Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland
Particular attention was paid to geotechnical problems encountered during lignite mining in Polish deposit conditions. Geotechnical protection of safe lignite utilization by its gasification involves many issues such as presence of underground water, predicted land subsidence and deformation, etc. G...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Розробка родовищ |
|---|---|
| Datum: | 2013 |
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
УкрНДМІ НАН України, Інститут геотехнічної механіки НАН України
2013
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online Zugang: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/104514 |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Zitieren: | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland / J. Kudelko, J. Nowak // Розробка родовищ: Зб. наук. пр. — 2013. — Т. 7. — С. 399-404. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860231701713649664 |
|---|---|
| author | Kudelko, J. Nowak, J. |
| author_facet | Kudelko, J. Nowak, J. |
| citation_txt | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland / J. Kudelko, J. Nowak // Розробка родовищ: Зб. наук. пр. — 2013. — Т. 7. — С. 399-404. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Розробка родовищ |
| description | Particular attention was paid to geotechnical problems encountered during lignite mining in Polish deposit conditions. Geotechnical protection of safe lignite utilization by its gasification involves many issues such as presence of underground water, predicted land subsidence and deformation, etc. Great importance is attached to surface facilities and buildings safety and to protection of urban areas.
Особлива увага приділялася геотехнічним проблемам, з якими стикаються при видобутку бурового вугілля в Польщі. При геотехнічному захисті безпечного видобутку бурого вугілля за допомогою газифікації виникає багато проблем, таких як: наявність підземних вод, просідання земної поверхні, деформація і т.д. Величезне значення приділяється наземним спорудам, їх безпеці та охороні міських районів.
Особое внимание уделялось геотехническим проблемам, с которыми сталкиваются при добыче бурового угля в Польше. При геотехнической защите безопасной добычи бурого угля с помощью газификации возникает много проблем, таких как: наличие подземных вод, проседание земной поверхности, деформация и т.д. Огромное значение уделяется наземным сооружениям, их безопасности и охране городских районов.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:22:14Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
399
УДК 622.278 © J. Kudelko, J. Nowak
J. Kudelko, J. Nowak
CONDITIONS FOR SAFE UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION
OF LIGNITE IN POLAND
Particular attention was paid to geotechnical problems encountered during lignite mining in
Polish deposit conditions. Geotechnical protection of safe lignite utilization by its gasification
involves many issues such as presence of underground water, predicted land subsidence and
deformation, etc. Great importance is attached to surface facilities and buildings safety and to
protection of urban areas.
УМОВИ ДЛЯ БЕЗПЕЧНОЇ ПІДЗЕМНОЇ ГАЗИФІКАЦІЇ ПРИ ВИДОБУТКУ БУРОГО
ВУГІЛЛЯ У ПОЛЬЩІ
Особлива увага приділялася геотехнічним проблемам, з якими стикаються при
видобутку бурового вугілля в Польщі. При геотехнічному захисті безпечного
видобутку бурого вугілля за допомогою газифікації виникає багато проблем, таких як:
наявність підземних вод, просідання земної поверхні, деформація і т.д. Величезне
значення приділяється наземним спорудам, їх безпеці та охороні міських районів.
УСЛОВИЯ ДЛЯ БЕЗОПАСНОЙ ПОДЗЕМНОЙ ГАЗИФИКАЦИИ ПРИ ДОБЫЧЕ
БУРОГО УГЛЯ В ПОЛЬШЕ
Особое внимание уделялось геотехническим проблемам, с которыми сталкиваются
при добыче бурового угля в Польше. При геотехнической защите безопасной добычи
бурого угля с помощью газификации возникает много проблем, таких как: наличие
подземных вод, проседание земной поверхности, деформация и т.д. Огромное значение
уделяется наземным сооружениям, их безопасности и охране городских районов.
INTRODUCTION
Methods of lignite utilization by its gasifi-
cation have been known for a long time and
have been successfully applied during last
decades, especially the underground gasifica-
tion. Most of output in this method develop-
ment comes from numerous studies and appli-
cations carried out in former Soviet Union
countries. Those achievements were imple-
mented in dynamic development of many
countries.
