile transport environments is critically important for the development of
modern communication infrastructure, as it directly impacts user satisfaction and
service efficiency. Studies by the authors [2] confirm that the combined use of
technologies such as LTE, Wi-Fi, and 5G minimizes issues related to quality deg-
radation, which is a key factor for the stable operation of mobile internet during
travel. According to data presented in studies [3], the implementation of modern
data transmission technologies in high-speed networks significantly reduces la-
tency and improves connection quality, as confirmed by metrological measure-
ments. Research into current methods for improving mobile communication and
internet in high-speed trains, particularly the methods combining LTE, Wi-Fi, and
5G, is a necessary step to ensure high-quality connectivity under constantly
changing network conditions. These studies enable technological advancements
and contribute to the development of efficient communication systems in trans-
port infrastructure, meeting modern market demands and passenger needs.
Thus, the relevance of this article is determined by the need to develop and
implement innovative solutions to improve the quality of mobile communication
and internet in high-speed trains. These efforts will address several technical and
infrastructural issues, contributing to enhanced passenger service quality.
ANALYSIS OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Branković N., et al. (2021) [2] conducted an in-depth analysis of the development
of mobile communication systems for high-speed railways. The researchers em-
phasize the importance of efficient communication in dynamic environments,
where high train speeds necessitate significant improvements in data transmission
technologies. The development of such systems is a critical factor in ensuring the
quality of software solutions, as any delays or packet losses can affect communi-
cation reliability. Their findings highlight the need for new performance predic-
tion models and resource optimization to enhance software reliability. Similar
studies [1, 5, 6, 8, 10] focus on current data transmission technologies, such as 4G
and 5G, but often overlook emerging technologies or alternatives that may soon
enter the market. Furthermore, while the researchers propose innovative perform-
ance prediction models, their findings require further validation in real-world
high-speed scenarios, where unpredictable factors could impact communication
quality. The limited amount of experimental data in these studies also affects the
accuracy and reliability of the results.
Dakulagi V. and Alagirisamy M. (2020) [3] explore adaptive beamforming
systems for high-speed mobile communication. They propose an approach that
reduces interference and improves signal quality in dynamic conditions. This
method is particularly relevant for optimizing data transmission models, minimiz-
ing losses, and enhancing communication stability, all of which are crucial for
control systems. However, the proposed approach is effective only in specific
scenarios, and its efficiency in large networks with high user density requires fur-
ther investigation.
Gunasekar A., et al. (2023) [4] introduce an innovative optical data transmis-
sion system for providing broadband internet access on high-speed trains. Their
approach relies on a cooperative triple-hop system utilizing FSO-FSO-VLC tech-
Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 35
nologies. This research underscores the importance of high-speed, stable connec-
tions, which contribute to software quality improvement by ensuring communica-
tion stability and enhanced performance. However, integrating new technologies
such as FSO-FSO-VLC may require the development of new protocols and stan-
dards, which could delay implementation and present practical challenges.
Studies [5–15] examine data loading quality from mobile devices on high-
speed trains. These studies focus on analyzing energy efficiency in mobile de-
vices, an essential factor in ensuring software quality. Energy optimization ex-
tends system autonomy and reliability, which is particularly important in chal-
lenging operational conditions. However, these studies often neglect external
factors such as environmental noise and interference, which can significantly in-
fluence measurement outcomes.
This analysis highlights the ongoing efforts to address the challenges of mo-
bile communication and internet quality in high-speed trains, emphasizing the
importance of balancing technological innovations with real-world constraints to
develop effective solutions.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The aim of the work is to study effective software systems, methods and means of
improving the quality of mobile communication and the Internet in speed trains.
Achieving the goal is to solve the following tasks:
conducting a generalized analysis of topical issues related to the research
of modern methods of improving the quality of mobile communication and the
Internet in speed trains;
conducting key mobile and Internet quality parameters in high -speed trains;
conducting an analysis of errors when measuring mobile and and Internet
quality measurements in speed trains;
investigation of the use of new combined methods to improve the quality
of mobile communication and the Internet in speed trains.
MAIN PART
Table 1 shows the results of the analysis of modern methods of improving the
quality of mobile communication and the Internet in speed trains.
