Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids
This paper provides the analysis of the blockchain use in microgrids. The analysis is given from the hypothesis that with the help of IT instruments, self-governed decentralized organizations based on blockchain technology will take and perform public functions traditionally performed by central aut...
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| citation_txt | Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids / O.I. Konashevych // Электронное моделирование. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 93-103. — Бібліогр.: 45 назв. — англ. |
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| description | This paper provides the analysis of the blockchain use in microgrids. The analysis is given from the hypothesis that with the help of IT instruments, self-governed decentralized organizations based on blockchain technology will take and perform public functions traditionally performed by central authorities and corporations in order to organize their relations within the microgrids.
Представлен анализ использования технологии blockchain в энергетических микросетях на основе гипотезы о том, что с помощью IТ-инструментов самоуправляемые децентрализованные организации будут выполнять публичные функции, традиционно выполняемые центральными органами и компаниями для организации отношений в рамках работы микросетей.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:05:17Z |
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ÓÄÊ 004.75:620.9:336.7
Î.I. Konashevych, post-graduate
Pukhov Institute for Modeling in Energy Engineering of NAS of Ukraine
(15, General Naumov St., Kiev, 03164, Ukraine, e-mail: a.konashevich@gmail.com)
Advantages and Current Issues
of Blockchain Use in Microgrids
This paper provides the analysis of the blockchain use in microgrids. The analysis is given from
the hypothesis that with the help of IT instruments, self-governed decentralized organizations
based on blockchain technology will take and perform public functions traditionally performed
by central authorities and corporations in order to organize their relations within the microgrids.
Ïðåäñòàâëåí àíàëèç èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ òåõíîëîãèè blockchain â ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèõ ìèêðîñåòÿõ
íà îñíîâå ãèïîòåçû î òîì, ÷òî ñ ïîìîùüþ IÒ-èíñòðóìåíòîâ ñàìîóïðàâëÿåìûå äåöåíòðàëè-
çîâàííûå îðãàíèçàöèè áóäóò âûïîëíÿòü ïóáëè÷íûå ôóíêöèè, òðàäèöèîííî âûïîëíÿåìûå
öåíòðàëüíûìè îðãàíàìè è êîìïàíèÿìè äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè îòíîøåíèé â ðàìêàõ ðàáîòû
ìèêðîñåòåé.
K e y w o r d s: blockchain, microgrid, e-government, e-democracy, bitcoin, decentralized autono-
mous organizations, decentralization, peer-to-peer.
The Problem. The blockchain technology [1] has attracted public interest [2] as
it provides an effective instrument to satisfy the needs of people to cooperate
horizontally with each other in economic and social spheres. Virtual cryptocur-
rencies [3] are currently enabling successful peer-to-peer interaction of large
quantity of people (the average number of transactions per day is about 200,000
[4] with 400,000 [5] average number of unique wallets) without any central or
middle-level management, without any mediators or coordination and hierarchy
inside the network. These decentralised peer-to-peer structures can be ap-
proached as a new paradigm of management that has potential to change tradi-
tional forms of governance and management.
Program algorithms operating in such peer-to-peer networks are able to per-
form the role of executive management, and the blockchain itself provides a se-
cure and reliable instrument for recording transactions in a distributed public
computer network and creating variable distributed applications to solve certain
tasks of interaction within such networks.
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2016. Ò. 38. ¹ 2 93
� Î.I. Konashevych, 2016
J. Rifkin [6] describes a microgrid like a local energy grid with control capa-
bility, which means it can be disconnected from the central grid and operate au-
tonomously. Under the conception of the third industrial revolution of J. Rifkin,
the great number of ordinary energy consumers could become producers of elect-
ricity using renewable energy of the wind, sun, waves, biomass and so on. Those
who produce and consume are usually called “prosumers”1.
As the length of power lines is the main source of energy loss, microgrids
technology is focused on local use of renewable sources, as a result there is no
need to transport energy over long distances that reduces losses.
The current issue is finding the most effective model of management of such
microgrids: accounting of produced and consumed energy within the large num-
ber of prosumers which, as independent players, enter into relationship within
the grid; and coordination of such participants in the sense of volume of energy
production and consumption (to maintain balance) including cooperation with
centralized networks, since such networks are not currently designed for such in-
teraction and tasks.
Currently, the US Department of Energy is spending 55 million US dollars
to support eight projects of microgrids [7]. Similar studies are conducted in Eu-
rope [8], Japan [9], China [10], Australia [11]. In most cases such projects are
looking for and experimenting with their own original solutions in order to find
finally the best one.
