Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production
Production of castings with spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) requires the maintenance of metallurgical and technological principles. Oxygen plays an important role in this production. The influence of oxygen on cast iron has the most significant effect on oxygen bound in oxides. Under operating condit...
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2014
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| Cite this: | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production / I. Nová, J. Machuta // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2014. — Т. 36, № 2. — С. 175-188. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production / I. Nová, J. Machuta // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2014. — Т. 36, № 2. — С. 175-188. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Production of castings with spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) requires the maintenance of metallurgical and technological principles. Oxygen plays an important role in this production. The influence of oxygen on cast iron has the most significant effect on oxygen bound in oxides. Under operating conditions, it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition and temperature of the melt together with other factors, which contribute to the effect of oxygen activity and effective modifications. Influence of an applied modifier (nodulizer) of oxygen activity on the production of spheroidal graphite cast iron is established.
Виробництво відливок з чавуна з кулястим графітом потребує дотримання металургійних і технологічних принципів. Кисень відіграє важливу роль в цьому виробництві. Найбільший вплив він здійснює на кисень, зв’язаний в окислах. В умовах виробництва необхідно слідкувати за хімічним складом і температурою розплаву разом з іншими факторами, які дають внесок в активність кисню та ефективні модифікації. Встановлено вплив застосованого модифікатора (ґранулятора) активності кисню на виробництво чавуна з кулястим графітом.
Производство отливок из чугуна с шаровидным графитом требует соблюдения металлургических и технологических принципов. Кислород играет важную роль в этом производстве. Наибольшее влияние он оказывает на кислород, связанный в окислах. В условиях производства необходимо следить за химическим составом и температурой расплава вместе с другими факторами, которые вносят вклад в активность кислорода и эффективные модификации. Установлено влияние применяемого модификатора (гранулятора) активности кислорода на производство чугуна с шаровидным графитом.
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175
PACS numbers: 61.72.sd, 64.70.dg, 64.75.Bc, 81.05.Bx, 81.70.Jb, 82.80.Fk
Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization
in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production
Iva Nová and Jiří Machuta
Technical University of Liberec,
Studentska, 1402/2,
46117 Liberec 1, Czech Republic
Production of castings with spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) requires the
maintenance of metallurgical and technological principles. Oxygen plays an
important role in this production. The influence of oxygen on cast iron has
the most significant effect on oxygen bound in oxides. Under operating con-
ditions, it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition and temperature
of the melt together with other factors, which contribute to the effect of oxy-
gen activity and effective modifications. Influence of an applied modifier
(nodulizer) of oxygen activity on the production of spheroidal graphite cast
iron is established.
Виробництво відливок з чавуна з кулястим графітом потребує дотриман-
ня металургійних і технологічних принципів. Кисень відіграє важливу
роль в цьому виробництві. Найбільший вплив він здійснює на кисень,
зв’язаний в окислах. В умовах виробництва необхідно слідкувати за хімі-
чним складом і температурою розплаву разом з іншими факторами, які
дають внесок в активність кисню та ефективні модифікації. Встановлено
вплив застосованого модифікатора (ґранулятора) активності кисню на
виробництво чавуна з кулястим графітом.
Производство отливок из чугуна с шаровидным графитом требует соблю-
дения металлургических и технологических принципов. Кислород играет
важную роль в этом производстве. Наибольшее влияние он оказывает на
кислород, связанный в окислах. В условиях производства необходимо
следить за химическим составом и температурой расплава вместе с дру-
гими факторами, которые вносят вклад в активность кислорода и эффек-
тивные модификации. Установлено влияние применяемого модификато-
ра (гранулятора) активности кислорода на производство чугуна с шаро-
видным графитом.
Key words: spheroidal graphite, cast iron, nodulization, solubility, satura-
tion, melt.
Металлофиз. новейшие технол. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2014, т. 36, № 2, сс. 175—188
Оттиски доступны непосредственно от издателя
Фотокопирование разрешено только
в соответствии с лицензией
2014 ИМФ (Институт металлофизики
им. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН Украины)
Напечатано в Украине.
