Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering

Proton elastic scattering from electrons at rest is calculated in the Born approximation. The interest of this reaction is related to the possibility of polarizing high energy antiproton beam and to high energy proton polarimetry. The differential cross section and polarization observables have been...

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Опубліковано в: :Вопросы атомной науки и техники
Дата:2012
Автори: Gakh, G.I., Dbeyssi, A., Marchand, D., Bytev, V.V., Tomasi-Gustafsson, E.
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Мова:Англійська
Опубліковано: Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України 2012
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Цитувати:Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering / G.I. Gakh, A.Dbeyssi, D. Marchand, V.V.Bytev, E.Tomasi-Gustafsson // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2012. — № 1. — С. 79-83. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ.

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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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author Gakh, G.I.
Dbeyssi, A.
Marchand, D.
Bytev, V.V.
Tomasi-Gustafsson, E.
author_facet Gakh, G.I.
Dbeyssi, A.
Marchand, D.
Bytev, V.V.
Tomasi-Gustafsson, E.
citation_txt Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering / G.I. Gakh, A.Dbeyssi, D. Marchand, V.V.Bytev, E.Tomasi-Gustafsson // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2012. — № 1. — С. 79-83. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ.
collection DSpace DC
container_title Вопросы атомной науки и техники
description Proton elastic scattering from electrons at rest is calculated in the Born approximation. The interest of this reaction is related to the possibility of polarizing high energy antiproton beam and to high energy proton polarimetry. The differential cross section and polarization observables have been derived assuming one photon exchange. Numerical estimates are given for the cross section and the spin correlation coefficients in a wide kinematical range. В Борновском приближении вычислено упругое рассеяние протонов на покоящихся электронах. Интерес к этой реакции обусловлен возможностью поляризации высокоэнергетического антипротонного пучка и поляриметрией протонов высоких энергий. В предположении однофотонного обмена получены выражения для дифференциального сечения и поляризационных наблюдаемых. Выполнены численные оценки сечения и коэффициентов корреляции спина в широкой кинематической области. У Борнівському наближенні обчислено пружне розсіювання протонів на електронах, які знаходяться у стані спокою. Інтерес до цієї реакції обумовлено можливістю поляризації високоенергетичного антипротонного пучка та поляриметрією протонів високих енергій. У передбаченні однофотонного обміну одержані вирази для диференційного перерізу та поляризаційних спостережуваних. Виконані чисельні оцінки перерізу та коефіцієнтів кореляції спінів у широкій кінематичній області.
first_indexed 2025-12-07T16:46:11Z
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fulltext POLARIZATION EFFECTS IN ELASTIC PROTON-ELECTRON SCATTERING G.I. Gakh 1∗, A. Dbeyssi 2, D. Marchand 2, V.V. Bytev 3, and E. Tomasi-Gustafsson 2,4 1National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine 2CNRS/IN2P3, IPNO, UMR 8608, Univ. Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay, France 3BLTP, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia 4CEA,IRFU,SPhN, Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Received October 12, 2011) Proton elastic scattering from electrons at rest is calculated in the Born approximation. The interest of this reaction is related to the possibility of polarizing high energy antiproton beam and to high energy proton polarimetry. The differential cross section and polarization observables have been derived assuming one photon exchange. Numerical estimates are given for the cross section and the spin correlation coefficients in a wide kinematical range. PACS: 03.65.Pm, 03.65.Ge, 61.80.Mk 1. INTRODUCTION The polarized and unpolarized scattering of electrons by protons has been widely studied, as it is consid- ered the simplest way to access information on pro- ton structure. The