Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV
Using a spectrometer based on a diffusion chamber, which is placed in the magnetic field, the ⁴He(γ,pn)d reaction was researched in the energy range from the reaction threshold up to 100 MeV. Nucleons differential cross sections, angular and energy correlation functions of the reaction products were...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| Дата: | 2013 |
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2013
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| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV / M.S. Glaznev, E.S. Gorbenko, A.L. Bespalov, R.T. Murtazin, A.F. Khodyachikh // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 3. — С. 187-191. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
Репозитарії
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860194065111318528 |
|---|---|
| author | Glaznev, M.S. Gorbenko, E.S. Bespalov, A.L. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. |
| author_facet | Glaznev, M.S. Gorbenko, E.S. Bespalov, A.L. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. |
| citation_txt | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV / M.S. Glaznev, E.S. Gorbenko, A.L. Bespalov, R.T. Murtazin, A.F. Khodyachikh // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 3. — С. 187-191. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | Using a spectrometer based on a diffusion chamber, which is placed in the magnetic field, the ⁴He(γ,pn)d reaction was researched in the energy range from the reaction threshold up to 100 MeV. Nucleons differential cross sections, angular and energy correlation functions of the reaction products were measured. The structure which wasn't observed previously is detected in the deuteron kinetical energies distribution of events. Possible γ-quanta absorbtion by nucleus mechanisms are discussed.
За допомогою спектрометра на базi дифузiйної камери, розташованої в магнiтному полi, дослiджено реакцiю ⁴He(γ,pn)d в енергетичному iнтервалi вiд порога реакцiї до 100 МеВ. Обмiрянi диференцiйнi перерiзи нуклонiв, функцiї кутових i енергетичних кореляцiй продуктiв реакцiї. У розподiлi подiй за кiнетичною енергєю дейтрона виявлено структуру, що не спостерiгалася ранiше. Обговорюються можливi механiзми поглинання γ-кванта ядром.
С помощью спектрометра на базе диффузионной камеры, расположенной в магнитном поле, исследована реакция ⁴He(γ,pn)d в энергетическом интервале от порога реакции до100 МэВ. Измерены дифференциальные сечения нуклонов, функции угловых и энергетических корреляций продуктов реакции. В распределении событий по кинетической энергии дейтрона обнаружена структура, которая не наблюдалась ранее. Обсуждаются возможные механизмы поглощения γ-кванта ядром.
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| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:07:55Z |
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| fulltext |
STUDY OF 4He(γ, pn)d REACTION MECHANISM
FOR Eγ UP TO 100 MeV
M.S. Glaznev, E.S. Gorbenko, A.L. Bespalov, R.T. Murtazin,
A.F. Khodyachikh∗
National Science Center ”Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, 61108, Kharkov, Ukraine
(Received 25 March, 2013)
Using a spectrometer based on a diffusion chamber, which is placed in the magnetic field, the 4He(γ, pn)d reaction
was researched in the energy range from the reaction threshold up to 100 MeV. Nucleons differential cross sections,
angular and energy correlation functions of the reaction products were measured. The structure which wasn’t observed
previously is detected in the deuteron kinetical energies distribution of events. Possible γ-quanta absorbtion by nucleus
mechanisms are discussed.
PACS: 25.20.-x
1. INTRODUCTION
Photonuclear reactions are an instrument to study
the nucleon correlations, because an energy and
the pulse, which are introduced into nucleolus by
γ-quanta with energies below giant resonance, can be
absorbed only by correlated nucleon pair. Informa-
tion on nucleon correlations is an important compo-
nent of information for understanding the γ-quanta
absorption processes at energies below giant reso-
nance. Gotfrid [1] showed, that two-nucleon knock-
out cross-section can be expressed by two factors
σ ∼ Sfi(P ) · f(prel), where Sfi(P ) - is a function,
proportional to the probability of finding a nucleon
pair in the nucleus with momentum P , equal to the
sum of the nucleon pairs momentum, and f(prel)
value is a Fourier transform of the correlation func-
tion. At energies below the meson production thresh-
old γ-quanta are absorbing by correlated nucleon or
by nucleon pair at the time of the meson exchange.
In the article [2] Gotfrid model was expanded by nu-
cleons correlation inclusion, which is called by meson
exchange currents. It was shown, that, taking into
account the meson currents, the cross section factor-
ization remains the form of two factors. The interac-
tion in the final state, which can hide an information
about the reaction mechanism, plays the important
role.
