Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine
Expansion of Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911) to the North, due to all its developmental stages have wide range of feeders (from amphibians to mammals) in the new man-made environmental conditions in the steppe and wood-and-steppe of Ukraine and the warming of climate (especia...
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Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України
2013
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| Цитувати: | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 3. — С. 231-237. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Akimov, I.A. Nebogatkin, I.V. |
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| citation_txt | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 3. — С. 231-237. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Expansion of Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911) to the North, due to all its developmental stages have wide range of feeders (from amphibians to mammals) in the new man-made environmental conditions in the steppe and wood-and-steppe of Ukraine and the warming of climate (especially warm winters), is observed. The northern boundary of R. rossicus distribution lies in Vinnytsya, Kyiv, Poltava and Sumy Regions. R. bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) and R. sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) occur only on the shores of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov (including the Crimea). Outbreak localities of R. sanguineus are in Kerch Peninsula (Crimea) and in the Dnieper floodplain. Both R. bursa and R. sanguineus are invasive species.
Отмечено расширение ареала Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911) на север, благодаря питанию всех стадий развития на широком круге прокормителей (от земноводных до млекопитающих), новым созданным человеком условиям обитания в Степи и Лесостепи в пределах Украины и потеплению климата (мягким зимам). Северная граница ареала R. rossicus проходит по Винницкой, Киевской, Полтавской и Сумской областям. Выяснено, что R. bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) и R. sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) обитают только по берегам Чёрного и Азовского морей (включая Крым). Очаги массовых размножений R. sanguineus находятся на Керченском полуострове Крыма и в пойме Днепра. R. bursa — вид-вселенец, как и R. sanguineus.
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UDC 595.421(477)
TICKS OF THE GENUS RHIPICEPHALUS (ACARI, IXODIDAE)
AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN UKRAINE
I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, NAS of Ukraine,
vul. B. Khmelnytskogo, 15, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
E-mail: iz@izan.kiev.ua
E-mail: niv_zoo@ua.fm
Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine. Akimov I. A.,
Nebogatkin I. V. – Expansion of Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911) to the
North, due to all its developmental stages have wide range of feeders (from amphibians to mammals) in
the new man-made environmental conditions in the steppe and wood-and-steppe of Ukraine and the warm-
ing of climate (especially warm winters), is observed. The northern boundary of R. rossicus distribution
lies in Vinnytsya, Kyiv, Poltava and Sumy Regions. R. bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) and R. san-
guineus (Latreille, 1806) occur only on the shores of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov (including the Crimea).
Outbreak localities of R. sanguineus are in Kerch Peninsula (Crimea) and in the Dnieper floodplain. Both
R. bursa and R. sanguineus are invasive species.
Ke y wo r d s: Rhipicephalus rossicus, R. bursa, R. sanguineus, distribution, Ukraine.
Êëåùè ðîäà Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) è èõ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå â Óêðàèíå. Àêèìîâ È. À.,
Íåáîãàòêèí È. Â. – Îòìå÷åíî ðàñøèðåíèå àðåàëà Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova,
1911) íà ñåâåð, áëàãîäàðÿ ïèòàíèþ âñåõ ñòàäèé ðàçâèòèÿ íà øèðîêîì êðóãå ïðîêîðìèòåëåé (îò
çåìíîâîäíûõ äî ìëåêîïèòàþùèõ), íîâûì ñîçäàííûì ÷åëîâåêîì óñëîâèÿì îáèòàíèÿ â Ñòåïè è
Ëåñîñòåïè â ïðåäåëàõ Óêðàèíû è ïîòåïëåíèþ êëèìàòà (ìÿãêèì çèìàì). Ñåâåðíàÿ ãðàíèöà àðåà-
ëà R. rossicus ïðîõîäèò ïî Âèííèöêîé, Êèåâñêîé, Ïîëòàâñêîé è Ñóìñêîé îáëàñòÿì. Âûÿñíåíî,
÷òî R. bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) è R. sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) îáèòàþò òîëüêî ïî áåðå-
ãàì ׸ðíîãî è Àçîâñêîãî ìîðåé (âêëþ÷àÿ Êðûì). Î÷àãè ìàññîâûõ ðàçìíîæåíèé R. sanguineus íàõî-
äÿòñÿ íà Êåð÷åíñêîì ïîëóîñòðîâå Êðûìà è â ïîéìå Äíåïðà. R. bursa – âèä-âñåëåíåö, êàê è R. san-
guineus.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâ à: Rhipicephalus rossicus, R. bursa, R. sanguineus, ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå, Óêðàèíà.
