IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development
The study contains the analysis of IT sector. The author describes the situation of this sector in Poland and other European countries by indicating development opportunities and potential barriers. In the research part a linear equation model, which indicates the relation between broadband access a...
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Інститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є. Пухова НАН України
2009
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| Cite this: | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development / M. Szajt // Электронное моделирование. — 2009. — Т. 31, № 1. — С. 79-88. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development / M. Szajt // Электронное моделирование. — 2009. — Т. 31, № 1. — С. 79-88. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The study contains the analysis of IT sector. The author describes the situation of this sector in Poland and other European countries by indicating development opportunities and potential barriers. In the research part a linear equation model, which indicates the relation between broadband access and total turnover, was applied.
Проведен анализ сектора информационных технологий. Описано состояние этого сектора в Польше и других европейских странах относительно возможностей развития и потенциальных барьеров. Использована линейная модель, устанавливающая соотношение между широким доступом и общим товарооборотом.
Наведено аналіз сектора інформаційних технологій. Описано стан цього сектора у Польщі та інших європейських країнах відносно можливостей розвитку і потенційних бар’єрів. Використано лінійну модель, що встановлює співвідношення між широким доступом та загальним товарообігом.
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M. Szajt, PhD
Technical University of Czêstochowa, Poland
(E-mail: marszajt@poczta.onet.pl)
IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity
for Enterprise Development
(Recommended by Prof. A. Katkov)
The study contains the analysis of IT sector. The author describes the situation of this sector in
Poland and other European countries by indicating development opportunities and potential bar-
riers. In the research part a linear equation model, which indicates the relation between broadband
access and total turnover, was applied.
Ïðîâåäåí àíàëèç ñåêòîðà èíôîðìàöèîííûõ òåõíîëîãèé. Îïèñàíî ñîñòîÿíèå ýòîãî ñåêòîðà
â Ïîëüøå è äðóãèõ åâðîïåéñêèõ ñòðàíàõ îòíîñèòåëüíî âîçìîæíîñòåé ðàçâèòèÿ è ïîòåí-
öèàëüíûõ áàðüåðîâ. Èñïîëüçîâàíà ëèíåéíàÿ ìîäåëü, óñòàíàâëèâàþùàÿ ñîîòíîøåíèå ìåæ-
äó øèðîêèì äîñòóïîì è îáùèì òîâàðîîáîðîòîì.
K e y w o r d s: IT sector, high-technology, e-commerce, cross-sectional-time model.
Introduction. The current market conditions in which companies function together
with more and more fierce competition provide many tools that enable promotion,
sales and operation in the market in general. One of them is the possibility to use
computers, computer networks and software in a company’s activity.
A company that possesses its own Internet address has many opportunities
to present information about its activity. First of all, it is able to put at its own
Internet address a set of WWW sites, which exhaustively explain many aspects
of the company’s operation to all interested parties. After connecting, each
Internet user may familiarise oneself with the main WWW site, containing the
minimum essential information about an institution supporting it and a thematic
contents list of subsequent sites. Such sites contain, above all, the history of the
institution’s activity, its organisational structure, plans for future activities, a
general review of products or services offered by a company and an explanation
of how to carry out an interactive exchange of information with the company.
Obviously, the flow of information concerning the company is carried out
under strict control of the company authorities. It is important that the presented
information creates a suitable and desired company image. However, modera-
tion in this sphere is also essential. In many cases companies excessively use the
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2009. Ò. 31. ¹ 1 79
technical capabilities of constantly developing technologies due to which the
content to be transmitted becomes unintelligible. Therefore it needs to be
pointed out that technology is advancing at such an alarming rate that some
Internet users, whose computers were not updated according to new require-
ments, sometimes have limited access to sites using the most up-to-date technol-
ogies. It is worth adding that at present treating the Internet as the source of in-
formation is so common that being absent from this global network pushes a
company on the sidelines.
