Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости

В задачу о колебаниях гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс однородной несжимаемой жидкости введена вязкость, величина которой прямо пропорциональна давлению. Показано, что такое задание вязкости сохраняет однородный вихревой характер движения. Исследованы малые колебания вращающейся осесимметричной эл...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Date:2008
Main Author: Судаков, С.Н.
Format: Article
Language:Russian
Published: Інститут прикладної математики і механіки НАН України 2008
Online Access:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/10952
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Journal Title:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Cite this:Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости / С.Н. Судаков // Український математичний вісник. — 2008. — Т. 5, № 4. — С. 563–573. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — рос.

Institution

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
_version_ 1859835409041719296
author Судаков, С.Н.
author_facet Судаков, С.Н.
citation_txt Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости / С.Н. Судаков // Український математичний вісник. — 2008. — Т. 5, № 4. — С. 563–573. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — рос.
collection DSpace DC
description В задачу о колебаниях гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс однородной несжимаемой жидкости введена вязкость, величина которой прямо пропорциональна давлению. Показано, что такое задание вязкости сохраняет однородный вихревой характер движения. Исследованы малые колебания вращающейся осесимметричной эллипсоидальной массы жидкости и малые колебания невращающейся сферической массы жидкости. This paper is devoted to the study of the classical problem of the motion of a gravitating ellipsoidal mass of liquid. The new element is the viscosity of liquid which is determined as a linear homogeneous function of the pressure. It is proved that the so determined viscosity does not destroy the homogeneous rotational flow of liquid.
first_indexed 2025-12-07T15:34:58Z
format Article
fulltext Ukrainian Mathematical Bulletin Volume 5 (2008), № 4, 559 – 568 UMB The motion of gravitating ellipsoidal masses of liquid with variable viscosity Sergey N. Sudakov (Presented by A. E. Shishkov) Abstract. This paper is devoted to the study of the classical problem of the motion of a gravitating ellipsoidal mass of liquid. The new element is the viscosity of liquid which is determined as a linear homogeneous function of the pressure. It is proved that the so determined viscosity does not destroy the homogeneous rotational flow of liquid. 2000 MSC. 76B47, 76D17, 76D27, 76E07, 76U05, 85A30. Key words and phrases. Gravitating ellipsoidal mass of liquid, vis- cosity, Dirichlet ellipsoid, Maclaurin ellipsoid. Introduction For the first time, the problem on the rotation of a liquid gravitat- ing ellipsoid was set up and solved by Newton (1686) [8] in order to investigate the Earth’s shape. Later on, this problem was studied by Stirling (1735), Maclaurin (1742), Simpson (1743), d’Alembert (1773), Laplace (1778), Jacobi (1834), Mayer (1842), Liouville (1846), Dirichlet (1875), Dedekind, Riemann, Poincaré (1885), Cartan, Lyapunov, Roche (1850), Darwin (1906), Jeans (1916), Chandrasekhar (1969) and many others. The