Previously published data on mass ixodid tick species population size and distribution in Ukraine
(Akimov, Nebogatkin, 1996, 2010, 2011 a, 2011 b, 2012) reveal some general trends and direction of change
of these indicators, especially when distribution boundaries of the studied species partly pass through the ter-
ritory of the country. This review completes the cycle of articles devoted to the widespread and important species
of ixodid ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus, first of all, R. rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911), R. bursa
(Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) and R. sanguineus (Latreille, 1806). This genus is in the focus of molecular tax-
onomy of Ixodidae (Beati, Keirans, 2001). Also the tendency of its species to expand their distribution
(Nebogatkin, 1996) and their epizootiology as main vectors and keepers of Anaplasma, Babesia, Ehrlichia,
Hepatozoon, Rickettsia (Jongejan, Uilenberg, 2004) and the Marseilles fever (Nebogatkin, Novohatny, 2012)
are of special interest. This makes determination of distribution of Rhipicephalus species in Ukraine to be impor-
tant and necessary.
Material and methods
To clarify the distribution boundaries of the considered species in Ukraine our material collected in
1977—2013 in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, 12 regions and the cities of Kyiv and Sevastopol were used.
Altogether, about 4,000 tick specimens were trapped on the flag, accountant, and by examination of about 1400
beeves, dogs, other domestic animals, and birds have given for studied. Materials of the short-term (six-month)
forecasts and surveys of 25 regional, Kyiv, Alushta, Mariupol and Sevastopol city sanitary and epidemiologi-
cal station (SES) of Ukraine, personal archive of E. F. Litvinenko and E. M. Emchuk (1953—1960), as well
as material from the review by N. A. Filippova (1997) were used. In addition to our data records of more than
80000 specimens of ticks (table 1) were taken into account. A formal administrative-territorial approach was
Vestnik zoologii, 47(3): e-28—e-34, 2013
DOI 10.2478/vzoo-2013-0022
Unauthenticated
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used to create distribution maps (Akimov, Nebogatkin, 2010). In Ukraine, distribution ranges of ticks were divid-
ed into four zones: 1) the territories with high population of ticks and the periodic bursts of mass reproduc-
tion; 2) the territories, where ticks are common, and the mass reproduction bursts are very rare; 3) the terri-
tories where ticks are found regularly, every 2—3 years, and the mass reproduction bursts have not been record-
ed even during the favorable conditions; 4) the territories where ticks were found irregularly, several times in
10—20 years. When analyzing material the following quantitative measures: the index of abundance (IA) and
the index of infection (II) were used (Tularemia, 1954).
Rhipicephalus rossicus Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911
The Ukrainian distribution of this species in the middle of the 1960s was confined
to the steppes and mountain-steppe areas of the Steppe zone and Crimea (fig. 1), the
localities of mass reproduction bursts were in the mouths of the major rivers of Ukraine
and braids of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov (Emchuk, 1960).
The new conditions created in the Steppe and Wood-and-Steppe zones by human
activity (as woodland belts on the agricultural lands, artificial reservoirs for storing water,
breeding of muskrats and nutrias, forest-protecting plantings along drainage channels, etc.),
and not the least, relatively mild winters, have driven this species deeply to the north.
e-29 I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Fig. 1. Distribution of R. rossicus in Ukraine, after Emchuk (1960).
Ðèñ. 1. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå R. rossicus íà òåððèòîðèè Óêðàèíû, ïî äàííûì Å.Ì. Åì÷óê (1960).
