Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3
The investigation of the spectral and amplitude characteristics of the X-ray radiation of the plasma focus facility PF-3 (Wmax= 2.8 MJ) has been done. A diagnostics set for X-ray measurements is described. The total energy radiated from the pinch in the spectral range 0.4 - 1.5 keV at the stored ene...
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Krauz, V.I. Myalton, V.V. Vinogradov, V.P. 2017-01-04T19:03:34Z 2017-01-04T19:03:34Z 2003 Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 / V.I. Krauz, V.V. Myalton, V.P. Vinogradov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2003. — № 1. — С. 98-101. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.58.Lq https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/110546 The investigation of the spectral and amplitude characteristics of the X-ray radiation of the plasma focus facility PF-3 (Wmax= 2.8 MJ) has been done. A diagnostics set for X-ray measurements is described. The total energy radiated from the pinch in the spectral range 0.4 - 1.5 keV at the stored energy up to 1 MJ is ~ 10 kJ. Registration of the X-ray radiation spectral structure in the Ne-discharge within the long wavelength spectrum part (~ 100 - 300 eV) have been first done at PF-3-facility. Conclusion about necessity to take into account this spectral range in the total balance of radiation energy has been done. Проведено дослідження спектральних і амплітудних характеристик рентгенівського випромінювання плазмовофокусної установки ПФ-3 (Wмакс= 2.8 МДж) у трьох спектральних діапазонах. Описано діагностичний комплекс для вимірювання рентгенівського випромінювання. Повна енергія, що випромінюється пінчем у спектральному діапазоні 0.4 – 1.5 кеВ при енергії накопичувача до 1 МДж, складає ~ 10 кДж. Вперше на установці ПФ-3 проведено спектральні вимірювання випромінювання у довгохвильовій частині спектру 100-300 еВ при розрядах у неоні. Зроблено висновок про необхідність врахування цього діапазону у загальному енергетичному балансі випромінювання. Проведены исследования спектральных и амплитудных характеристик рентгеновского излучения плазмофокусной установки ПФ-3 (Wмакс= 2.8 МДж) в трех спектральных диапазонах. Описан диагностический комплекс для измерения рентгеновского излучения. Полная энергия, излучаемая пинчом в спектральном диапазоне 0.4 – 1.5 кэВ при энергии накопителя до 1 МДж, составляет ~ 10 кДж. Впервые на установке ПФ-3 проведены спектральные измерения излучения в длинноволновой части спектра 100-300 эВ при разрядах в неоне. Сделан вывод о необходимости учета этого диапазона в общем энергетическом балансе излучения. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 Дослідження рентгенівського випромінювання установки Плазмовий Фокус ПФ-3 Исследование рентгеновского излучения установки Плазменный Фокус ПФ-3 Article published earlier |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| title |
Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 |
| spellingShingle |
Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 Krauz, V.I. Myalton, V.V. Vinogradov, V.P. Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction |
| title_short |
Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 |
| title_full |
Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 |
| title_fullStr |
Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 |
| title_sort |
studies of x-ray radiation on the plasma focus facility pf-3 |
| author |
Krauz, V.I. Myalton, V.V. Vinogradov, V.P. |
| author_facet |
Krauz, V.I. Myalton, V.V. Vinogradov, V.P. |
| topic |
Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction |
| topic_facet |
Plasma dynamics and plasma-wall interaction |
| publishDate |
2003 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Дослідження рентгенівського випромінювання установки Плазмовий Фокус ПФ-3 Исследование рентгеновского излучения установки Плазменный Фокус ПФ-3 |
| description |
The investigation of the spectral and amplitude characteristics of the X-ray radiation of the plasma focus facility PF-3 (Wmax= 2.8 MJ) has been done. A diagnostics set for X-ray measurements is described. The total energy radiated from the pinch in the spectral range 0.4 - 1.5 keV at the stored energy up to 1 MJ is ~ 10 kJ. Registration of the X-ray radiation spectral structure in the Ne-discharge within the long wavelength spectrum part (~ 100 - 300 eV) have been first done at PF-3-facility. Conclusion about necessity to take into account this spectral range in the total balance of radiation energy has been done.