The Internet also gives the possibility to sell on-line. Countries with highly
developed IT, such as Great Britain or Germany, achieve on-line sales results of
11—14 %, and in the case of Ireland this share has already exceeded 20 % of
overall sales (Table 1). These changes are also noticeable in Poland, as the share
of online sales has already reached the level of 3 % of overall sales, however, it is
only a half of what is achieved by our southern neighbours. It is not so much the
value of the very sales but the value of orders placed over the Internet that is con-
stantly increasing in the world market. When analysing sales among companies
employing over 10 people, we find that, for example, the share of online sales for
Norway constitutes 27 % of overall sales, but for Sweden — 38,4 % and for
Switzerland — 44 % (see Figure).
IT sector in Poland and Europe. Proceeds from sales in the sector between
2000 and 2005 among 250 biggest companies in the ICT sector in the world in-
creased in Poland by about 66 %. This corresponds to the average annual in-
crease of 10,6 %. The average annual rate of changes for OECD countries in this
period amounted to 3,7 %. In this respect only five European countries are ahead
of Poland.
M. Szajt
80 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2009. V. 31. ¹ 1
21,5
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Selling Purchasing
Percentage of electronic transactions for companies employing over 10 people (Source: Euro-
stat. Community Survey on ICT usage in enterprises. May, 2005)
As far as the turnover of hardware is concerned, the Polish import is ten
times lower than the export. The import of electronic appliances only amounts to
a half of their export.
If we examine export, the share of ICT goods increased from 2,65 % to
4,53 % between 1996 and 2004. The Polish export of ICT goods between 1996
and 2004 was characterised by an increase of 22,8 % yearly, whereas the volume
of import increased on average by 12,5 % yearly. Higher rates in this respect
were observed in this period only in Hungary — 50 %, Island — 36,6 % and the
Czech Republic — 33,8 % [1]. It was also during this period that the turnover of
computers in Poland increased in relation to export on average by 16,4 % yearly,
and with regard to the volume of import — by 9,4 % yearly. So one may assume
that the ratio of international turnover of ICT goods improved in favour of
Poland.
The turnover of services related to IT and computer service increased be-
tween 1996 and 2004 by a factor of five in export, which reflects the average an-
nual increase of 27,5 %, whereas the average annual increase in import amoun-
IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2009. Ò. 31. ¹ 1 81
Country 2002 2003 2004
Ireland — 17,6 21,0
United Kingdom 14,5 12,8 14,9
Denmark 6,6 — 12,9
Germany 4,7 — 11,8
Finland 11,5 — —
Norway 10,4 6,7 8,0
Belgium — 7,4 6,7
Austria — 6,7 7,3
Czech Republic — 6,3 6,4
Portugal 1,6 3,3 5,4
Slovak Republic — — 3,8
Italy 2,6 2,0 3,5
Luxembourg 3,4 — —
Spain 2,6 2,4 3,3
Poland — — 3,0
Greece 0,8 1,0 1,8
S o u r c e: Eurostat. Community Survey on ICT usage in enterprises. May 2005
Table 1. Total e-commerce transaction value (including via the Internet),
2002 to 2004, as a percentage of total enterprise turnover
ted to 15,2 %. As for the export of IT services in Europe, only Slovakia, Sweden
and Ireland — which is considered as the absolute recent leader in the develop-
ment of information technologies — were characterised by a higher acceleration
rate.
The share of turnover of ICT in the overall turnover of goods in the Polish
export during the best year (2002) amounted to 5,3 %. The analysis of this phe-
nomenon carried out with reference to other countries proved a similarity to re-
sults achieved by Italy, Spain and Switzerland with a two-year delay. Values ob-
tained in a forecast for the nearest periods for Poland determined using time and
space analogies prove a decrease of this share to about 4,2 % in 2006. So one
may assume that this phenomenon fluctuates around a growing trend line. This
probably constitutes a kind of a cycle related to the introduction of various
groups of technologies related to IT and their diffusion.
The Czech Republic may «boast about» the biggest foreign capital partici-
pation in the production of hardware (6,6 % of computers produced in this coun-
try are co-produced by foreign companies, in Poland this rate comes to 37 % and
is one of the lowest in Europe)[1]. This indicates that the production sector in our
country is quite developed. Other rates related to foreign capital participation in
financing of the ICT industry for Poland are similar to other European countries.