176 Iva NOVÁ and Jiří MACHUTA
(Received 12 March, 2013)
1. INTRODUCTION
Now much attention is paid to the production of castings with spheroi-
dal graphite iron (SGI), the required mechanical properties and struc-
ture, without internal defects. Cast iron production quality is closely
linked with metallurgical and technological principles (suitable type of
furnace, the correct batch method, melting furnace and patterns
among metallurgy–inoculation or modification–nodulization). In
addition to these known principles, oxygen in melt cast iron plays quite
important role in the production. First oxygen was observed in cast
iron in accordance with the emergence of a variety of defects, later
proved to have considerable importance in the creation of embryos for
the growth of graphite. The influence of oxygen on cast iron has the
most significant effect on oxygen bound in oxides. Oxygen dissolved in
the melt has not yet received so much attention in recent years. Hence,
considerable importance of the monitoring of oxygen activity in the
melt is obvious.
The value of oxygen activity can be an important criterion for check-
ing the properties of the liquid metal, especially the quality of a modi-
fication process. Under operating conditions, it is necessary to monitor
the chemical composition and temperature of the melt together with
other factors that contribute to the effect of oxygen activity and effec-
tive modifications. The Department of Engineering Technology of En-
gineering Faculty of the Technical University of Liberec (Czech Repub-
lic) is engaged in monitoring of oxygen activity in molten iron for sev-
eral years. Influence of an applied modifier (nodulizer) of oxygen ac-
tivity on the production of spheroidal graphite cast iron was estab-
lished.
2. OXYGEN IN MOLTEN GRAPHITE CAST IRONS
Oxygen is dissolved in molten iron atomically and there is a close link
between one atom of oxygen and one atom of iron. At the same time,
there may be complexes between FeO and neighbouring iron atoms of
type (FeOnFe). Oxygen gets into the molten iron from the gas phase,
which is located above the molten iron. Occurrence of the oxygen in
contact with the surface of molten iron leads to its dissolution in the
melt iron. Physicochemical patterns of oxygen solubility in molten
iron in relation to temperature were revealed by Myslivec [1]. The sol-
ubility of oxygen in molten iron behaves according to the equation:
2 Fe
1
O [O]
2
, (1)
EFFECT OF OXYGEN ACTIVITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NODULIZATION 177
where [O]Fe is solubility of oxygen in molten iron.
It is customary for the solubility of oxygen in molten iron to use
[% O] instead of [O]Fe.
The Gibbs energy change for the equation (1) can be determined by
Linčevského [2], according to the equation:
TGT 5.2871018
0 ; (2)
here,
0
TG is change of the Gibbs energy (Jmol
1), T [K] is temperature.
After reaching the degree of saturation of the Fe—O solution, oxy-
gen begins to form a chemical compound with the iron-iron oxide
(FeO), which precipitates from the solution. The solubility of oxygen in
the iron is dependent on the temperature and can be expressed by
Myslivec [1] by the equation:
6254
log[%O] 2.701
T
. (3)
Melts of graphite cast irons (mainly iron with spheroidal and com-
pacted graphite) are very complex systems. It is important to use the
laws of thermodynamics at their research to clarify physicochemical
processes that take place during the preparation of metallurgical melt.
Mutual behaviour of elements present in the melt is determined by
their weight ratio and the temperature of the melt. In this regard, we
are interested in the chemical reactions of elements present in the melt
and further elements that we bring to the melt during processing out-
side the furnace. These are, in particular, such elements as carbon, sil-
icon, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, barium, and strontium. The
decisive factors of the gases in the melt cast iron are a way of melting
and used melting device.
The oxygen content in the iron is present as free (dissolved) and that
bound in such compounds as oxides. Hummer [3] concluded that nitro-
gen acts as crystallization seeds for nucleation of graphite. With in-
crease of the oxygen content in molten iron, graphitizing effect (main-
ly, the action of SiO2 as graphitizing nucleus) first was reported by
Hummer [4]. He certifies to the heterogeneous nucleation of SiO2 as
nucleation grains for SiO2 include oxides of elements with higher af-
finity to oxygen (Al, Ca, Ba, Ce). At higher temperatures, higher con-
tent of stable oxides SiO2 reduced carbon. Carbon oxide reduction
means reducing the number of crystallization nucleuses and thus
worsening graphitizing abilities of iron, which was confirmed by
Hummer [3]. Šenberger [6] has found that the reduction of carbon ox-
ides is associated with the decrease in the total oxygen content in the
iron when the temperature increases. Conversely, Kusakawa [5] em-
phasizes that further increasing of the oxygen content considerably
constitutes carbides.