Currently the research studies on using the
underground gasification of lignite are carried
out in Poland funded by the science grants but
also by KGHM Polska Miedź SA. The domi-
nating opinion in the company says that the
word experience should be utilized in order to
shorten the research period before implemen-
tation of commercial installations. In light of
previous technological achievements such ap-
proach will substantially accelerate the possi-
bility of practical application of underground
gasification of lignite (PZWB).
One of the barrier, in implementing this
method, is a way of reporting the lignite re-
sources and legal procedure while applying
for exploration and mining concession. Stand-
400
ing regulations concerning the above issues is
very favorable for the open pit mining meth-
ods. According to these regulations, under-
ground gasification of lignite is regarded as
lignite mining through unconventional
method.
GEOLOGY OF LIGNITE DEPOSIT AREAS
IN RESPECT OF PZWB IMPLEMENTATION
Geology of lignite deposit areas in Poland
is very complex. The lignite beds are usually
horizontal or with little inclination but also a
disturbed beds are encountered. Thus the
techniques of underground gasification spe-
cific for horizontal beds will dominate. They
are much more difficult in practice than the
ones applied in case of deposits having big
inclination.
The lignite may have a form of many beds
or one very thick bed, for example 35 m ore
more, but also it may be divided into several
layers. Typical is high humidity of lignite
beds, reaching 40-50%, what in turn causes
problems with dewatering and dosing the va-
por necessary in gasification process. More-
over, in the overburden multi-layer complex
systems of different soils such as: sands,
clays, muds, aggregates i.e. mostly crushed
formations, occur. Very often the over-lignite
beds are aquifers, what is a great challenge
while draining them and preparing the opera-
tion of underground gas generators. Complex
structure of the overburden requires such lo-
cation of gas generators to have the imperme-
able soils within the zone of continuous de-
formations, therefore at the proper distance
over the high temperature sectors. It is aimed
to protect the tight bed from the thermal im-
pact and the structural changes. If it is impos-
sible, the additional engineering methods of
sealing the zones over the gas generators
should be used.
Separate and very important issue is a pro-
tection of surface and underground water res-
ervoirs. Since the researches show attenuation
of contamination 30 meters from its source, it
is deemed that minimal distance from the res-
ervoir should be 40 m. Utilization of such 10
m long safety zone is, however, not always
sufficient. Additional analyze of geological
and water conditions of the deposit area where
gasification is planned becomes necessary. In
such cases model studies using advanced
software, basing on finite elements method,
are the most justified.
HYDROGELOGICAL CONDITIONS Table 1
Utility aquifers and main under-
ground water reservoirs
Beds occurring below utility aquifers (minimal distance 40 m), ab-
sence of main underground water reservoirs in close vicinity of pro-
spective extraction field (minimal distance – 2 km)
Porosity of surrounding rocks Rocks above and below the deposit sholud have smaller gas perme-
ability than the lignite bed, Thickness of rock with low permeability
surrounding the lignite bed should be 1-2 m for 2 m thick lignite
bed or 2-4 m for 3-10 m lignite bed
Water inflow Maximum volume of water necessary gas production is 0.5 ton per
1 ton of gasified lignite, water surplus should be pumped out
Filtration properties of rocks Lignite bed porosity vs. surrounding rock porosity should not be
smaller than 18:20
One of the crucial issue while using
PZWB method is protection against excessive
subsidence, especially of non-continuous na-
ture. In many countries using PZW installa-
tions, the surface subsidence problem is of
smaller importance due to location of the site
where the extraction is carried out or because
of specific outcrop structure. It may be a de-
populated land or located on mining area,
where extraction using other methods takes
401
place or the overburden is formed of soft
rocks. However, in Poland the population is
high, the surface infrastructure is complex:
roads, numerous buildings, railways, power
supply lines etc. In such situation the land
subsidence is not acceptable.
The overburden occurring over the lignite
deposit is formed of loose soil beds. These are
sands of different granulation, often water
saturated, clays, silts, muds and others. Layers
of such soil are often interrupted, have nu-
merous lens and admixtures and structural
discontinuities. Under such conditions, subsi-
dence is integral process accompanying this
type of extraction. In case of PZW the subsi-
dence is bigger because the over lying soils
are the subject of additional deformations re-
sulting from thermo-consolidation processes
i.e. changes of humidity, swelling and shrink-
ing, cracking and uncontrolled water flows.