Let’s mathematically analyze the methods presented in Table 1 that can be
applied to improve mobile communication and mobile internet quality in high-
speed trains. According to the work [5], the optimization of mobile communica-
tion and mobile internet quality in high-speed trains, achieved through the use of
a dynamic resource management system, can be mathematically described by the
expression:
load
Available
optimal 1
C
R ,
where optimalR — optimal use of the resource; AvailableC — The channel is avail-
able ; load — load ratio.
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2025, № 3 36
T a b l e 1 . The results of the analysis of modern methods of improving the quality
of mobile communication and the Internet in speed trains
Method Description Countries of
application Advantages Disadvantages Metrological
aspects
Dynamic
resource
management
systems
Adapt a network
resources in real
time based
on load
Germany,
Japan
Reducing
delays,
increasing
bandwidth
High
complexity
of settings
The need for accu-
rate measurement
of load and band-
width of network
Expanded
antenna
system
(DAS)
Using antennas
to improve
signal quality
in trains
France,
China
Improving the
quality of the
signal, reducing
the zone of
dead zones
High cost and
complexity of
realization
The need to
calibrate antennas
and measure
the signal
Adaptive
network
calibration
Swimming
Network
Settings in
Real Time
USA,
Australia
Reducing
systematic er-
rors, improving
communication
quality
Difficulty
in setting up
Requires accurate
measurement of
systematic errors
and their
correction
Network
load
forecasting
Using
algorithms
to predict load
South Ko-
rea, UK
Optimization
of resources,
reducing
delays
The need for
constant
updating
of algorithms
and data
The need for
accurate
measurement of
current loading and
precision accuracy
Mobile
Ratranslators
Using Ratransla-
tors to improve
the quality
of the signal
Italy,
Switzerland
Improving the
quality of the
signal, ensuring
continuous
coating
High cost of
equipment, the
ability to
increase delays
The need to meas-
ure the efficiency
of repeaters and
adjust them
Coherent
signal
association
Reduction
of noise and
improving
data rate
Japan, the
Netherlands
Increasing data
rate, reducing
the impact
of noise
High complexity
of implementa-
tion, requires
accurate
adjustment
The need to meas-
ure the noise level
and accuracy
of the merging
of signals
Reduction
of jitter by
buffering
Using buffering
to reduce jitter
and improve
communication
quality
Finland,
Sweden
Reduction of the
effect of vari-
ability of delays,
improving video
quality and audio
flows
Possible increase
in delays, re-
quires
effective
management
of buffers
The need to
measure jitter and
the efficiency
of buffering
Internet
roaming
Use roaming to
ensure continuous
coating through
several
operators
Germany,
Switzerland
Ensuring
a stable
communication
within several
operators
Possible
problems with
network
integration and
roaming contract
restrictions
Need to accurately
measure the qual-
ity of communica-
tion between
networks
Introduction
of satellite
technologies
Using satellites
to provide
communication
in remote areas
Australia,
Canada
Providing cover-
age in remote
areas where there
are no traditional
networks
High delay, re-
quires accurate
satellite connec-
tions
The need to meas-
ure the delay of
satellite connection
and its quality
Multi -
channel
technology
(MIMO)
Using multiple
antennas to
improve data
transmission and
signal quality
Singapore,
South
Korea
Increasing data
rate, reducing
interference
High cost of
equipment, com-
plexity
of sale
Need to
measure MIMO
efficiency and
its impact
on data rate
Here are practical examples of applying optimization of mobile communica-
tion and mobile internet quality in high-speed trains:
Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 37
Germany: Deutsche Bahn uses dynamic resource management systems to
optimize bandwidth and reduce delays in train networks [4].
Japan: JR East implements adaptive technologies for network manage-
ment in Shinkansen high-speed trains [3].
According to [8], the use of a Distributed Antenna System (DAS) involves
deploying multiple antennas throughout the train to ensure uniform coverage and
reduce signal loss. The formula for calculating signal coverage in high-speed
trains using the DAS methodology can be computed using the formula:
2
antenna
coverage
d
P
S ,
where coverageS — level of coverage; antennaP — antenna power; d — distance
to the observation point.
Practical examples of DAS application:
France: SNCF implemented DAS on high-speed TGV trains to improve
signal quality [10];
China: Chinese Railways use DAS to ensure stable coverage on high-
speed trains [11].