Проведено дослідження спектральних і амплітудних характеристик рентгенівського випромінювання плазмовофокусної установки ПФ-3 (Wмакс= 2.8 МДж) у трьох спектральних діапазонах. Описано діагностичний комплекс для вимірювання рентгенівського випромінювання. Повна енергія, що випромінюється пінчем у спектральному діапазоні 0.4 – 1.5 кеВ при енергії накопичувача до 1 МДж, складає ~ 10 кДж. Вперше на установці ПФ-3 проведено спектральні вимірювання випромінювання у довгохвильовій частині спектру 100-300 еВ при розрядах у неоні. Зроблено висновок про необхідність врахування цього діапазону у загальному енергетичному балансі випромінювання.
Проведены исследования спектральных и амплитудных характеристик рентгеновского излучения плазмофокусной установки ПФ-3 (Wмакс= 2.8 МДж) в трех спектральных диапазонах. Описан диагностический комплекс для измерения рентгеновского излучения. Полная энергия, излучаемая пинчом в спектральном диапазоне 0.4 – 1.5 кэВ при энергии накопителя до 1 МДж, составляет ~ 10 кДж. Впервые на установке ПФ-3 проведены спектральные измерения излучения в длинноволновой части спектра 100-300 эВ при разрядах в неоне. Сделан вывод о необходимости учета этого диапазона в общем энергетическом балансе излучения.
|
| issn |
1562-6016 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/110546 |
| citation_txt |
Studies of x-ray radiation on the Plasma Focus Facility PF-3 / V.I. Krauz, V.V. Myalton, V.P. Vinogradov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2003. — № 1. — С. 98-101. — Бібліогр.: 2 назв. — англ. |
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| fulltext |
STUDIES OF X-RAY RADIATION ON THE PLASMA FOCUS FACILITY PF-3
V.I. Krauz, V.V. Myalton, V.P. Vinogradov
RRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Institute of Nuclear Fusion, Moscow, 123182, Russia
The investigation of the spectral and amplitude characteristics of the X-ray radiation of the plasma focus facility PF-3
(Wmax= 2.8 MJ) has been done. A diagnostics set for X-ray measurements is described. The total energy radiated from
the pinch in the spectral range 0.4 ÷ 1.5 keV at the stored energy up to 1 MJ is ~ 10 kJ. Registration of the X-ray
radiation spectral structure in the Ne-discharge within the long wavelength spectrum part (~ 100 ÷ 300 eV) have been
first done at PF-3-facility. Conclusion about necessity to take into account this spectral range in the total balance of
radiation energy has been done.
PACS: 52.58.Lq
1. INTRODUCTION
As known, the facility of a “Plasma Focus”-type (PF)
is a source of various radiation: neutron one, fluxes of
accelerated particles, electrons as well as ions, microwave
radiation, X-ray radiation in a wide range of wavelengths.
The experiments on the study of the X-ray radiation
driven by the PF-3-facility are represented in a given
paper.
The PF-3-facility is a PF-one with the so-called “flat”
geometry of the electrodes (Filippov-type). The facility
parameters are:
• capacity of the capacitor bank – 9.2 mF;
• maximal charging voltage – 25 kV;
• maximal stored energy – 2.8 MJ;
• minimal external inductance – 15 nH;
• diameter of the chamber – 2.5 m;
• diameter of the anode – 0.9 m;
• height of the insulator – 0.25 m.
The experiments were done at the storage energy up to
1 MJ and at the discharge current amplitude up to 3 MA.
2. TASK STATEMENT
The production and the study of high power pulses of
X-ray radiation (XRR) under operation with heavy
strongly-radiating gases (Ne, Ar) is traditionally one of
the main directions of the studies at PF-3-facility. A
specific feature of the radiation generation from a dense
hot Ne-pinch (n ≥ 1019 cm3; T ≤ 1 keV) is that a great part
of the radiated energy occurs in the K-shell lines of Ne.
The quanta energy in this case is ~ 1 keV [1]. At using the
PF as a driver for compressing various types of the liners
[2] the plasma temperature essentially drops, being equal
~ 50 ÷ 100 eV. The necessity in measuring XRR in the
range from 100 eV emerges. The problem is complicated
by a radiation flux weakening in a working gas
(1 ÷ 5 Torr Ne). Moreover, PF is the source of a harder
radiation emerging under interaction of a plasma current
sheath (PCS) and of electron beams with the anode
surface. The quanta energy of such a radiation can be
located in the range 5 ÷ 100 keV.