expressions which relate the po- larization observables to the proton electromagnetic form factors were firstly derived in Ref. [1], assuming that the interaction occurs through the exchange of a virtual photon. In the scattering of proton from electrons at rest (inverse kinematics) approximations such as neglecting the electron mass no longer hold. Liquid hydrogen targets are considered as proton tar- gets, but any reaction with such targets also involves reactions with atomic electrons, which we will assume to be at rest. A large interest in inverse kinematics (proton pro- jectile on electron target) has been aroused due to two possible applications: the possibility to build beam polarimeters, for high-energy polarized proton beams, in the relativistic heavy-ion collider (RHIC) energy range [2] and the possibility to build polar- ized antiprotons beams [3], which would open a wide domain of polarization studies at the GSI facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt (Germany). Concerning the polarimetry of high-energy proton beams, in Ref. [2] analyzing powers corresponding to polarized proton beam and electron target were nu- merically calculated for elastic proton-electron scat- tering. The possibility of polarizing a proton beam in a storage ring by circulating through a polarized hy- drogen target would be extremely interesting. Such polarization was indeed observed [4]. Possible expla- nations of the polarizing mechanisms were published in a number of papers (see [5] and references therein). Two mechanism could be responsible for the polar- ization: ‘spin-filtering’, where the proton-proton in- teraction would scatter preferentially at large angles protons with one spin component which would be lost from recirculating in the beam, and ‘spin-flip’ where the reaction proton-electron at very small scatter- ing angles would have very large analyzing powers. The second explanation is extremely interesting as one could polarize antiproton beams without losses of particles. We calculated the cross section and the polariza- tion observables for proton electron elastic scattering, in a relativistic approach assuming the Born approx- imation with particular attention to the kinematics which is very specific for this reaction. Three types of polarization effects were studied: – the spin correla- tion, due to the polarization of the proton beam and of the electron target, – the polarization transfer from the polarized electron target to the scattered proton, – and the depolarization coefficients which describe the polarization of the scattered proton which de- pends on the polarization of the proton beam. Nu- merical estimations of the polarization observables have been performed over a wide range of proton- beam energy and for different values of scattering angle. Our results show that polarization effects are sizable in the high energy domain. 2. GENERAL FORMALISM Let us consider the reaction p(p1) + e(k1) → p(p2) + e(k2), where particle momenta are indicated in paren- ∗Corresponding author E-mail address: gakh@kipt.kharkov.ua PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2012, N 1. Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (57), p. 79-83. 79 theses, and k = k1 − k2 = p2 − p1 is the four- momentum of the virtual photon. A general characteristic of all reactions of elastic and inelastic hadron scattering by atomic electrons (which can be considered at rest) is the small value of the transfer momentum squared, even for relatively large energies of colliding hadrons. Let us first give details of the order of magnitude and the range which is accessible to the kinematic variables, as they are very specific for this reaction, and then derive the spin structure of the matrix element and the unpo- larized and polarized observables. Kinematics The following formulas can be partly found in Ref. [6]. One can show [6] that, for a given energy of the proton beam, the maximum value of the four- momentum transfer squared, in the scattering on the electron at rest, is: (Fig. 1): (−k2)max = 4m2(E2 − M2) M2 + 2mE + m2 , (1) where m(M) is the electron (proton) mass. Be- ing proportional to the electron mass squared, the four momentum transfer squared is restricted to very small values. E [GeV] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 [ G eV /c ] m ax 2 −k 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 −310× Fig. 1. Maximum four-momentum squared as a function of the proton beam energy In order to have the same total energy s in proton- electron and electron-proton scattering the proton en- ergy should be 2000 times the electron energy. The electron can never be scattered backward. For one proton angle there may be two values of the proton energy, (and two corresponding values for the recoil- electron energy and angle, and for the transferred momentum k2). The two solutions coincide when the angle between the initial and final hadron takes its maximum value, sin θh,max = m/M . Protons are scattered from atomic electrons at very small angles. In the one-photon-exchange approximation, the matrix element M of reaction p + e → p + e can be written as: M = e2 k2 jμJμ, (2) where jμ(Jμ) is the leptonic (hadronic) electromag- netic current: jμ = ū(k2)γμu(k1), Jμ = ū(p2) [ F1(k2)γμ − 1 2M F2(k2)σμνkν ] u(p1) = ū(p2) [ GM (k2)γμ − F2(k2)Pμ ] u(p1). (3) Here F1(k2) and F2(k2) are the Dirac and Pauli pro- ton electromagnetic form factors (FFs), GM (k2) = F1(k2) + F2(k2) is the Sachs proton magnetic FF, and Pμ = (p1 + p2)μ/(2M). The matrix element squared is: |M|2 = 16π2 α2 k4 LμνWμν , (4) with Lμν = jμj∗ν , Wμν = JμJ∗ ν , where α = 1/137 is the electromagnetic fine structure constant. The leptonic tensor, L (0) μν , for unpolarized initial and final electrons (averaging over the initial electron spin) has the form: L(0) μν = k2gμν + 2(k1μk2ν + k1νk2μ). (5) The contribution to the electron tensor corresponding to a polarized electron target is L(p) μν = 2imεμναβkαSβ , (6) where Sβ is the initial electron polarization four- vector. The hadronic tensor, W (0) μν , for unpolarized ini- tial and final protons can be written in the standard form, through two unpolarized structure functions: W (0) μν = ( −gμν + kμkν k2 ) W1(k2)+PμPνW2(k2). (7) Averaging over the initial proton spin, the structure functions Wi, i = 1, 2, can be expressed in terms of the nucleon electromagnetic FFs as: W1(k2) = −k2G2 M (k2), W2(k2) = 4M2 G2 E(k2) + τG2 M (k2) 1 + τ , (8) where GE(k2) = F1(k2)− τF2(k2) is the proton elec- tric FF and τ = −k2/(4M2). The differential cross section over the solid angle can be written as: dσ dΩe = 1 32π2 1 m| p| k3 2 (−k2) |M|2 E + m , (9) where dΩe = 2πd cos θe (due to azimuthal symmetry), p is the three-momentum of the proton beam. The expression of the differential cross section 80 for unpolarized proton-electron scattering, in the co- ordinate system where the electron is at rest, can be written as: dσ dk2 = πα2 2m2 p2 1 D k4 , (10) D = k2(k2 + 2m2)G2 M (k2) + 2 [ k2M2 + 2mE ( 2mE + k2 )] [ F 2 1 (k2) + τF 2 2 (k2) ] . The differential cross section diverges as k4 when k2 → 0. This is a well known result, which is a con- sequence of the one photon exchange mechanism. The proton structure is taken into account through the parametrization of FFs. However, due to the small maximum value of k2 which can be achieved in inverse kinematics any FFs parametrization, and even of constant FFs, where the constants correspond to the static values would give the same results. E [GeV] 0 50 100 150 200 [ m b /s te ra d ] e Ω / d σd 1 10 210 310 E [GeV] 0 50 100 150 200 [ m b /s te ra d ] e Ω / d σd 1 10 210 310 Fig. 2. Differential cross section as a function of incident energy E for different angles: θe = 0 (solid line), 10 mrad (dashed line), 30 mrad (dotted line), 50 mrad (dash-dotted line) The energy dependence of the cross section for different angles: θe = 0 (solid line), 10 mrad (dashed line), 30 mrad (dotted line), 50 mrad (dash-dotted line) is given in Fig. 2. The unpolarized differential cross section is divergent at small values of energy; it has an angle dependent minimum and then increases smoothly up to large energies. 