Two-nucleon reactions in the final state are con-
venient for nucleon correlations study. 4He nucleus
was selected to study for the following reasons. It
consists of 1s nucleons only. It has a higher internal
density compared to other nuclei, which increases the
role of short-range nucleon correlations. Because of
the small number of nucleons, interaction effect in
the final state is expected to be minimal. 4He nu-
cleus is the object of the few-nucleon systems the-
ory predictions. Having the small distortions, which
are introduced by the interaction in the final state,
three-particles kinematic parameters distribution of
the 4He(γ, pn)d reaction probability is usually used
for reaction mechanism identification.
At γ-quantum energies below the threshold me-
son production the 4He(γ, pn)d reaction was studied
by the track method: using Wilson chamber [3] and
by means of diffusion chamber [4, 5]. The target and
detector combining in these chambers allowed to reg-
ister particles with low energy and to study reaction
almost right up to the threshold. It was concluded,
that quasideuteron mechanism prevails behind the gi-
ant resonance.
In this experiment the deuteron kinetic energy
events distribution displays the structure, which has
not been observed previously. It can not be explained
in a quasideuteron mechanism model.
2. THE DIFFERENTIAL
CROSS-SECTIONS
The points in Fig.1,a are the results of the mea-
surement of the proton differential cross-sections in
the c.m.s. measured at gamma-quanta energy range
from 50 to 70 MeV. Actually the experimental curve
is a histogram with a step of 10◦. The points placed
in the middle of a step, errors are statistical. Dif-
ferential cross-sections of deuteron photodisintegra-
tion [6], measured at γ-quanta energies of 55 MeV
and normalized by the area under the experimental
curve, are shown with the solid line. Data agreement
speaks in favor of quasideuteron mechanism. The
dashed curve shows Dedrick calculation within qua-
sideuteron model [7], which is not in agreement with
experiment.
The neutron angular distributions for 4He(γ, pn)d
reaction are shown in Fig.1,b.
∗Corresponding author E-mail address: akhod@kipt.kharkov.ua
ISSN 1562-6016. PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2013, N3(85).
Series: Nuclear Physics Investigations (60), p.187-191.
187
Solid curve is the same curve as in Fig.1a with
0◦ → 180◦, 15◦ → 165◦ change. Data agree-
ment can be explained by assuming that γ-quantum
is absorbed by nucleon pair. In their rest refer-
ence system nucleons are emitted in opposite direc-
tions. The third particle does not introduce signifi-
cant distortions. Deuteron angular distributions do
not contradict the quasideuteron mechanism model.
Fig.1. The differential cross-sections of the nu-
cleons. Points–the results of the experiment, solid
line–the cross-section of deuteron photodisintegra-
tion [6], dashed line-calculation [7]
3. RELATIVE MOTION ENERGY
The kinetic energy of the relative motion of
the proton and neutron in their c.m.s. is
Vpn =
√
(Ep + En)2 − ( ~pn + ~pp)2 −mp −mn, where
Ep, En, ~pp, ~pn, mp,mn total energies, momentums
and masses of the nucleons respectively. It forms a
part η = Vpn/W0, of full energy W0 = Eγ − ε, where
Eγ - γ-quantum energy, ε - reaction threshold. The
η distribution of events for γ-quantum energy in the
50...70 MeV interval is shown in Fig. 2 by triangles.
In most cases, pn-pair carries most of the total kinetic
energy of the particles, as it can be expected within
quasideuteron model. Nevertheless, almost the third
of the events pn-pair carries less then a half of the
total energy. The energy part η = Vpd/W0, which is
taken by pd-pair, distribution of events is shown by
circles. It is nearly symmetrically in relation to a 0.5.
The phase distribution for the three-body final state
N ∼ (η(1− η))
1
2 is shown by the dashed curve. It is
in a good agreement with pd-pair data and has the
disagreement with pn-pair data.
The solid line shows the calculation [9], which
is based on the assumption, that 4He nucleus con-
sists of proton-neutron pairs. The γ-quantum inter-
action with one of them knocks out pn-pair, and the
second pair generates deuteron. The calculation re-
sults [9], normalized to the area under the experi-
mental curve, are in agreement with pn-pair data.
