Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System
This paper presents current status and perspectives of use of wind energy in the countries of Europe and the World. The problems connected with modelling and simulation of wind power plant operation and their cooperation with energy systems have been highlighted. The paper contains many statistical...
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Інститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є. Пухова НАН України
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Kurzak, L. 2016-06-07T09:11:48Z 2016-06-07T09:11:48Z 2007 Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System / L. Kurzak // Электронное моделирование. — 2007. — Т. 29, № 4. — С. 91-104. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 0204-3572 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/101789 This paper presents current status and perspectives of use of wind energy in the countries of Europe and the World. The problems connected with modelling and simulation of wind power plant operation and their cooperation with energy systems have been highlighted. The paper contains many statistical data which enabled to assess the opportunities of pure energy production. Описаны современное состояние и перспективы использования энергии ветра в странах Европы и в мире. Рассмотрены проблемы, связанные с моделированием работы станций, использующих энергию ветра, и их взаимодействие с энергетическими системами. Приведены статистические данные, позволяющие оценить возможности производства экологически чистой энергии. Описано сучасний стан та перспективи використання енергії вітру в країнах Європи і у світі. Розглянуто проблеми, пов’язані з моделюванням роботи станцій, що використовують енергію вітру, та їх взаємодію з енергетичними системами. Наведено статистичні дані, які дозволяют оцінювати можливості виробництва екологічно чистої энергії. en Інститут проблем моделювання в енергетиці ім. Г.Є. Пухова НАН України Электронное моделирование Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System Использование энергии ветра — информационное моделирование кооперации энергетических систем Article published earlier |
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Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System |
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Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System Kurzak, L. |
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Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System |
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Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System |
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wind power industry — information modelling of cooperation with energy system |
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Kurzak, L. |
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Использование энергии ветра — информационное моделирование кооперации энергетических систем |
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This paper presents current status and perspectives of use of wind energy in the countries of Europe and the World. The problems connected with modelling and simulation of wind power plant operation and their cooperation with energy systems have been highlighted. The paper contains many statistical data which enabled to assess the opportunities of pure energy production.
Описаны современное состояние и перспективы использования энергии ветра в странах Европы и в мире. Рассмотрены проблемы, связанные с моделированием работы станций, использующих энергию ветра, и их взаимодействие с энергетическими системами. Приведены статистические данные, позволяющие оценить возможности производства экологически чистой энергии.
Описано сучасний стан та перспективи використання енергії вітру в країнах Європи і у світі. Розглянуто проблеми, пов’язані з моделюванням роботи станцій, що використовують енергію вітру, та їх взаємодію з енергетичними системами. Наведено статистичні дані, які дозволяют оцінювати можливості виробництва екологічно чистої энергії.
|
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0204-3572 |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/101789 |
| citation_txt |
Wind Power Industry — information Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System / L. Kurzak // Электронное моделирование. — 2007. — Т. 29, № 4. — С. 91-104. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT kurzakl windpowerindustryinformationmodellingofcooperationwithenergysystem AT kurzakl ispolʹzovanieénergiivetrainformacionnoemodelirovaniekooperaciiénergetičeskihsistem |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-26T08:04:14Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-26T08:04:14Z |
| _version_ |
1850615055972827136 |
| fulltext |
L. Kurzak
Czestochowa University of Technology
(E-mail lumar@interia.pl)
Wind Power Industry-informational
Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System
This paper presents current status and perspectives of use of wind energy in the countries of Eu-
rope and the World. The problems connected with modelling and simulation of wind power plant
operation and their cooperation with energy systems have been highlighted. The paper contains
many statistical data which enabled to assess the opportunities of pure energy production.
Îïèñàíû ñîâðåìåííîå ñîñòîÿíèå è ïåðñïåêòèâû èñïîëüçîâàíèÿ ýíåðãèè âåòðà â ñòðàíàõ
Åâðîïû è â ìèðå. Ðàññìîòðåíû ïðîáëåìû, ñâÿçàííûå ñ ìîäåëèðîâàíèåì ðàáîòû ñòàíöèé,
èñïîëüçóþùèõ ýíåðãèþ âåòðà, è èõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèå ñ ýíåðãåòè÷åñêèìè ñèñòåìàìè. Ïðèâå-
äåíû ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå äàííûå, ïîçâîëÿþùèå îöåíèòü âîçìîæíîñòè ïðîèçâîäñòâà ýêîëîãè-
÷åñêè ÷èñòîé ýíåðãèè.