The goal of a given study is the investigation of the
spectral and amplitude characteristics of the soft X-ray
radiation from the pinch (100 eV ÷ 1.5 keV), as well as
the hard X-ray radiation from the anode surface. A
diagnostics set, allowing one to solve the mentioned task,
is described.
3. DIAGNOSTICS TECHNIQUES
3. 1.PIN-HOLE CAMERAS
Pin-hole cameras are used for obtaining two-
dimensional images of the radiation zone, integral in time.
The usage of the filters of various materials, differently
thick, allows one to produce the pinch images in various
spectral ranges. Be, 5 ÷ 50 µm thick, and Al, 1.5 ÷ 10 µm
thick, are usually used as filters. The pin-hole diameter is
varied from 10 µm to 200 µm, dependent on the radiation
intensity and on the disposition of the pin-hole camera.
Using the pin-hole, 10 ÷ 30 µm, and a film, low sensitive
to a visible light, one can avoid the usage of a filter. The
usage of multi-hole cameras allows one to produce the
pinch images in various spectral ranges on one frame.
3. 2.SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS
Two types of semiconductor detectors are used for
obtaining the radiation characteristics in time:
- detectors with the Al-layer sprayed upon a sensitive
element – SPPD-11 – for the measurements in the
range 0.4 ÷ 100 keV;
- open detectors – RPPD-11 – allowing one to register
the radiation with the quanta energy from 10 eV.
The semiconductor detectors are sometimes used
for the X-rays yield measurements in the integral mode.
3. 3.X-RAY SPECTROGRAPH
Spectral structure of the Ne-radiation study in the
range 10 ÷ 100 Ǻ was performed with a grazing-incidence
spectrograph, having a concave diffraction – golden
covered – lattice replica (R = 1 m, 1200 lines per
millimetre). A distance from the input slit to the lattice
centre is 70 mm, angle of incidence is 4°, inlet beam
aperture is ~ 1°. The radiation was registered with the
photofilm located perpendicular to the Rowland circle, at
the different distances from the lattice centre. Such a
disposition provided the least defocusing for the only
chosen wave-length, λfoc. However, the input beam
aperture restriction to 1° has allowed us to produce the
spectra with the acceptable line defocusing in a rather
wide wavelength range, ∆λ ~ 0.5 λ0. In a given study we
have used two distances, 104.5 mm and 143 mm, with the
maximal focusing at the wavelength of 25 Ǻ and 66 Ǻ
respectively, that has provided the permissible defocusing
in the whole range of interest for us (10 ÷ 100 Ǻ).
A diagram of the X-ray diagnostics equipment
location is shown in Fig. 1. When the diagnostics element
98 Problems of Atomic Science and Technology. 2003. № 1. Series: Plasma Physics (9). P. 98-101
is placed at the angle 90° to the facility axis, the soft X-
ray radiation from the pinch only is registered. In this
case, the distance to the pinch is ~ 1.5 m. When the
diagnostics element is installed at the chamber axis, both
the soft and the hard radiation spectrum components are
registered. The distance to the pinch can be varied from
0.3 m to 3 m. When the diagnostics element is installed at
the angle 60° to the facility axis, a soft X-ray radiation
from the pinch and a relatively-soft component of the
hard radiation, emerging under interaction of the current
plasma sheath with the anode surface, are registered. In
this case, the distance to the pinch is ~ 0.5 m.
1
A
A 4
3
4
2
2
A-A
2
2
5
4
1
Fig. 1. Diagram of X-ray measurements. (1 – detector
head; 2 – pin-diodes; 3 – hard X-ray pin-hole; 4 – pin-
hole cameras; 5 – X-ray spectrograph)
A detector head including the pin-hole camera and
four SPPD-type detectors, has been developed and used.
The design provides the installation of replaceable filters
and of neutral attenuators. The detector head is supplied
by an autonomous evacuation set. The detector head can
be installed at the facility axis, as well as at the lateral
chamber wall.
The X-ray spectrograph can be installed at the angle
of 90° to axis, as well as at the branch pipe, 60° to axis.
