Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel
In the present article the complex theoretical and experimental investigation of plasma kinetics of a discharge in mixture of air and vapors of ethanol and water is conducted. It is found out that the hydrogen output from the discharge is maximal in the case of equal amounts of alcohol and water. It...
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| Date: | 2008 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2008
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| Cite this: | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel / A.I. Shchedrin, D.S. Levko, A.V. Ryabtsev, V.Ya. Chernyak, V.V. Yukhimenko, S.V. Ol'shevskiy, I.V. Prisyazhnevich, E.V. Solomenko, V.V. Naumov, V.P. Demchina, V.S. Kudryavtsev // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2008. — № 4. — С. 159-162. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859714880025657344 |
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| author | Shchedrin, A.I. Levko, D.S. Ryabtsev, A.V. Chernyak, V.Ya. Yukhimenko, V.V. Ol'shevskiy, S.V. Prisyazhnevich, I.V. Solomenko, E.V. Naumov, V.V. Demchina, V.P. Kudryavtsev, V.S. |
| author_facet | Shchedrin, A.I. Levko, D.S. Ryabtsev, A.V. Chernyak, V.Ya. Yukhimenko, V.V. Ol'shevskiy, S.V. Prisyazhnevich, I.V. Solomenko, E.V. Naumov, V.V. Demchina, V.P. Kudryavtsev, V.S. |
| citation_txt | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel / A.I. Shchedrin, D.S. Levko, A.V. Ryabtsev, V.Ya. Chernyak, V.V. Yukhimenko, S.V. Ol'shevskiy, I.V. Prisyazhnevich, E.V. Solomenko, V.V. Naumov, V.P. Demchina, V.S. Kudryavtsev // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2008. — № 4. — С. 159-162. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | In the present article the complex theoretical and experimental investigation of plasma kinetics of a discharge in mixture of air and vapors of ethanol and water is conducted. It is found out that the hydrogen output from the discharge is maximal in the case of equal amounts of alcohol and water. It is also shown that the concentration of hydrogen grows with an increase of specific power, and saturated at high value. Concentrations of the steadiest components, measured experimentally and obtained in calculations are in a good agreement.
Проведено комплекс теоретичних і експериментальних досліджень плазмової кінетики розряду в суміші повітря і парів етанолу у воді. Знайдено, що вихід водню з розряду максимальний у випадку рівних часток алкоголю і води. Показано, що концентрації вивчених компонентів, обмірювані експериментально і отримані в розрахунках, перебувають у гарній відповідності.
Проведен комплекс теоретических и экспериментальных исследований плазменной кинетики разряда в смеси воздуха и паров этанола в воде. Найдено, что выход водорода из разряда максимален в случае равных долей алкоголя и воды. Показано, что концентрации изученных компонентов, измеренные экспериментально и полученные в расчетах, находятся в хорошем соответствии.
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PLASMA’S KINETICS IN DISCHARGE IN MIXTURE OF AIR, WATER
AND ETHANOL STEAMS AND THE QUESTIONS OF ALTERNA-
TIVE FUEL
A.I. Shchedrin1, D.S. Levko1, A.V. Ryabtsev1, V.Ya. Chernyak2, V.V. Yukhimenko2, S.V. Ol'-
shevskiy2, I.V. Prisyazhnevich2, E.V. Solomenko2, V.V. Naumov2, V.P. Demchina3,
V.S. Kudryavtsev3
1Institute of physics NANU, Kiev, Ukraine;
2Tarasa Shevchenko Kiev State University, Kiev, Ukraine;
3Gas Institute of NANU, Kiev, Ukraine
E-mail: ashched@iop.kiev.ua
In the present article the complex theoretical and experimental investigation of plasma kinetics of a discharge in
mixture of air and vapors of ethanol and water is conducted. It is found out that the hydrogen output from the dis-
charge is maximal in the case of equal amounts of alcohol and water. It is also shown that the concentration of hy-
drogen grows with an increase of specific power, and saturated at high value. Concentrations of the steadiest compo-
nents, measured experimentally and obtained in calculations are in a good agreement.