K e y w o r d s: energy, wind, statistics, modelling, energy system.
Resources and energy production. Rapid increase in energy consumption was
caused by: technology revolution determined by e. g. invention of steam engine,
discovery of electricity, development of automotive industry, development of
industry and significant drop in population worldwide. It is estimated that our
civilization has used energy corresponding to 500 billion toe while 2/3 has been
used in last century. Participation of individual primary energy commodities in
general consumption and the forecast of its consumption worldwide is presented
in Fig. 1 [1]
Unlike the non-renewable sources of energy such as coal, oil, gas or ura-
nium, whose natural systematic resources shrink dramatically, renewable sour-
ces of energy will not change as long as the Solar System exists.
Growing awareness of threats to natural environment from conventional en-
ergy industry causes that more and more attention is paid to technologies of pro-
duction based on renevable and unconventional resources. Potential of these
sources is not high, its dissipation is significant and frequently only of local im-
portance and the costs of use are still high and they need active support. Division
of primary sources of energy, their natural and technically possible transitions
and the form of use is presented in Table 1 [2].
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2007. Ò. 29. ¹ 4 91
L. Kurzak
92 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2007. V. 29. ¹ 4
1
2 3
5
4
6
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 earY
100,0
10,0
1,0
0,10
0,01
F
1 � F
Fig. 1. Present state and the forecast for primary energy consumption: 1 — wood; 2 — coal;
3 — oil; 4 — natural gas; 5 — nuclear energy; 6 — solar energy; F — participation in energy
consumption
Primary sources
of energy
Natural processes of
energy conversion
Technology processes of energy
conversion
Form of obtained
energy
Sun Water Evaporation, ice Water plants Electricity
Wind Atomspheric Water power plants Heat and electricity
Wave energy Wave energy power Electricity
Solar
radiation
Oceanic currents Ocean energy power "
Heating the surface
of the Earth and its
atmosphere
Ocean heat power plants "
Heat exchanger Heat energy
Solar radii
Solar heat power plants and
solar power plants
" "
Photovoltaic cells and solar
power plants
Electricity
Photolisis Fuels
Biomass Biomass production
Heating and heat power plants Heat energy and elec-
tricity
Processing equipment Fuels
Earth Isotope ra-
dioactive
decay
Geothermal resour-
ces
Heating and geothermal power
plants
Heat energy and elec-
tricity
Moon Gravity Water tides Tidal power plants Electricity
Table 1. Division of renewable sources of energy
Table 2 presents production worldwide and potential and costs of produc-
tion of 1 kWh from individual sources of renewable energy [2]. Analysis of these
data proves that the potential of the sources exceeds by thousand times the pro-
duction of its energy, which demonstrates the opportunities of production of en-
ergy from sun, wind, and geothermal energy.
Wind energy. Especially interesting issue is a dynamic of production of
electricity from wind, which is presented in Fig. 2 (for last 13 years) [3]. Increase
in production is of an exponential nature an in analysed period (1993—2006)
production worldwide has increased almost 20 times. The perspectives of fur-
ther dynamic development and problems connected with opportunities of its use
have decided that next part of the considerations will be focused on energy ob-
tained from wind.
Atmospheric air movements in relation to the surface of the Earth is what we
call a wind. It is created as a result of uneven distribution of the pressure in the at-
mosphere. These differences are caused mainly by uneven heating of air mass
with solar radii, especially in equatorial zones. The result of this phenomenon are
the movements of air in vertical direction, spread into two streams, in upper layers
of the atmosphere to the direction of the North Pole and South Pole and, in ground
boundary layer in reverse direction. These phenomena are of dynamic nature both
on local and global scale and the wind velocity depends on pressure differences in
individual zones. The direction and velocity of the wind is also affected by spin-
ning motion of the Earth (Coriolis force) and sea tides. About 1—2 % of solar en-
ergy radiation which gets to the surface of the Earth is exchanged for kinetic
energy of the wind, which corresponds to the power of about 2700 TW [4].