Ta b l e 1. Number of examined specimens (own and archive data) of the genus Rhipicephalus (thousand of spec-
imens) in Ukraine
Òà á ëèö à 1 Êîëè÷åñòâî èññëåäîâàííûõ îñîáåé (ñîáñòâåííûå è àðõèâíûå äàííûå) èêñîäîâûõ êëåùåé ðîäà
Rhipicephalus (òûñ. ýêç.) â Óêðàèíå
R. rossicus 64.7 2.6 0.35
R. sanguineus 17.1 1.4 0.42
R. bursa 0.8 0.1 0.07
TOTAL 82.6 3.1 0.84
Species
Archive Our Data
1953—2000 1977—2001 2001—2012
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Dissemination of the parasite on all of development stages in such number is a result of
presence of wide range of hosts, from amphibians to mammals (table 2).
The first mentions and the general trend were outlined in the 1970’s, when R. rossi-
cus was regularly recorded in Central and Eastern Wood-and-Steppe. By the end of the
XX century this species has reached Kiev, where it has formed a stable population
(Nebogatkin, 1996).
Measuring of males and females of R. rossicus (table 3) show that the overall size
of males and females do not differ significantly (paired two-sample t-test p < 0.95) and
the absence of sexual dimorphism in this character.
The sizes of ticks from Zaporizhzhya (Sea of Azov and the Black Sea), Donetsk, Kyiv,
Mykolaiv, Kharkiv and Odessa Regions were compared. Significant differences were not found.
We are the witnesses of the invasion of this species into the areas previously not inher-
ent to it (fig. 2). The situation which happens repeats what happened to Haemaphysalis
punctata (Akimov, Nebogatkin, 2012) in the XVIII—XIX centuries.
The presence of spontaneous foci conduced intrusion of R. rossicus into new areas
(Nebogatkin, 1996), which may lead to single cases or unexpected outbreaks of exotic
diseases. In this system, the centers of reproduction could have a significant epizootic and
e-30Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine
Ta b l e 2. Hosts of all stages of R. rossicus in Ukraine
Ò à á ëèö à 2. Ïðîêîðìèòåëè âñåõ ñòàäèé ðàçâèòèÿ R. rossicus â Óêðàèíå
Note. x – ordinary host; xx – mass host.
Host } , { L N
Mammalia
Erinaceus concolor Mart. x x
Sorex araneus L. x
S. minutus L. x
Crocidura suaveolens Pall. x x x
Mycromys minutus Pall. x
Sylvarum flavicollis Melch. x x xx
S. tauricus L. x xx
S. agrarius Pall. x
Rattus norvegicus Berc. x
M. musculus x
Cricetus cricetus L. x
C. glareolus Schr. x
Ondatra zibethicus L. x x
Arvicola terrestris L. x
M. arvalis Pall. x x
M. oeconomus Pall. x
M. (Pitymus) subterraneus Sel.-Lon. x
Vulpes vulpes L. x
Capreolus capreolus L. x
Camelus bactrianus Pall. x
Stray dogs xx
Stray cats õ x x
Large cattle xx x
Small cattle xx x
Aves
Parus major L. x
Turdus merula L. x
Corvus frugilegus L. x x x
Amphibia
Rana arvalis Nil. x
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e-31 I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Fig. 2. Distribution of R. rossicus in Ukraine at the beginning of the XXI century:
– areas where this tick is found very rarely and not regularly, few times per 10—20 years;
– areas where this tick is found regularly (once per 2—3 years), however its mass reproduction was not
recorded even under favorable conditions;
– areas where this tick is common, however its mass reproductions are very rare and due to natural and
anthropogenic reasons;
– areas where this tick is abundant with places of periodic outbreaks of mass reproduction.
Ðèñ. 2. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå R. rossicus â Óêðàèíå â íà÷àëå ÕÕI â.