PACS: 82.33.Xj+52.80.Wq
1. INTRODUCTION
Now there is a great interest in searching of biofuels
as an alternative to traditional fossil fuels and natural
gas. Bio-ethanol can be a good candidate since it can be
obtained in sufficient amounts from agricultural
biomass. However, pure ethanol (ethyl alcohol
C2H5OH) has a set of physico-chemical limitations in-
cluding a relatively low heat of combustion and low
speed of ignition. As is known an addition of light and
easily burning components (H2, CO, etc) to heavy hy-
drocarbons significantly increases their combustibility.
One possible way is to use plasma reforming of ethanol
into hydrogen-enriched synthesis gas (syngas) [1]. The
present paper is related to the study of a new method of
the ethanol enrichment by hydrogen using non-equilibri-
um plasma of a gas discharge in aqueous ethanol solu-
tion [2]. In such plasma the energy of neutral particles is
much less than the energy of electrons initiating chemi-
cal transformations. Selecting the reactions which prod-
ucts are more stabile to the electron impact than initial
reagents, one can get a process which is selective to the
desired products. In such plasma-liquid system there is
no need of removal of the excess energy of the thermal
motion of gas particles as they are really cold in plasma.
2. MODEL OF THE DISCHARGE
The schematic of the experimental reactor which was
utilized for the plasma-chemical conversion of ethanol
into hydrogen is shown in Fig.1. The advantages of this
design are efficiency, compactness and easiness in opera-
tion. Two hollow tubes with inserted rod electrodes were
placed in the reactor filled up by the ethanol-water solu-
tion. The atmospheric air was pumped through the tubes
in the gap between the electrodes. The water and ethanol
evaporated in the appearing cavity, and the gas discharge
burned in the mixture of air and ethanol-water vapors. In
experiments, the discharge worked in the continuous
regime, typical discharge power was 100 W; the air flow
rate was 38 cm3/s, the processing time varied within 1-
10 min. The plasma conditions in the discharge were di-
agnosed by the optical emission spectroscopy; the output
syngas products after the reactor were analyzed by the
mass-spectrometry and gas-chromatography [2].
Fig.1. Schema of the experimental setting
In the model statement it was supposed that the gas
discharge was burning in a cylinder cavity with a radius
that equals to the internal radius of the tubes and with a
length that equals to the distance between the elec-
trodes. In calculations, the complete time of the dis-
charge burning was divided into the equal time intervals
which duration is determined by the cavity filling time.
In the given case this time is determined only by the
time of the gas flowing that is equal to the ratio of the
cavity volume V to the gas flow rate G, i.e. ≈= GV /τ
10-3 s. In addition it was assumed that at the beginning
of the every time interval the gas in the cavity was total-
ly refreshed, and the previous periods did not influence
on the subsequent periods. This allows doing calcula-
tions of plasma-chemical kinetics in the discharge dur-
ing the one time interval only as the concentrations of
components in the every time interval come to the same
values. The gas products from the discharge cavity en-
tered the solution volume in the reactor and then passed
into the chamber where the gas composition measure-
ments took place. Here the plasma-chemical kinetics
was also calculated but without electron-molecular in-
teractions.
After the detailed analysis of plasma-chemical reac-
tions in the air-water-ethanol mixture, 59 components
___________________________________________________________
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2008. № 4.
Серия: Плазменная электроника и новые методы ускорения (6), с.159-162.
159
were taken into account for calculation, and the follow-
ing system of kinetic equations was used [3]:
...