Wind Power Industry-informational Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2007. Ò. 29. ¹ 4 93
Sources of energy
Production
worldwide (TWh)
Electricity and heat energy
potential worldwide
(1000 TWh/year)
Cost of production
(1 kWh/Eurocent)
Water
Bioenergetics
Wind
Geothermal
Sea
2631
175
75
50
0,8
14
Less > 77
178
1400
32
2 — 8
5 — 6
4 — 12
2 — 10
8 — 15
Solar collectors
Photovoltaics
0,5
2,5
Less > 440 12 — 18
25 — 65
Total of renewable
sources
2934 Less >2141 —
N o t e. Energy consumption worldwide is: electricity 16.700 TWh; primary energy in total
120.000 TWh.
Table 2. Production of energy and costs of production from renewable resources at 2003
Fundamental importance for assessment of wind energy usefulness is its
wind velocity annual mean. Wind velocity and the energy which can be obtained
from it changes daily, monthly or periodically. Investigations and observations
prove favourable correlation between wind velocity and energy demand (usually
bigger winds are accompanied by higher energy demand). While considering use of
wind it is necessary to know the velocity on the level of wind turbine wheel.
Wind velocity increases with the height H measured from the ground level.
HG, below which the gradient wind is assumed (VG) depends on roughness of the
Earth surface, unevenness, flora and buildings. On the basis of experiments it is
assumed that the distribution of wind velocity as a function of the height is deter-
mined by exponent function from the following formula [2]:
V V
H
H �
�
�
�
�
�
10
10
,
where V10 — wind velocity at the height of H = 10 m over the ground level; H —
height (m) over the ground level;
— coefficient dependent on type of terrain
and the buildings, determined empirically.
For wind energy sector in Poland, with consideration of physiographic and top-
ographic conditions, a six-grade scale of terrain roughness is suggested. Their char-
acteristics and coefficient is presented in Table 3; while Table 4 presents values of
the
exponent as a function of terrain roughness and mean time [2].
L. Kurzak
94 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2007. V. 29. ¹ 4
E
n
er
g
y,
M
W
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
60 000
70 000
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2006
Year
Fig. 2. Total wind power installed in the world
Calculation of the velocity out of the height H = 10 m with a particular ter-
rain roughness and
x for the height H and roughness of 0 with coefficient
0
makes the following hold true:
V V
H
H
H x
G x
G x
x
� �
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
0 10
10
10
0
.
Examples of changes in velocity with the height H are presented in Fig. 3 [2].
Annual average of wind velocity is of fundamental importance for assess-
ment of conditions for building the wind power plants. From practical point of
view, the opportunity to use wind power energy is limited by a few conditions:
lowest acceptable value of wind velocity Vd, at which wind power plant
starts operation;
calculated wind velocity V0, at which the electricity obtains nominal capac-
ity Nn;
maximal wind velocity Vg, at which the wind power plant is shut down
(within the range of wind velocity of V0 � V � Vg power plant control system
tends to ensure almost continuous capacity equal to the nominal Nn and continu-
ous rotational velocity of the turbine wheel);
within the range of wind velocity Vd � V � V0 the wind power plant control
system maintains continuous rotational velocity of the turbine wheel.
For the assessment of profitability of building of power plant in a particular
conditions the amount of produced annual electricity at the annual average wind
Wind Power Industry-informational Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2007. Ò. 29. ¹ 4 95
Roughness
class
Height of the gradient
wind HG , m
Terrain description
0 300 Open plain terrain, on which the unevenness height is lower
than 0.5m
1 330 Open flat or insignificantly wavy terrain. Single buildings and
trees may occur in large distances from each other
2 360 Flat or wavy terrain with large open spaces. Group of trees or
low buildings may occur in significant distances from each
other
3 400 Terrain with obstacles i.e. forests, suburbs of bigger cities and
small towns, industrial terrains with free development
4 440 Terrain with numerous obstacles located in small distance
from each other, i.e. clusters of trees, buildings, distances of
e.g. 300 m from the point or observation
5 500 Terrain with numerous large obstacles, very close to each
other, forests and centres of big cities
Table 3. Characteristics of terrain roughness, classification
power is calculated. Considering the conditions i.e. Vd, V0, Vg and changeability
of generator capacity within the range of wind velocity of Vd and V0, the actual
probable amount of the energy over the year can be calculated.
