Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques
Analyses of instrumented hardness test and small punch test are done using experimental tests and finite element simulation. These methods can be used when some material properties are unknown and there is no way to cut larger pieces from the structure to determine them using standard size specimens...
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України
2013
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| Цитувати: | Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques / G.B. Lenkey, Sz. Szavai, P. Rozsahcgyi, T. Koves, Sz. Jonas, R. Beleznai // Проблемы прочности. — 2013. — № 4. — С. 64-74. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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Lenkey, G.B. Szavai, Sz. Rozsahcgyi, P. Koves, T. Jonas, Sz. Beleznai, R. 2017-01-16T15:31:14Z 2017-01-16T15:31:14Z 2013 Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques / G.B. Lenkey, Sz. Szavai, P. Rozsahcgyi, T. Koves, Sz. Jonas, R. Beleznai // Проблемы прочности. — 2013. — № 4. — С. 64-74. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. 0556-171X https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/111968 539.4 Analyses of instrumented hardness test and small punch test are done using experimental tests and finite element simulation. These methods can be used when some material properties are unknown and there is no way to cut larger pieces from the structure to determine them using standard size specimens. С использованием экспериментальных данных и конечноэлементного моделирования анализируются экспериментальные методы инструментальной оценки твердости и индентирования малых образцов. Данные методы можно использовать при определении некоторых неизвестных механических свойств материала, когда нет возможности вырезать образцы стандартных размеров из исследуемой конструкции. Із використанням експериментальних даних і скінченноелементного моделювання аналізуються експериментальні методи інструментальної оцінки твердості й індентування малих зразків. Дані методи можна використовувати при визначенні деяких невідомих механічних властивостей матеріалу, коли немає можливості вирізати зразки стандартних розмірів із досліджуваної конструкції. en Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України Проблемы прочности Научно-технический раздел Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques Определение механических свойств элементов АЭС после старения с помощью инструментальной оценки твердости и других методов испытания малых образцов Article published earlier |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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DSpace DC |
| title |
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques |
| spellingShingle |
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques Lenkey, G.B. Szavai, Sz. Rozsahcgyi, P. Koves, T. Jonas, Sz. Beleznai, R. Научно-технический раздел |
| title_short |
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques |
| title_full |
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques |
| title_fullStr |
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques |
| title_sort |
determination of mechanical properties of aged npp components using instrumented hardness testing and other miniature specimen testing techniques |
| author |
Lenkey, G.B. Szavai, Sz. Rozsahcgyi, P. Koves, T. Jonas, Sz. Beleznai, R. |
| author_facet |
Lenkey, G.B. Szavai, Sz. Rozsahcgyi, P. Koves, T. Jonas, Sz. Beleznai, R. |
| topic |
Научно-технический раздел |
| topic_facet |
Научно-технический раздел |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Проблемы прочности |
| publisher |
Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Определение механических свойств элементов АЭС после старения с помощью инструментальной оценки твердости и других методов испытания малых образцов |
| description |
Analyses of instrumented hardness test and small punch test are done using experimental tests and finite element simulation. These methods can be used when some material properties are unknown and there is no way to cut larger pieces from the structure to determine them using standard size specimens.
С использованием экспериментальных данных и конечноэлементного моделирования анализируются экспериментальные методы инструментальной оценки твердости и индентирования малых образцов. Данные методы можно использовать при определении некоторых
неизвестных механических свойств материала, когда нет возможности вырезать образцы
стандартных размеров из исследуемой конструкции.