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND PZWB METHOD
Objective with regard of sustainable de-
velopment is an effort to maintain the bal-
anced relations between technical progress,
environmental protection and economic de-
velopment. PZW method is relatively cheap,
however, in case of adverse deposit parame-
ters costs of its application increase. Also pro-
tecting the environment from its negative im-
pact may be expensive. In this instance the
location of deposit is of vital importance,
Table 2.
SITE CONDITIONS FOR PZW INSTALLATION Table 2
Area required for PZW
installation
minimal area for pilot installation is 50-100 ha (0.5-1 km2), for commercial
installation over 100 ha, changing location
Safety conditions Minimal distance from: residential areas (1-3 km), rivers and lakes
(1-3 km), protection areas (5 km), operating mines/mining areas
(5 km), closed mines/workings (3 km), power lines and railroads (1-3 km)
Legal conditions Preparing the opinion on environmental impact, identifying land property,
getting concession for deposit exploration, geological study concerning prob-
able mineral reserves, public consultation, delimitation of mining area and
getting concession for deposit extraction, buying the land
When planning the location of area for
underground gasification, the critical elements
of infrastructure and environment, present
over the deposit, must be taken into consid-
eration. Among these elements are: land de-
velopment (buildings, telecom and power
lines, gas mains, roads, railroads), level of
land use, distance from old mine workings
and operating conventional mines, environ-
mental conditions (soils, forests, protection
areas, lakes, rivers). All those factors may be
decisive with regard of possibility of using the
method in agreement with environment and
community development.
Currently high capacity installations for
underground gasification are widely used.
However, they are not suitable for very big
deposits, which, when mined using open pit
method, give 20-30 million tons per year dur-
ing many years. Conventional method does
not need also great volumes of backfilling ma-
terial preventing the subsidence. While the
PZW method does not guarantee the devel-
opment of whole big deposit but only a part of
it, due to the demand for huge amount of
backfilling material.
In such case constructing many smaller in-
stallations spread over the big area seems to
be reasonable. It is important to diversify the
energy sources and to limit the power loses on
big transmission lines.
Underground gasification systems give the
wide range of products with different applica-
tion such as energetic gas, heat, power energy,
liquid fuels (oil and gas) and numerous valu-
able but less commonly used products. For
402
first Polish implementations the most reason-
able is production of energetic gas, power en-
ergy and heat energy manufactured in the co-
generation systems.
GEOTECHNICAL PROTECTION IN PZWB
METHOD IMPLEMENTATION
Like in every mine, the geotechnical is-
sues are extremely important in case of un-
derground lignite gasification. They decide
about the possibility of using this method.
Geotechnical processes occurring during the
lignite mining from Polish deposits concern
many elements of their development. Geo-
technical protection aimed to assure the safe
utilization of lignite reserves using this
method refers to underground water, predicted
land subsidence and deformations, mining
system and environmental protection.
When PZW method is used, the effective
drainage of the part of lignite deposit destined
for gasification is of great importance. In
some cases not only drainage will be neces-
sary but also silting-up the extremely perme-
able aquifers. It may be necessary to maintain
the water inflow on the level enabling the
proper gasification process. Otherwise the
syngas parameters will be on inadequate level.
Under Polish conditions extremely impor-
tant is backfilling the voids formed as a result
of gasification. The geological structure and
processes occurring inside the overburden
layers show that these voids will be formed
generally in the lignite bed and inside the
overburden. It is a result of roof collapse due
to the stability loss. The overburden falling
into the voids and solid products of gasifica-
tion are porous. Blow gases flow well through
the empty spaces despite the rubble formation,
and at the same time the loosen overburden
and empty rooms shift upwards. In such case
the backfilling may be held even in the over
lignite zone. It requires the proper identifica-
tion of room location in order to fill it with
backfilling material as fully as possible. Both
hydraulic and pneumatic methods may be
used there. When the beds are thicker and
there are several gas generators (lignite beds)
caving results in adding the post-reaction
voids what in turn allow for better filling
them. Thus the backfilling effectiveness is
better.
Further subsidence protection may be
achieved by using the proper organization of
mining operations. Gasification may be carried
out along the line courses, leaving the tempo-
rary, safety pillars between them. After gasifi-
cation of lignite along two lines and backfilling
them, the gasification of pillar between two
lines can be started. Such organization of min-
ing effectively prevents the subsidence and at
the same time allows for efficient utilization of
deposit as well as reduction of loses.