N. Hatziargyriou, professor of the National Technical University of Athens
(Greece), writes about intelligent load controllers managed by microcomputers
which are provided to solve the problem of interaction between “agents” (of the
network) by negotiation “algorithms” [8]. These “negotiations” solved the issue
of automate order generation, production, supply and consumption.
The problems of using the control systems of such smart controllers and
smartgrids are also studied by Japanese scientists Sneha Kulkarni and Sunil
Sontakke [12].
The author’s research has shown that the issues of software and hardware
provision of microgrids are not considered in Ukrainian science.
The construction of microgrids is consistent with the declared principles of
the European Union [13]. Thus, due to the development of ideas of the third in-
dustrial revolution, the European Parliament Declaration on Creating Hydrogen
and Green Economy Third Industrial Revolution in Europe Through a Partner-
Î.I. Konashevych
94 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2016. V. 38. ¹ 2
1 «Pro» means «producer» and it mixes with «consumer» — a man who is both a producer and
consumer. The word is known from The Third Wave (1980) written by Alvin Toffler. «Pro-
ducer + consumer» is used in the context of the forecast of a type of economy where the gap bet-
ween producer and consumer will be erased. Prosumer is a man who creates things himself
(grows food, makes furniture and so on) and can do it for other people.
ship with Regions and Cities, SMEs and Civil Society Organizations that Have
Joined [13] was adopted.
It is hypothesized that the blockchain technology is the most effective solu-
tion for the task of automated (smart) management of interaction within such
microgrids, because the blockchain itself was designed to the distributed coope-
ration of the large quantity of users in a decentralized manner. As a result, there
is no need to maintain centralized authorities/corporations or any other relevant
intermediaries to manage such grids.
One of the main issues in designing the microgrid networks is the automa-
tion of accounting and managing the production/consumption of electricity
since the manual management in a classic centralized approach would cost a lot.
Most effective model of cooperation in microgrids is that prosumers from
one source of energy supply surpluses of unconsumed electricity during the
peaks of production to prosumers who use other sources of energy in the mo-
ment of inactiveness. For example, during the sunny day solar systems supply
energy for those whose wind turbines are inactive during windless weather, and
wind turbines supply energy at night for prosumers of solar energy. To compen-
sate the variability of renewable energy sources the users can connect to a cen-
tralized energy infrastructure. But the most interesting are the methods of market
driven mechanisms (price competition) of the overconsumption control in the
form of program algorithms in self-governed microgrids.
All the mentioned tasks could be solved by the blockchain technology in au-
tomated manner in horizontal cooperation of prosumers. On the one hand, the
blockchain technology, designed for accounting data, is often called as account-
ing book – a ledger, on the other hand it performs the solution of the consensus
issue in a peer-to-peer network, particularly by obtaining consistent results in
peer-to-peer group without involvement of the third party or transfer of powers
to one of the participants.
The technology of P2P-network implemented in the blockchain concept, al-
lows waiving the trusted third party to process data and gives full featured instru-
ment to people to make the peer-to-peer transaction.
Blockchain Conception. The blockchain is the technology which provides
chronological records of transactions performed by users of a public network in
the database which is cryptographically secured. The copy of such database,
which is also called a “ledger” or “cryptoledger”, is stored on each node. Nodes
can be freely connected to a public network by any user. The right to make each
new record of a portion of done transactions (called“block”) is gained by one of
the connected nodes each time when a node solves the mathematical issue. By
this algorithm the unpredictability of the node choice is provided. Therefore it
prevents the network from centralization a nd usurpation of a right to make
records.
Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids
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Î.I. Konashevych
96 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2016. V. 38. ¹ 2
N Name
Date
of Launch
Features
Bitcoin-
based
Consensus
Auxilia-
ry coin
White
Paper &
Discussions
1 NXT November
2013
Voting
Smart property & Asset Ex-
change
Anonymous Payment System,
Decentralized domain name
system (Alias System)
Messenger
Data Storage
Plugin Support (users plugin
allowed)
Monetary System (users can
create own currencies)
Multi-signature and Phased
transactions
– Proof of
Stake,
Forging
Next
coin
User
Curren-
cies
[27, 28]
2 Colored
Coins
June 2013 Smart property & Asset Ex-
change
Monetary System (users can
create own currencies)
Copyrights
Smart contracts
+ Proof of
Work
None [29]
3 Omni
(ex-Mas-
tercoin)
July 2013 Smart property & Asset Ex-
change
Mastercoin/bitcoin exchange
Data feeds and simple bet-
ting
Contract-for-difference bets
+ Proof of
Work
Master-
coin
(MSC)
User
Curren-
cies
[30, 31]
4 Counter-
party
January
2014
Asset Exchange
Programmable Smart Con-
tracts (built-in Turing-com-
plete scripting language)
100% compatible with
Ethereum scripting
Betting platform and predic-
tion market
Token Controlled Access
(TCA) - access to private fo-
rums, chatrooms, games,
projects or other social media
based on the ownership of
tokens
Proof of Publication —Using
broadcasts, users can publish
timestamped information
onto the bitcoin blockchain
Verifiable Voting through
the use of user-created to-
kens
+ Proof-of-
Burn
XCP [32-34]
Table 1. Blockchain projects and conceptions
The irreversibility of made records in the ledger is achieved by crypto-
graphic means when each block of data is cryptographically signed by node
which gained the right to make a record. Each new block includes the hash sum
of the previous block, so any attempt to change a certain data meets the necessity
to perform computations on breaking cryptographic code the complexity of
which increases in the progression with each new block of data, and that is why
is called “blockchain”2 [1]. Nodes are free to disconnect at any time but each
node would have and maintain its own full copy of the ledger which prevents
from data loss. The copy of the ledger stored on each node also provides for ille-
gal substitution of data as other nodes do not verify inappropriate copy of the
Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids
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N Name
Date of
Launch
Features
Bitcoin-
based
Consensus
Auxilia-
ry coin
White Paper
&
Discussions
5 Ethe-
reum
July 2015 Programmable Smart Con-
tracts (built-in Turing-com-
plete scripting language)
Monetary System (users can
create own currencies)
– Proof of
Stake
Ether
User
Curren-
cies
[35, 36]
6 Dash
(ex-
Darkcoin
and
ex-
XCoin)
January
2014
Bitcoin-mixing service to
add privacy to transactions
+ Proof of
Work
(X11 +
InstantX)
None [37-40]
7 Zero-
coin
+Zero-
cash
December
2015
Zerocash is a protocol that
adds anonymity to Bitcoins
and Zerocoin (Moneta) is an
original anonymous
cryptocurrency launched 18
December 2015.
Based on zero-knowledge
proof technology
+/– Proof of
Work
Moneta [41, 42]
8 Ripple 2012 Open free infrastructure
technology for interbank
transactions of money, secu-
rities or cryptocurrency
– Superma-
jority
Ripples
(XRP)
[43]
9 Maid-
safe
In deve-
lopment
Distributed cloud storage
Distributed applications plat-
form
Distributed internal DNS
– Proof
of Re-
source
Safecoins [44, 45]
Table 1 (continued)
2 Originally written as “block chain” by Satoshi Nakamoto in «Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic
Cash System» (2008).
ledger. A node gets the remuneration in the moment of creating a new block in
the form of internal virtual currency, and also it can receive a fee for transac-
tions. This all stimulates the node owners to provide their computing power to a
public network.
The inability to amend or delete record in a database allows the blockchain
network to fix actions which have legal value.
Blockchain Projects. The following blockchain projects and conceptions were
selected for the analysis: Ethereum [14], NXT [15], Maidsafe [16], Colored coins
[17], Ripple [18], Omni Layer (Mastercoin) [19], Counterparty [20], Dash [21], Ze-
rocoin [22]. The analysis of features of each project is shown in the Table 1.
To determine the degree of comparability of these objects we took into ac-
count that some aspects of the blockchain technology had been evolved, since
the term itself first appeared in the Bitcoin White paper [1]. The rapid growth of
similar projects showed alternative options of this technology which were not
present in the original Bitcoin idea.
The features in common are:
1) peer-to-peer structure as the conception of topology of blockchain net-
work;
2) cryptography as the method of data protection;
3) “chain of blocks” as data store method which provides the chain of blocks
of data and copy stored on each node of the network.
The proof-of-work [1] conception originally proposed in the Bitcoin project
as the method of data processing, was criticized [23] and replaced in some fur-
ther cryptocurrencies and blockchain projects as it led to a computing power race
and a significant increase of power consumption.
As the result of author’s research, seven common properties of the analyzed
blockchain projects were distinguished, that is described in Table 2.
The described set of features allows creating decentralized autonomous or-
ganization [26], or “decentralized autonomous consensus platform”, which is a
“virtual entity that interfaces with a cryptoledger and performs a specific, pre-
programmed task. In its simplest form it is merely an agent programmed to do a
specific task, such as acting as a multisignature wallet that sits on the ledger
waiting for outside instructions. In order to modify or fulfill its task, it must re-
ceive a certain threshold of digital signatures from keyholders (e.g., voters,
shareholders) and perhaps with a 67% majority, have the right to release the en-
tity’s funds and modify its code. It can fulfill the functions of an organization,
corporation, or agent by conducting operations such as payroll management, is-
suance of dividends, stock, or debt, or otherwise executing repetitive, mechani-
cal, quantifiable actions from a cryptoledger” [26].