Із використанням експериментальних даних і скінченноелементного моделювання аналізуються експериментальні методи інструментальної оцінки твердості й індентування малих зразків. Дані методи можна використовувати при
визначенні деяких невідомих механічних властивостей матеріалу, коли немає
можливості вирізати зразки стандартних розмірів із досліджуваної конструкції.
|
| issn |
0556-171X |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/111968 |
| citation_txt |
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen Testing Techniques / G.B. Lenkey, Sz. Szavai, P. Rozsahcgyi, T. Koves, Sz. Jonas, R. Beleznai // Проблемы прочности. — 2013. — № 4. — С. 64-74. — Бібліогр.: 6 назв. — англ. |
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UDC 539.4
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components
Using Instrumented Hardness Testing and Other Miniature Specimen
Testing Techniques
G. B. Lenkey, Sz. Szàvai, P. Rîzsahegyi, T. Kîves, Sz. Jînàs, and R. Beleznai
Bay Zoltan Nonprofit Ltd., Institute for Logistics and Production Systems, Miskolc,
Hungary
ÓÄÊ 539.4
Îïðåäåëåíèå ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ýëåìåíòîâ ÀÝÑ ïîñëå ñòàðåíèÿ
ñ ïîìîùüþ èíñòðóìåíòàëüíîé îöåíêè òâåðäîñòè è äðóãèõ ìåòîäîâ
èñïûòàíèÿ ìàëûõ îáðàçöîâ
Ã. Á. Ëåíêåé, Ø. Øàâàè, Ï. Ðîæàõåãèé, Ò. Êîâåñ, Ø. Éîíàñ, Ð. Áåëåçíàè
Áàé Çîëòàí Ëòä., Èíñòèòóò ëîãèñòèêè è ïðîèçâîäñòâåííûõ ñèñòåì, Ìèøêîëüö,
Âåíãðèÿ
Ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûõ äàííûõ è êîíå÷íîýëåìåíòíîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ àíàëè-
çèðóþòñÿ ýêñïåðèìåíòàëüíûå ìåòîäû èíñòðóìåíòàëüíîé îöåíêè òâåðäîñòè è èíäåíòèðî-
âàíèÿ ìàëûõ îáðàçöîâ. Äàííûå ìåòîäû ìîæíî èñïîëüçîâàòü ïðè îïðåäåëåíèè íåêîòîðûõ
íåèçâåñòíûõ ìåõàíè÷åñêèõ ñâîéñòâ ìàòåðèàëà, êîãäà íåò âîçìîæíîñòè âûðåçàòü îáðàçöû
ñòàíäàðòíûõ ðàçìåðîâ èç èññëåäóåìîé êîíñòðóêöèè.
Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: èíñòðóìåíòàëüíàÿ îöåíêà òâåðäîñòè, èíäåíòèðîâàíèå ìàëûõ
îáðàçöîâ, êîíå÷íîýëåìåíòíîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå.
Introduction. During the operation of nuclear power plants (NPP) mechanical
properties of the structural materials can change due to several factors such as
irradiation, temperature, load level and fatigue loading, corrosion, etc. Such a
change in material properties influences the lifetime of the equipment (ageing). It
is essential for the fitness for service assessment to have reliable information on
actual mechanical properties of an operating structure. In most cases, it is not
allowed to cut larger pieces from an operating component to manufacture specimens
and perform destructive laboratory tests, because it may have significant impact on
the component’s integrity. The determination of the necessary data is possible with
non-destructive or semi-destructive techniques.
1. Instrumented Hardness Test. In several cases, the hardness measurement is
the only accepted non-destructive testing method whose results can be used to
assess the actual mechanical properties such as yield stress or tensile strength.
Since the scatter of the properties calculated directly from the pure hardness value
is usually too large and the number of properties to be assessed is limited, methods
have been developed for the evaluation of the mechanical properties from the
load–indentation curve using instrumented hardness testing. The most reliable
© G. B. LENKEY, Sz. SZÀVAI, P. RÎZSAHEGYI, T. KÎVES, Sz. JÎNÀS, R. BELEZNAI, 2013
64 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4
method is the so-called automated ball indentation (ABI) test [1]. This method
requires quite a complex measurement device (Fig. 1) and application on a real
structure can be problematic. For handling the difficulties in the case of on-site
measurements, a simplified measurement procedure has been implemented for
manually operated instrumented hardness tester neglecting the download cycles.