178 Iva NOVÁ and Jiří MACHUTA
3. ACTIVITY OF OXIDE IN CAST IRONS
The total amount of oxygen in the cast iron is the sum of the oxygen
bound in chemical compounds and free oxygen. Free oxygen becomes
metallurgically active oxygen monitor of its concentration, respective-
ly, as active concentration–activity. The activity of oxygen in the iron
melt in the presence of elements with high affinity to oxygen (C, Si,
respectively Mg in SGI) is relatively low ranging in the order of tenths
of ppm units.
Oxygen activity in modified cast iron (CGI and SGI) is observed espe-
cially to verify the effectiveness of the process of modification of the
melt prior to casting. It is generally known that to achieve the required
effect of modification, sufficient amount of modifier (for us usually,
magnesium, and abroad, cerium) must be dissolved in the melt iron There
is a balance between the amount of dissolved magnesium and oxygen in
the molten iron. Accordingly, the efficiency of the modification can be
monitored by the amount of dissolved magnesium and oxygen activity.
Monitoring properties of melt iron and measurement of oxygen activity
were investigated by a team of authors [7]. For CGI at certain tempera-
tures, the following values of melt oxygen activity were obtained: for the
temperature of 1300C, aO 0.19 ppm, for the temperature 1350C, aO
0.16 ppm, for the temperature of 1400C, aO 0.45 ppm, for the tem-
perature of 1450C, aO 0.73 ppm, for the temperature of 1480C, aO
0.90 ppm. For SGI [6], the following activity values were found: at
temperature of 1300C, aO 0.12 ppm, at temperature of 1350C, aO
0.15 ppm, at temperature of 1400C, aO 0.30 ppm, at temperature of
1450C, aO 0.50 ppm, at temperature of 1480C, aO 0.60 ppm.
To determine the oxygen activity in molten iron, the method of
measuring of electromotive voltage (EMV) on the galvanic cell is cur-
rently used, where a solid electrolyte is a refractory oxide exhibiting
ionic conductivity. Reference substance with a known value of oxygen
activity is used. Scheme of measuring probe for determining of the
electromotive voltage is shown in Fig. 1.
Oxygen activity value can be determined by reading of EMV and tem-
perature based on the equation, which is recommended by the probes
manufacturer in the Czech Republic (Thermosondy Kladno) and have
been prepared on the ČSAV, workplace Ostrava (in Czech Republic):
O
log( ) 4.516 {13272.4 10080( 0.025)}a EMV T , (4)
where T [K] is measured temperature of melt, EMV [V] is electromo-
tive voltage.
For foreign manufacturers CELOX probes and their contractor
Heraeus Electro-Nite Company:
4
O
log 1.36 0.0059( 1550) 2 10 ( 1550)a T EMV EMV T . (5)
EFFECT OF OXYGEN ACTIVITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NODULIZATION 179
4. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION OF OXYGEN ACTIVITY
IN THE PRODUCTION OF GRAPHITE IRON
The aim is to investigate the oxidation at intense change of oxygen ac-
tivity in cast iron with spheroidal graphite. Oxygen is intentionally
added to the melt in the form of dried iron scales. For this purpose, a
total of eight meltings were produced. The melting No. 8, which was
made on the ground of the results of adding scale to the charge in the
meltings of No. 1 to No. 7, did not indicate the original assumptions.
To the cast No. 8, 0.050 kg of dried flakes was added into a nodulizer
(modifier) nodulization ladle and everything was covered with iron
chips. The purpose of this was to determine the melt oxygen activity in
the melt when the melt oxidation takes place without the establish-
ment of equilibrium.