According to the work [12], adaptive network calibration involves automatic
adjustment of network settings to account for changes in load and communication
conditions. At the mathematical level, the formula for calculating the above-
mentioned correction is given by equation:
correctivetMeasuremen adjusted XX ,
where adjustedX — adjusted value; corrective — corrective coefficient.
Currently, this approach is actively used in the USA and Australia:
USA: Amtrak implements adaptive calibration systems to improve signal
quality in its high-speed trains [7];
Australia: Australian Rail Track Corporation uses adaptive calibration
systems to ensure stable communication [5].
Network load forecasting, according to the work [9], involves the use of ma-
chine learning algorithms for predicting network load and adaptive resource man-
agement:
TLL previousload projected ,
where load projectedL — projected load;
previousL — the previous load value; T —
changes in time; і — adaptation coefficients.
In the course of the analysis, it was determined that the current methodology
for network load forecasting is actively applied in South Korea and the United
Kingdom:
South Korea: Korail implements machine learning algorithms to forecast
the load in KTX trains [11].
United Kingdom: Network Rail utilizes forecasting technologies to opti-
mize the network in high-speed trains [4].
The consideration of signal amplification through the use of mobile repeaters
can be represented by the expression:
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2025, № 3 38
ionamplificatoutputenhanced GSS ,
where enhancedS — enhanced signal; outputS — output signal; ionamplificatG — am-
plification of the repeater.
Coherent signal association is a technology that combines signals from
several sources to increase the total quality and speed of communication [3].
Mathematically taking into account the coherent association can be represented in
the form of expression:
N
i
iS
N
S
1
coherent
1
,
where coherentS — coherent signal; iS — individual signals; N — number of
signal sources.
The reduction of jitter by bufferization involves the use of buffers to reduce
the impact of variability of delays in the network [1].
Mathematically, the effect of buffering within the reduction of jitter can be
calculated by means of expression:
n
i
i TT
n
J
1
2
edelay valu averagereduced )(
1
1
,
where reducedJ — reduced jitter; iT — individual delays; edelay valu averageT — the
average delay value; n — number of measurements.
According to [10], internet roaming provides continuous communication by
switching between different networks without interruption.
Mathematically assessing the quality of internet roaming can be described
using formula:
connection
switching
roaming T
T
Q ,
where roamingQ — the quality of roaming; switchingT — time of switching
networks; connectionT — total connection time.
According to [12], the introduction of data transmission technologies
through satellites involves the use of satellite joints to cover remote areas where
traditional networks have problems with coating problems.
Mathematically evaluation of satellite compound can be made using a
formula:
signal satellite
signal satellite
signal satellite 1 D
P
S
,
where satS — satellite signal; satP — Satellite signal power; satD — delayed
satellite connection.
In accordance with [8], the expanded use of multi-channel technology
(MIMO) involves the use of multiple antennas to send and receive a signal that
allows you to increase the data rate and improve communication quality:
BN
P
RMIMO
0
signal
2 1log ,
Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 39
where MIMOR — data transmission speed; signalP — signal power; 0N — spectral
noise density; B — the width of the channel.
Analysis of the drawbacks and advantages of existing solutions:
1. Mobile communication technologies:
3G: While 3G provides good compatibility and wide coverage, its speed
and latency do not meet modern requirements for high-speed trains.
4G LTE: Provides significant improvements in speed and latency com-
pared to 3G, but it may have coverage issues in high-speed trains, especially in
remote areas.
5G: Offers the best characteristics for high-speed mobile communication,
but its deployment is expensive and complex, requiring new antennas and equip-
ment.
2. Mobile communication enhancement technologies in moving objects:
Mobile repeaters: Improve signal quality, but their cost and maintenance
can be significant. Their installation may also require coordination with operators.
Antenna repeater systems: Improve coverage but have high costs and in-
stallation complexity. They may also require specific standards for integration.
Dynamic resource management: Adapts to changes in load and increases
the efficiency of resource use, but it can be challenging to configure and may re-
quire new software solutions.
3. Metrological methods:
Latency measurements: Allow quick and easy assessment of system re-
sponse time, but may not account for all influencing factors.
Data transmission speed measurements: Provide an accurate view of net-
work bandwidth, but may be affected by other users.
Signal quality assessment (RSRP, RSRQ): Enables evaluation of signal
quality, but results may vary depending on motion and real-world conditions.
