The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D
The electron linac research and development activity in the “Accelerator” R&D Production Establishment of the National Science Center KIPT are reviewed in the paper. The main results of linac system researches (electron sources, injector systems, accelerating structures, RF supply, control, and...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2003
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| Cite this: | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D / M.I. Ayzatsky, V.N. Boriskin, A.M. Dovbnya, V.A. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik, Yu.D. Tur, A.I. Zykov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2003. — № 2. — С. 19-24. — Бібліогр.: 71 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Ayzatsky, M.I. Boriskin, V.N. Dovbnya, A.M. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik, V.A. Tur, Yu.D. Zykov, A.I. |
| author_facet | Ayzatsky, M.I. Boriskin, V.N. Dovbnya, A.M. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik, V.A. Tur, Yu.D. Zykov, A.I. |
| citation_txt | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D / M.I. Ayzatsky, V.N. Boriskin, A.M. Dovbnya, V.A. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik, Yu.D. Tur, A.I. Zykov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2003. — № 2. — С. 19-24. — Бібліогр.: 71 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | The electron linac research and development activity in the “Accelerator” R&D Production Establishment of the National Science Center KIPT are reviewed in the paper. The main results of linac system researches (electron sources, injector systems, accelerating structures, RF supply, control, and beam parameters measurement) obtained for the past ten years are presented.
Дано огляд результатів діяльності в області розробки та дослідження лінійних електронних прискорювачів у Науково - дослідному комплексі “Прискорювач” ННЦ ХФТІ. Наведено одержані за останні десять років результати дослідження головних систем прискорювачів. Особлива увага приділяється новим типам джерел електронів, інжекторним системам та прискорюючим структурам. Описано розроблені та створені прискорювальні комплекси, які призначені для вирішення прикладних задач та проведення експериментальних досліджень.
Приведен обзор результатов деятельности в области разработки и исследования линейных ускорителей электронов в Научно-исследовательском комплексе “Ускоритель” ННЦ ХФТИ. Описаны полученные за последние десять лет результаты исследования основных систем ускорителей. Особое внимание уделено новым типам источников электронов, инжекторных систем и ускоряющих структур. Приведено описание разработанных и созданных ускорительных комплексов, предназначенных для решения прикладных задач и проведения экспериментальных исследований.
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THE NSC KIPT ELECTRON LINACS - R&D
M.I. Ayzatsky, V.N. Boriskin, A.M. Dovbnya, V.A. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik,
Yu.D. Tur, A.I. Zykov
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
e-mail: kushnir@kipt.kharkov.ua
The electron linac research and development activity in the “Accelerator” R&D Production Establishment of the
National Science Center KIPT are reviewed in the paper. The main results of linac system researches (electron
sources, injector systems, accelerating structures, RF supply, control, and beam parameters measurement) obtained
for the past ten years are presented.
PACS: 84.40.Cb
1. INTRODUCTION
During many years, the “Accelerator” R&D
Production Establishment of the NSC “Kharkov
Institute of Physics&Technology” is the leading
organization in Ukraine in the development of electron
linacs and applied technologies. At present, the main
concept of the NSC KIPT linac activities is the
development, fabrication and application of accelerators
with a wide range of parameters, which capable to meet
any market’s demands. This ideology is dictated by the
absence of stable situation on the Ukrainian market of
radiation technologies. The paper gives a short survey
of some electron linear accelerators and main results in
the field of linacs physics and technique.
2. ELECTRON LINACS
There are six electron linear accelerators designed
and fabricated in the “Accelerator” R&D Establishment
NSC KIPT besides the oldest linac in Europe LUE-2000
[1]. Four accelerators (EPOS [2], LU-10 [3, 4], KYT [5],
KYT-20 [6]) are used for performing various radiation
processes. The linac LIC [7, 8] is used for scientific
researches in different fields. The linac LU-60 [9] was
designed and established as the injector linac in a
compact synchrotron radiation source and as
accelerating facility for scientific researches. Main
parameters of linacs are represented in the table.