Wind power plant capacity within the range of velocitys Vd and V0 can be
calculated using the formula below:
N N
V V
V V
n
d
d
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
sin
�
2
0
,
where V — wind velocity for the range of Vd and V0 , m/s. This equation can be
used for estimations, if the generator characteristics N = f (V) is unknown.
L. Kurzak
96 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2007. V. 29. ¹ 4
Terrain roughness
class
Roughness
coefficient K
Coefficient
for average time
1 h 10 min 2 min 2 s
0 0,005 0,150 0,130 0,115 0,075
1 0,007 0,165 0,140 0,120 0,075
2 0,010 0,190 0,155 0,125 0,080
3 0,015 0,220 0,170 0,135 0,080
4 0,025 0,270 0,200 0,150 0,085
5 0,050 0,350 0,245 0,175 0,085
Table 4. Values of � exponent for average times and for the roughness classes [2]
Fig. 3. Distribution of wind velocity as a function of H height for different values V and
= 0,14
(open terrain)
Possible locations of the wind power plants are determined by the annual
average wind velocitys prepared in the form of maps.
Such maps can be an initial indication for location. Final choice must be
confirmed by long-term (at least 12 months) measurements of wind velocitys in
a given point over the ground.
Particularly favourable conditions for wind power plant locations in Poland
can be found in seaside regions, at the north and east end and selected areas of
central Poland.
Seaside regions of lands are particularly useful, which is confirmed by the
European Union practice (Germany, Denmark, Netherlands) as well as world-
wide. Final decision on usefulness of a particular region for the wind energy sec-
tor should result from economic reasons, it may sometimes be confirmed by so-
cial reasons and access to the existing energy infrastructure.
Development of wind energy industry in Europe and worldwide. Status
of energy based on application of wind energy is presented in Table 5, where
presents wind power installed capacity for the past four years (2003—2006) for
three continents: Europe, Asia, North America and the countries with highest
production is [3]. Installed capacity of wind power plants worldwide at the end
Wind Power Industry-informational Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2007. Ò. 29. ¹ 4 97
Geographic region
Years
Dynamics of growth
in 2003 — 2006, %
2003 2004 2005 2006
European Union 28 568 34 366 40 490 48 042 68,1
Other European countries 196 253 397 489 149,4
Europe in total 28 764 34 619 40 887 48 531 68,7
USA 6352 6800 9149 11 603 82,6
Canada 326 441 684 1451 345,1
North America in total 6678 7241 9833 13 054 95,4
India 2120 2800 4434 6053 185,5
China 644 740 1260 1699 163,8
Japan 566 700 1150 1128 99,2
Other Asian countries 19 27 254 324 1605,2
Asia in total 3349 4267 7098 9204 174,8
Other countries worldwide 572 880 1417 1839 221,5
Total 39 363 42 007 59 235 72 628 84,5
Table 5. Installed capacity in wind power plants worldwide (MW) and dynamics
of growth in 2003 — 2006
of 2006 exceeded 70.000 MW. For European countries this capacity amounted
to almost 50.000 MW while the growth of installed capacity in wind power
plants is of exponent nature (see Fig. 2). For the analysed period, the growth of
installed capacity in wind power plants in Europe increased by 68,7 % and in EU
countries by 68,1 %. Table 6 presents comparison of the participation in this
growth in individual countries of EU [3].