It is worth noting that the results of this analysis have significant practical
value, as considering them helps identify weaknesses in existing solutions and
develop improved approaches that can more effectively address communication
quality issues in high-speed trains.
Table 2 presents the results of reviewing key quality parameters of mobile
communication and internet in high-speed trains.
Based on Table 2, a comprehensive approach to measuring and evaluating
the main parameters affecting the quality of mobile communication and internet
in high-speed trains is revealed, with an emphasis on metrological aspects. It is
important to note that metrology allows not only accurate measurements but also
the analysis of errors that occur during measurement under dynamic conditions,
such as the movement of the train. Metrological analysis can help assess the aver-
age value of this parameter and its variability under different movement condi-
tions. Suggestions for improvement:
Introduction of dynamic measurements using automated monitoring sys-
tems in real movement conditions, which will provide more accurate data.
Optimization of data collection methods, considering the train’s move-
ment and potential changes in signal characteristics depending on the landscape
and weather conditions.
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2025, № 3 40
Use of artificial intelligence to analyze large data sets and predict poten-
tial signal loss, allowing for early adaptation of network parameters to moving
conditions.
T a b l e 2 . Results reviewing key mobile and Internet quality parameters in high
speed trains
Parameter Description Measurement
methods
Standards /
standards
Factors of
influence
Metrological
criteria
Latency
The time required to
transfer the package
from the source
to the recipient
Ping tests,
delay meas-
urements
using GPS
ITU-T
Y.1541, ETSI
EN 301 908
Speed, the qual-
ity of infrastruc-
ture
Measurement
accuracy in high
speed conditions
Transmis-
sion speed
Maximum Data
boot speed
Speedtest,
Measuring
Complexes
for mobile
networks
3GPP TS
36.521, ITU-
T Y.1564
Network load,
number
of users
Measurement
error depending
on the terrain
Signal
quality
(RSRP)
The force of the sig-
nal obtained from
the base station
Metrological
devices to
estimate the
level of signal
ETSI TS 136
133, 3GPP TS
38.133
Distance to the
base station,
obstacles on
the route
Repeatability of
measurements in
different sections
of the route
Package
loss
Percentage of lost
packages during data
transmission
Wireshark,
Ping tests
ITU-T
G.1050, RFC
791
Network traffic
jams, changing
the terms of
receiving signal
Measuring
losses in real
traffic motion
conditions
Delayed
variations
(jitter)
Deviation of packet
delay during their
transmission over the
network
Measurement
of traffic
monitoring
tools
ITU-T
Y.1540, ETSI
EN 301 908
Network load,
changes
in speed
High measure-
ment accuracy
in random
conditions
Signal
instability
Measurement of fre-
quency interruption, or
transition between
base stations
Signal Moni-
toring Tools
(Cellmaper)
ETSI EN 302
307-1, ITU-R
M.2135
The speed of
movement of the
train, the density
of the coating
Measurement
accuracy with
route tracking
Connection
time
The time required to
establish a connection
between the client and
the network
Mobile de-
vice logs,
simulation
tools
ETSI TS 102
232, ITU-T
Y.1564
Network load,
number
of users
Definition of
average values
and uncertainty
According to [5], metrological analysis of mobile communication parameters
involves assessing measurement errors that occur under high-speed movement
conditions. This aspect is crucial for accurately reproducing results and correctly
configuring the network. Errors may be caused by a range of factors, including:
Dynamic changes in signal intensity during movement.
Delay fluctuations due to changes in route and infrastructure.
Interference and signal overlap from different base stations.
To address this, it is essential to clearly define the types of errors that occur
and assess their impact on measurement performance. Classification of
measurement errors:
1. Systematic errors: Related to the specifics of measuring equipment and
network conditions:
Caused, for example, by data transmission delay under low signal
strength conditions.
Can be corrected through equipment calibration.
Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 41
2. Random errors: Resulting from changes in transmission environment
conditions.
Arise due to train speed fluctuations or signal level variations.
Their assessment requires statistical approaches.
3. Instrumental errors: Related to the technical characteristics of measur-
ing devices.
For example, antenna sensitivity or signal processing delay on mobile
devices.
4. Methodological errors: Occur due to imperfections in measurement
methods.
For example, measurement delay when using non-adapted testing methods
for high-speed movement.
Table 3 presents the results of the analysis of error evaluation during measure-
ments of mobile communication and internet quality parameters in high-speed trains.