Fig.2. The events distribution with respect to η
4. THE AVERAGE MAXIMAL ENERGY
OF THE FIRST NUCLEON AND THE
AVERAGE MINIMAL ENERGY OF THE
SECOND NUCLEON
In the direct mechanism a knocked out nucleon
carries most of energy of the final state. The energy
of other products of the reaction amounts a smaller
portion and weakly increases with the energy of the
γ-quantum. Therefore, each event compared proton
and neutron energy in c.m.s. Nucleon, which has
higher energy was considered the first, and nucleon
which has lower energy was considered the second. In
the γ-quanta energy interval of 5 MeV the kinetic en-
ergies of the first and second nucleon, which fall into
this interval, are separately summed. Total energies
are divided on number of events which fall into in-
terval. Received average values are shown in Fig. 3,a
with circles for the first nucleon, the triangles are for
the second nucleon data and the squares are for the
deuteron. An average energy divided by the inter-
vals increases with γ-quanta energy increasing. This
fact applies not only to the first nucleon but to the
rest of nuclear decay products, which is spectator in
the direct mechanism model. The nucleon average
energies are proportional to the total energy of the
reaction product. The average energy of the first nu-
cleon is Tav1 = 0, 565(Eγ − ε) is shown in Fig. 3,a
by solid line. The aspect ratio is distinctly lower
then 0.75, and direct model mechanism expects ex-
actly it. The average energy of the second nucleon is
Tav2 = 0, 256(Eγ − ε) is shown in Fig. 3,a by dashed
line. It exceeds the energy, which the rest of nucleus
should have according to direct model mechanism.
Instinctively we can expect that γ-quantum en-
ergy increasing will cause the increasing of the nucle-
ons average energy difference. The deuteron, which is
spectator, average energy would remain nearly con-
stant, in the case of quasideuteron mechanism.
As it follows from figure, the nucleons average en-
188
ergies difference is actually increasing with increas-
ing of γ-quantum energy, which confirms a model
of γ-quantum absorption by the nucleon pair. The
fact that the deuteron average energy increases can
be explained qualitatively on the basis of the final
state interaction or the contribution of the mecha-
nism of the γ-quantum absorption by three nucleons.
Fig.3. a) the average kinetic energies; b) the
average energies ratio
The first nucleon average energy portion of the total
particles kinetic energy in the final state is shown in
Fig. 3,b by triangles. The permanency of this ratio
depending of γ-quantum energy should be mentioned.
Within the limits of errors it has a value of 0.565.
The nucleon should take about a half of energy in
the terms of γ-quantum absorption by nucleon pair
model. The first nucleon average energy to the sec-
ond nucleon average energy ratio is shown by circles.
Within the limits of errors it remains constant and
its average value of 2.27 is shown by dashed line.
According to γ-quantum absorption by the nucleon
pair model it should be expected this ratio near 1.
5. PARTICLES OPENING ANGLES
Np-pair nucleons angle scattering distribution
of events is shown in Fig. 4,a. The measure-
ments were performed at energies of γ-quanta from
50 to 70 MeV. The distribution maximum is in the
field of large angles as it can be expected in the γ-
quanta nucleon pair absorption model.
But the distribution maximum, which is located
at large angles, is also observed in the events distribu-
tion by opening angle of pd-pair, which was measured
in the same γ-quanta energies interval, as it shown in
Fig. 4,b.
The dashed curve shows the phase distribution,
normalized to the experimental results. It is in
agreement with pd-pair data and is not consis-
tent with the data for pn-pair. The solid curve
shows pole mechanism calculation [10] with pn-pair
in the top. It is consistent with the data for pd-
pair. The pole mechanism model calculation is closer
to pn-pair experimental data then the phase dis-
tribution. It can be noted that the angle distri-
bution is not critical to the reaction mechanism.
Fig.4. The particles distribution versus opening
angle
6. THE DEUTERON ENERGY EVENTS
DISTRIBUTION
In a terms of quasideuteron model, deuteron is
a spectator in the 4He(γ, pn)d reaction. Its kinetic
energies distribution of events in the absence of inter-
action in the final state must be determined by qua-
sideuterons momentum distribution in the nucleus.
Kinetic energies events distribution which are caused
by γ-quanta having energy interval from threshold
to 40 MeV is shown in Fig. 5,a. At energies below
5 MeV resonance distribution is observed. At the
energy interval from 40 to 50 MeV in the events dis-
tribution below 5 MeV resonance distribution is also
observed (Fig. 5,b). But in the 5 to 10 MeV inter-
val nonresonance distribution is appeared. With γ-
quantum energy increasing tendency remains. The
distribution of γ-quantum energies at interval from
60 to 70 MeV is shown in Fig. 5,c. It also has a res-
onance distribution below 5 MeV, and nonresonance
distribution spreads up to 20 MeV. At energy in-
terval from 70 to 80 MeV nonresonance distribution
spreads up to 25 MeV (Fig. 5,d).