L. Kurzak
98 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2007. V. 29. ¹ 4
¹ European Union
Years Dynamics of
growth in
2003—2006, %2003 2004 2005 2006
1 Germany 14 609,0 16 628,8 18 414,9 20 621,9 41,1
2 Spain 6202,8 8263,2 10 027,9 11 615,1 87,2
3 Denmark 3115,0 3117,0 3128,8 3136,6 0,7
4 Italy 904,3 1261,5 1718,3 2123,4 134,8
5 UK 649,3 888,8 1332,1 1962,9 202,4
6 Portugal 295,9 520,3 1047,0 1716,4 479,7
7 France 249,0 405,5 755,6 1635,0 552,6
8 Netherland 910,0 1077,7 1224,0 1560,0 71,4
9 Austria 415,0 606,2 818,9 964,5 130,0
10 Greece 375,0 465,0 573,3 746,5 98,9
11 Ireland 199,9 342,3 495,3 745,2 272,5
12 Sweden 399,0 442,0 493,0 519,0 30,0
13 Belgium 66,9 92,9 158,4 193,1 188,0
14 Poland 61,2 68,1 72,0 152,6 150,8
15 Finland 52,0 82,0 82,0 86,0 65,3
16 Hungary 3,3 3,3 20,5 60,9 1933,3
17 Lithuania 0,0 0,8 6,4 54,0 —
18 Czech Republic 10,6 16,5 22,0 50,0 371,6
19 Luxemburg 21,5 35,3 35,3 35,3 66,6
20 Estonia 2,9 20,0 32,0 32,0 966,6
21 Latvia 23,0 24,0 27,0 27,0 17,3
22 Slovakia 2,6 5,1 5,3 5,1 96,0
23 Cyprus 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 —
24 Malta 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 —
25 Slovenia 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 —
EU in total 28 568,2 34 366,3 40 490,0 48 042,5 68,1
Table 6. Installed capacity in wind power plants worldwide (MW) and dynamics
of growth in the EU countries in 2003—2006 years
Table 6 shows huge percentage growth in analysed period of time related to
the level of capacity in 2003, which varied for individual countries.
This results mainly from EU policy, where the emphasis is put on renewable
sources of energy. According to recent arrangements by EU summit (March
2007), the participation of renewable sources of energy in global production
should be 20 % in 2020. Thus wind power energy sector, with the financial sup-
port, will be the part of energy sector which in incoming years will develop dy-
namically. More objective factor for assessment of wind energy application is an
installed capacity coefficient for individual countries of EU per 1000 inhabitants
(Fig. 4) [3].
With the average for EU countries of 103,7 kW/1000 inhabitants the huge
disproportion can be observed from 1 kW/1000 inhabitants for Slovakia to
577,9/1000 inhabitants in Denmark. It should be highlighted that different coun-
tries have different resources and they are at different level of economic growth
(new countries of EU in comparison to old countries of the Fifteen). Economic
and civilization downward tendency for some countries is clearly confirmed by
Wind Power Industry-informational Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2007. Ò. 29. ¹ 4 99
W
in
d
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
,
k
W
/1
0
0
0
in
h
a
b
it
a
n
ts
577,9
265,4
250,1
177,0
162,4
116,7
95,5
76,8
67,1
57,4
36,3 32,5
26,0 23,8 18,5 16,4 15,9 11,8 6,0 4,9 4,0 1,0
0,0
100,0
200,0
300,0
400,0
500,0
600,0
3 2 1 11 6 9 8 19 10 12 4 5 7 20 13 15 17 21 16 18 14 22
103,7 avarege level for EU
Contry number correspondently Table 6
Fig. 4. Wind capacity in the Europeans countries in kW/1000 inhabitans
value of indexes (see Fig. 4). High indexes are characteristic for the seaside
(Denmark, Spain, Ireland) and highly developed (German) countries, which
intensively supported wind energy sector development.
Wind power plant modelling. While planning, designing and analysis of
the wind power operation in the energy system and its effect on this system the
models which more or less reflect the actual state are used. While modelling
wind power plants it is necessary to employ particular technical solutions as the
components. Generally, wind power plants can be equipped in synchronous or
asynchronous generator. The generator can be connected to network directly or by
means of power converter. Variety of solutions used in wind energy sector enables
the general model of wind power plant (Fig. 5) to be created [5].
Each element requires separate analysis, but particularly interesting is an
analysis of wind turbine model and the effect of external and internal factors on
cooperation with energy system. Fig. 6 presents flow chart of such a model [6].
Each element presented in Fig. 5 requires to be considered separately. Undoubt-
edly, the most influential for the turbine operation is a wind velocity as an inde-
pendent variable. Change in wind velocity are of stochastic nature both in short
and long time periods. During analysis and modelling of wind power plants in
energy system the changeability of the wind is accepted as a total of harmonics
of various frequency from 0.1 to 10 Hz, changes of incremental nature (least
possible) and changes of the increasing nature and as a stochastic process. Ve-
locity formula can be formed as following:
v T V A t v tk k
k
g( ) sin( ) ( )�
�
�
�
�
�
�0
1 � ,
where V0 — average wind velocity; Ak — amplitude of k harmonic for wind veloc-
ity; �k — frequency (pulsation) of k harmonic for wind velocity; vg — wind gust.