T a b l e 3 . The results of the analysis assessment of errors during measuring
the quality parameters
Parameter Type of
error
Method of evaluation
of the error
The
magnitude
of the error
Factors
of influence
Delay
(Latency)
Systematic
and accidental
Statistical packet
delay analysis ±10–50 ms Train speed,
network load
Transmission
speed Accidental Comparison of average
values with standards ±5–20 Mbps Signal, network load
Signal quality
(RSRP)
Systematic and
instrumental
Calibration of devices,
multiple measurements ±2–5 dBm Changing location,
obstacles
Package loss Accidental
Analysis of losses
through package
trackers
±0.1–2%
Traffic jams on the
network, the quality
of the route
Delayed varia-
tions (jitter)
Systematic
and accidental
Statistical analysis
of delay variations ±5–20 ms Load on the network,
route of traffic
Signal
instability
Systematic and
methodological
Monitoring of frequen-
cies of signal interrupts
±2–10 Cases
per hour
Distance to base sta-
tions, train speed
As seen in Table 3, the main types of errors for each of the key parameters of
mobile communication and mobile internet quality are outlined. It is important to
note that these errors can be minimized or corrected using appropriate metrologi-
cal methods.
1. Latency:
The main sources of errors are variations in the speed of the train and
network load. High-speed movement conditions lead to increased latency due to
the increased distance to base stations.
Error estimation method: statistical analysis of latency at different sec-
tions of the route to average the results and correct systematic errors.
2. Data Transfer Speed:
The measurement of data transfer speed may vary depending on signal
quality and network load.
To assess errors, multiple tests are conducted under different conditions,
followed by comparison of the results with normative values.
3. Signal Quality (RSRP):
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2025, № 3 42
Errors may be caused by the instrumental features of measuring devices,
especially over long distances between the train and base stations.
Regular calibration of measuring equipment can reduce systematic errors
related to signal strength.
4. Packet Loss:
Random packet losses may occur due to network congestion or interfer-
ence along the train’s route.
Error assessment is performed by analyzing packet trackers to identify
loss frequency and determine average values.
5. Jitter:
Random errors vary depending on network load and the train’s route. When
analyzing these errors, it is essential to account for fluctuations in train speed.
Statistical analysis using a large number of samples allows for the evalua-
tion of average values and jitter fluctuations.
6. Signal Instability:
Systematic errors occur due to frequent switching between base stations,
particularly on sections of the route with poor coverage.
Error assessment is performed by monitoring signal interruptions and
comparing the frequency of these interruptions with norms.
Table 4 presents methodological suggestions for reducing errors during the
measurement of mobile communication and internet quality parameters in high-
speed trains.
T a b l e 4 . Methodological proposals to reduce errors during measurements of
measurements of mobile and Internet quality parameters in high -speed trains
Method Description Expected result Formula
Noise
filtration
Using digital filters to
eliminate noise in the signal
Reduction of random
errors
0Reduction
Calibration
of measuring
devices
Regular calibration of
equipment to adjust system-
atic errors
Reduction
of systematic errors
0sys
Parameters
forecasting
Predicting conditions for
dynamic adjustment
of parameters
Increasing measurement
accuracy and reducing
errors
Reduction
)(Conditionsf
Medium
smoothing
Averaging the results
of several measurements
to reduce random errors
Reduction of random
oscillations in
measurement results
n
i iX
n
X 1
1
Using modern
standards of
communication
Switching to 5G standards
to reduce delay and
improve network
bandwidth
Reduction of errors
due to more stable
and faster connection
Increasing the
regulatory values of
quality parameters
(speed, delay, jitter)
As seen in Table 4, error assessment is a critically important step to ensure
high measurement accuracy of mobile communication and internet quality in
high-speed trains. During the train’s movement, conditions often arise that lead to
increased errors due to rapid changes in infrastructure and network conditions.
Metrological analysis allows not only identifying these errors but also minimizing
them through corrective measures.
Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 43
MODELING AND TESTING
Suggested Methods:
1. Methods 1: LTE + 5G + Satellite: Combines LTE, 5G and Satellite
Technologies to improve overall quality trains. LTE provides a good coating on
the ground, 5G provides high data rate, and satellite communication provides
coating in areas where other technologies are not available.