Trial meltings were carried out at our foundry section of engineer-
ing technology department of Technical University of Liberec. Medi-
um frequency induction furnace IC 40 equipped with acid lining
(SURACIT) produced by the Induction Ltd. company was used for
melting. Maximum content of the melt in the furnace is 40 kg. Special
pig iron SORELMETAL was used as the charge material. The chemical
composition of SORELMETAL is shown in Table 1. Then 20 kg of pig
iron with 0.25 kg FeSi75 were melted in induction furnace to increase
silicon content.
The melt was heated in the furnace to 1450C (measured by pyrome-
ter). Modification (nodulizing) was carried out according to the
SANDWICH method (i.e., in special deep foundry ladle with a cover).
The ladle was also fitted with an acid lining (ACYKUP). Nodulizer
Fig. 1. Scheme of probe and probes for measuring of temperature and oxygen
activity in the melt cast iron.
180 Iva NOVÁ and Jiří MACHUTA
COMPACTMAG and inoculant FeSi75 were placed on a layer of cast
iron sawdust at the bottom of the pan before pouring metal. Chemical
composition of the nodulizer is presented in Table 2. After nodulizing
(modification), SUPERSEED inoculant was melt. Then, quartz tube
sample was taken again to determine the total amount of oxygen in the
melt after the nodulizing (modification) and inoculation. Chemical
composition of inoculant is shown in Table 3 and the compositions of
the charge for all heats are shown in Table 4. Mass scales incorporated
into the individual batches are presented in Table 5.
Preparation of the melt in the furnace was performed by a standard
procedure, after heating to a temperature of 1450C (measured optical-
ly uncorrected) the melt was recovered from the surface of molten slag
and a sample was taken for determining the chemical composition us-
ing the quantometer (sample ‘coin’ was cast into a copper mould).
Then, the oxygen activity was measured. After that, spill nodulizer
was melt in the ladle. This ladle was also used to perform inoculant
graphitizing. Again, the melt samples were used to determine the
chemical composition of the produced iron.
Measurements of oxygen activity in the melt after the nodulization
(modification) and inoculation were also performed (see Fig. 2). Chem-
ical composition of cast iron melts before and after the modification
were monitored by spectrometer. The obtained values are presented in
TABLE 1. Chemical composition of SORELMETAL iron.
Content of elements, %
Fe C Si Ni P S Ni
95.48 4.23 0.15 0.013 0.07 0.026 0.01
TABLE 2. Chemical composition of the nodulizer (COMPACTMAG).
Chemical composition, %
Si Mg KVZ Ca Al
44—48 5—6 5—7 1.8—2.3 max. 1
TABLE 3. Chemical composition of the used inoculants.
Chemical composition, %
Fe Si Al Sr Ca
FeSi75 75 25
SUPERSEED 75 max. 0.5 0.8 0.1
EFFECT OF OXYGEN ACTIVITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NODULIZATION 181
Tables 6 and 7. The measured values of electromotive force in the melt
prior to nodulization and after inoculation are shown in Tables 8 and 9.
Using equations (4) and (5), values of oxygen activity were calculat-
TABLE 4. Composition of charge.
Materials Mass of materials in furnace, kg
SORELMETAL 20
FeSi75 0.25
Mass in ladle, kg
FeSi75 0.156 (1.65%)
SUPERSEED 0.03 (0.15%)
COMPACTMAG 0.33 (1.65%)
TABLE 5. Quantity of iron scale supplement into charge.
Number of melting
Mass scales
added to the charge, kg
The amount of scale
in batch, %
1 0 0
2 0.05 0.25
3 0.08 0.4
4 0.10 0.5
5 0.125 0.625
6 0.15 0.75
7 0.20 1.0
8 0.05 0.25
a b c
Fig. 2. Measuring of the oxygen activity: measurement of oxygen activity in
ladle (a), measuring equipment (b), monitor measuring equipment (c).
182 Iva NOVÁ and Jiří MACHUTA
ed, which are also listed in the relevant tables. Evaluation of the total
oxygen in the melt before the nodulization and after inoculation was
done using LECO TC-336 analyser. The total amount of oxygen in mol-
ten iron before and after modification is shown in Table 9. When com-
paring oxygen activity, oxygen activity dependence on temperature
must be considered. Values of recalculated oxygen activity in the com-
parative temperature of 1400C are given in Table 10.