The method has been successfully tested on different materials of real components
at the Mechanical Testing Laboratory of BAY-LOGI. True stress–true strain curves
were derived from the indentation curves and the results were validated with
tensile tests and with finite element modeling as well.
1.1. Test Parameters and Evaluation Method. The Mat-Tec Unihard S3 type
portable instrumented indentation test machine was used, for which an extra
aluminum frame was designed and manufactured, in order to clamp the machine
properly on the tested equipment surface (Fig. 1). In the case of carbon steel 4
magnet blocks and in the case of austenitic steel two fixing belts could be used.
The maximum applied indentation load was 500 N. The indenter was tungsten
carbide cone with 1 mm tip radius. The load and indentation depth curves were
recorded and evaluated. The ABI method was used [1] to determine the true
stress–true plastic strain curve, the yield stress and the ultimate tensile strength of
the tested materials. These parameters were also determined with tensile tests carried
out at room temperature and were compared with the indentation test results.
Using the true stress–true strain curve determined with tensile tests and with
the indentation tests, the load–indentation depth curve also was determined using
finite element methods in order to validate the results obtained from the instrumented
hardness testing. Three different material types were tested: austenitic steel, carbon
steels with and without Lüders strain. Some kind of statistical analysis was also
carried out to determine the uncertainty of the instrumented hardness measurement
with conservative approximation.
1.2. Results of the Hardness Test. The results of the finite element method
(FEM) validation show that the indentation curves and the finite element results
along the loading part of the curve are in good agreement (Fig. 2.)
Fig. 1. Instrumented hardness tester on a component.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4 65
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components ...
The true stress–true strain curves determined from indentation curves are in
good agreement with those determined from tensile tests (Figs. 3–5.). The yield
stress and the ultimate tensile strength calculated with ABI method fitted well with
the tensile test results. The differences were not more than 3.7% in the case of yield
stress, and 4.5% in the case of ultimate tensile strength for each tested material
type. The calculated measurement uncertainties were 5.85% for yield stress and
7.46% for the ultimate tensile strength. The measurement uncertainty calculation
was based on a conservative method. To determine this with more accuracy, the
work be will continued in the future and more extended analysis of the test
parameters will be needed.
Despite of the fact that the curves, the yield stress and the ultimate tensile
strength calculated with ABI method fitted well with the tensile test results, the
results have some scatter and not always provide accurate data for further
Fig. 2. FEM validation of the evaluation method.
Fig. 3. True stress–true strain curve of austenitic steel.
66 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4
G. B. Lenkey, Sz. Szàvai, P. Rîzsahegyi, et al.
assessment. Nevertheless, the ABI method does not provide fracture mechanics
properties, so other alternative way should be applied. The selected method is the
small punch test (SPT), which is one of the miniature specimens’ testing techniques
and belongs to the semi-destructive testing methods.
2. Small Punch Test. In the framework of a research programme, the small
specimen test techniques, like SPT, were studied to understand the size effect and
to find an up-to-date measurement technique to assess the ageing problems of
structural materials of NPP. The aim of our work was to evaluate the mechanical
properties of 15H2MFA, 22K, X6CrNiTi 18-10 (08H18N10T) and their welds and
heat-affected zone at room temperature, to compare these data with the results from
conventional testing techniques and the above mentioned ABI test. The SPT is a
useful technique in residual lifetime assessment owing to the lower tests evaluation
cost compared to destructive methods and has higher lifetime evaluation accuracy
than the nondestructive test techniques. But the SPT has a disadvantage: the
loading originates biaxial stress state in the specimen during the test which causes
complication in the determination of the correct material properties.
Fig. 4. True stress–true strain curve of carbon steel without Lüders strain.
Fig. 5. True stress–true strain curve of carbon steel with Lüders strain.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4 67
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components ...
The tests have been carried out with the typical specimen size of the SPT. In
most literature sources, the SPT specimen has 8 mm diameter and 0.5 mm
thickness [2] (Fig. 6). The force–displacement curves are registered in each test.