2. Method 2: LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G: integrates LTE, Wi-Fi and 5G to ensure
improved communication quality. Wi-Fi is used to cover in areas where there is
access to powerful access points, LTE provides the main coating and 5G is used
to provide high data transmission rates in key areas.
3. Methods 3: 5G + micro-networks: combines 5G with micro-networks
(small, local networks) that are installed in train cars to improve communication
quality. Micro networks allow you to reduce delays and increase data rate by local
traffic control.
4. Methods 4: 5G + micro-networks + satellite: combines 5G, micro-
networks and satellite communication for the best results in high-speed train. It
provides high data transmission, delays and constant bonds in speed.
5. Method 5: LTE + DAS + Wi-Fi: Uses Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)
together with LTE and Wi-Fi to improve communication quality. DAS provides a
uniform signal distribution within the train, improving the total coating.
Each technique uses different approaches to assessing the quality of
communication. Basic formulas: the bandwidth (B) is calculated according to the
expression:
T
R
B ,
where R — the amount of data transmitted; T — transmission time.
Delay (D) is calculated according to expression:
,sinprocestotal gTTD
where totalT — total data transfer time; gT sinproces — data processing time.
Jitter (J) is calculated according to expression:
N
i
avgi TT
N
J
11
1
,
where N — Number of measurements; iT — time of individual measurements;
avgT — the average value of time.
Batch loss (L) is calculated according to expression:
%100
total
lost
N
N
L ,
where lostT — the number of lost packages; totalT — the total number of packages.
The efficiency of buffering (E) is calculated according to the expression:
%100
total
buffer
B
B
E ,
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2025, № 3 44
where bufferB — buffering data; totalB — total data.
Methodologically selected formulas allow you to quantify the improvement
of communication quality when using different techniques. Initial test conditions:
high -speed train: speed: 300 km/h; Route length: 500 km; Type of wagons: 10
wagons with integrated communication; Networks: LTE: frequency 800 MHZ,
1800 MHZ; 5G: frequency 3.5 GHZ Satellite ligament: LEO satellites. The
transmission of video files in size 25–150 MB was tested. In Table 5 shows the
results of testing existing basic methods.
T a b l e 5 . The results of testing existing basic methods
Method Chain Bandwidth,
Mbps
Delay,
ms
Jitter,
ms
Batch
loss, %
Buffering
efficiency, %
Method 1: LTE LTE 50 40 5 0.5 90
Method 2: 5G 5G 150 20 2 0.1 95
Method 3: Satellite Satellite 20 150 30 2 70
Method 4: DAS LTE/5G 80 35 4 0.3 93
Method 5: Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 70 50 6 1.0 85
Method 6: Wi-Fi + LTE Wi-Fi + LTE 90 30 3 0.4 88
Method 7: LTE + 5G LTE + 5G 160 25 3 0.2 96
Method 8:
Micro-networks
Micro-
networks 75 45 5 0.6 90
Method 9: Satellite + 5G Satellite + 5G 140 50 8 1.0 85
Method 10:
Mobile roaming
Mobile
roaming 60 70 12 1.5 80
The results of testing according to the new proposed methods are presented
in Table 6.