clear detailed presentation of these results can be found into monograph of P. Appell [1], article of L. N. Sretenskii [13], monograph of L. Lichtenstein [5], textbooks of H. Lamb [4] and M. F. Subbotin [14], and monograph of S. Chandrasekhar [3]. Firstly, the case of a oblate axisymmetric ellipsoid which rotates with permanent speed around of the symmetry axis (Maclaurin ellipsoid) was investigated. Jacobi discovered that a liquid figure of equilibrium can be a triaxial ellipsoid which rotates with permanent speed around of the minor axis (ellipsoid of Jacobi). In this case, liquid rotates without deformations Received 4.12.2007 ISSN 1812 – 3309. c© Institute of Mathematics of NAS of Ukraine 560 The motion of gravitating... as a rigid body. This make it possible to omit any consideration of a viscosity of liquid. The stability of these figures was investigated by A. M. Lyapunov [7]. Dirichlet investigated the case of a pulsating rotating ellipsoid (Dirich- let ellipsoid), by assuming the liquid to be ideal. Riemann [12] investi- gated the case of a deformation of ideal ellipsoidal liquid. In those studies, a motion of liquid was homogeneous vortical, and liquid was ideal. The investigation of a motion of several gravitating liquid masses is a difficult problem of celestial mechanics. The problem of the motion of two gravitating masses of liquid was posed by E.V. Pitkevich [10, 11]. The case where a motion of liquid is homogeneous vortical is a significant special case of this problem. At the end of the XIXth – the beginning of the XXth century, the homogeneous vortical (rotational) motion of the ideal liquid was involves in the studies of the motion of the Earth’s liquid core. The aim of these investigations was an adequate description of the motion of the Earth’s pole. The results can be found in the monograph of H. Moritz and I.I. Mueller [8]. According to the article of V. V. Brazhkin [2], the viscosity of an iron melt increases very much with the pressure, and the Earth’s liquid core consists of iron. Hence, the viscosity of the core must increase toward the Earth’s center. If we assume that a similar effect is correct for el- lipsoidal liquid celestial bodies, we must take into account this effect in mathematical models for the motion of a liquid celestial body. In the au- thor’s work [15], the problem of the motion of an ellipsoidal gravitating mass of a viscous liquid was studied. The viscosity of liquid was take into account as a function of coordinates and the lengths of the ellipsoid semiaxes. The function setting the viscosity of liquid was chosen so that the motion of ellipsoidal mass of liquid is homogeneous vortical. In the present article, a similar problem is solved in the case where the viscosity is a linear function of the pressure. 1. The equations of motion Let Oξ1ξ2ξ3 be the immovable Cartesian coordinate system, and let Ox1x2x3 be the moving Cartesian coordinate system which can rotate with respect to its origin O. The boundary of the liquid ellipsoid is given in the coordinate system Ox1x2x3 by the equation x2 1/c2 1 + x2 2/c2 2 + x2 3/c2 3 = 1, (1.1) S. N. Sudakov 561 where c1, c2, c3 are continuous differentiable functions of t. We assume that the condition c1c2c3 = R3 = const (1.2) holds. The ellipsoid contain a viscous gravitating incompressible liquid without voids. The kinematic liquid viscosity ν is given by the