,
+∑ ∑++=
j lm
lmimljijei
i NNkNkS
dt
dN ,
where Ni, Nj, Nm, Nl are concentrations of molecules,
atoms and radicals, kij, kiml are rate constants of chemical
reactions for corresponding reagents. The rates of for-
mation of products of electron-molecular reactions Sei
were determined by equations:
,1
∑+∑
=
i
i
i
ei
ei
ei
ei WW
W
V
W
S
ε
where W is a discharge power, V is a discharge cavity
volume, Wei is a specific power consumed in the elec-
tron-molecular process of inelastic scattering with
threshold energy εei:
∫
∞
=
0
)()(2 εεεεε dfQNn
m
qW eieiieei ,
where q = 1.602∙10-12 erg/eV, m and ne are the mass and
concentration of electrons; Qei is a cross-section of the
corresponding inelastic process; f(ε) is the electron ener-
gy distribution function (EEDF). Wi is a specific power
spent into the gas heating:
∫
∞
=
0
2 )()(22 εεεε dfQNn
m
q
M
mW iie
i
i ,
where Mi is a molecular mass, Qi is a transport cross-
section of elastic scattering.
Electron-molecular reactions that took into account in calculations of plasma’s kinetic in mixture of air, ethanol
and water vapors
Reaction Refer-
ence Reaction Refer-
ence
1 O2 + e > O + O + e [8] 39 CH2O + e > HCO + H + e [14]
2 N2 + e > N + N + e [9] 40 CH2O + e > CO + H2 + e [14]
3 O2 + e > O2
+ + e + e [10] 41 CH2OH + e > CH2 + OH + e [14]
4 N2 + e > N2
+ + e + e [11] 42 CH2OH + e > CH2O + H + e [14]
5 H2O + e > OH + H + e [10] 43 CH3CHO + e > CH3 + HCO + e [14]
6 O2 + e > O + O(d) + e * 44 CH3CHO + e > C2H4 + O + e [14]
7 O3 + e > O2 + O + e * 45 CH3CHO + e > CH2HCO + H + e [14]
8 N2O + e > N2 + O + e * 46 CH3CHOH + e > C2H4 + OH + e [14]
9 NO2 + e > NO + O + e * 47 CH2HCO + e > CH3 + CO + e [14]
10 N2O4 + e > NO2 + NO2 + e * 48 CH2HCO + e > C2H3 + O + e [14]
11 N2O5 + e > NO2 + NO3 + e * 49 CH2HCO + e > CH2CO + H + e [14]
12 HO2 + e > OH + O + e * 50 CH3 + e > CH2 + H + e [14]
13 HO2 + e > H + O2 + e * 51 CH3O + e > CH3 + O + e [14]
14 H2O2 + e > OH + OH + e * 52 CH3OH + e > CH3 + OH + e [14]
15 OH + e > O + H + e * 53 CH3OH + e > CH2OH + H + e [14]
16 N2O + e > NO + N + e * 54 CH3OH + e > CH3O + H + e [14]
17 NO + e > N + O + e * 55 CH4 + e > CH3 + H + e [12]
18 HNO + e > NO + H + e * 56 CH4 + e > CH2 + H2 + e [13]
19 NO3 + e > NO2 + O + e * 57 CH + e > C + H + e [14]
20 HNO2 + e > NO + OH + e * 58 CO2 + e > CO + O + e [12]
21 HO2NO2 + e > NO2 + HO2 + e * 59 CO + e > C + O + e [12]
22 HNO3 + e > OH + NO2 + e * 60 HCO + e > CO + H + e [14]
23 HNO3 + e > HO2 + NO + e * 61 HCOOH + e > HCO + OH + e [14]
24 C2 + e > C + C + e * 62 C2O + e > CO + C + e [14]
25 C2H2 + e > C2H + H + e [14] 63 CH2 + e > CH + H + e [14]
26 C2H3 + e > C2H2 + H + e [14] 64 C3H4 + e > CH3 + C2H + e [14]
27 C2H4 + e > H + C2H3 + e [14] 65 CH3CH2O + e > C2H5 + O + e [14]
28 C2H5 + e > CH2 + CH3 + e [14] 66 H2 + e > H + H + e [14]
29 C2H5OH + e > CH3 + CH2OH + e [14] 67 C2H + e > C2 + H + e [14]
30 C2H5OH + e > C2H5 + OH + e [14] 68 HCOH + e > CH2 + O + e [14]
31 C2H5OH + e > CH3CHOH + H + e [14] 69 HCCO + e > H + C2H + e [14]
32 C2H6 + e > C2H5 + H + e [14] 70 C3H5 + e > C3H4 + H + e [14]