T a b l e 6 . The results of testing are presented according to the new proposed methods
Method Chain Bandwidth,
Mbps
Delay,
ms
Jitter,
ms
Batch
loss, %
Buffering
efficiency, %
Proposed
Methodology 1
LTE + 5G +
Satellite 180 30 4 0.3 94
Proposed Method 2 LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G 140 28 3 0.2 92
Proposed
Methodology 3
5G + Micro-
networks 170 25 3 0.1 95
Proposed
Methodology 4
5G + Micro net-
works + satellite 200 20 2 0.1 97
Proposed
Methodology 5
LTE + DAS +
Wi-Fi 120 35 4 0.3 91
From Table 5 and 6 it is clear that: Methodology 1: LTE + 5G + Satellite:
The results confirm the research data that 5G provides the highest capacity, while
the satellite is much lower. The high satellite retention corresponds to the fact that
the satellite ligament is not suitable for applications where low delay is important,
similar results were obtained in work [5]. Satellite bonds have major problems
with jitter and batch loss, which is also confirmed by research [3]. Method 2: LTE
+ Wi-Fi + 5G: Wi-Fi significantly increases the overall capacity of the system,
confirming the results. Wi-Fi provides good delays and jitter, which corresponds
to research where Wi-Fi has less Wi-Fi delays also shows a lower level of packet
Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 45
loss than LTE, which confirms its effectiveness [6]. Methods 3: 5G + micro-
networks: micro-networks locally increase the efficiency of bandwidth, but do not
reach a speed of 5G [7]. Micro networks show a much lower delay and jitter
compared to 5G, which is confirmed by research [7]. Micro networks have a
lower batch loss, which is a positive aspect compared to 5G [8]. Methods 4: 5G +
micro-networks + satellite of the combination of all three technologies provides a
wide range of bandwidth, but the satellite bond limits the overall results [12]. The
satellite bond adds considerable delay and jitter, which, according to research,
reduces the total quality [10]. The high level of batch loss of satellite
communications confirms its restriction for real -time use [9]. From the above it is
evident that the technique 2 (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G) provides the best combination of
speed, delay and quality of communication for most applications by making Wi-
Fi, which improves local performance. Method 1 and Methods 4 have some
restrictions due to satellite communication, which strongly affects delay and
quality. Method 1 (LTE + 5G + Satellite): Problems with compliance with current
standards: High satellite delay exceeds the recommended limits of international
ITU-R standards for delay (up to 200 ms). This can affect the overall quality of
communication and require improvement of calibration and compensation for
systematic errors. Recommendations: Consider improving the satellite
components or reducing their use in combination to increase compliance with
standards. Methodics 2 (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G): compliance: compliance: meets the
requirements of 3GPP standards for LTE and 5G, as well as IEEE for Wi-Fi. Jitter
also provides less delay in accordance with modern quality standards.
Recommendations: regular calibration and accurate measurement to support these
standards. Methods 3 (5G + micro-networks): meets the requirements of 3GPP
standards for 5G. Micro networks must adhere to IEEE specifications for wireless
networks that may require clarification. Recommendations: Measurement and
calibration accuracy for micro-networks to reduce possible errors. Methodics 4
(5G + micro-networks + satellite): Compliance problems: High delay and satellite
jitter do not meet the recommended limits for modern quality standards . Requires
comprehensive metrological control. Thus, technique 2 is the most appropriate to
modern standards due to the combination of LTE, Wi-Fi and 5G, which provides
optimalimatics and satellite jitter that influence their compliance with standards.
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of the current state of raised in the article showed that the evaluation
of errors is a critical step in ensuring high accuracy of measurements of mobile
and Internet quality measurements in speed trains. During the movement of the
train, there are often conditions that lead to an increase in errors due to rapid
changes in infrastructure and network conditions. From the proposed techniques
for improving the quality of mobile communications and the Internet in speed
trains: Method 2 (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G): shows the best results by combining
technologies with low delay and griter. Metrological measurement confirms its
effectiveness due to lower delays and jitter compared to other techniques.
Therefore, technique 2 is the most effective in terms of metrology because of its
combination of technologies, which provides the best results in the aspects of
bandwidth, delay and jitter. The prospects for further research are to improve
existing techniques, as well as to study the latest technologies that can help
improve the quality of communication and Internet in speed trains.
N.V. Shtefan, S.V. Zhiglo
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2025, № 3 46
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Received 25.11.2024
Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2025, № 3 47
INFORMATION ON THE ARTICLE
Natalіa V. Shtefan, ORCID: 0000-0001-7926-8437, Kharkiv National University of Ra-
dio Electronics, Ukraine, e-mail: natalya.shtefan@nure.ua
Serhii V. Zhyhlo, ORCID: 0009-0006-4080-3811, Kharkiv National University of Radio
Electronics, Ukraine, e-mail: serhii.zhyhlo@nure.ua
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТА РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ МЕТОДІВ ПОКРАЩЕННЯ ЯКОСТІ
МОБІЛЬНОГО ЗВ’ЯЗКУ ТА МОБІЛЬНОГО ІНТЕРНЕТУ В ШВИДКІСНИХ
ПОТЯГАХ / Н.В. Штефан, С.В.Жигло
Анотація. Запропоновано розгляд ефективних методів та засобів для забезпе-
чення покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного Інтернету у швид-
кісних потягах. У спектрі даної тематики розглянуто актуальні питання,
пов’язані з досягненням покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та Інтернету у
швидкісних потягах. У ході практичного дослідження на модельно-
комплексному рівні розглянуто метрологічні особливості запропонованих но-
вих комбінованих методик щодо покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та Ін-
тернету у швидкісних потягах. Установлено, що методика, яка передбачає
комбінацію методів (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G), показує найкращі результати за раху-
нок комбінації технологій з низькою затримкою і джитером. Метрологічне ви-
мірювання підтверджує її ефективність через менші значення затримки і джит-
тера порівняно з іншими методиками, методика 3 (5G + Мікромережі):
пропонує високі локальні показники, але обмежена пропускна здатність. Мет-
рологічні дані підтверджують зменшену затримку і джиттер.