Ta b l e 3. Size of R. rossicus ticks caught in the vicinity of Kiev
Ò à á ëèö à 3. Äèôôåðåíöèàëüíûå ðàçìåðû êëåùåé R. rossicus îòëîâëåííûõ â îêðåñòíîñòÿõ Êèåâà
Character X min—X max σ s
Females
Body length of gnathosoma (L) 2.096±2.993 0.266 0.070
Length of scutum (Ls) 0.373±1.270 0.256 0.071
Width of scutum (Bs) 0.418±1.315 0.259 0.069
Length of idiosoma (Li) 1.715±2.612 0.262 0.072
Width of idiosoma (Bi) 0.925±1.822 0.269 0.071
Males
Body length of gnathosoma (L) 2.082±2.752 0.229 0.071
Length of conscutum (Lcs) 0.359±1.029 0.228 0.069
Width of conscutum (Bcs) 0.315±1.074 0.218 0.066
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epidemiological significance, contributing not only spread and transmission of pathogens
that are dangerous to human and animals, but also establishing these disease-producing
factors in new areas with new unpredictable pathogenic properties.
R. sanguineus Latreille (brown dog tick)
The brown dog tick is a typical parasite of carnivores in Africa, spread with the dog
onto all territories suitable for its existence. The peculiarity of this species under condi-
tions of Ukraine is parasitising of all the stages on one host, the dog. Occasionally can
be found on cats (IA = 0.01—0.15; II = 6,8—12,3) and foxes (IA = 0.09, II = 12.5).
Number of R. sanguineus depends on the number of dogs (Nebogatkin, Tovpinets,
1997). In 1990s, uncontrolled growth of the dog population led to the sharp growth of
the tick IA in the Crimea (Evstafiev, Tovpinets, 2002). As the tick population grew, the
Marseilles fever was spreading (Nebogatkin, Novohatny, 2012), and lethal cases were
recorded.
Distribution of this tick in Ukraine has not changed significantly. R. sanguineus is
usual in its optimal habitats – shores of the Sea of Azov and Black Sea (fig. 3). Limiting
factors, in our opinion, are the average annual temperature and humidity; they do not
prevent ticks moving from the coast to the North. We found only single cases of the dog
tick above 48° N in Ukraine (2 females collected from a dog in a Kyiv park).
R. bursa Canestrini et Fanzago
This species belongs in the subgenus Digineus (Filippova, 1997), differing morpho-
logically and biologically; it is a two-hosted parasite, almost never occurring on wild ani-
mals (except for the large ones: wild boar, roe deer, deer), and parasitising on sheep, goats
and cattle. We found the larvae of R. bursa on the gray hamster (Cricetulus migratorius
Pallas) (IA = 0.3, II = 15.3) in 1991. Until 1960—1965 R. bursa was one of the most
common species of Crimean ticks. As a result of transfer cattle to stabling and handling
it with acaricides, these ticks have virtually disappeared from the fauna of the Kerch
Peninsula and mountain area of Crimea, and from 1960s to 1990s, R. bursa has not been
e-32Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine
Fig. 3. Distribution of R. sanguineus in Ukraine.
Ðèñ. 3. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå R. sanguineus â Óêðàèíå.
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recorded in the mainland. Currently, this species is found most often found on sheep,
which are common hosts for many tick species. This species has been registered in the
forests of the mainland, in the end of 1990s, i. e., there is an established tendency of R. bursa
to move northwards to the places of its native habitat.
The duration of the life cycle depends on the weather and lasts an average of one
year. Imago are parasitise virtually all the warm season (table 4). The pick of the infes-
tation by ticks is in April-June; the immature stages peak of occurrence is: for larvae from
August to November, for nymphs from October to March. Ticks usually hibernate as the
nymphs or as nymphs and adults.
Distribution of R. bursa in Ukraine is associated with the sheep breeding, and this
species occur mainly on the coasts and braids of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. It is
absent only in the central regions of the Crimean peninsula (fig. 4).
e-33 I. A. Akimov, I. V. Nebogatkin
Ta b l e 4. Indices of abundance of all stages of R. bursa on hosts per months in the Crimea
Ò à á ëèö à 4. Èíäåêñû îáèëèÿ âñåõ ôàç ðàçâèòèÿ R. bursa ïî ìåñÿöàì â Êðûìó íà ïðîêîðìèòåëÿõ
Months L N I Total
January 0.14 0.14
February 0.09 0.1 0.19
March 0.02 0.5 0.52
April 5.6 5.6
May 8.2 8.2
June 15.4 15.4
July 30.3 30.3
August 0.05 0.7 0.75
September 0.14 0.3 0.17
October 0.21 0.2 0.41
November 0.08 0.09 0.2 0.37
December 0.12 0.12
Total 0.48 0.46 61.5 62.44
Fig. 4. Distribution of R. bursa in Ukraine.