Such structure in deuteron energies distribution
curve wasn’t observed previously.
This structure significantly enhances the analysis
of experimental data in order to determine the mech-
anism of the reaction.
189
Reaction probability dependence of deuteron en-
ergy was calculated in quasideuteron pole approxi-
mation model [11]. Calculation results, normalized
to the maximum of the experimental distributions
for γ-quantum energy interval from 60 to 100 MeV
are shown in Fig. 6,a. The model predicts wider
distribution, than experimental, and it doesn’t pre-
dicts resonance at deuteron energy below 5 MeV.
Fig.5. 4He(γ, pn)d reaction events distribution by
deuteron kinetic energy
4He(γ, pn)d reaction deuteron momentum distri-
bution of events for γ-quantum energies interval from
60 to 70 MeV is shown in Fig.6b by black circles.
Maximum is observed at 100 MeV/c momentum and
at momentum interval from 120 to 240 MeV/c there
is a plateau. Experimentally a structure of spec-
tral function distribution of nucleus rebound momen-
tum presence was observed in 6Li(γ, np)X[11] re-
action. For comparison it is shown by triangles in
Fig.6b at photon energy from 132 to 157 MeV, nor-
malized at maximum. There is distribution maxi-
mum at 50 MeV and there is a plateau at momentum
interval from 100 to 250 MeV/c. 6Li(γ, np)α[11] re-
action spectral distribution at energy interval from
55 to 89 MeV is shown by crosses. It also has maxi-
mum at 50 MeV/c impulse, but there is no plateau.
Using cluster model the calculation was held for
6Li(γ, np)α reaction [13]. It was expected that 6Li
nucleus consists of α-core, surrounded by deuteron
cluster. The deuteron is absorbing γ-quantum
and α-particle is not involved in the interaction.
A good agreement with experiment was obtained
for 6Li(γ, np)α[12] reaction at energy interval from
55 to 89 MeV. If the momentum exceeds 120 MeV/c
plateau is not predicted by calculation. Plateau pres-
ence in experiment at photon energy interval from
132 to 157 MeV is explained by α-core destruction.
At cluster model the 4He nucleus consists
of two quasideuterons. One of them is ab-
sorbing γ-quantum, and the second is a specta-
tor. Qualitatively events distribution at deuteron
momentums of 120 MeV/c can be explained in
this model. At a higher momentums sec-
ond quasideuteron must also be destroyed, this
fact is in disagreement with our experiment.
Fig.6. a) Reaction probability dependence on the
deuteron energy; b) The distribution of events versus
deuteron momentum from 4He(γ, pn)d reaction
7. CONCLUSIONS
The experimental results could be explained qual-
itatively at the terms of the one-nucleon absorb-
tion model. Nucleon correlation with another nu-
cleons is possible before, at the time and after γ-
quantum absorbtion. In this case there is np-pair
and the deuteron, which momentum is determined by
quasideuteron momentum distribution in nucleus.γ-
quantum absorbtion is also possible by three-nucleon
cluster, which breaks into deuteron and nucleon. In
this case there is also np-pair and deuteron in the
final state. But deuteron can get large momentum.
References
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// Nuov. Cim. 1967, v. 38A, p. 145-166.
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6. P. Rossi, E. de Sanctis, P. Levi Sandri, et al.
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ues between 20 and 440 MeV //Phys. Rev. 1989,
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7. K.G. Dedrick. Deuteron-model calculation of
the high-energy nuclear photoeffect //Phys.Rev.
1955, v. 100, p. 58.
8. T.I. Kopaileshvili, R.I. Djibutti. The studying
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1962, v. 42,p. 467-470.
9. V.A. Zolenko. γ-quanta absorbtion mechanisms
at three-particels helium photodisintegration.
Thesis, 1981, 145 p.
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al. About thre-particles photodisintegration pole
mechanism of 4He //Yad. Fis. 1980, v. 32(1), p. 5.