Using adequate and properly selected geo-
technical solutions is a condition for correct
operation of the installation and protection
against adverse impact on the environment.
CONDITIONS FOR IMPLEMENTING
THE METHOD IN POLAND
The basis during implementation of PZW
method and constructing the installation for
underground gasification are the project as-
sumptions which describe the function, power
and period of enterprise in details and thereby
specify the minimal level of lignite reserves.
When it is planned to extend the project it is
necessary to provide the possibility of mining
further mining fields.
Planned installations for underground
gasification must meet the requirements of:
– Geological and mining law;
– Power energy law;
– Environmental protection law;
– Building law;
– Land development plan.
Consistency with above legal document
impose many, difficult to meet, conditions,
which implementation may continue over
even several years.
The possibility of using underground lig-
nite gasification in Poland meets with big
public expectations. It mostly results from the
belief that this method can totally replace
open pit mining, widely used now. Disadvan-
tage of the latter, in public opinion, is the deg-
403
radation of environment. Most often it is
caused by shortage of knowledge, among lo-
cal community, about proper procedure of
carrying out mining activity and about its ef-
fects. There is also lack of common knowl-
edge concerning the legal requirements with
regard of planning and monitoring such pro-
jects. Before launching any project the vide
information campaign should be carried out
among local population about safety issues
concerning social and environmental aspects
of the investment.
SPECIFICATION OF QUALIFICATION CRITERIA FOR LIGNITE BEDS DESTINED
FOR UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION
Table 3
Qualification criterion Characteristics
Type of lignite xylite, xylite-earthy, earthy, bituminous
Physical & chemical properties of lignite critical
for gasification process
Preferred lignite with ash content below 20%, and
low sulphur content
Thickness of lignite bed More than 2 m, optimal – 4 m and more
Depth of lignite bed Recommended more than 150 m
Inclination of lignite bed Preferred horizontal seams or small angle
Rock mass and surrounding rocks tectonics Preferred absence of cracks and big tectonic distur-
bances (faults)
Lithology of overburden rocks Preferred grounds of small permeability (clays, silts,
muds)
Water conditions Preferred beds laying below utility aquifers (minimal
assumed distance – 40 m), absence of main under-
ground water reservoirs in the vicinity of planned
installations
Reserves volume – research installation; minima reserves of 75,000 –
450,000 tons of lignite,
– commercial installation; min. 3.5 million ton sof
lignite.
Preliminary safety conditions Preferred absence of surface facilities, rivers, lakes,
protected areas
Under the shortage of information the
method of underground gasification is re-
garded as equal alternative for open pit min-
ing. However, it is not always reasoned.
Poland has quite big reserves of lignite.
Thus all available and technically processed
methods of its extraction should be used. It is
also possible to use the PZW method as sup-
plementary with relation to open pit mining
on the same deposit or its part. Anyway the
correctly elaborated technical design is neces-
sary.
The method of lignite deposit evaluation if
it qualifies for gasification, presented here, is
only a preliminary one. Different engineering
measures are possible to improve the gasifica-
tion conditions resulting from geological and
hydrogeological conditions. However, addi-
tional engineering methods may be expensive
thus the final decision about applying the
gasification depends on the cost-effectiveness
of the project. The latter will change in the
course of time depending on costs, prices,
technical progress etc. Each project requires
complex economic evaluation in order to
identify possible to obtain profits offered by
this method.
In case of PZW installation the biggest
impact on costs have drillings made to build
the exploitation (air blow and syngas extrac-
tion) and drainage wells. Therefore the most
productive is gasification of lignite beds hav-
ing great thickness.
Therefore economic, technical, legal and
social factors decide about PZW method im-
plementation.
404
СONCLUSIONS
Popularity of underground lignite gasifica-
tion method consistently increases. It is a re-
sult of Clean Lignite Technologies develop-
ment. Probably in Poland it will be imple-
mented within several years, what is a conse-
quence of its development in many countries.
Operation of gasification systems for example
in China (and other countries) in the commer-
cial scale, gives a chance for constructing, in a
short time, such installations also in Poland.
Implementation of this method requires
meeting many legal conditions concerning
mining, power energy and building opera-
tions. Extremely high expectations concern
the environmental issues. Polish environ-
mental standards are currently compatible wit
European Union ones. The EU also controls
observing them.