formula ν = kp, (1.3) where k is a constant, and p is the pressure. The equations of motion of the liquid with respect to the moving axes Ox1x2x3 have the form [6] ∂v ∂t + (v · ∇)v = − 1 ρ ∇p + ν(p)∆v + 2σ∇ν(p) − ω̇ × x − ω × (ω × x) − 2ω × v − ∇Φ, (1.4) div v = 0, (1.5) where v is the liquid velocity vector with respect to the moving axes Ox1x2x3; σ is the strain rate tensor of the liquid with components σij = 1 2 ( ∂vi ∂xj + ∂vj ∂xi ) , i, j = 1, 2, 3; (1.6) ω is the absolute angular velocity vector in the coordinate system Ox1x2x3; Φ is the potential of gravitation forces [4], Φ = πργ(α1x 2 1 + α2x 2 2 + α3x 2 3 − χ0), (1.7) αi = c1c2c3 ∞ ∫ 0 dλ (c2 i + λ)D , i = 1, 2, 3, χ0 = c1c2c3 ∞ ∫ 0 d λ D , D = [(c2 1 + λ)(c2 2 + λ)(c2 3 + λ)] 1 2 ; and γ is the gravitational constant. We assume that the pressure on the liquid boundary is equal to zero. Then the liquid viscosity (1.3) must be equal to zero on the boundary as well. Therefore, the boundary condition for Eqs. (1.4) and (1.5) must have the form (v − u) · n |S= 0, (1.8) 562 The motion of gravitating... where S is the liquid boundary (1.1), n is the unit vector of a normal to the boundary S, and u is the velocity of the liquid boundary in the moving coordinate system Ox1x2x3. The solution of Eqs. (1.4) and (1.5) is sought in the form v1 = c1 ( ω∗ 2 x3 c3 − ω∗ 3 x2 c2 ) + ċ1 c1 x1 (123), (1.9) p = −p0(t) ( x2 1 c2 1 + x2 2 c2 2 + x2 2 c2 2 − 1 ) , (1.10) where v1, v2, v3 are the components of the velocity vector, p is the pres- sure, ω∗ 1 , ω∗ 2 , ω∗ 3 , and p0(t) are the unknown functions of t. The symbol (123) means that the other expressions can be found by a cyclic permu- tation of indices. If we substitute expressions (1.9) and (1.10) in Eqs. (1.4), we have three equalities ki1x1 + ki2x2 + ki3x3 = 0, i = 1, 2, 3, which must be fulfilled for all x1, x2, x3. It is possible only if the equali- ties kij = 0, i, j = 1, 2, 3 are correct. These equalities can be represented in the form c̈1 = c1(ω ∗ 2 2 + ω∗ 3 2 + ω2 2 + ω2 3) + 2c3ω ∗ 2ω2 + 2c2ω ∗ 3ω3 − 2πργα1c1 + 2p0 c1 ( 1 ρ + 2k ċ1 c1 ) (123), (1.11) ω̇∗ 1 c2 c3 + ω̇1 = −2ω∗ 1 ċ2 c3 + ω∗ 2ω ∗ 3 c2 c3 + 2kp0 ω∗ 1 c2 3 ( c3 c2 − c2 c3 ) + ω2ω3 + 2ω∗ 2ω3 c2 c3 − 2ω1 ċ3 c3 (123), (1.12) ω̇∗ 1 c3 c2 + ω̇1 = −2ω∗ 1 ċ3 c2 + ω∗ 2ω ∗ 3 c3 c2 + 2kp0 ω∗ 1 c2 2 ( c3 c2 − c2 c3 ) − ω2ω3 − 2ω∗ 3ω2 c1 c2 − 2ω1 ċ2 c2 (123), (1.13) where ω1, ω2, ω3 are the components of the angular velocity ω in the coordinate system Ox1x2x3. The algebraic equation (1.2) and the system of ordinary differential equations (1.11)–(1.13) are the system of ten equations for ten unknowns p0, ci, ω ∗ i , ωi, i = 1, 2, 3. S. N. Sudakov 563 2. Small oscillations of the axisymmetric ellipsoid Let c1 = c2, ω1 = ω2 = ω∗ 1 = ω∗ 2 = ω∗ 3 = 0. Then, if we exclude c3 with the help of Eq. (1.2), the motion equations take the form c̈1 = c1ω 2 3 − 2πργα1c1 + 2p0 c1 ( 1 ρ − 2k ċ1 c1 ) , −2R3(c−3 1 c̈1 − 3c−4 1 ċ2 1) = −2πργα3 R3 c2 1 + 2p0c 2 1 R3 ( 1 ρ + 4k ċ1 c1 ) , (2.1) ω̇3 = −2ω3 ċ1 c1 . The last equation yields the equality c2 1ω3 = l, l = const (2.2) which represents the conservation law of angular momentum. The vari- able ω3 can be excluded from the first equation (2.1) by equality (2.2). Then we can exclude p0 from two first equations (2.1) and introduce new variables ζ = c1/R, τ = T−1t, η = dζ dτ , where T is the characteristic time. Then the motion equations take the form dζ dτ = η, dη