L. Kurzak
100 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2007. V. 29. ¹ 4
Turbine
regulator
Turbine
Set a value
Shaft
Nm
Paddle angle control
Stretch effect
Generator
Converter
Converter Network
Generator
regulator
With transmission
Without transmission
Asynchronous
Synchronous
Nwind Ng N
Current source inverter
Voltage source inverter
Regulated resistance of rotor
Set a value
Singlemachine
Multimachine
Fig. 5. General model of wind power plant
During modelling of wind, the gusts are also considered. For the gusts the
following holds true:
v t
v
e
g
g
t Ig
( )
max
(sin( ) )
�
2
1
4 �
,
were vg max
— wind gust amplitude; �g — gust frequency (� �g gT�2 / ).
Amplitude of wind gusts can fluctuate in quite broad limits e. g. up to 10 m/s,
and the period may be within Tg =10 � 50 s.
An example of solutions applied in modeling of wind power plants is prepa-
ration of the model which includes [2]: of generator; of turbine; of protective de-
vices; of transformer; of wind.
Using own studies and adapting the algorithms connected with energy sys-
tem control, the authors carried out simulation tasks of the wind power plants
and its control opportunities as well as cooperation with energy system. Fig. 7
presents the example of algorithm for active power control and its essence [6].
Operation of wind power plants with energy system. Basically, operation
of power plant is determined only by wind conditions i.e. wind velocity and its
changeability in time. Thus, taking these conditions into consideration, one can
observe four fundamental states of wind power plants:
wind power plant downtime with readiness — resulting from too low wind
velocity lower than cutin velocity V < Vd;
operation with partial load (not rated) — means operation with maximiza-
tion of the energy obtained from wind stream in the situation when wind velocity
V has the value from the range of Vd � V � V0, where V0, is a rated velocity of the
wind which corresponds to the rated power of wind power plant;
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Turbine and generator control
Wind model Turbine Generator
N wind Nmech
Input data for
control and control
signals
Main swich
Ngen and Qgen
Generator
protection
Transformator
N Qand
Wind speed
Frequency and
current
Fig. 6. Flow chart of wind power plant
operation with the rated load — means operation with continuous and rated
active power, where the wind velocity is higher or equal to rated velocities V0 � V<
< Vg and lower than cut-out velocity Vg = 25 m/s;
power plant downtime with readiness — resulting from too high wind ve-
locity V � Vg.
The above modes for wind power plant are usually presented in form of
characteristics of power plant production N = f (V), i. e. course of obtained power
as a function of wind velocity. Normal operation of the power plant is connected
L. Kurzak
102 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2007. V. 29. ¹ 4
For i = 0 to l
F nor = 1 to X
Estimation of power for each
wind power station
Check the circumstances
for power limitation
Limitation of active
power from wind farm
Work with no limits
n =n +1
i=i +1
Wind model
Nn = knf (Nwind)
Estimation of active power
for each n wind power station
If �N > Ngrad
NWF = N
ogran
Yes
No
n =1
Protection
module
Yes No
N
WF
= �Nn
�N = N
FWn
= NFWn�1
Nwind
Fig. 7. Part of the algorithm for active power control for a wind form: I — total number of steps in
simulation resulting from simulation time and integration step; X — number of wind power plants
on the discussed wind form
with continuous changes in its operation mode and thus with continuous and var-
ied effect on energy system. Wind power operation in energy system, including
changeability of effect on the system has both positive and negative nature. Im-
pact of wind power plant on the energy system depends on two fundamental fac-
tors, i.e. wind conditions and wind power plant structure.
Fast development of wind energy sector causes continuous increase in rated
capacity in individual wind power plants. The capacities of wind farms installed
in energy systems are also on the increase. This situation forced the energy sys-
tem operators to prepare detailed requirements, which include[6]:
active capacity control;
operation of the farm in case of changes in voltage and frequency;
starting the farm’s operation and disconnecting from the network;
voltage and passive capacity control;
procedure in case of network disturbance;
quality standards for electricity;
power energy protection automation;
monitoring and telecommunication system;
check tests.