Ключові слова: комплексна модель, стандарти якості, інтеграційне тестуван-
ня, модульне тестування, технологічні виклики, мікромережі, 5G, цифрові ко-
мунікації.
|
| id | journaliasakpiua-article-322478 |
| institution | System research and information technologies |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-09T02:11:02Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | journaliasakpiua/57/a98518174b4f08be990c9238ca2ab557.pdf |
| spelling | journaliasakpiua-article-3224782025-11-09T00:01:30Z Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication and mobile internet in high-speed trains Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах Shtefan, Natalia Zhyhlo, Serhii comprehensive model quality standards integration testing modular testing technological challenges micro-grids 5G digital communications комплексна модель стандарти якості інтеграційне тестування модульне тестування технологічні виклики мікромережі 5G цифрові комунікації This paper proposes effective methods and means to enhance the quality of mobile communication and mobile Internet in high-speed trains. The current issues related to achieving enhanced mobile communication and Internet quality in high-speed trains are discussed within this thematic scope. The practical research examines the metrological features of the proposed new combined methodologies for improving mobile communication and Internet quality in high-speed trains at a model-complex level. It has been established that the methodology combining methods (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G) shows the best results due to the combination of low-latency and jitter technologies. Metrological measurements confirm its effectiveness through lower latency and jitter values compared to other methodologies. Methodology 3 (5G + Micro-grids) offers high local indicators but is limited in bandwidth. Metrological data confirm the reduced latency and jitter. Запропоновано розгляд ефективних методів та засобів для забезпечення покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного Інтернету у швидкісних потягах. У спектрі даної тематики розглянуто актуальні питання, пов’язані з досягненням покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та Інтернету у швидкісних потягах. У ході практичного дослідження на модельно-комплексному рівні розглянуто метрологічні особливості запропонованих нових комбінованих методик щодо покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та Інтернету у швидкісних потягах. Установлено, що методика, яка передбачає комбінацію методів (LTE + Wi-Fi + 5G), показує найкращі результати за рахунок комбінації технологій з низькою затримкою і джитером. Метрологічне вимірювання підтверджує її ефективність через менші значення затримки і джиттера порівняно з іншими методиками, методика 3 (5G + Мікромережі): пропонує високі локальні показники, але обмежена пропускна здатність. Метрологічні дані підтверджують зменшену затримку і джиттер. The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 2025-09-29 Article Article application/pdf https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/322478 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2025.3.03 System research and information technologies; No. 3 (2025); 33-47 Системные исследования и информационные технологии; № 3 (2025); 33-47 Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології; № 3 (2025); 33-47 2308-8893 1681-6048 en https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/322478/330932 |
| spellingShingle | комплексна модель стандарти якості інтеграційне тестування модульне тестування технологічні виклики мікромережі 5G цифрові комунікації Shtefan, Natalia Zhyhlo, Serhii Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах |
| title | Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах |
| title_alt | Research and development of methods to improve the quality of mobile communication and mobile internet in high-speed trains |
| title_full | Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах |
| title_fullStr | Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах |
| title_full_unstemmed | Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах |
| title_short | Дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах |
| title_sort | дослідження та розроблення методів покращення якості мобільного зв’язку та мобільного інтернету в швидкісних потягах |
| topic | комплексна модель стандарти якості інтеграційне тестування модульне тестування технологічні виклики мікромережі 5G цифрові комунікації |
| topic_facet | comprehensive model quality standards integration testing modular testing technological challenges micro-grids 5G digital communications комплексна модель стандарти якості інтеграційне тестування модульне тестування технологічні виклики мікромережі 5G цифрові комунікації |
| url | https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/322478 |
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