After the metallurgical treatment of the melt, i.e., after the modifi-
cation (secondary metallurgy), cast was melt into prepared bentonite
moulds that were used for production of testing castings 30150 mm
and Y2 blocks.
The measured and corresponding calculated values were plotted as
TABLE 6. Chemical composition of melt cast iron before nodulization of melt.
Number of
meeting
Chemical composition, %
C Si P Mn S
1 4.07 0.994 0.020 0.033 0.009
2 3.86 0.952 0.019 0.031 0.008
3 3.94 0.944 0.021 0.035 0.008
4 3.95 0.928 0.018 0.027 0.008
5 3.85 0.828 0.023 0.025 0.009
6 3.82 0.887 0.022 0.030 0.008
7 3.80 0.820 0.022 0.024 0.008
8 3.97 1.040 0.019 0.040 0.009
TABLE 7. Chemical composition of melt cast iron after nodulization of melt
(SANDWICH).
Number
of meet-
ing
Chemical composition, %
C Si P Mn S Mg
1 4.05 2.52 0.019 0.043 0.009 0.050
2 3.82 2.61 0.020 0.050 0.009 0.043
3 3.75 2.74 0.022 0.052 0.009 0.045
4 3.79 2.72 0.020 0.048 0.009 0.043
5 3.82 2.77 0.022 0.042 0.008 0.045
6 3.74 2.73 0.022 0.048 0.009 0.045
7 3.68 2.75 0.023 0.041 0.008 0.038
8 3.67 3.00 0.019 0.057 0.014 0.040
EFFECT OF OXYGEN ACTIVITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NODULIZATION 183
temperature dependence of the oxygen activity of the melt before and
after the nodulization; see Figs. 3 and 4.
The obtained values of oxygen activity were recalculated on the
comparative activity values for comparative temperature of 1400C by
the equation:
n0.0114 0.0114 1400 8
4.0[ ]10
T
s na a e e , (6)
where as is activity of oxygen by comparative temperature, an is calcu-
lation activity for some temperature, Tn is temperature of melt for cal-
TABLE 8. Oxygen activity and temperature in molten iron before noduliza-
tion and inoculation.
Number
of meet-
ing
Temperature
of melt, C
Electromotive
voltage, mV
Activity of oxygen, ppm Mass of
scalings,
kg
by equation
ČSAV (5)
by equation
CELOX (6)
1 1569 104 7.5 6.2 0
2 1616 116 10.1 7.5 0.050
3 1594 115 8.2 6.5 0.080
4 1560 116 6.0 5.1 0.100
5 1559 112 6.1 5.3 0.125
6 1597 111 9.1 7.0 0.150
7 1530 112 4.2 3.9 0.200
8 1650 105 15.5 11.1 0.050
TABLE 9. Oxygen activity and temperature in molten iron after nodulization
and inoculation.
Number
of meet-
ing
Temperature
of melt, C
Electromotive
voltage, mV
Activity of oxygen, ppm
Mass of
scalings, kg by equation
ČSAV (5)
by equation
CELOX (6)
1 1354 283 0.06 0.14 0
2 1363 273 0.07 0.16 0.050
3 1395 263 0.13 0.23 0.080
4 1349 300 0.04 0.10 0.100
5 1348 273 0.06 0.15 0.125
6 1382 268 0.11 0.19 0.150
7 1440 216 0.44 0.58 0.200
8 1390 220 0.22 0.38 0.050
184 Iva NOVÁ and Jiří MACHUTA
culation activity.
5. METALLOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
The cast samples 3015 mm were prepared for metallographic obser-
vation by machining (using metallographic grinding paper) and then
etched. For etching, Nital 3% was used. For observation of metallo-
Fig. 3. Dependence of oxygen activity on temperature before nodulization
(modification): 1–according to equation ČSAV, 2–according to equation
Electro-Nite.
TABLE 10. Oxygen activity calculated for temperature 1400C.