3. POLARIZATION OBSERVABLES Let us focus here on three types of polarization ob- servables, for elastic proton-electron scattering: 1. The polarization transfer coefficients which de- scribe the polarization transfer from the po- larized electron target to the scattered proton, p + e → p + e. 2. The spin correlation coefficients when both ini- tial particles have arbitrary polarization, p + e → p + e. 3. The depolarization coefficients which define the dependence of the scattered proton polariza- tion on the polarization of the proton beam, p + e → p + e. In our knowledge, this case was not previously considered in the literature. The first case is the object of a number of recent papers [3] in connection with the possibility to po- larize proton (antiproton) beams. The second case was considered in Ref. [2], in view of using polarized proton-electron scattering to measure the longitudi- nal and transverse polarizations of high-energy pro- ton beams. The explicit expressions of the polarization ob- servables can be found in Ref. [5]. At high energy, the polarization transfer coefficients depend essen- tially on the direction of the scattered proton polar- ization. Let us give, for illustration, the correlation coeffi- cients when the incident proton and the target elec- tron are polarized. The contraction of the spin-dependent leptonic L (p) μν and hadronic Wμν(η1) tensors, in an arbitrary reference frame, gives: DC(S, η1) = 8mMGM (k2)[(k · Sk · η1 − k2S · η1) ×GE(k2) + τk · η1(k · S + 2p1 · S)F2(k2)]. All spin correlation coefficients for the elastic p e col- lisions can be obtained from this expression and are, therefore, proportional to the proton magnetic FF. This is a well known fact for e p scattering [6]. In the considered frame, where the target electron is at rest, the four-vector of the proton beam polar- ization has the following components: η1 = ( p · S1 M , S1 + p( p · S1) M(E + M) ) , (11) where S1 is the unit vector describing the polarization of the initial proton in its rest system. Applying the P-invariance of the hadron electro- magnetic interaction, one can write the following ex- pression for the dependence of the differential cross section on the polarization of the initial particles: dσ dk2 ( ξ, S1) = ( dσ dk2 ) un [1 + C��ξ�S1� + CttξtS1t + CnnξnS1n + C�tξ�S1t + Ct�ξtS1�] , where Cik, i, k = �, t, n are the corresponding spin correlation coefficients which characterize p e scatter- ing. Small coefficients (in absolute value) are ex- pected for the transverse component of the beam po- larization at high energies. This can be seen from the expression of the components of the proton-beam- polarization four-vector at large energies, E � M : η1μ = (0, S1t) + S1� ( | p| M , p M E p ) ∼ S1� p1μ M . (12) 81 The effect of the transverse beam polarization ap- pears to be smaller by a factor 1/γ, γ = E/M � 1. This is a consequence of the relativistic description of the spin of the fermion at large energies. n n C -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0n n C -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 E [GeV] 0 50 100 150 lt 10 C -0.1 0 tt C -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0tt C -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 E [GeV] 0 50 100 150 tl C -0.2 -0.1 0 E [GeV] 0 50 100 150 ll C -1 -0.5 0 Fig. 3. Spin correlation coefficients as a function of E for different angles. Notations are the same as in Fig. 2 The spin correlation coefficients are shown in Fig. 3. In collinear kinematics, in general, either polar- ization observables take the maximal values or they vanish. An interesting kinematic region appears at E = 20 GeV, where a structure is present in various observables. It appears that polarization coefficients are in gen- eral quite large, except at low energy. Proton electron scattering can be used, in principle, to measure the polarization of high-energy beams. Let us calculate the figure of merit, for measuring the polarization of a secondary proton beam, after scattering from atomic electrons. The differential figure of merit is defined as F2(θp) = ε(θp)A2 ij(θp), where Aij stands for a generic polarization coefficient and ε(θp) = Nf (θp)/Ni is the number of useful events over the number of the incident events in an interval Δθp around θp. Because it is related to the inverse of the statistical error on the polarization measure- ment, this quantity is useful for a proton with degree of polarization P :( ΔP (θp) P )2 = 2 Ni(θp)F2(θp)P 2 (13) = 2 Ltm(dσ/dΩ)dΩA2 ij(θp)P 2 , where tm is the time of measurement. The integrated quantity, calculated for a trans- verse polarized proton beam scattering from a longi- tudinally polarized electron target ( p + e → p + e) F 2 = ∫ dσ dk2 C2 �t(k 2)dk2 (14) is shown in Fig. 4 as a function