These requirements cause the necessity of appropriate control of farms in
normal and disturbance modes of the National Energy System. Many tasks will
have to be overtaken by central (group) system of automated control over wind
forms which affects the control systems of individual wind power plants.
Solutions applied nowadays by producers, ensuring operation of the equip-
ment in case of disturbances within the range of voltages from 15 to 90 % of
rated voltage for the periods of time from 0.6s to 10s.
To sum up, it should be observed that wind power plants have the following
advantages:
they do not contaminate the natural environment;
wind energy is free;
they can be build on wastelands (deserts, coasts, rocks);
they ensure new workplaces.
Disadvantages of wind power plants include:
high investment and maintenance costs;
they can lead (German experience of 2003—2004) to destabilization of the
energy system of a country;
they pose threat to birds;
«amateur» structures operate quite loudly, e. g. tips of rotor blades with di-
ameter of 22 m, rotating at 1rps move at 250 km/h and its characteristic that they
vibrate, which is the source of infrasound.
Development of wind energy does not limit to building next wind power
farms in seaside regions, moreover, in a few-years time the economically profit-
Wind Power Industry-informational Modelling of Cooperation with Energy System
ISSN 0204–3572. Ýëåêòðîí. ìîäåëèðîâàíèå. 2007. Ò. 29. ¹ 4 103
able and socially acceptable location will have vanished. As a result of too large
number of aeroenergetic installations in seaside region, the unique landscapes of
seaside locations may be obstructed, which consequently may lead to reduction
in its tourist and recreation advantages. Thus the strategy of further development
of wind energy sector is still to be reoriented in the following directions:
locations of new wind farms in seaside regions; but not on the land but
in the sea;
building, as in case of small water energy sector, small wind turbines ensur-
ing decentralized sources of energy for local needs;
using wind energy for purposes other than production of electricity;
building of hybride wind-solar installations as a source of hot water and
building heating.
Îïèñàíî ñó÷àñíèé ñòàí òà ïåðñïåêòèâè âèêîðèñòàííÿ åíåð㳿 â³òðó â êðà¿íàõ ªâðîïè ³ ó
ñâ³ò³. Ðîçãëÿíóòî ïðîáëåìè, ïîâ’ÿçàí³ ç ìîäåëþâàííÿì ðîáîòè ñòàíö³é, ùî âèêîðèñ-
òîâóþòü åíåðã³þ â³òðó, òà ¿õ âçàºìîä³þ ç åíåðãåòè÷íèìè ñèñòåìàìè. Íàâåäåíî ñòàòèñòè÷í³
äàí³, ÿê³ äîçâîëÿþò îö³íþâàòè ìîæëèâîñò³ âèðîáíèöòâà åêîëîã³÷íî ÷èñòî¿ ýíåð㳿.
1. Lewandowski W. Proekologiczne odnawialne �r�d�a energii. — Warszawa : WNT, 2006. —
429 p.
2. Gumula St., Knap T., Strzelczyk P., Szczerba Z. Energetyka wiatrowa.— Krak�w : AGH,
Uczelniane Wydawnictwo Naukowo-Dydaktyczne, 2006. —381 p.
3. Instytut Energii Odnawialnej. Barometr. www.ieo.pl/eurobserver.
4. Kurzak L. Production and services in enterprise. — Cz�stochowa: Wydawnictwo Wydzia�u
Zarz�dzania Politechniki Cz�stochowskiej, 2006. — 283 p.
5. Lubosiny Z. Elektrownie wiatrowe w systemie elektroenergetycznym. — Warszawa : WNT,
2006. — 277 p.
6. Grzadzielski J., Welenc R., Plucinski� T. Algorytmy sterowania forma wiatrow� o norma-
lnych i zak��ceniowych stanach pracy systemu elektroenergetycznego// Energetyka. —
2007. — ¹ 1. — Ð. 9—15.
Ïîñòóïèëà 04.05.07
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104 ISSN 0204–3572. Electronic Modeling. 2007. V. 29. ¹ 4
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