dτ = { L2ζ3 − 2πργT 2ζ(α1ζ 6 − α3) + 6 η2 ζ − 4kρ T η [ 3 η2 ζ2 − L2ζ2 + πργT 2(2α1ζ 6 + α3) ]} × [ ζ6 + 2 + 4kρ T η ζ (ζ6 − 1) ]−1 , (2.3) where L = lT/R2. For the oblate axisymmetric ellipsoid, the quantities α1 and α3 can be expressed by the formulas [4] α1 = α2 = (ξ2 + 1)ξ arcctg ξ − ξ2, α3 = 2(ξ2 + 1)(1 − ξ arcctg ξ), ξ = (ζ6 − 1)− 1 2 . (2.4) 564 The motion of gravitating... The parameters of the stationary solutions of system (2.3) are connected by the relation L2 = 2πργT 2(α1ζ 4 − α3ζ −2), (2.5) where 1 ≤ ζ ≤ ∞. We denote, by L0 and ζ0, the value of L and ζ which satisfy relation (2.5). Then every solution of Eqs. (2.3) can be represented in the form ζ = ζ0 + δ, (2.6) where δ is the unknown function of the dimensionless time τ . If we substitute (2.6) into Eqs. (2.3) and make the linearization by η and δ assuming them small, the motion equations take the form dδ dτ = η, (2.7) dη dτ = aδ + bη, where a = −2πργT 2(4ζ6 0α10 + ζ7 0α11 + 2α30 − ζ0α31)(ζ 6 0 + 2)−1, b = −4kπρ2γT (2α10ζ 6 0 + α30)(ζ 6 0 + 2)−1, α10 = ζ6 0 (ζ6 0 − 1)−3/2arcctg(ζ6 0 − 1)−1/2 − (ζ6 0 − 1)−1, α11 = −3ζ5 0 (ζ6 0 − 1)−2 [ (ζ6 0 + 2)(ζ6 0 − 1)−1/2arcctg(ζ6 0 − 1)−1/2 − 3 ] , α30 = 2ζ6 0 (ζ6 0 − 1)−1 [ 1 − (ζ6 0 − 1)−1/2arcctg(ζ6 0 − 1)−1/2 ] , α31 = 6ζ5 0 [ (ζ6 0 + 2)(ζ6 0 − 1)−5/2arcctg(ζ6 0 − 1)−1/2 − 3(ζ6 0 − 1)−2 ] . The characteristic equation of system (2.7) ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ −λ 1 a b − λ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ = 0 can be written as λ2 − bλ − a = 0. This equation has the solutions λ1,2 = 1 2 (b ± √ b2 + 4a). The coefficient a is independent of k. If ζ0 > 1, then a < 0. The coefficient b < 0, and |b| is directly proportional to k. Then if k = 0 (the case of the ideal liquid), we have b = 0, and roots of the characteristic S. N. Sudakov 565 equation are purely imaginary λ = ± √ |a|. In this case, the nonlin- ear equations of motion describe the undamped periodic oscillations of a Dirichlet ellipsoid [4]. If k is enough small and b2+4a < 0, then the roots of the characteristic equation are complex conjugate, and their real parts are negative. In this case, the Dirichlet ellipsoid approaches the Maclaurin ellipsoid by means of decaying oscillations. If k is enough large and b2 + 4a ≥ 0, then the roots of the character- istic equation are real and negative. In this case, the Dirichlet ellipsoid asymptotically approaches the Maclaurin ellipsoid. 3. Oscillations of a nonrotating spherical mass of liquid If we assume that ω∗ 1 = ω∗ 2 = ω∗ 3 = ω1 = ω2 = ω3 = 0, then Eqs. (1.12) and (1.13) are satisfied identically, and Eqs. (1.11) takes the form c̈1 = −2πργα1c1 + 2p0 c1 ( 1 ρ − 2k ċ1 c1 ) (123). (3.1) In Eqs. (3.1), we exclude c3 by using Eqs. (1.2). Then we exclude p0 and introduce the new variables ζi = ci/R, i = 1, 2, τ = T−1t. Thus, we obtain the system of equations dζi dτ = ηi, ai1 dηi dτ + ai2 dη2 dτ = fi, i = 1, 2, (3.2) where a11 = ζ1 + 2kρT−1(η1 + ζ1ζ −1 2 η2) + ζ−3 1 ζ−2 2 (1 − 2kρT−1ζ−1 1 η1), a12 = ζ−2 1 ζ−3 2 (1 − 2kρT−1ζ−1 1 η1), a21 = ζ−3 1 ζ−2 2 (1 − 2kρT−1ζ−1 2 η2), a22 = ζ2 + 2kρT−1(ζ−1 1 ζ2η1 + η2) + ζ−2 1 ζ−3 2 (1 − 2kρT−1ζ−1 2 η2), f1 = −2πργT 2α1ζ 2 1 [1 + 2kρT−1(ζ−1 1 η1 + ζ−1 2 η2)] + [2ζ−2 1 ζ−2 2 (ζ−2 1 η2 1 + ζ−1 1 ζ−1 2 η1η2 + ζ−2 2 η2 2) + 2πργT 2α3ζ −2 1 ζ−2 2 ](1 − 2kρT−1ζ−1 1 η1), 566 The motion of gravitating... f2 = −2πργT 2α2ζ 2 2 [1 + 2kρT−1(ζ−1 1 η1 + ζ−1 2 η2)] + [2ζ−2 1 