33 C2H6 + e > CH3 + CH3 + e [14] 71 CH2CHO + e > CH2CO + H + e [14]
34 C3H6 + e > C2H3 + CH3 + e [14] 72 CH2CHO + e > C2H3 + O + e [14]
35 C3H6 + e > C3H5 + H + e [14] 73 CH3CH2O + e > CH3CHO + H + e [14]
36 CH2CO + e > CO + CH2 + e [14] 74 CH2CH2OH + e > CH2 + CH2OH [14]
37 CH2CO + e > O + C2H2 + e [14] 75 S-CH2 + e > CH + H + e [14]
38 CH2O + e > CH2 + O + e [14] 76 C2H4O + e > C2H4 + O + e [14]
The EEDF was calculated from the Boltzmann equa-
tion in the standard two-term approximation [4]. It was
assumed that the electric field in the discharge did not
vary (E = 20 kV/cm). Only processes with primary
components: nitrogen, oxygen, water and ethanol were
taken into account since other secondary products poor-
ly affected the EEDF because their concentrations are
relatively small.
The calculated EEDF is shown in Fig.2. One can see
that f(ε) function has a form characteristic for the case
when N2 is a plasma-forming gas.
160
0 5 10
10-3
10-2
10-1
f(ε
),
eV
-3
/2
ε , eV
Fig.2. Calculated EDFE
The gas components taking into account in plasma-
chemical kinetics included primary components: N2, O2,
H2O and C2H5OH, oxides of nitrogen and carbon, acids,
and various hydrocarbons. The selected electron-molec-
ular reactions for these components are presented in Ta-
ble 1. The scheme of chemical reactions was compiled
from [5, 6]. Besides, a water gas shift (WGS) reaction:
H2O + CO CO2 + H2 (∆H = - 41 kJ/mol) (1)
was included in the scheme because of its importance
[7] at the final stage of transformations outside the dis-
charge.
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
During the investigation an unexpected result was
obtained at the calculation of the output hydrogen con-
centration dependence on the ethanol/water ratio: at
equal amounts of ethanol and water in the solution the
[H2] output curve has the maximum (Fig.3). This fact
was confirmed in experiments.
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
2,0x1017
4,0x1017
6,0x1017
8,0x1017
1,0x1018
1,2x1018
1,4x1018
1,6x1018
[H
2]
, c
m
-3
the fraction of ethanol in solution
Fig.3. Dependence of concentration of hydrogen on
maintenance of alcohol in solution
The appearance of this maximum can be explained if
consider the key reactions of the hydrogen generation.
Among them the strongest effect gives the reaction of
ethanol molecules with hydrogen atoms:
C2H5OH + H CH3CH2O + H2 . (2)
The main source of hydrogen atoms during the discharge
is the fast e-impact dissociation of water molecules:
H2O + e OH + H + e . (3)
Therefore, the rate of the H2 formation is proportion-
al to the content of ethanol and water vapors. According
to the model, the solution is ideal, and the concentra-
tions of the specified components are determined by for-
mulas:
x
kT
p1
52 ]OHHC[ = , (4)
( )x
kT
p
−= 1]OH[ 2
2 , (5)
where x is a portion of ethanol in the solution, p is the
saturation vapor pressure at given temperature T. Thus,
the H2 yield is functionally quadratic on the ethanol con-
tent as )1( xxy −∝ and it takes a maximum at x=0.5.