Î.I. Konashevych
98 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2016. V. 38. ¹ 2
The blockchain technology can be used to create an application for manage
relations within the microgrid and will perform the following tasks:
authentication of smart controllers which register data of produced and con-
sumed electricity and transfer it to the blockchain;
each smart controller has its own “wallet”/“address” in the blockchain,
which is the open key of a certificate; the private key is the key to access to the
wallet;
wallet stores information of produced and consumed energy and shows the
current stock of energy;
wallet allows a participant to make peer-to-peer transaction with other par-
ticipant of the microgrid;
virtual currency provides equivalents of volumes and allows free market
prices;
free market in the form of stock exchange allows users to make deals on
buying-selling electricity directly with each other;
deals on market are done in the form of self-executed contracts, also known
as “smart contracts”, which provides automatization on accounting and pay-
ments;
those consumers who consume planned volumes of energy reduce their cost
on electricity;
and visa versa, those who overconsume the electricity, pay extra money;
connection to central grid and reserve stock allows to cover the loss during
an emergency and compensate the variability of renewable energy sources.
These are main features that allows the microgrid to function in a distributed
manner in the computer network without need of manual and centralized manag-
ing. Each prosumer is an equal participant of a grid and can interact with other
participants directly without intermediaries.
Such interaction makes the participant to plan its consumption and to act ra-
tionally. If someone requires extra electricity to make some planned works (e.g.
repairs), he can buy extra electricity beforehand for reasonable price, but con-
suming the above-plan energy, when there is no emergency, will lead to extra
payments at much higher price.
There are two options: to use one of the known public blockchain networks
(Bitcoin, Ethereum, NXT, etñ.) or to create own fork of the private network.
However, in both cases it is essential to provide interaction within the mic-
rogrids, since there is an essential need to prevent the fraud by identifying the
objects which produce energy.
Offline producers cannot supply energy to the grid, so identification allows
them to create a group in the network which will match to the real scale of the
grids and prevent from illegal deals.
So in the ledger which deals with crytoassest someone should perform a role
of a registrar, who confirms the owner or the crypto asset. The state traditionally
Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids
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Î.I. Konashevych
100 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2016. V. 38. ¹ 2
N Property Description
1 Self-organized There are no central authorities, shareholders or other equiva-
lent persons who have external privileges compared to the
other members of the network. Yet there are some co-founders
who provide vision and conception, development of the soft-
ware, first server(-s) and launch of the network/project. Such
co-founders do not have any privileges and remain ordinary
members. There are no special formal rules or requirements to
join such network and being full feathered member only re-
quires to install the initial software and to connect the com-
puter to the network with such software.
2 Self-governed People who join the network as members and users are acting
according to the program algorithms (rules). No one can per-
form its own algorithms. The system algorithms cannot be
changed by any or some of users or members. The possibility
to provide updates to the system can be initially set by such al-
gorithms. The algorithms cannot be affected by the will of any
authority or by any other external rules (such as laws, official
rules) as they are performed as a machine code.
3 Crypto rules Some parts the of social rules are transferred to the program al-
gorithms and work as a machine code. So there is no subjec-
tive influence in the system in performing actions. The
freedom of some definite actions is subject as well to algo-
rithms. For instance, any Bitcoin user can send any available
amount of cryptocurrency in his wallet to any other wallet in
the system, but algorithms prevent user from double spending
transactions or doing with this cryptocurrency some beyond
the protocol. 'Crypto' means that data processing are secured
with crypto algorithms. Wright and De Filippi have proposed
term “Lex Cryptographia” to refer to the rules administered
through self-executing smart contracts and decentralized (au-
tonomous) organizations [24].
4 Open ledger The hash sum of each previous blocks is included in each addi-
tional block of data providing sequential chain of blocks of
stored transactions. The chain of records of transactions is a
ledger stored on each computer of the network. The data is
open and the system provides irrevocable records with times-
tamp, which is necessary for legal deeds (transactions).
5 Public peer-to-peer com-
puter network
The base of the network in which the blockchain system oper-
ates is the participation of an unlimited number of persons
with no qualificative rules of membership. Members of the
network with their computers, called 'nodes', provide their
computing power to make the system work. Program algo-
rithms are performed by computers of such network. Users are
another part of the network. It is not required to provide nodes
for those who want only to use the benefits of the system.