Mining activity subject the special re-
quirements. Basing on to date experience con-
cerning the preparation of underground gasifi-
cation it may be concluded that:
1. Construction of commercial installation
in Poland is possible within 6-8 years.
2. The conditions for PZW installation
implementation are as follows:
– proceeding formal and legal action in
cooperation with relevant authorities and
elaboration of necessary regulations,
– finding the social acceptance for new
method,
– training the technical staff for handling
the gasification system,
– carrying our reasonable strategy of lig-
nite deposit development (including their pro-
tection) with regard of environmental protec-
tion policy.
REFERENCES
1. Prefeasibility study for pilot installation using under-
ground gasification of lignite deposit and project commer-
cialization. 2010. KGHM CUPRUM – CBR, Wrocław (not pub-
lished).
ABOUT AUTHORS
Jan Kudelko – professor, vice-president KGHM “CUPRUM” Ltd. –
Research and Development Centre.
Lanusz Nowak – manager New Energy Technologies Depart-
ment KGHM “CUPRUM” Ltd. – Research and Development Centre.
<<
/ASCII85EncodePages false
/AllowTransparency false
/AutoPositionEPSFiles true
/AutoRotatePages /None
/Binding /Left
/CalGrayProfile (Dot Gain 20%)
/CalRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2)
/sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1)
/CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error
/CompatibilityLevel 1.4
/CompressObjects /Tags
/CompressPages true
/ConvertImagesToIndexed true
/PassThroughJPEGImages true
/CreateJobTicket false
/DefaultRenderingIntent /Default
/DetectBlends true
/DetectCurves 0.0000
/ColorConversionStrategy /CMYK
/DoThumbnails false
/EmbedAllFonts true
/EmbedOpenType false
/ParseICCProfilesInComments true
/EmbedJobOptions true
/DSCReportingLevel 0
/EmitDSCWarnings false
/EndPage -1
/ImageMemory 1048576
/LockDistillerParams false
/MaxSubsetPct 100
/Optimize true
/OPM 1
/ParseDSCComments true
/ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true
/PreserveCopyPage true
/PreserveDICMYKValues true
/PreserveEPSInfo true
/PreserveFlatness true
/PreserveHalftoneInfo false
/PreserveOPIComments true
/PreserveOverprintSettings true
/StartPage 1
/SubsetFonts true
/TransferFunctionInfo /Apply
/UCRandBGInfo /Preserve
/UsePrologue false
/ColorSettingsFile ()
/AlwaysEmbed [ true
]
/NeverEmbed [ true
]
/AntiAliasColorImages false
/CropColorImages true
/ColorImageMinResolution 300
/ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleColorImages true
/ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/ColorImageResolution 300
/ColorImageDepth -1
/ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1
/ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeColorImages true
/ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterColorImages true
/ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/ColorACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/ColorImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000ColorImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasGrayImages false
/CropGrayImages true
/GrayImageMinResolution 300
/GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleGrayImages true
/GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/GrayImageResolution 300
/GrayImageDepth -1
/GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2
/GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeGrayImages true
/GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode
/AutoFilterGrayImages true
/GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG
/GrayACSImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/GrayImageDict <<
/QFactor 0.15
/HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1]
>>
/JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/JPEG2000GrayImageDict <<
/TileWidth 256
/TileHeight 256
/Quality 30
>>
/AntiAliasMonoImages false
/CropMonoImages true
/MonoImageMinResolution 1200
/MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK
/DownsampleMonoImages true
/MonoImageDownsampleType /Bicubic
/MonoImageResolution 1200
/MonoImageDepth -1
/MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000
/EncodeMonoImages true
/MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode
/MonoImageDict <<
/K -1
>>
/AllowPSXObjects false
/CheckCompliance [
/None
]
/PDFX1aCheck false
/PDFX3Check false
/PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false
/PDFXNoTrimBoxError true
/PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true
/PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
0.00000
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfile ()
/PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier ()
/PDFXOutputCondition ()
/PDFXRegistryName ()
/PDFXTrapped /False
/CreateJDFFile false
/Description <<
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
/BGR <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>
/CHS <FEFF4f7f75288fd94e9b8bbe5b9a521b5efa7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065876863900275284e8e9ad88d2891cf76845370524d53705237300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c676562535f00521b5efa768400200050004400460020658768633002>