Since the exact value of gas temperature in the
discharge cavity is not known, the calculations were
produced for two points: T=355 K as assumed for the
boiling temperature in the 50% ethanol-water solution
and T=323 K as measured by the thermocuple in the
solution in the working reactor. The comparison of
calculated results and experimental data is presented in
Fig.4. One can see a rather good agreement for the main
output syngas components, H2 and CO at T=323 K.
Fig.4. Comparison of results of the calculation and an
experiment
The dynamics of variation of concentrations for
some gas-phase components is illustrated in Fig.5. One
can see that during the discharge the production of H2,
CO and other species grows with the residence time up
to ~10-3s. Outside the discharge, after the time of ~10 s,
the H2 and CO have some changes due to the WGS reac-
tion while CH4 and other components at the final stage
remain nearly constant as is seen in Fig.5.
10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
C
o
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
s,
c
m
-3
time, s
CO
CH4
H2
CO2
C2H4
C2H6
Fig.5. Dynamics of steady component concentrations
The dependence of the H2 output on the specific dis-
charge power VW / is indicated in Fig.6. At low values
34 W/cm10/ <VW it is evidently approximated by a
linear function. Such behavior is related to the fact that
the H2 generation is determined by the reaction of H2
production from C2H5OH (2) which rate depends on the
number of H atoms generated mainly via the reaction of
e-impact dissociation of H2O (3) which rate is directly
proportional to the deposited discharge power. Conse-
quently, the H2 yield is also linearly increased with the
parameter VW / . At high values 34 W/cm10/ >VW the
H2 formation has influence of the direct e-impact disso-
ciation of hydrogen molecules
H2 + e H + H + e , (6)
which leads to the [H2] output curve bending in Fig.6.
___________________________________________________________
ВОПРОСЫ АТОМНОЙ НАУКИ И ТЕХНИКИ. 2008. № 4.
Серия: Плазменная электроника и новые методы ускорения (6), с.159-162.
161
100 1000 10000
1016
1017
1018
[H
2]
, c
m
-3
W, W/cm3
Fig.6. Dependence of hydrogen concentration on
specific poweer, enclosed into the discharge
CONCLUSIONS
In this work a new method of the plasma-assisted hy-
drogen production in the electric discharge in the mixture
of air and water and ethanol vapors was studied theoreti-
cally and experimentally. For the calculation of plasma
kinetics the simplest model of the discharge burning was
applied, which allows numerical simulations in agree-
ment with experiments. It was found that the maximal
output of hydrogen is achieved in the case of equal
amounts of ethanol and water in the solution. This was
confirmed experimentally. It was also shown that the hy-
drogen output increased linearly with the specific dis-
charge power and reached the saturation at high values.
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Статья поступила в редакцию 08.05.2008 г.
ПЛАЗМЕННАЯ КИНЕТИКА В РАЗРЯДЕ СМЕСИ ВОЗДУХА, ВОДЫ И ПАРОВ ЭТАНОЛА И ВО-
ПРОСЫ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОГО ТОПЛИВА
A.И. Щедрин, Д.С. Левко, A.В. Рябцев, В.Я. Черняк, В.В. Юхименко, С.В. Oльшевский,
И.В. Присяжневич, E.В. Соломенко, В.В.Наумов, В.П. Демчина, В.С. Кудрявцев
Проведен комплекс теоретических и экспериментальных исследований плазменной кинетики разряда в
смеси воздуха и паров этанола в воде. Найдено, что выход водорода из разряда максимален в случае равных
долей алкоголя и воды. Показано, что концентрации изученных компонентов, измеренные эксперименталь-
но и полученные в расчетах, находятся в хорошем соответствии.