The diameter of the ball (2.5 mm) and also the geometry of the testing clamping
device were chosen in accordance with most of the test equipment found in the
literature. The SPT was performed according to the guidelines of the European
Code of practice [3].
The aim of the tests was to determine the yield strength of the steels by the
so-called two-tangent method from the registered force–displacement curves. The
result of the SPT test was validated by finite element method using MSC.Marc&
Mentat code [4].
The typical SP force–displacement curves had four distinct regions (Fig. 7).
The first part is the elastic bending, the second is the plastic bending, the third part
is the membrane stretching and the last one is the region of plastic instability. The
force Py corresponds to the limit of the elastic region and the beginning of the
plastic deformation [2]. The tests were made by an Instron 8874 servo-hydraulic
biaxial tensile tester machine (Fig. 8) at room temperature. The displacement is
measured with an extensometer and a deflection meter at the same time.
The geometry of the small
punch test specimen
The half of the 3D model
of the testing device
Fig. 7. Typical SP force–displacement curve.
68 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4
G. B. Lenkey, Sz. Szàvai, P. Rîzsahegyi, et al.
Fig. 6. SPT specimen and device.
2.1. SPT FEM Model. The SPT can be modeled as a 2D axis-symmetric
model, because the specimen, the clamping device and the load have cylindrical
symmetricity. The model is shown in Fig 9. The conjecture is that the materials
with high strength can cause deformation in the testing tool itself, so it is modeled
by three parts. The upper die has two parts, because there is a large deviation in the
results in the case of high-strength steels. The upper die (Fig. 9, upper die 2/1) can
move up 0.1 mm during the test by the leverage of the specimen. This movement
can compensate the deviation in the elastic-bending zone between the measurement
and the FEM results. The three parts of the device are linked with a spring to each
other in the model to consider the elasticity of the clamping device. The mesh of
the lower die is finer than the upper ones, because higher deformation can be
expected in the device. The same consideration was taken in the case of the ball
and the specimen, too. The ball and the disk were inserted into displacement in the
horizontal direction. The puncher is modeled as a rigid contact body and it is
represented by a curve which is on the upper part of the ball. Its position is
changing during the test. The device, the ball and the SP specimen are modeled as
a deformable contact body. The total number of the finite elements in the model is
1213, the specimen has 650 four-node type quadrilateral elements.
Fig. 8. The testing machine and the sections of the specimens after the test.
Small punch test Sections of the specimens
Fig. 9. FEM of the SPT.
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Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components ...
The material properties are defined using true stress–true plastic strain curves,
which are obtained by tensile tests. In favour of the more precise results, the curves
are extended with a fitting curve in the higher strain value region. The next two
diagrams show the hardening curves of the 22K and X6CrNiTi 10-18 (Figs. 10 and
11). The experimental test of the 15H2MFA material is in process yet and the FEM
result is not published here. Figure 12 shows the distribution of the total equivalent
plastic strain field in the SP specimen after the test. Making comparison of the
force–displacement curves from the test with the FEM analyses, very good
agreement can be obtained (Figs. 13 and 14).
Fig. 10. True stress–true plastic strain curve (22K).
Fig. 11. True stress–true plastic strain curve (X6CrNiTi 10-18).
Fig. 12. The total equivalent plastic strain distribution in the specimen after the test.
Fig. 10 Fig. 11
Fig. 13. FEM results comparison with measurement (22K).
70 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4
G. B. Lenkey, Sz. Szàvai, P. Rîzsahegyi, et al.
2.2. Analysis of the Effects of the Friction, the Gap in the Clamping Device
and the Tolerance of the Specimen Thickness. Performing finite element analysis
for the clamping device without the 0.1 mm gap between the upper parts, the
results of the test and calculation show a large difference in the first, elastic-bending
region. Consideration of the gap in the model provides good agreement between
the test and calculation. The expectation of the clamping device deformation
proved to be correct. In case of the 22K material, the gap is not needed.