/CHT <FEFF4f7f752890194e9b8a2d7f6e5efa7acb7684002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002065874ef69069752865bc9ad854c18cea76845370524d5370523786557406300260a853ef4ee54f7f75280020004100630072006f0062006100740020548c002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee553ca66f49ad87248672c4f86958b555f5df25efa7acb76840020005000440046002065874ef63002>
/CZE <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>
/DAN <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>
/DEU <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>
/ESP <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>
/ETI <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>
/FRA <FEFF005500740069006c006900730065007a00200063006500730020006f007000740069006f006e00730020006100660069006e00200064006500200063007200e900650072002000640065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000410064006f00620065002000500044004600200070006f0075007200200075006e00650020007100750061006c0069007400e90020006400270069006d007000720065007300730069006f006e00200070007200e9007000720065007300730065002e0020004c0065007300200064006f00630075006d0065006e00740073002000500044004600200063007200e900e90073002000700065007500760065006e0074002000ea0074007200650020006f007500760065007200740073002000640061006e00730020004100630072006f006200610074002c002000610069006e00730069002000710075002700410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000650074002000760065007200730069006f006e007300200075006c007400e90072006900650075007200650073002e>
/GRE <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>
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
/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
/HUN <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>
/ITA <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>
/JPN <FEFF9ad854c18cea306a30d730ea30d730ec30b951fa529b7528002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020658766f8306e4f5c6210306b4f7f75283057307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a30674f5c62103055308c305f0020005000440046002030d530a130a430eb306f3001004100630072006f0062006100740020304a30883073002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000204ee5964d3067958b304f30533068304c3067304d307e305930023053306e8a2d5b9a306b306f30d530a930f330c8306e57cb30818fbc307f304c5fc59808306730593002>
/KOR <FEFFc7740020c124c815c7440020c0acc6a9d558c5ec0020ace0d488c9c80020c2dcd5d80020c778c1c4c5d00020ac00c7a50020c801d569d55c002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020bb38c11cb97c0020c791c131d569b2c8b2e4002e0020c774b807ac8c0020c791c131b41c00200050004400460020bb38c11cb2940020004100630072006f0062006100740020bc0f002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020c774c0c1c5d0c11c0020c5f40020c2180020c788c2b5b2c8b2e4002e>
/LTH <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>
/LVI <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>
/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
/NOR <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>
/POL <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>
/PTB <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>
/RUM <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>
/RUS <FEFF04180441043f043e043b044c04370443043904420435002004340430043d043d044b04350020043d0430044104420440043e0439043a043800200434043b044f00200441043e043704340430043d0438044f00200434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442043e0432002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020043c0430043a04410438043c0430043b044c043d043e0020043f043e04340445043e0434044f04490438044500200434043b044f00200432044b0441043e043a043e043a0430044704350441044204320435043d043d043e0433043e00200434043e043f0435044704300442043d043e0433043e00200432044b0432043e04340430002e002000200421043e043704340430043d043d044b04350020005000440046002d0434043e043a0443043c0435043d0442044b0020043c043e0436043d043e0020043e0442043a0440044b043204300442044c002004410020043f043e043c043e0449044c044e0020004100630072006f00620061007400200438002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e00300020043800200431043e043b043504350020043f043e04370434043d043804450020043204350440044104380439002e>
/SKY <FEFF0054006900650074006f0020006e006100730074006100760065006e0069006100200070006f0075017e0069007400650020006e00610020007600790074007600e100720061006e0069006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b0074006f007200e90020007300610020006e0061006a006c0065007001610069006500200068006f0064006900610020006e00610020006b00760061006c00690074006e00fa00200074006c0061010d00200061002000700072006500700072006500730073002e00200056007900740076006f00720065006e00e900200064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400790020005000440046002000620075006400650020006d006f017e006e00e90020006f00740076006f00720069016500200076002000700072006f006700720061006d006f006300680020004100630072006f00620061007400200061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030002000610020006e006f0076016100ed00630068002e>