Poland still is not well presented in the sphere of using broadband DSL net-
works. The rate of the number of people using this kind of services in Poland co-
mes to only 1,6 per 100 inhabitants — only Turkey and Greece are worse. In
other European countries this rate usually exceeds 10, and in Island it amounts to
about 26 [1].
Another advantage of using the Internet in management is the possibility to
precisely define the target group and reach it with a much individualised adver-
tising message. Promotion by means of the Web currently belongs to the least
annoying forms of conveying an advertising message. The cost of electronic ad-
vertising is relatively low when taking into account its possibilities and effec-
tiveness. The cost of putting a similar amount of information on the Internet is
several times lower than the cost of printing it in a daily newspaper and over a
dozen or so times lower than printing a leaflet, a folder or an advertising cata-
logue. Information about a company is available 24 hours a day, the whole year
long and around the world. Moreover, if necessary, information is changed in-
stantly after a Webmaster’s intervention. In contrast to traditional brochures, us-
ing the Internet makes it possible to systematically update price lists and other
information concerning products and company’s promotion campaigns, as well
as the very company. Preparing an advertisement on the Internet takes much less
time than in the case of any traditional medium, and is much cheaper. The
Internet also makes it possible to put information on a website that could not be
published in a paper form for spatial or technical reasons. So we may certainly
M. Szajt
82 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2009. V. 31. ¹ 1
speak about a kind of ease of manipulation of the message, which may be of ut-
most importance for today’s managers.
Advertising on the Internet is interactive. This means that — in contrast with
other media — the Internet enables direct access and just immediate contact be-
tween a customer and a company running a promotion campaign. This also
serves as a valuable source of information for managers about customer needs
and expectations related to a company and its products.
E-commerce has become more and more significant in the corporate man-
agement. Trade volume realized through the Internet has increased considerably
in recent years. Until recently it seemed to be exceptionally attractive especially
for countries with a large territory, which is associated with considerable imped-
iments in reaching selling points — countries like Canada or Australia. Cur-
rently, demand for services which can be provided through World Wide Web in-
creases because of more rapid style of life associated with permanent lack of
time. It is not only review of manufacturers’ offers in the Internet, which gain
growing attention, but also Internet shopping. Within European Union, enter-
prises which take advantage of this kind of services in 2006 represented 3 % of
enterprises with more than 10 workers in case of Latvia or Italy, and 30 % in case
of Sweden. In Netherlands, Great Britain and Norway, this indicator reached the
level of 25 %. In the last four years, the increase of above-mentioned enterprises
in Norway was equal to 34 % annually. In Sweden and Lithuania every tenth
deal was carried on through the Internet for 11 % companies. For 5 % of large
and mid-sized enterprises in Great Britain, moreover, 4 % of large and mid-sized
companies in Slovenia and Lithuania concluded more than a half of their trans-
actions with the help of the web services [2].
Much higher level of e-commerce development can be observed in the case
of large enterprises which employ more than 250 people. It is associated with
significant facilities in trade and savings which come out of operations of more
and more efficient computer management systems, which are used mainly for
on-line sales service.
The share of enterprises which place orders through the Internet rises to
more than 44 % in case of Denmark, Sweden, Great Britain, Norway and Ice-
land. More than a half of sales take place in the global network in 5 % of Danish
and 6 % of Icelandic companies. In more than 10 % of enterprises in eight coun-
tries every tenth deal is carried out with the help of the Internet, and for Denmark
and Sweden this indicator achieves the level of 17 %.
In many analytical studies concerning enterprises which exploit the Internet
network in every day business, financial enterprises are usually ignored. On the
one hand, it comes out from the fact, that those enterprises are almost entirely
computerised, on the other hand, analysts have problems with an access to possi-
ble data associated with such sensitive issues as finance. Investments in Infor-
IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2009. Ò. 31. ¹ 1 83
mation Technologies absorb on average approximately 3 % of GDP in European
Union. These expenses are relatively stable in recent years which allows one to
experience a sustainable development in the area of computerisation of particu-
lar countries and of their access to World Wide Web.