The necessity in the spectrograph installation at the angle
of 60° (at the more close distance to the pinch) is caused
by the significant absorption of a soft radiation
(100 ÷ 300 eV) in a working gas.
All the diagnostics branch pipes are supplied with
vacuum locks. The central part of the anode is
changeable. An insertion with a conical deepening,
100 mm in diameter and 80 mm deep is usually used. An
insertion with diagnostical orifices can be used, when
necessary.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The typical pinch images produced with the pin-hole
cameras are given in Fig. 2. Fig. 2 (a) was obtained in 30
sequential shots and illustrates a very good (~ 1 mm)
pinch reproducibility in a space (at the geometrical anode
centre) from shot to shot that is of importance under
operation with the liner loadings. Fig. 2 (b,c) represents
the pinch images produced by the one pulse with the pin-
hole cameras located at the angles of 60° and 90° to the
facility axis. The hot zone dimensions (quanta energy
> 0.6 keV) are ~ 5 mm in diameter and ~ 5 cm in high.
An analysis of pin-hole images shows that ~3/5 of the
pinch length are located over the anode plane and 2/5 of it
are located in the conical deepening in the central anode
part.
The usage of semiconductor detectors, SPPD-11 and
RPPD-11-types, allows one to perform the X-ray
radiation measurements in the range 100 eV ÷ 100 keV.
An absolute spectral sensitivity of the detector is given in
the passport data. Sensitivities of the filter-detector
systems in the whole energy range were calculated for
each filter-detector combination, taking into account
spectral absorption characteristics of a given filter.
a
b c
Fig. 2. Pin-hole camera images
One pair of filters (Be 24 µm and Al 8 µm) was
selected by their thickness in such a way that their
sensitivities coincide at the quanta energies < 1.5 keV
(due to Al K-jump).
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
16.2 16.4 16.6 16.8 17.0 17.2
T (µ s) Al (8) Be (10)
99
a
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
E (keV) Be (10) Al (8)
Fig. 3. Soft X-ray measurement
A difference in the indications of these two channels
corresponds to the radiation with the energy > 1.5 keV.
The measurements done at the angle 90° to system axis
showed that – within the measurement error (a few
percents) – the signals of two detectors coincide that
speaks about the absence of a noticeable amount of
radiation from the pinch with the quanta energy
> 1.5 keV.
The signal behavior in time beyond the filters, Be 10 µ
m and Al 8 µm, is shown in Fig. 3a. One can judge about
a mean-effecting quanta energy (assuming a radiation
mono-energy) by the ratio of the signal areas. Obtained
ratio SBe/SAl = 2.4 corresponds to the energy of 1.2 keV
(Fig.3b).
The oscillograms of hard X-ray radiation (Al-filter,
0.6 mm thick + Cu-filter, 150 µm thick, 60° to the axis)
and those of soft X-ray radiation (Al-filter, 8 µm thick, 90
° to the axis) are shown in Fig. 4. Some advancing of the
hard X-ray pulse is stipulated by interaction of a current
shell with the anode surface on the early stages of the
compression (before dense pinch formation)
For estimating the radiation hardness, the ratio of the
signals with the filters 0.6 mm Al and
0.6 mm Al + 0.15 mm Cu has been measured. This ration
turns out to be equal ~ 3. An average-effective energy of
~ 30 keV corresponds to such a ratio.
-5
0
5
10
15
20
16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5
T (µ s) HXR SXR
Fig. 4. Oscillograms of hard X-ray and soft X-ray pulses
The results of measuring the spectral distribution of
the soft X-ray radiation in the range 100 eV ÷ 1.5 keV,
obtained with the above-described X-ray spectrograph is
given in Fig. 5. Each spectrogram was obtained for 5
discharges.
Be (10 µm) C (0.08 µm) Without filter
Fig. 5. X-ray spectra in discharges with pure Ne
Using carbonic filters, one can distinctly see the K-
jump of carbon (43.8 Ǻ) that serves as an initial
benchmark in the procedure of decoding the spectra. The
spectrograph slit diaphragming in the longitudinal
direction – it makes the spectrograph similar to the pin-
hole camera – has allowed one to judge on the transversal
pinch dimensions by the characteristic film fogging. The
densitogram study allows one to identify the series of Li-
like lines of Ne. However, a part of them can be the lines
of He-like NeIX. An insufficient spectral resolution of the
instrument, ~ 1 Ǻ, does not allow one to make a more
definite conclusion. A jump in the carbon absorption
hides a short wavelength part (λ < 43.8 Ǻ) of the lines of
this series.