Basic Parameters of Linacs
EPOS LU-10 KYT KYT-20 LIC LU-60
Energy range, MeV 10 -30 8-18 8-14 16-28 13-18 40-60
Operation energy , MeV 20 12 9 20 15 60
Frequency, MHz 2797.2 2797.2 2797.2 2797.2 2797.2 2797.2
Number of sections 2 1 1 2 1 1
DLW length, m 3.05 3.05 1.23 1.23 2.30 3.25
Number of klystrons 2 2 1 2 1 1
RF-pulse width, µs 5 4 5 5 2.2 1.5
RF-power input, MW 10 10 10 11 18 25
Current-pulse width, µs 4 3.5 4 4 1.5(0.007) 0.1
Normalised emittance (rms), π⋅
mm⋅mrad
- - - - 14 150
Repetition rate, pps 300 300 300 300 1-6.25 1-6.25
Average current, µA 1000 1000 800 1000 - -
Maximum Bsf, Hz 3 3 3 3 - -
Size of beam at the exit, cm 1 x 10 1 x 30 1 x 30 1 x 10 - -
2.1. Accelerator EPOS
The accelerator EPOS [2] is a two-section linac with
an extracted electron beam scanning system. It was built
in 1999 on the base of the existing equipment. EPOS
has been designed to be used for radiation processing of
various items, employing electron beams with energies
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2003, № 2.
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (41), p. 19-24. 19
up to 30 MeV.
2.2. Accelerator LU-10
The LU-10 single-section electron linac was
commissioned in 1987 [3]. It operated with one KIU-53
klystron up to mid-1993. The upgrade was made in
1993 using the scheme of the output RF-power adding
up from two KIU-12 klystrons [4].
Since 1994, the LU-10M has been employed for
researches in basic and applied areas of radiation
damage physics, radiation technologies and
pharmaceuticals sterilization. The facility is equipped
with a suspended conveyer belt and devices for target
irradiation by large doses with necessary cooling. The
accelerator is equipped with metrologically licensed
devices for energy spectrum measurements and
monitoring of average and pulsed beam current.
2.3. Accelerator KYT
The KYT is the first technological linac that
completely designed and fabricated in the “Accelerator”
R&D Production Establishment. It has been operating
since September 1993 [5]. KYT includes the electron
linac with the scanning and electron beam extraction
device, cooling and control systems. The linac is
composed of the accelerating section and an injector
including a diode electron gun, klystron type buncher
and accelerating cavity. The scanning and electron beam
extraction device consists of a scanning magnet and the
special system with an air-cooled exit foil. KYT
produces 8-10 MeV electron beam with power up to
10 kW to supply various radiation technological
processes including sterilization of medical articles.
2.4. Accelerator KYT-20
KYT-20 is the facility for irradiation applications
mainly for isotope production for nuclear medicine. The
facility based on a high-power electron linac. The linac
consists of two accelerating structures with variable
geometry and upgraded KYT’s injector system. The
linac was put into operation in 2002. The wave phase
velocity in the structures is equal to the velocity of the
light. Length of the accelerating section is 1.23 m,
oscillations mode is θ=2π/3. The linac is equipped with
a beam scanning system to extract the beam through an
air-cooled foil. All systems of the accelerator are
controlled by the computerized control system [68]. The
RF system includes two powerful amplifying klystrons
with modulators and wave-guide system. The klystron
of the first section operates as a self-excited oscillator.
The part of the output RF power from this klystron is
divided for the buncher and the accelerating resonator
feeding as well as for the excitation of the klystron of
the second section by the directional couplers and phase
shifters.
2.5. Accelerator LIC
The S-band linear accelerator LIC (Laser Injector
Complex) [7, 8] was developed and constructed for
experimental research of charged particles dynamic,
ultra-short wave generation in different systems and
wake-field generation in plasma. The main components
of the linac are the multipurpose RF gun [10] and the
novel accelerating structure with period being two times
higher than in similar structure with 2π/3 mode [11]. The
gun can be successfully used both in the thermionic and
photo-emission modes. The important features of the
accelerating structure are the possibility to accelerate
large pulse charge (limit charge in our case is up to
800 nC) and RF focusing of the beam [12]. During 1997-
2002 the facility was used for studying the electron
focusing in plasma by transverse components of wake-
fields [13], for experimental study of the millimeter
Smith-Purcell radiation [14], and for new types of RF
gun studying [15, 42].