ПЛАЗМОВА КІНЕТИКА В РОЗРЯДІ СУМІШІ ПОВІТРЯ, ВОДИ І ПАРІВ ЕТАНОЛУ
І ПИТАННЯ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВНОГО ПАЛИВА
A.І. Щедрін, Д.С. Левко, A.В. Рябцев, В.Я. Черняк, В.В. Юхименко, С.В. Oльшевський,
І.В. Присяжневич, E.В. Соломенко, В.В.Наумов, В.П. Демчина, В.С. Кудрявцев
Проведено комплекс теоретичних і експериментальних досліджень плазмової кінетики розряду в суміші
повітря і парів етанолу у воді. Знайдено, що вихід водню з розряду максимальний у випадку рівних часток
алкоголю і води. Показано, що концентрації вивчених компонентів, обмірювані експериментально і
отримані в розрахунках, перебувають у гарній відповідності.
162
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-110573 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-01T08:10:02Z |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Shchedrin, A.I. Levko, D.S. Ryabtsev, A.V. Chernyak, V.Ya. Yukhimenko, V.V. Ol'shevskiy, S.V. Prisyazhnevich, I.V. Solomenko, E.V. Naumov, V.V. Demchina, V.P. Kudryavtsev, V.S. 2017-01-04T19:52:19Z 2017-01-04T19:52:19Z 2008 Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel / A.I. Shchedrin, D.S. Levko, A.V. Ryabtsev, V.Ya. Chernyak, V.V. Yukhimenko, S.V. Ol'shevskiy, I.V. Prisyazhnevich, E.V. Solomenko, V.V. Naumov, V.P. Demchina, V.S. Kudryavtsev // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2008. — № 4. — С. 159-162. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 82.33.Xj+52.80.Wq https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/110573 In the present article the complex theoretical and experimental investigation of plasma kinetics of a discharge in mixture of air and vapors of ethanol and water is conducted. It is found out that the hydrogen output from the discharge is maximal in the case of equal amounts of alcohol and water. It is also shown that the concentration of hydrogen grows with an increase of specific power, and saturated at high value. Concentrations of the steadiest components, measured experimentally and obtained in calculations are in a good agreement. Проведено комплекс теоретичних і експериментальних досліджень плазмової кінетики розряду в суміші повітря і парів етанолу у воді. Знайдено, що вихід водню з розряду максимальний у випадку рівних часток алкоголю і води. Показано, що концентрації вивчених компонентів, обмірювані експериментально і отримані в розрахунках, перебувають у гарній відповідності. Проведен комплекс теоретических и экспериментальных исследований плазменной кинетики разряда в смеси воздуха и паров этанола в воде. Найдено, что выход водорода из разряда максимален в случае равных долей алкоголя и воды. Показано, что концентрации изученных компонентов, измеренные экспериментально и полученные в расчетах, находятся в хорошем соответствии. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel Плазмова кінетика в розряді суміші повітря, води і парів етанолу і питання альтернативного палива Плазменная кинетика в разряде смеси воздуха, воды и паров этанола и вопросы альтернативного топлива Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel Shchedrin, A.I. Levko, D.S. Ryabtsev, A.V. Chernyak, V.Ya. Yukhimenko, V.V. Ol'shevskiy, S.V. Prisyazhnevich, I.V. Solomenko, E.V. Naumov, V.V. Demchina, V.P. Kudryavtsev, V.S. Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| title | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel |
| title_alt | Плазмова кінетика в розряді суміші повітря, води і парів етанолу і питання альтернативного палива Плазменная кинетика в разряде смеси воздуха, воды и паров этанола и вопросы альтернативного топлива |
| title_full | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel |
| title_fullStr | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel |
| title_short | Plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel |
| title_sort | plasma’s kinetics in discharge in mixture of air, water and ethanol steams and the questions of alternative fuel |
| topic | Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| topic_facet | Плазменно-пучковый разряд, газовый разряд и плазмохимия |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/110573 |
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