of the incident energy. In Refs. [7] it was suggested to use the scattering of a transverse polarized proton beam from a longitu- dinally polarized electron target. From Fig. 4, one can see that F 2 takes its maximum value for T � 10 GeV. Assuming a luminosity of 1032 cm−2 s−1 for an ideal detector with an acceptance and efficiency of 100%, one could measure the beam polarization with an error of 1% in a time interval of 3 min. T[GeV] 0 50 100 150 200 2 tl F4 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Fig. 4. Variation of the quantity F 2 [a.u.] as a function of proton kinetic energy T for a transverse polarized proton beam scattering from a longitudi- nally polarized electron target ( p + e → p + e) 4. CONCLUSIONS The elastic scattering of protons from electrons at rest was investigated in a relativistic approach in the one-photon-exchange (Born) approximation. This re- action, where the target is three orders of magnitude lighter than the projectile, has specific kinematical features due to the “inverse kinematics” (i.e., the pro- jectile is heavier than the target). For example, the proton is scattered at very small angles and the al- lowed momentum transfer does not exceed the MeV2 scale, even when the proton incident energy is of the order of GeV. The differential cross section and var- ious double spin polarization observables have been calculated in terms of the nucleon electromagnetic FFs. However, for the values of transferred momen- tum involved, any parametrization of FFs is equiva- lent and is very near to the static values. The spin transfer coefficients to a polarized scattered proton were calculated when the proton beam is polarized or when the electron target is polarized. The correlation spin coefficients when the proton beam and the elec- tron target are both polarized were also calculated. Numerical estimates showed that polarization effects may be sizable in the GeV range, and that the po- larization transfer coefficients for p + e → p+ e could be used to measure the polarization of high energy 82 proton beams. The calculated values of the scattered proton polarization for the reaction p + e → p + e at proton-beam energies lower then a few tens of MeV show that it is not possible to obtain sizable polariza- tion of the antiproton beam in an experimental setup where antiprotons and electrons collide with small relative velocities. The present results confirm that the polarization of the scattered proton has large val- ues at high proton-beam energies. Thus, one could consider an experimental setup where high-energy protons collide with a polarized electron target at rest. The low values of momentum transfer which are involved ensure that the cross section is sizable. References 1. A.I. Akhiezer and M.P. Rekalo. Polarization ef- fects in the scattering of leptons by hadrons // Sov. J. Part. Nucl. 1974, v. 4, p. 277-287 [Fiz. Elem. Chast. Atom. Yadra. 1973, v. 4, p. 662- 688]. 2. I.V. Glavanakov, Yu.F. Krechetov, G.M. Radut- skii, and A.N. Tabachenko. On the possibility of measuring the degree of transverse polarization of a proton beam by means of elastic p e scatter- ing // JETP Lett. 1997, v. 65, p. 131-136. 3. F. Rathmann et al. A method to polarize stored antiprotons to a high degree // Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, v. 94, 014801, 4 p. 4. F. Rathmann et al. New method to polarize pro- tons in a storage ring and implications to polar- ize anti-protons // Phys. Rev. Lett. 1993, v. 71, p. 1379-1382. 5. G.I. Gakh, A. Dbeyssi, D. Marchand, E. Tomasi- Gustafsson, V.V. Bytev. Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering // Phys. Rev. 2011, v. C84, 015212, 11 p. 6. A.I. Akhiezer and M.P. Rekalo. Hadron Electro- dynamics. 1977, Kiev: “Naukova Dumka”, 377 p. (in Russian). 7. D.M. Nikolenko, I.A. Rachek, D.K. Toporkov, Yu.V. Shestakov, V.F. Dmitrev, Yu.F. Kreche- tov, and S.B. Nurushev. The polarimeter for RHIC based on the elastic (p e)-scattering // 13th Int. Symposium on High-Energy Spin Physics (SPIN 98), Protvino, Russia, 1998, p. 541-543. �������� �� �� ������ � ������� ����� � ������ �� ������ �� ���� ���� �� � �� � �� �������� ���� ��� �� �� ����� ���������� � ��������� ��� ������ ����� ��� � ����� ��������� ������� �� ��������� � ��������� ��� ����� � ���� ������� ���� �� �� ��� ������ ! � �������� ��������������������� ���� ��������� ���� � � ��� ������ ������� ������� �������� � ��" � ������ �"��#�������� �� ��� � ����� ��������� " � "�##������� ���� ������� � � ������������ ��� !"