11. S. Klein. Untersuchung der 6Li(γ,np)4He
reaction mit markierten photonen von
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nuclei. Thesis, 2006, 99 p.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МЕХАНИЗМА РЕАКЦИИ 4He(γ, pn)d ПРИ Eγ ДО 100 МэВ
М.С. Глазнев, Е.С. Горбенко, А.Л. Беспалов, Р.Т. Муртазин, А.Ф. Ходячих
С помощью спектрометра на базе диффузионной камеры, расположенной в магнитном поле, иссле-
дована реакция 4He(γ, pn)d в энергетическом интервале от порога реакции до 100 МэВ. Измерены
дифференциальные сечения нуклонов, функции угловых и энергетических корреляций продуктов ре-
акции. В распределении событий по кинетической энергии дейтрона обнаружена структура, которая
не наблюдалась ранее. Обсуждаются возможные механизмы поглощения γ-кванта ядром.
ДОСЛIДЖЕННЯ МЕХАНIЗМУ РЕАКЦIЇ 4He(γ, pn)d ПРИ Eγ ДО 100 МеВ
М.С. Глазнєв, Є.С. Горбенко, А.Л. Беспалов, Р.Т. Муртазiн, А.Ф. Ходячих
За допомогою спектрометра на базi дифузiйної камери, розташованої в магнiтному полi, дослiджено
реакцiю 4He(γ, pn)d в енергетичному iнтервалi вiд порога реакцiї до 100 МеВ. Обмiрянi диференцiйнi
перерiзи нуклонiв, функцiї кутових i енергетичних кореляцiй продуктiв реакцiї. У розподiлi подiй
за кiнетичною енергєю дейтрона виявлено структуру, що не спостерiгалася ранiше. Обговорюються
можливi механiзми поглинання γ-кванта ядром.
191
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-111849 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T18:07:55Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Glaznev, M.S. Gorbenko, E.S. Bespalov, A.L. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. 2017-01-15T11:31:20Z 2017-01-15T11:31:20Z 2013 Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV / M.S. Glaznev, E.S. Gorbenko, A.L. Bespalov, R.T. Murtazin, A.F. Khodyachikh // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 3. — С. 187-191. — Бібліогр.: 12 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 25.20.-x https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/111849 Using a spectrometer based on a diffusion chamber, which is placed in the magnetic field, the ⁴He(γ,pn)d reaction was researched in the energy range from the reaction threshold up to 100 MeV. Nucleons differential cross sections, angular and energy correlation functions of the reaction products were measured. The structure which wasn't observed previously is detected in the deuteron kinetical energies distribution of events. Possible γ-quanta absorbtion by nucleus mechanisms are discussed. За допомогою спектрометра на базi дифузiйної камери, розташованої в магнiтному полi, дослiджено реакцiю ⁴He(γ,pn)d в енергетичному iнтервалi вiд порога реакцiї до 100 МеВ. Обмiрянi диференцiйнi перерiзи нуклонiв, функцiї кутових i енергетичних кореляцiй продуктiв реакцiї. У розподiлi подiй за кiнетичною енергєю дейтрона виявлено структуру, що не спостерiгалася ранiше. Обговорюються можливi механiзми поглинання γ-кванта ядром. С помощью спектрометра на базе диффузионной камеры, расположенной в магнитном поле, исследована реакция ⁴He(γ,pn)d в энергетическом интервале от порога реакции до100 МэВ. Измерены дифференциальные сечения нуклонов, функции угловых и энергетических корреляций продуктов реакции. В распределении событий по кинетической энергии дейтрона обнаружена структура, которая не наблюдалась ранее. Обсуждаются возможные механизмы поглощения γ-кванта ядром. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Ядерная физика и элементарные частицы Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV Дослiдження механiзму реакцiї ⁴He(γ, pn)d при eγ до 100 МеВ Исследование механизма реакции ⁴He(γ, pn)d при Eγ до 100 МэВ Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV Glaznev, M.S. Gorbenko, E.S. Bespalov, A.L. Murtazin, R.T. Khodyachikh, A.F. Ядерная физика и элементарные частицы |
| title | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV |
| title_alt | Дослiдження механiзму реакцiї ⁴He(γ, pn)d при eγ до 100 МеВ Исследование механизма реакции ⁴He(γ, pn)d при Eγ до 100 МэВ |
| title_full | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV |
| title_fullStr | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV |
| title_full_unstemmed | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV |
| title_short | Study of ⁴He(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for Eγ up to 100 MeV |
| title_sort | study of ⁴he(γ, pn)d reaction mechanism for eγ up to 100 mev |
| topic | Ядерная физика и элементарные частицы |
| topic_facet | Ядерная физика и элементарные частицы |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/111849 |
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