Ðèñ. 4. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå R. bursa â Óêðàèíå.
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Conclusions
In Ukraine, the northern boundary of R. rossicus distribution lies through Vinnytsya,
Kyiv, Poltava and Sumy Regions. This species is a parasite of various hosts, from
amphibians, birds, wild ungulates, small mammals and domestic animals. The popula-
tions of adult R. rossicus ticks in Ukraine do not differ in their basic measurements.
Dogs are the main host of R. sanguineus ticks in Ukraine, but this species occurs only
on the shores of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. Outbreak localities are in the Kerch
Peninsula of Crimea and in the floodplain of the Dnieper. Occasionally, it can be found
on cats and foxes.
Rhipicephalus bursa, as well as R. sanguineus, are usual for the shores Black Sea and
Sea of Azov (including the Crimea), and occasionally can be found on the mainland and
in the forests. It feeds usually on farm animals (mainly sheep), almost absent on wild mam-
mals, except in woods, where can parasitise on wild boars and other ungulates. The ten-
dency of R. bursa to expand northwards is noted.
Rhipicephalus bursa and R. sanguineus are invasive species.
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Received 5 December 2012
Accepted 21 March 2013
e-34Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine
Unauthenticated
Download Date | 12/9/16 9:06 PM
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-109747 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0084-5604 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:20:40Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Akimov, I.A. Nebogatkin, I.V. 2016-12-12T16:31:35Z 2016-12-12T16:31:35Z 2013 Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine / I.A. Akimov, I.V. Nebogatkin // Вестник зоологии. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 3. — С. 231-237. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 0084-5604 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/109747 595.421(477) DOI 10.2478/vzoo-2013-0022 Expansion of Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911) to the North, due to all its developmental stages have wide range of feeders (from amphibians to mammals) in the new man-made environmental conditions in the steppe and wood-and-steppe of Ukraine and the warming of climate (especially warm winters), is observed. The northern boundary of R. rossicus distribution lies in Vinnytsya, Kyiv, Poltava and Sumy Regions. R. bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) and R. sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) occur only on the shores of the Black Sea and Sea of Azov (including the Crimea). Outbreak localities of R. sanguineus are in Kerch Peninsula (Crimea) and in the Dnieper floodplain. Both R. bursa and R. sanguineus are invasive species. Отмечено расширение ареала Rhipicephalus rossicus (Jakimov et Kohl-Jakimova, 1911) на север, благодаря питанию всех стадий развития на широком круге прокормителей (от земноводных до млекопитающих), новым созданным человеком условиям обитания в Степи и Лесостепи в пределах Украины и потеплению климата (мягким зимам). Северная граница ареала R. rossicus проходит по Винницкой, Киевской, Полтавской и Сумской областям. Выяснено, что R. bursa (Canestrini et Fanzago, 1878) и R. sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) обитают только по берегам Чёрного и Азовского морей (включая Крым). Очаги массовых размножений R. sanguineus находятся на Керченском полуострове Крыма и в пойме Днепра. R. bursa — вид-вселенец, как и R. sanguineus. en Інститут зоології ім. І.І. Шмальгаузена НАН України Вестник зоологии Экология Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine Клещи рода Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) и их распространение в Украине Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine Akimov, I.A. Nebogatkin, I.V. Экология |
| title | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine |
| title_alt | Клещи рода Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) и их распространение в Украине |
| title_full | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine |
| title_fullStr | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine |
| title_short | Ticks of the Genus Rhipicephalus (Acari, Ixodidae) and Their Distribution in Ukraine |
| title_sort | ticks of the genus rhipicephalus (acari, ixodidae) and their distribution in ukraine |
| topic | Экология |
| topic_facet | Экология |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/109747 |
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