The analysis of large enterprises — with exception of financial companies —
confirm that in almost every European country more than 90 % of tested enter-
prises used LAN type internet network in the last year. In case of Finland, Cy-
prus and Luxembourg this indicator was 100 %, whereas in Bulgaria 81 %, in
France — which may be surprising — 88 %. It results rather from popular ex-
ploitation of Intranet network in this country — 85 % of enterprises. Analysis of
all possible networks used in different countries reveals that more than 90 % of
enterprises benefit from using at least one type of network. Only in Bulgaria — 8 %
and Slovenia — 6 % of large companies do not use any type of network. Apart
from above-mentioned indicators associated with the number of enterprises
which contribute to global electronic trade, it is sales volume which is not less
important. Sales volume realised through the Internet represents in European
Union 4 % of total sales and it has doubled in the last two years. The highest sales
value was observed in Ireland — in recent years approximately 10 %. It can be
compared with the lowest indicator value in Bulgaria — 0,1 %.
Many of the above rates show the level of economic development of the
analysed countries. The possibilities that emerge for companies are related to the
development of the global network combined with informatisation are becoming
more and more extensive. Unfortunately, to a great extent — especially in the
case of less affluent countries — the success of companies depends on the in-
volvement of the state. Regrettably, Poland presents itself less favourably than
other countries. The share of expenditure on research and development related to
information technologies in 2002 in Poland came to only 0,01 % in GDP, whe-
reas, for example, in the Czech Republic it already amounted to 0,05 % in GDP.
In the case of countries leading in the development of information technologies
this share exceeds even one percent (Finland, Korea) [1].
The highest level of employment of people working on ICT in the R&D sec-
tor in Europe may be observed in countries that have the highest level of expen-
diture on ICT in expenditure on R&D, i.e. in Finland and Ireland [1]. In these
countries more than a half of people employed in the R&D sector work on ICT.
The increase in expenditure on ICT in Poland between 2000 and 2005, just
as in the other countries in the region, was very dynamic, it increased by 12 %
a year. This is the catch-up effect — in the case of more developed economies
this increase amounts to less than 5 %. Nonetheless, we are again falling behind
other countries — the Czech Republic recorded an increase of 16 % a year in the
discussed period, and Slovakia — even of 17 % a year [1]. It seems that at pres-
M. Szajt
84 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2009. V. 31. ¹ 1
ent the driving force behind the development of the information technology in
Poland is the economy, i.e. companies. Just they invest considerable resources in
the continuous development based on modern electronic technologies in order to
be able to compete with other global market participants. Still, such practices are
not new in the world — in principle, they are normal practices in the free-market
economy. Perhaps the very results and activities of Polish companies in the
sphere of informatisation and computerisation of work are the best indications of
the adjustment of economy to global market conditions.
Volume of turnover and use broadband networks. Taking into account the
above remarks, there was an attempt to prove a hypothesis concerning the clear in-
fluence of the possibility to accept orders and to use broadband networks on the
value (volume) of turnover. However, the information available has many flaws.
The data have been gathered since 2002. In most cases, the duration of time series
possessed by us is only three periods. The information we have contains numerous
gaps. Basically, the only information that is suitable for modelling in this case is re-
lated to the structure indices concerning the indicated categories. Moreover, it seems
justified to use the time and space test, due to its possibilities.
When the information available on the formation of the phenomenon exam-
ined in a particular population is too scarce, one may expand it by the informa-
tion on the same phenomenon for another population of a similar nature. Such a
test would be cross-sectional in this case (the same variables for various objects,
e.g. countries) within the same time unit or cross-sectional-time when the data
are additionally related to several periods.
A typical method of using the space-time models is the single-equation,
single-factor econometric model estimated in virtue of panel data, in the follow-
ing form [3]:
y X uit it
T
it� � �� � , i = 1, ..., N, t = 1, ..., T,
where i — means an object (e. g. a country); t — time (e.g. years); X it
T
— is a
vector of observations on explanatory variables with K coordinates; � — is an
absolute and invariable term in time and space, uit — is a random component di-
vided into two groups, u vit t it� �� ; � t — reflects the non-observable and re-
gression effect, not included in the equation and resulting from affiliation with
the i-th group; v it — the remaining part of the random component.