�� ��� �� � ���� ��� ��� ��� ������ ������� � ���##�������� ����� ���� � ��� � $������ ���� ��������� �� ����� �������� �� � ������ � ���� ��� ������� ������ ��� �������� � ���� ���� �� � �� � �� �������� ���� � �!�� "� ����� ���������� % ����&�� �� � ��� �����& ����� ��� ����� ����&!����� �����&� �� � ��������' ��& �����"�� �� � ����& � ���!� (������ "� �&)* �����&* ��� �� ��� �� ��&��! � ������&* ������������������� ����� ��������� ���� �� � ��� ���&)! �����&� ������� �����&�� % ���"������& �"��#�������� �� &�� �"�����& ������ " � "�#�����&����� ����&�� �� � ������&���� � �������������� �������& ���� �& ��&��� ����&�� �� ���#&�&)��&� ���� ��&* � &�&� � $����&� �&�� �����&� �� ���&� +,
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-106987
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
issn 1562-6016
language English
last_indexed 2025-12-07T16:46:11Z
publishDate 2012
publisher Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
record_format dspace
spelling Gakh, G.I.
Dbeyssi, A.
Marchand, D.
Bytev, V.V.
Tomasi-Gustafsson, E.
2016-10-10T15:55:35Z
2016-10-10T15:55:35Z
2012
Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering / G.I. Gakh, A.Dbeyssi, D. Marchand, V.V.Bytev, E.Tomasi-Gustafsson // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2012. — № 1. — С. 79-83. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ.
1562-6016
PACS: 03.65.Pm, 03.65.Ge, 61.80.Mk
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/106987
Proton elastic scattering from electrons at rest is calculated in the Born approximation. The interest of this reaction is related to the possibility of polarizing high energy antiproton beam and to high energy proton polarimetry. The differential cross section and polarization observables have been derived assuming one photon exchange. Numerical estimates are given for the cross section and the spin correlation coefficients in a wide kinematical range.
В Борновском приближении вычислено упругое рассеяние протонов на покоящихся электронах. Интерес к этой реакции обусловлен возможностью поляризации высокоэнергетического антипротонного пучка и поляриметрией протонов высоких энергий. В предположении однофотонного обмена получены выражения для дифференциального сечения и поляризационных наблюдаемых. Выполнены численные оценки сечения и коэффициентов корреляции спина в широкой кинематической области.
У Борнівському наближенні обчислено пружне розсіювання протонів на електронах, які знаходяться у стані спокою. Інтерес до цієї реакції обумовлено можливістю поляризації високоенергетичного антипротонного пучка та поляриметрією протонів високих енергій. У передбаченні однофотонного обміну одержані вирази для диференційного перерізу та поляризаційних спостережуваних. Виконані чисельні оцінки перерізу та коефіцієнтів кореляції спінів у широкій кінематичній області.
en
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
Вопросы атомной науки и техники
Section B. QED Processes at High Energies
Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
Поляризационные эффекты в упругом протон-электронном рассеянии
Поляризаційні ефекти в пружному електрон-протонному розсіюванні
Article
published earlier
spellingShingle Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
Gakh, G.I.
Dbeyssi, A.
Marchand, D.
Bytev, V.V.
Tomasi-Gustafsson, E.
Section B. QED Processes at High Energies
title Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
title_alt Поляризационные эффекты в упругом протон-электронном рассеянии
Поляризаційні ефекти в пружному електрон-протонному розсіюванні
title_full Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
title_fullStr Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
title_full_unstemmed Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
title_short Polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
title_sort polarization effects in elastic proton-electron scattering
topic Section B. QED Processes at High Energies
topic_facet Section B. QED Processes at High Energies
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/106987
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