Table 2. Common properties of the blockchain technology
performs this task as a “player” or delegates it to private parties. Such data is tra-
ditionally organized in the form of public registries.
The original blockchain protocols and other blockchains have no mechanisms
for identification and authentication of individuals (but still it has reliable mecha-
nism of anonymous authorization). So they do not meet such requirements. There-
fore, there is a need to update the protocol to provide identification and authentica-
tion by adding an appropriate algorithm. There are two known options:
to provide an original new algorithm of identification into the blockchain
protocol. Original in this case means to build some kind of independence of
known eID infrastructure;
to associate the blockchain with central public infrastructure of electronic
identification, which is performed by trusted third parties known as “Certifica-
tion Authorities”.
In all cases there is a practical task to associate certain blockchain address
(“wallet”) with a specific person or object like smartcontroller of energy supply.
Private grids which use the blockchain can be self-governed by the set iden-
tification rules. A microgrid community can delegate the right for identification
to some specific registers or to perform collective identification when users
identify each other.
CONCLUSION
As the foundation stones of decentralized autonomous organizations, the smart
property and smart contracts do not need much public regulation and state inter-
ference. “Smart” is a private law in the form of program algorithms. It does not
need enforcement, since it is performed by computers within the open commu-
nity networks.
As a result of this analysis, we are faced the problem of identification of a
person and identification of an object of ownership. In both cases there are no
technologies which can provide identification without the participation of a third
Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2016. Ò. 38. ¹ 2 101
N Property Description
6 Distributed cooperation
with no intermediaries
The network has no hierarchy, but a horizontal structure, con-
necting peer-to-peer all elements of the network. No members
have the privilege status or extra rights within the network.
Likewise, there are no middlemen, managers or coordinators
who provide the interaction within the system. People make
direct transactions with each other. Nodes get the remunera-
tion in the form of an internal award (cryptocurrency). Users
may be asked to pay fee for work performed by nodes.
7 Open source code The software of the public network is open and based on an
open licenses [25].
Table 2 (continued)
party. The third “party” means an authoritative party (or parties) which confirms
the user’s personality and the fact of existence of a thing. Whether it would be
performed by state officials or private players, a virtual community would face
this issue each time when its interest concerns money, property and collective
decision making.
One suggestion here would be to use a current infrastructure of Certified
Authorities (CA) which certify digital signatures. This means that the process of
person’s identification can be performed by a private party who has authoriza-
tion (from either the state or community) for this task and acts according to offi-
cial rules and laws.
The microgrid model based on the blockchain is an example of decentrali-
zed autonomous organization where the set self-executed rules performed by
computers allows us to cooperate without need to trust anyone to delegate po-
wers to control the process. This conception generally corresponds with the idea
of horizontal energy.
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Received 15.02.16;
After revision 23.02.16
KONASHEVYCH Oleksii Ihorovych is a post-graduate student of the Pukhov Institute for Modeling in
Energy Engineering of NAS of Ukraine; graduated from the National Aviation University in 2005. In
2011 he graduated from Kyiv National Trade and Economic University, Advanced Training Institute.
The field of research: Blockchain technology.
Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2016. Ò. 38. ¹ 2 103
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-101347 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0204-3572 |
| language | Russian |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:05:17Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є. Пухова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Konashevych, O.I. 2016-06-02T17:26:38Z 2016-06-02T17:26:38Z 2016 Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids / O.I. Konashevych // Электронное моделирование. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 93-103. — Бібліогр.: 45 назв. — англ. 0204-3572 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/101347 004.75:620.9:336.7 This paper provides the analysis of the blockchain use in microgrids. The analysis is given from the hypothesis that with the help of IT instruments, self-governed decentralized organizations based on blockchain technology will take and perform public functions traditionally performed by central authorities and corporations in order to organize their relations within the microgrids. Представлен анализ использования технологии blockchain в энергетических микросетях на основе гипотезы о том, что с помощью IТ-инструментов самоуправляемые децентрализованные организации будут выполнять публичные функции, традиционно выполняемые центральными органами и компаниями для организации отношений в рамках работы микросетей. ru Інститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є. Пухова НАН України Электронное моделирование Применение методов и средств моделирования Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids Konashevych, O.I. Применение методов и средств моделирования |
| title | Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids |
| title_full | Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids |
| title_fullStr | Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids |
| title_short | Advantages and Current Issues of Blockchain Use in Microgrids |
| title_sort | advantages and current issues of blockchain use in microgrids |
| topic | Применение методов и средств моделирования |
| topic_facet | Применение методов и средств моделирования |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/101347 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT konashevychoi advantagesandcurrentissuesofblockchainuseinmicrogrids |