The usage of Be 10 µm as a filter in a number of
experiments has allowed one to observe the short
wavelength (~ 10 Ǻ) Ne-ion lines in higher orders. In this
case, the long wavelength lines are too weak and not seen.
The main result of this study is in that the registration
of the spectral X-ray radiation structure in the Ne-
discharge within the long wavelength spectrum part
(~ 100 ÷ 300 eV) have been first done at PF-3-facility.
The spectral resolution of the instrument didn’t allow us
to realize an unambiguous identification of all the lines in
the mentioned range. However, the presence of rather
intense lines allows one to make the conclusion about the
necessity of taking account of this range in the total
energy balance of radiation.
CONCLUSION
A set of diagnostics for X-ray measurements on the
PF-3 facility has been developed.
The X-ray radiation from PF has been studied in three
spectral ranges:
Soft X-ray radiation of Ne-pinch in the range 0.4 ÷ 1.5
keV. Pinch size is ~ 5 mm in diameter, ~ 5 cm high. The
radiation duration is a few hundreds nanoseconds. The
total energy radiated from the pinch in this spectral range
is ~ 10 kJ.
Hard X-ray radiation provided by an interaction of the
PCS and electron beams driven in the pinch with the
anode surface. An average energy of this radiation is
~ 30 keV.
The presence of rather intense Ne-ion lines in the
range 100-300 eV makes necessary to take into account of
this range in the total radiation energy balance.
100
b
REFERENCES
1. N.V.Filippov, T.I.Filippova, I.V.Khutoretskaia,
V.V.Mialton, and V.P.Vinogradov// Physics Lett.,
211 1996, p.168-171.
2. V.E. Fortov, M.A. Karakin, E.Yu. Khautiev et al.//
14th Int. Conf. on High-Power Particle Beams and 5th
Int. Conf. on Dense Z-Pinches, Albuquerque, New
Mexico, USA, June 23-28, 2002, Program and Book
of Abstracts, TU-O3-2I-So , p.192.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РЕНТГЕНІВСЬКОГО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ УСТАНОВКИ
ПЛАЗМОВИЙ ФОКУС ПФ-3
В.І. Крауз, В.В. Мялтон, В.П. Виноградов
Проведено дослідження спектральних і амплітудних характеристик рентгенівського випромінювання
плазмовофокусної установки ПФ-3 (Wмакс= 2.8 МДж) у трьох спектральних діапазонах. Описано діагностичний
комплекс для вимірювання рентгенівського випромінювання. Повна енергія, що випромінюється пінчем у
спектральному діапазоні 0.4 – 1.5 кеВ при енергії накопичувача до 1 МДж, складає ~ 10 кДж. Вперше на
установці ПФ-3 проведено спектральні вимірювання випромінювання у довгохвильовій частині спектру 100-
300 еВ при розрядах у неоні. Зроблено висновок про необхідність врахування цього діапазону у загальному
енергетичному балансі випромінювання.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ РЕНТГЕНОВСКОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ УСТАНОВКИ ПЛАЗМЕННЫЙ ФОКУС ПФ-3
В.И. Крауз, В.В .Мялтон, В.П. Виноградов
Проведены исследования спектральных и амплитудных характеристик рентгеновского излучения
плазмофокусной установки ПФ-3 (Wмакс= 2.8 МДж) в трех спектральных диапазонах. Описан диагностический
комплекс для измерения рентгеновского излучения. Полная энергия, излучаемая пинчом в спектральном
диапазоне 0.4 – 1.5 кэВ при энергии накопителя до 1 МДж, составляет ~ 10 кДж. Впервые на установке ПФ-3
проведены спектральные измерения излучения в длинноволновой части спектра 100-300 эВ при разрядах в
неоне. Сделан вывод о необходимости учета этого диапазона в общем энергетическом балансе излучения.
101
RRC “Kurchatov Institute”, Institute of Nuclear Fusion, Moscow, 123182, Russia
2. task statement
3. diagnostics techniques
experimental results
conclusion
References
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