2.6. Accelerator LU-60
The base model of the accelerator LU-60 was
designed in 1989 – 1990 as electron beam injector into
compact synchrotron radiation source. There are two
similar accelerators have been constructed. The main
features of LU-60 are the use of the RF gun with α-
magnet and high gradient (20 MeV/m) accelerating
structure. It allows obtaining the high brightness beam
with energy 60 MeV and energy spectrum width less
than 2 %.
3. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
“Accelerator” R&D Production Establishment of
NSC KIPT conducts different researches and
developments in some fields of accelerator physics. The
mains of them are: studying the properties of periodic
electrodynamic systems and the development of
different kinds of accelerator structures, electron guns
and injector systems.
3.1. Simulations
The calculation of the electrodynamic characteristics
of RF units and the simulation of particle dynamics
plays the important role for the electron linac
development and research. Analytical and numerical
methods of calculations and simulations are mastered
and developed in “Accelerator”. They supplement each
other permitting to carry out the researches more
effectively. The development of analytical model of
coupling cavities has allowed developing methods of
preliminary calculation and tuning the inhomogeneous
disk-loaded waveguides [11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].
The analytical calculations of particle dynamics that
take into account spatial non-synchronous harmonics of
an electromagnetic field in the disk loaded waveguides
have allowed to research a RF-focusing effect as well as
effects concerning radiation of electrons in such
waveguides [11, 25, 26, 27]. More detail research of
electron dynamics in the accelerating and shaping
systems of the linacs is successfully carried out with
both the world famous software (for example EGUN,
SUPERFISH, PARMELA) and home made software.
The diode electron guns of the injectors as well as RF
guns [28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34] were designed and researched
using this software. The effect of a back bombardment
in thermionic RF guns also was researched [35] as well
as the features of electron dynamics in linacs of S and K
20
bands including effect of RF-focusing and places of
beam particle loss localization [36, 37, 38].
3.2. Electron sources and injectors
The linac electron source and the injector system, as
a rule, determine the beam characteristics at an
accelerator exit. Therefore we put an emphasis on
design and study of these devices. We design two type
of injector system: injectors based on a RF gun and
traditional injectors with a DC diode electron gun.
During ten past years we carried out the
investigation of RF electron sources with different types
of cathode [39]. These devises can produce a high quality
beam and therefore they can be used as injector systems
for high brightness electron linacs. The thermionic RF
guns with various types of the resonant system are
theoretically and experimentally studied [40, 31, 35, 38].
The typical beam characteristics of these RF guns are
follows: the particle energy of 0.7-0.9 MeV, the pulse
current of 1.5 A, the bunch phase length less than 50°,
the current pulse length of 0.7 - 1.5 µs, normalized
emittance is not more than 12 π⋅mm⋅mrad. The low
pulse intensity beam with high frequency pulse
repetition rate is required for carrying out experiments
on study of the relativistic electron interactions with
crystals. Therefore we designed and tested a new RF
gun with metallic thermionic cathode [15]. The RF guns
for the high current beam generation with nanosecond
pulse length based on photocathode and dielectric-metal
cathode have been also designed and tested [41, 42].
The diode electron guns with suitable beam
characteristics for the different linacs were designed and
fabricated. The hexaboride lanthanum (LaB6), dispenser
tungsten impregnated with barium aluminate and BaNi
pressed emitter were used as cathodes. Two types guns
– high voltage (80...120 kV) and low voltage (25 kV)
[33, 34] were developed.
The compact injector (total length is 20 cm) for
technological high power S-band linac has been
designed, fabricated and tested [43]. The injector consists
of the low voltage (≈ 25 kV) diode electron gun with
oxide cathode, klystron type buncher, accelerating
cavity, focusing system and beam current monitor. It
produces the electron beam with energy more than
600 keV, pulse current above 1.4 A, pulse repetition rate
up to 300 pps. This injector has been installed in
10 MeV technological linac [5] in 1993 and worked
more than 30 000 hours. The upgraded modifications of
the injector are used in 20 MeV technological linac [37]
and special 1 MeV test facility. During past years we
designed electron source and two different injector
systems for compact K-band linac [38, 44]. At present
we design the new injector for high brightness S-band
linac. The injector consists of low voltage electron gun
and a buncher operating on the standing wave mode.