The balanced data obtained a permit, in addition to the said decomposition of
the random component of the absolute term, to differentiate the structural parameter
values for the individual variables in the test [4]. It is assumed that the parameter
value is composed of the value typical for all the objects and the value characteristic
for the individual object [5]: Y Xi i i i� �� � . Therefore, if � �i iv� � then
Y X X v X wi i i i i i i i� � � �� � � �( ) .
IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2009. Ò. 31. ¹ 1 85
In the final version the test consists of data concerning 14 countries and the
period between 2004 and 2006. The states: Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany,
Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Italy, Lithuania, Austria, Poland, Portugal,
United Kingdom, Norway.
The information gathered comes from the official data of EUROSTAT.
In the initial version of the model other variables were also included, how-
ever, their significant impact on the volume of turnover was at least dubious. As
a result, an estimation using the regression method was carried out, which elimi-
nated isolated and irrelevant absolute terms indicating characteristic features of
individual countries. Consequently, the following model was obtained:
Tur Ord Brd Zit it it i i t� � � � � �1810 0 293 0062, , , � ,
(0,907) (0,046) (0,015)
where Tur —Percentage of enterprises’ total turnover from e-commerce over the
last calendar year; Ord — Percentage of enterprises having received orders
on-line over the last calendar year (at least 1%); Brd — Percentage of enterprises
with the broadband access.
Here individual dummy variables indicate differences among selected
countries in comparison with values typical for all of them. This model also
makes it possible to show similarities — concerning, above all, the shape of ex-
isting relationships, as well as differences — in the case of the appearance of sta-
tistically significant own absolute terms. So we may conclude that one percent
rise in the number of offers placed over the Internet should increase the share of
turnover (with a similar level of access to broadband networks) by 0,293 %. The
same rise in the number of subscribers using broadband connections should —
with a permanent share of orders placed — cause an increase in the share of on-
line sales in overall sales by 0,062 %. A very high model match — R2
= 0,95,
proves that it is suitable for drawing conclusions based on it.
As can be seen in Table 2, all values are characterised by a high significance
level. Even the general absolute term (as -1,810 may be treated as such), in rela-
tion to which the criteria are usually less strict, is characterised by a high signifi-
cance level of 0,055. It could be stated that the indicated results to a large extent
reflect the level of development of individual countries in the sphere of sales
informatisation of sales. In the studied example the highest index appears in the
case of Ireland: +12,848 — which may prove a much higher level of technologi-
cal advancement in comparison with other countries and consequently a larger
share of online sales in comparison to other countries having similar values of
explanatory variables. The next places are taken by Germany, Great Britain,
Norway and, what is worth emphasising, Poland. So one could propose a thesis
that the prospects for the development of the market based on information
M. Szajt
86 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2009. V. 31. ¹ 1
technologies in Poland are higher than in the case of our neighbours from the
south — the Czech Republic, or from the east — Lithuania and Estonia. It is
worth pointing out that this index is negative for Estonia. This proves the fact
that in order to achieve results similar to other countries concerning the share of
online sales in overall sales in this country, the development of access to broad-
band networks and service possibilities — especially in the sphere of accepting
orders — via the Internet should be much more intense.
Obviously, the interpretation of the model based on macroeconomic in-
dexes — and in principle on structure indexes, could seem flawed, however, it
makes it possible to determine basic relationships and possible differences
among the countries analysed.
Conclusion. To sum up, we may state that the situation of Polish compa-
nies, as far as the use of new information technologies in sales is concerned, is
not very good, however, there are really positive signs of improvement. The so-
ciety seems to be open to changes related to sales services, which is proved by
the results of the model. It is the very fact that we possess information on the de-
velopment of this sector in Poland that indicates that people who decided to
gather such data were truly interested in this subject. Moreover, the existing rela-
tionships in Poland and in other countries show how important it is that broad-
band connections become commonly used in companies’ activity. Taking into
consideration polish achievements to date in this respect, it is worth paying
much more attention to the popularisation of the discussed possibilities.
IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2009. Ò. 31. ¹ 1 87
Country Parameter � i estimate Standard error T-statistics Rejection level
Belgium, Greece, Spain,
Italy, Lithuania –1,810 0,907 –1,996 0,055
Czech Republic 2,095 0,816 2,568 0,015
Germany 5,169 0,960 5,387 0,000
Estonia –3,552 0,802 –4,428 0,000
Ireland 12,848 0,969 13,264 0,000
Austria 2,108 0,830 2,540 0,016
Poland 2,431 0,842 2,887 0,007
Portugal 1,816 0,787 2,308 0,028
United Kingdom 5,372 1,252 4,291 0,000
Norway 3,328 1,012 3,289 0,003
S o u r c e: own calculations
Table 2. The values of structural parameter assessments including the levels
of rejection of the hypotheses on significance
Íàâåäåíî àíàë³ç ñåêòîðà ³íôîðìàö³éíèõ òåõíîëîã³é. Îïèñàíî ñòàí öüîãî ñåêòîðà ó Ïîëüù³
òà ³íøèõ ºâðîïåéñüêèõ êðà¿íàõ â³äíîñíî ìîæëèâîñòåé ðîçâèòêó ³ ïîòåíö³éíèõ áàð’ºð³â.
Âèêîðèñòàíî ë³í³éíó ìîäåëü, ùî âñòàíîâëþº ñï³ââ³äíîøåííÿ ì³æ øèðîêèì äîñòóïîì òà
çàãàëüíèì òîâàðîîá³ãîì.
1. OECD Information Technology Outlook. OECD. — Paris, 2006. — P. 42—46, 100—186.
2. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
3. Danska B. Przestrzenno-czasowe modelowanie zmian w dzialalnosci produkcyjnej w
Polsce, Zastosowanie modeli panelowych. — Lodz : Absolwent, 2000.
4. Greene W. H. Econometric Analysis. — London : Prentice —Hall International. Inc, 2000.
5. Szajt M. Modeling of State Innovativeness Based on Space-time Model//Dynamic Econo-
metric Models. — 2006. — Vol. 7. Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun.
Ïîñòóïèëà 02.04.07
M. Szajt
88 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2009. V. 31. ¹ 1
� �
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-101432 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0204-3572 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:43:26Z |
| publishDate | 2009 |
| publisher | Інститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є. Пухова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Szajt, M. 2016-06-03T14:20:04Z 2016-06-03T14:20:04Z 2009 IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development / M. Szajt // Электронное моделирование. — 2009. — Т. 31, № 1. — С. 79-88. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. 0204-3572 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/101432 The study contains the analysis of IT sector. The author describes the situation of this sector in Poland and other European countries by indicating development opportunities and potential barriers. In the research part a linear equation model, which indicates the relation between broadband access and total turnover, was applied. Проведен анализ сектора информационных технологий. Описано состояние этого сектора в Польше и других европейских странах относительно возможностей развития и потенциальных барьеров. Использована линейная модель, устанавливающая соотношение между широким доступом и общим товарооборотом. Наведено аналіз сектора інформаційних технологій. Описано стан цього сектора у Польщі та інших європейських країнах відносно можливостей розвитку і потенційних бар’єрів. Використано лінійну модель, що встановлює співвідношення між широким доступом та загальним товарообігом. en Інститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є. Пухова НАН України Электронное моделирование Информационные технологии, защита информации IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development Szajt, M. Информационные технологии, защита информации |
| title | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development |
| title_full | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development |
| title_fullStr | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development |
| title_short | IT Sector in Poland — Opportunity for Enterprise Development |
| title_sort | it sector in poland — opportunity for enterprise development |
| topic | Информационные технологии, защита информации |
| topic_facet | Информационные технологии, защита информации |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/101432 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT szajtm itsectorinpolandopportunityforenterprisedevelopment |