Number of
melting
Mass of scales
added to the
melt, kg
Active oxygen
recalculated according
to equation (5), ppm
Active oxygen
recalculated according
to equation (6), ppm
1 0 0.17 0.27
2 0.050 0.16 0.26
3 0.080 0.16 0.25
4 0.100 0.17 0.26
5 0.125 0.18 0.29
6 0.150 0.16 0.25
7 0.200 0.29 0.44
8 0.050 0.25 0.42
EFFECT OF OXYGEN ACTIVITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NODULIZATION 185
graphic structure, NEOPHOT 21 light microscope (manufactured by
Carl Zeiss Jena) was used. First, the structure was observed in the
etched state in order to determine the shape, size and distribution of
graphite at 100 times magnification. After etching, iron matrix was
monitored. In Figure 5, the structure of the cast No. 1 to No. 8 is
shown.
Microstructure of cast iron after the nodulization (modification) was
evaluated according to Czech standard CSN 420461. At the same time,
the number of nodules per mm2
of cast iron structure was evaluated. The
observed microstructure is summarized in Table 11.
Fig. 4. Dependence of oxygen activity on temperature after nodulization
(modification): 1–according to equation ČSAV, 2–according to equation
Electro-Nite.
TABLE 11. Microstructure of cast iron samples.
Number
of melt
Microstructure for ČSN 420461 Number of nodules
per mm
2
1 60%VI6 40%V6-P45 135
2 70%VI5 30%V6-P70 120
3 60%VI5 40%V6-P45 100
4 60%VI5 40%V6-P70 120
5 70%VI5 30%V6-P70 100
6 30%VI5 70%V6-P45 105
7 30%VI6 70%V6-P15-F15-C40-Cv 6000 30
8 40%VI5 60%V7-P45 105
186 Iva NOVÁ and Jiří MACHUTA
At our department of Technical University of Liberec, long-term
research on the prediction of the quality of the melt for the production
of all three basic types of cast iron was conducted. Temperature de-
pendences of the oxygen activity in melts of grey cast iron, compacted
graphite iron, and spheroidal graphite iron are presented in Fig. 6. It
was founded that grey cast iron (with flake graphite) at comparable
melt temperature has maximum value of oxygen activity. Somewhat
lower is the oxygen activity in the melt of compacted graphite iron.
The lowest oxygen activity is in the melt of the spheroidal graphite
iron. Oxygen activity values were calculated on the basis of the meas-
ured values of the EMV and calculated values with use of the ČSAV
equation. The oxygen activity dependences on temperature of the
melts in the cast irons, when the oxygen activity was calculated from
the measured values of EMV using CELOX ELECTRO-NITE equation
are placed in Fig. 7.
Oxygen activity in ductile iron is significantly lower than that of
steel. This is caused by the higher concentration of elements that re-
duce the activity of oxygen (C, Si, Mn). Determination of oxygen activ-
ity can provide information about the properties associated primarily
with the content of elements dissolved in the melt. It is particularly
important for SGI to add magnesium to the melt in a surplus. It is
caused by the fact that magnesium is consumed in desulfurization and
Fig. 5. Microstructure of samples, melt No. 1 to No. 8 after nodulization,
aO1400 etch–Nital 3%, magnification 100.
EFFECT OF OXYGEN ACTIVITY ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NODULIZATION 187
deoxidation, and only the remaining magnesium, which is dissolved in
the melt, affects the secretion of graphite. There is a relationship be-
tween the activity of oxygen and magnesium dissolved in the melt, that
allows to evaluate the effectiveness of modifications by measuring ox-
ygen activity [7].
6. CONCLUSION
At the moment, the value of oxygen activity is an important metallur-
gical parameter for determining the quality of iron melt.
The presence of iron oxides in the charge (approx. 0.75%), respec-
tively, iron in the melt does not increase substantially the total amount
Fig. 6. Dependence of oxygen activity on temperature for GCI, CGI, and SGI
melts, equation ČSAV was used for aO calculus [7].
Fig. 7. Dependences of oxygen activity on temperature for GCI, CG, and SGI
melts, by equation Electro-Nite was used for aO calculus [7].