The buncher is the chain of identical coupled cavities
with special phase and amplitude distribution along the
axis [45]. The main feature of the injector is its operating
on the non-propagating oscillations. The injector has
ability to integrate with travelling wave accelerating
structure with phase velocity, which equals to the
velocity of light.
3.3. RF - Structures
Methods of fabrication and tuning of piecewise-
homogeneous accelerating structures (PHAS) have been
recently developed in KIPT. These RF structures consist
of series of uniform subsections jointed by transition
cells. The uniform subsections are differed in a loaded
factor and the cell radius. The first developed PHAS
named “Kharkov 85” operating on π/2 mode was
installed on the LU-2 GeV linac to increase the energy
gain and pulse beam current [46, 47, 48]. The PHAS type
section with high accelerating gradient up to 20 MeV/m
was designed and established as injector linac in a
compact SR source [49, 9]. The main problem for PHAS
tuning is the choice of transition cell parameters. Novel
mathematics models of coupled pillboxes and disc-
loaded waveguides [17, 20, 21, 22] and tuning
techniques [50, 16] were developed to solve this
problem. According to these techniques the four
inhomogeneous accelerating structures with 2π/3
operating mode have been developed and manufactured
[16]. Three of them have quasi-constant law of coupling
hole radius variation with a linear decrease of radii in
transition cells, while in the fourth one the coupling hole
radii are decreased linearly from entrance to exit. New
modifications of disc-loaded waveguides having (-2π/3)
phase shift per cell were designed for the acceleration of
short-pulse high current electron beams [51, 52, 53 54, 55].
The operating mode for such structures is the first
spatial harmonic. The fundamental harmonic is no
synchronous and provides radial RF focusing of a beam
[56, 57, 58, 36]. To create the small-sized linear electron
accelerator with energy up to 5 MeV the technology of
manufacturing and tuning technique of an accelerating
X and K band structure are developed [38].
3.4. RF Supply Systems
We have carried out research and development of
RF-systems, which is aimed at RF supply of an
accelerating system and electron bunch forming
elements of the injector. As a result, powerful S-band
RF-stations providing a pulse power not less then 10-
12 MW with a pulse length of 4-5 µs and repetition rate
of 300-400 pps at the input of each accelerating section
are developed [59, 60]. The other type of the RF-stations
destined for the high brightness beam study accelerator
test facilities feed have been designed and fabricated,
too.
The high-voltage modulators (anode voltage up to
270 kV, pulsed current up to 230 A, pulse width 5 µs,
repetition rate 300 – 400 pps) have been designed,
fabricated, tested and optimized. The operating units of
the HV-modulators have met all design specifications
with pulse-forming efficiency > 85 % and total
efficiency > 75 %. Designed HV-modulators have
operated with industrial accelerators and displayed the
necessary dependability and stability of the main
characteristics.
21
It has been shown that such klystrons as AURORA
klystrons (pulse output power up to 20 MW, average
output power-2.6 kW, efficiency up to 30 %), due to
optimization of conditions of beam propagation and
introduction of additional systems of cooling, ensures
output average power much exceeding a passport value.
In particular, in this case the industrial serial AURORA-
type klystron can operate at higher repetition rate and
larger pulse length as it is regarded by the
manufacturer’s specifications and its average output
power can be increased from 2.6 up to 24 kW.
We have been developed a technology of a klystron
restoration. Several samples of klystron have been
restored in correspondence with developed technology.
The output parameters of the restored klystrons
correspond to the work characteristics after
14 000 hours of operation without degradation. The
testing results of the designed high power supply
stations have shown that the long reliable operation is
observed for levels of pulse output power not less than
12 MW, average output power not less than 18 kW
(400 pps) and 13.5 kW (300 pps), total efficiency of the
modulators not less than 70 % and total efficiency of
high-frequency stations not less than 22 %.
3.5. Beam parameters measurement and control
system
Methods and instruments for the measurement and
control of beam parameters were designed. Some of
them are used for scientific experiments and others ones
are used for the metrological maintenance of the
technological process.
The bunch length measurements are very important
for accelerator physics and accelerator applications in
relativistic electronic. Therefore we pay attention to the
development of suitable measurement methods. In
particular we designed the bunch length monitor that
based on generation of coherent diffraction radiation
(CDR) from relativistic electron bunches at its motion
over a metallic grid [61]. The method based on temporal
scanning of the optical radiation of electron bunch was
also proposed [62].