ζ−2 2 (ζ−2 1 η2 1 + ζ−1 1 ζ−1 2 η1η2 + ζ−2 2 η2 2) + 2πργT 2α3ζ −2 1 ζ−2 2 ](1 − 2kρT−1ζ−1 2 η2). System (3.2) can be written in the form dζ1 dτ = η1, dη1 dτ = (f1a22 − f2a12)(a11a22 − a12a21) −1, dζ2 dτ = η2, dη2 dτ = (f2a11 − f1a21)(a11a22 − a12a21) −1. (3.3) System (3.3) has a stationary solution ζ1 = ζ2 = 1, η1 = η2 = 0. This solution describes the equilibrium of the spherical mass of liquid. Then, every another solution of system (3.3) can be represented in the form ζ1 = 1 + δ1, ζ2 = 1 + δ2, η1, η2, (3.4) where δ1 and δ2 are new unknown functions of τ . We substitute (3.4) in system (3.3) and assume that δ1, δ2, η1, η2 are small. The linearization in δ1, δ2, η1, η2 gives the system dδi dτ = ηi, dηi dτ = − 8 3 πργT 2 ( 2 5 δi + kρT−1ηi ) , i = 1, 2. (3.5) Thus, the systems of linearized equations for the variables ζ1, η1 and ζ2, η2 are independent of each other, and both can be solved separately. Taking into account that the systems differ from each other only by the unknown variables and the initial conditions, they can be solved similarly. The solution of system (3.5) is sought as (δi, ηi) T = (b1, b2) T exp(λτ), where b1, b2, λ are the unknown constants. The characteristic equation has the form ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ −λ 1 −16 15 πργT 2 −8 3 kπρ2γT − λ ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ = 0. This equation can be written as the equation for λ, λ2 + 8 3 kπρ2γTλ + 16 15 πργT 2 = 0. The solution of this equation is S. N. Sudakov 567 λ1,2 = 4 3 ( −kπρ2γT ± √ (kπρ2γT )2 − 3 5 πργT 2 ) . For k = 0, the system becomes conservative and will perform the undamped oscillations in the vicinity of the stable equilibrium state, i.e. the sphere. In this case, the roots of the characteristic equation are purely imaginary λ1,2 = ±4 3 √ 3 5 πργT 2 i. In the case of 0 < k < √ 3/(5πρ3γ), the roots of the characteristic equation are complex conjugate with a negative real part. Into this case, the ellipsoidal mass of liquid will approach a sphere by performing the damped oscillations. In the case of k > √ 3/(5πρ3γ), the ellipsoidal mass of liquid, the kinetic energy of which is sufficiently small and the shape is enough close to a spherical one, will asymptotically approach the sphere. The author is grateful to the reviewer for the careful review and the useful remarks that make possible to find new approaches to the problem. References [1] P. E. Appell, Figures d’Equilibres d’Une Masse Liquid Homogene en Rotation, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1932. [2] V. V. Brazhkin, A. G. Lyapin, Universal viscosity growth in melted metals at megabar pressures: the vitreous state of the Earth’s inner core // Uspekhi Fiz. Nauk 170 (2000), 535–551. [3] S. Chandrasekhar, Ellpsoidal Figures of Equilibrium, Yale Univ. Press, New Haven, 1969. [4] H. Lamb, Hydrodynamics, Dover, New York, 1945. [5] L. Lichtenstein, Gleichgewichtsfiguren der Rotierenden Flüssigkeiten, Springer, Berlin, 1933. [6] L. G. Loitsyanskii, Mechanics of Liquid and Gas, Nauka, Moscow, 1973 (in Rus- sian). [7] A. M. Lyapunov, About stability of the ellipsoidal forms of equilibrium of the rotat- ing liquid, Collected Works, Izd. AN SSSR, Moscow, 1959, pp. 5–113 (in Russian). [8] H. Moritz, I. I. Mueller, Earth Rotation: Theory and Observation, Ungar, New York, 1987. [9] I. Newton, Mathematical Foundations of Natural Philosophy, Nauka, Moscow, 