Consequently, the difference in the strength of the materials causes inaccuracy in
the measurement, so the steels with high strength need compensation (Fig. 15). The
different friction coefficients are causes difference in the results of the maximum
forces as it can be seen in Fig. 16. There is no effect in the elastic-bending region,
however, there is large difference in the plastic instability zone. Work [2] provides
an equation to determine the tensile strength based on the maximum force from the
force–displacement curve, but that expression is valid for larger ball diameter. That
equation is derived from 10 types of steels used for power plant components. The
tolerance of the specimen thickness �0.005 mm is assumed in [5]. The question is
that how bigger tolerance affects the results? The results show high dependence on
the tolerance of the thickness, so the thickness of the specimens is one of the most
important parameter in this test (Figs. 17 and 18). The allowed tolerance causes no
deviation, but higher difference in the thickness changes the results, particularly
the value of the maximum force.
Fig. 14. FEM results comparison with measurement (X6CrNiTi 10-18).
Fig. 15. Effect of the gap in the loading frame.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4 71
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components ...
2.3. Determination of the Yield Strength from the SP Curves. There is a new
way to evaluate the yield strength of materials [6]. For this the Py value is
necessary, which is the maximum load at the upper surface of the specimen when
the material properties begin to change, the elastic bending region turns into the
plastic bending region (Fig. 7)
� �0 2 2. ,�
P
t
y
(1)
Fig. 16. FEM results of the higher difference than tolerance from the literature.
Fig. 17. FEM results for the different friction coefficients.
Fig. 18. FEM results for the tolerance of the specimen thickness.
72 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4
G. B. Lenkey, Sz. Szàvai, P. Rîzsahegyi, et al.
where � is the material constant (for X6CrNiTi 10-18, �� 0.477; for 22K,
�� 0.36), Py is the yield load, and t is the thickness of the specimen (0.5 mm).
The comparison of the yield strengths from the Eq. (1) and from tensile tests are
presented in Table 1.
Two tangent lines should be drawn on the force–displacement curve (one for
the elastic-bending zone and the other is for the plastic bending region). Then the
intersection point should be projected to the force axis of the diagram. The
obtained value is the Py (Fig. 19).
Conclusions. Analyses of the automated ball indentation test and the small
punch test are performed using experimental tests and finite element simulation.
Both test techniques have been applied for determination of the material properties
of NPP structural materials. The ABI test shows some scatter in the results
however it is practically applicable when only non-destructive test technique is
permitted. The validation of the SPT was also completed and the results from finite
element analyses corroborated the measurement results. The yield strength
determination shows that the calculation results are good agreement with the
results of the tensile tests. These methods can be applied when some material
properties are unknown and there is no way to cut larger pieces from the structure
to determine them with standard size specimens.
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âàííÿ àíàë³çóþòüñÿ åêñïåðèìåíòàëüí³ ìåòîäè ³íñòðóìåíòàëüíî¿ îö³íêè òâåð-
äîñò³ é ³íäåíòóâàííÿ ìàëèõ çðàçê³â. Äàí³ ìåòîäè ìîæíà âèêîðèñòîâóâàòè ïðè
T a b l e 1
Comparison of the Measured Yield Strengths
Steel Yield strength
from SP (MPa)
Yield strength
from FEM (MPa)
Yield strength
from tensile test (MPa)
22K 244 245 250
X6CrNiTi 10-18 270 276 305
Fig. 19. Determination of the Py yield load from SP curves with two-tangent method.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4 73
Determination of Mechanical Properties of Aged NPP Components ...
âèçíà÷åíí³ äåÿêèõ íåâ³äîìèõ ìåõàí³÷íèõ âëàñòèâîñòåé ìàòåð³àëó, êîëè íåìàº
ìîæëèâîñò³ âèð³çàòè çðàçêè ñòàíäàðòíèõ ðîçì³ð³â ³ç äîñë³äæóâàíî¿ êîíñò-
ðóêö³¿.
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Received 03. 10. 2012
74 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìû ïðî÷íîñòè, 2013, ¹ 4
G. B. Lenkey, Sz. Szàvai, P. Rîzsahegyi, et al.
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