188 Iva NOVÁ and Jiří MACHUTA
or activity of oxygen. Oxygen for secondary metallurgical treatment of
the melt binds to magnesium and silicon. Other components and prod-
ucts of these reactions influence the amount of graphitizing nucleuses
for the production of spheroidal graphite.
The values of oxygen activity are dependent on temperature; they
increase with temperature increasing. Before modification at 1616C,
the oxygen activity was 10.1 ppm regardless of the 0.25% of the dried
steel swarf added to furnace. Oxygen activity is of considerable im-
portance, especially after modification. Its values are significantly
lower than in the case of the presence of iron oxides in the melt iron.
Converting values of oxygen activity after modification at the tempera-
ture of 1400C, low values of 0.16 to 0.29 ppm were observed. Activity
values of oxygen at 1400C from 0.16 to 0.18 ppm were detected after
adding of 0.75% dried flakes to the melt. These values of oxygen activi-
ty correspond to ferrite—pearlite metal mass with regular granular
graphite with sizes ranging from 30 to 120 m. A higher value of oxy-
gen activity after modification by 0.29 ppm was detected by addition of
1% in the batch scale. The structure of iron is different, it consists of a
small number of spheroidal graphite with a high proportion of free ce-
mentite structures equal to 420, 461 which comprise 30% 70% VI6
V6-P15-C40-F15-Cv 6000, with a share of 30 globules to mm2.
This paper was supported by the research project SGS 2822.
REFERENCES
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-106883 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1024-1809 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:26:39Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Nová, I. Machuta, J. 2016-10-08T15:01:07Z 2016-10-08T15:01:07Z 2014 Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production / I. Nová, J. Machuta // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2014. — Т. 36, № 2. — С. 175-188. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS numbers: 61.72.sd, 64.70.dg, 64.75.Bc, 81.05.Bx, 81.70.Jb, 82.80.Fk DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.36.02.0175 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/106883 Production of castings with spheroidal graphite iron (SGI) requires the maintenance of metallurgical and technological principles. Oxygen plays an important role in this production. The influence of oxygen on cast iron has the most significant effect on oxygen bound in oxides. Under operating conditions, it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition and temperature of the melt together with other factors, which contribute to the effect of oxygen activity and effective modifications. Influence of an applied modifier (nodulizer) of oxygen activity on the production of spheroidal graphite cast iron is established. Виробництво відливок з чавуна з кулястим графітом потребує дотримання металургійних і технологічних принципів. Кисень відіграє важливу роль в цьому виробництві. Найбільший вплив він здійснює на кисень, зв’язаний в окислах. В умовах виробництва необхідно слідкувати за хімічним складом і температурою розплаву разом з іншими факторами, які дають внесок в активність кисню та ефективні модифікації. Встановлено вплив застосованого модифікатора (ґранулятора) активності кисню на виробництво чавуна з кулястим графітом. Производство отливок из чугуна с шаровидным графитом требует соблюдения металлургических и технологических принципов. Кислород играет важную роль в этом производстве. Наибольшее влияние он оказывает на кислород, связанный в окислах. В условиях производства необходимо следить за химическим составом и температурой расплава вместе с другими факторами, которые вносят вклад в активность кислорода и эффективные модификации. Установлено влияние применяемого модификатора (гранулятора) активности кислорода на производство чугуна с шаровидным графитом. This paper was supported by the research project SGS 2822. en Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Дефекты кристаллической решётки Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production Влияние активности кислорода на эффективность гранулирования при производстве чугуна с шаровидным графитом Вплив активності кисню на ефективність гранулювання при виробництві чавуну з кулястим графітом Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production Nová, I. Machuta, J. Дефекты кристаллической решётки |
| title | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production |
| title_alt | Влияние активности кислорода на эффективность гранулирования при производстве чугуна с шаровидным графитом Вплив активності кисню на ефективність гранулювання при виробництві чавуну з кулястим графітом |
| title_full | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production |
| title_short | Effect of Oxygen Activity on the Effectiveness of Nodulization in the Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron Production |
| title_sort | effect of oxygen activity on the effectiveness of nodulization in the spheroidal graphite cast iron production |
| topic | Дефекты кристаллической решётки |
| topic_facet | Дефекты кристаллической решётки |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/106883 |
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