1989 (in Russian). [10] E. V. Petkevich, The problem of liquid bodies // Pis’ma Astron. Zh., 3 (1977), N 9, 424–428. [11] E. V. Petkevich, The equations of the external problem of two liquid bodies // Pis’ma Astron. Zh., 3 (1977), N 11, 522–525. [12] G. F. B. Riemann, About the motion of a liquid homogeneous ellipsoid, Selected Works, OGIZ, Moscow-Leningrad, 1948, pp. 339–366 (in Russian). [13] L. N. Sretenskii, Theory of equilibrium figures of a liquid rotating mass // Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, (1938), N 5, 187–230. 568 The motion of gravitating... [14] M. F. Subbotin, Course of Celestial Mechanics, Gostekhizdat, Moscow, 1949 (in Russian). [15] S. N. Sudakov, About oscillations of rotating gravitating liquid ellipsoids with variable viscosity // Mekh. Tverd. Tela (2002), Iss. 32, 217–226. Contact information Sergey Nikitovich Sudakov Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics of NASU, R. Luxemburg str. 74, Donetsk 83114, Ukraine E-Mail: techmech@iamm.ac.donetsk.ua
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-10952
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
issn 1810-3200
language Russian
last_indexed 2025-12-07T15:34:58Z
publishDate 2008
publisher Інститут прикладної математики і механіки НАН України
record_format dspace
spelling Судаков, С.Н.
2010-08-10T10:24:29Z
2010-08-10T10:24:29Z
2008
Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости / С.Н. Судаков // Український математичний вісник. — 2008. — Т. 5, № 4. — С. 563–573. — Бібліогр.: 15 назв. — рос.
1810-3200
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/10952
В задачу о колебаниях гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс однородной несжимаемой жидкости введена вязкость, величина которой прямо пропорциональна давлению. Показано, что такое задание вязкости сохраняет однородный вихревой характер движения. Исследованы малые колебания вращающейся осесимметричной эллипсоидальной массы жидкости и малые колебания невращающейся сферической массы жидкости.
This paper is devoted to the study of the classical problem of the motion of a gravitating ellipsoidal mass of liquid. The new element is the viscosity of liquid which is determined as a linear homogeneous function of the pressure. It is proved that the so determined viscosity does not destroy the homogeneous rotational flow of liquid.
ru
Інститут прикладної математики і механіки НАН України
Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
The motion of gravitating ellipsoidal masses of liquid with variable viscosity
Article
published earlier
spellingShingle Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
Судаков, С.Н.
title Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
title_alt The motion of gravitating ellipsoidal masses of liquid with variable viscosity
title_full Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
title_fullStr Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
title_full_unstemmed Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
title_short Движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
title_sort движение гравитирующих эллипсоидальных масс жидкости переменной вязкости
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/10952
work_keys_str_mv AT sudakovsn dviženiegravitiruûŝihéllipsoidalʹnyhmassžidkostiperemennoivâzkosti
AT sudakovsn themotionofgravitatingellipsoidalmassesofliquidwithvariableviscosity