The technological measurement channels are based
on the sensors that don’t disturb a radiation field
(Rogovski coils of different modification [63], radiation-
acoustic string [64], thin-wall ionization chambers [65],
etc.). Most of them were computer simulated a priori
using code GEANT. The special system has been
developed for linac control [66]. It controls the electron
beam current [67, 68], the energy [69] and the position [70,
71], defends the accelerating and scanning systems from
the damage caused by the beam; blocks the modulator
and the klystron amplifier in the case of the intolerable
operation modes. This system adjusts the phase and
power of the RF signals in the injecting system and also
adjusts the source power currents in the magnetic
system. In addition the radiation dose of the
technological samples is controlled and the target
devices are operated.
4. CONCLUSION
As one can see from the presented results the chosen
direction of the development of linac physics and
technique in the present economic condition is correct.
The accelerators created during past 10 years (KYT,
KYT-20, LU-60, LIC) correspond to modern
requirements on the design and beam parameters.
Despite of the present difficulties the “Accelerator”
R&D Production Establishment of the National Science
Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics&Technology”
stays up as organization that can solve complex tasks on
design of new accelerating technique.
22
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-110602 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-24T10:56:31Z |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Ayzatsky, M.I. Boriskin, V.N. Dovbnya, A.M. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik, V.A. Tur, Yu.D. Zykov, A.I. 2017-01-05T18:19:46Z 2017-01-05T18:19:46Z 2003 The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D / M.I. Ayzatsky, V.N. Boriskin, A.M. Dovbnya, V.A. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik, Yu.D. Tur, A.I. Zykov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2003. — № 2. — С. 19-24. — Бібліогр.: 71 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 84.40.Cb https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/110602 The electron linac research and development activity in the “Accelerator” R&D Production Establishment of the National Science Center KIPT are reviewed in the paper. The main results of linac system researches (electron sources, injector systems, accelerating structures, RF supply, control, and beam parameters measurement) obtained for the past ten years are presented. Дано огляд результатів діяльності в області розробки та дослідження лінійних електронних прискорювачів у Науково - дослідному комплексі “Прискорювач” ННЦ ХФТІ. Наведено одержані за останні десять років результати дослідження головних систем прискорювачів. Особлива увага приділяється новим типам джерел електронів, інжекторним системам та прискорюючим структурам. Описано розроблені та створені прискорювальні комплекси, які призначені для вирішення прикладних задач та проведення експериментальних досліджень. Приведен обзор результатов деятельности в области разработки и исследования линейных ускорителей электронов в Научно-исследовательском комплексе “Ускоритель” ННЦ ХФТИ. Описаны полученные за последние десять лет результаты исследования основных систем ускорителей. Особое внимание уделено новым типам источников электронов, инжекторных систем и ускоряющих структур. Приведено описание разработанных и созданных ускорительных комплексов, предназначенных для решения прикладных задач и проведения экспериментальных исследований. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Articles presented on the jubilee scientific conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the atomic nucleus disintegration (Kharkov , 10 October 2002 ) The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D Лінійні електронні прискорювачі ННЦ ХФТІ – дослідження і розвиток Линейные электронные ускорители ННЦ ХФТИ – исследования и развитие Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D Ayzatsky, M.I. Boriskin, V.N. Dovbnya, A.M. Kushnir, V.A. Popenko, V.A. Shendrik, V.A. Tur, Yu.D. Zykov, A.I. Articles presented on the jubilee scientific conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the atomic nucleus disintegration (Kharkov , 10 October 2002 ) |
| title | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D |
| title_alt | Лінійні електронні прискорювачі ННЦ ХФТІ – дослідження і розвиток Линейные электронные ускорители ННЦ ХФТИ – исследования и развитие |
| title_full | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D |
| title_fullStr | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D |
| title_full_unstemmed | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D |
| title_short | The NSC KIPT electron linacs - R&D |
| title_sort | nsc kipt electron linacs - r&d |
| topic | Articles presented on the jubilee scientific conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the atomic nucleus disintegration (Kharkov , 10 October 2002 ) |
| topic_facet | Articles presented on the jubilee scientific conference dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the atomic nucleus disintegration (Kharkov , 10 October 2002 ) |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/110602 |
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