/SLV <FEFF005400650020006e006100730074006100760069007400760065002000750070006f0072006100620069007400650020007a00610020007500730074007600610072006a0061006e006a006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006f0076002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002c0020006b006900200073006f0020006e0061006a007000720069006d00650072006e0065006a016100690020007a00610020006b0061006b006f0076006f00730074006e006f0020007400690073006b0061006e006a00650020007300200070007200690070007200610076006f0020006e00610020007400690073006b002e00200020005500730074007600610072006a0065006e006500200064006f006b0075006d0065006e0074006500200050004400460020006a00650020006d006f0067006f010d00650020006f0064007000720065007400690020007a0020004100630072006f00620061007400200069006e002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200069006e0020006e006f00760065006a01610069006d002e>
/SUO <FEFF004b00e40079007400e40020006e00e40069007400e4002000610073006500740075006b007300690061002c0020006b0075006e0020006c0075006f00740020006c00e400680069006e006e00e4002000760061006100740069007600610061006e0020007000610069006e006100740075006b00730065006e002000760061006c006d0069007300740065006c00750074007900f6006800f6006e00200073006f00700069007600690061002000410064006f0062006500200050004400460020002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e007400740065006a0061002e0020004c0075006f0064007500740020005000440046002d0064006f006b0075006d0065006e00740069007400200076006f0069006400610061006e0020006100760061007400610020004100630072006f0062006100740069006c006c00610020006a0061002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e0030003a006c006c00610020006a006100200075007500640065006d006d0069006c006c0061002e>
/SVE <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>
/TUR <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>
/UKR <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-104514 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 2415-3435 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:22:14Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | УкрНДМІ НАН України, Інститут геотехнічної механіки НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kudelko, J. Nowak, J. 2016-07-10T17:23:21Z 2016-07-10T17:23:21Z 2013 Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland / J. Kudelko, J. Nowak // Розробка родовищ: Зб. наук. пр. — 2013. — Т. 7. — С. 399-404. — Бібліогр.: 1 назв. — англ. 2415-3435 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/104514 622.278 Particular attention was paid to geotechnical problems encountered during lignite mining in Polish deposit conditions. Geotechnical protection of safe lignite utilization by its gasification involves many issues such as presence of underground water, predicted land subsidence and deformation, etc. Great importance is attached to surface facilities and buildings safety and to protection of urban areas. Особлива увага приділялася геотехнічним проблемам, з якими стикаються при видобутку бурового вугілля в Польщі. При геотехнічному захисті безпечного видобутку бурого вугілля за допомогою газифікації виникає багато проблем, таких як: наявність підземних вод, просідання земної поверхні, деформація і т.д. Величезне значення приділяється наземним спорудам, їх безпеці та охороні міських районів. Особое внимание уделялось геотехническим проблемам, с которыми сталкиваются при добыче бурового угля в Польше. При геотехнической защите безопасной добычи бурого угля с помощью газификации возникает много проблем, таких как: наличие подземных вод, проседание земной поверхности, деформация и т.д. Огромное значение уделяется наземным сооружениям, их безопасности и охране городских районов. en УкрНДМІ НАН України, Інститут геотехнічної механіки НАН України Розробка родовищ Екологія Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland Умови для безпечної підземної газифікації при видобутку бурого вугілля у Польщі Условия для безопасной подземной газификации при добыче бурого угля в Польше Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland Kudelko, J. Nowak, J. Екологія |
| title | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland |
| title_alt | Умови для безпечної підземної газифікації при видобутку бурого вугілля у Польщі Условия для безопасной подземной газификации при добыче бурого угля в Польше |
| title_full | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland |
| title_fullStr | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland |
| title_full_unstemmed | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland |
| title_short | Conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in Poland |
| title_sort | conditions for safe underground gasification of lignite in poland |
| topic | Екологія |
| topic_facet | Екологія |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/104514 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kudelkoj conditionsforsafeundergroundgasificationofligniteinpoland AT nowakj conditionsforsafeundergroundgasificationofligniteinpoland AT kudelkoj umovidlâbezpečnoípídzemnoígazifíkacííprividobutkuburogovugíllâupolʹŝí AT nowakj umovidlâbezpečnoípídzemnoígazifíkacííprividobutkuburogovugíllâupolʹŝí AT kudelkoj usloviâdlâbezopasnoipodzemnoigazifikaciipridobyčeburogouglâvpolʹše AT nowakj usloviâdlâbezopasnoipodzemnoigazifikaciipridobyčeburogouglâvpolʹše |