Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA
A prototype of the target system for the CC-series cyclotrons for production of PET radionuclides C-11 and F-18 has been designed, manufactured and tested in the Efremov Institute. The target system will produce radionuclides sufficient to ensure the needs of a standard PET-center. У НДІЕФА ім. Д.В....
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2013
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| Zitieren: | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA / E.N. Abramov, Yu.N. Gavrish, P.A. Gnutov, M.L. Klopenkov, R.М. Klopenkov, K.A. Kravchuck, A.N. Kuzhlev, A.A. Melnikov, V.G. Mudrolyubov, G.V. Muraviev, A.P. Strokach, B.V. Zabrodin, A.V. Regel // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 201-204. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860065342292754432 |
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| author | Abramov, E.N. Gavrish, Yu.N. Gnutov, P.A. Klopenkov, M.L. Klopenkov, R.М. Kravchuck, K.A. Kuzhlev, A.N. Melnikov, A.A. Mudrolyubov, V.G. Muraviev, G.V. Strokach, A.P. Zabrodin, B.V. Regel, A.V. |
| author_facet | Abramov, E.N. Gavrish, Yu.N. Gnutov, P.A. Klopenkov, M.L. Klopenkov, R.М. Kravchuck, K.A. Kuzhlev, A.N. Melnikov, A.A. Mudrolyubov, V.G. Muraviev, G.V. Strokach, A.P. Zabrodin, B.V. Regel, A.V. |
| citation_txt | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA / E.N. Abramov, Yu.N. Gavrish, P.A. Gnutov, M.L. Klopenkov, R.М. Klopenkov, K.A. Kravchuck, A.N. Kuzhlev, A.A. Melnikov, V.G. Mudrolyubov, G.V. Muraviev, A.P. Strokach, B.V. Zabrodin, A.V. Regel // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 201-204. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | A prototype of the target system for the CC-series cyclotrons for production of PET radionuclides C-11 and F-18 has been designed, manufactured and tested in the Efremov Institute. The target system will produce radionuclides sufficient to ensure the needs of a standard PET-center.
У НДІЕФА ім. Д.В. Єфремова розроблений, виготовлений і випробуваний дослідний зразок мішеневого комплексу циклотронів серії СС для виробництва ПЕТ-радіонуклідів вуглець-11 і фтор-18. За продуктивностю напрацювання радіонуклідів комплекс забезпечить потреби типового ПЕТ-центру.
В НИИЭФА им. Д.В. Ефремова разработан, изготовлен и испытан опытный образец мишенного комплекса циклотронов серии СС для производства ПЭТ-радионуклидов углерод-11 и фтор-18. По производительности наработки радионуклидов комплекс обеспечит потребности типового ПЭТ-центра.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:07:08Z |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 201
TARGET SYSTEM FOR THE CC-SERIES СYCLOTRONS DESIGNED
AND MANUFACTURED IN NIIEFA
E.N. Abramov1, Yu.N. Gavrish1, P.A. Gnutov1, M.L. Klopenkov1, R.М. Klopenkov1,
K.A. Kravchuck1, A.N. Kuzhlev1, A.A. Melnikov1, V.G. Mudrolyubov1, G.V. Muraviev1,
A.P. Strokach1, B.V. Zabrodin2, A.V. Regel2
1FSUE “D.V. Efremov Scientific Research Institute of Electrophysical Apparatus”,
Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
2Saint-Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
E-mail: npkluts@niiefa.spb.su
A prototype of the target system for the CC-series cyclotrons for production of PET radionuclides C-11 and F-18
has been designed, manufactured and tested in the Efremov Institute. The target system will produce radionuclides
sufficient to ensure the needs of a standard PET-center.
PACS: 29.20.dg + 87.57.un
INTRODUCTION
The use of new advanced methods for diagnostics in
nuclear medicine is one of the most important tasks,
which will allow better results of treatment of a broad
range of the most complex and frequently occurring
diseases to be obtained. Large-scale introduction of the
PET method into clinical practice in oncology, cardiol-
ogy and neurology is nowadays an urgent problem,
which should be settled by creating a network of PET-
centers on the territory of the Russian Federation. One
of components of such a PET-center is a cyclotron with
a target system providing production of ultra-short-lived
radionuclides of a necessary assortment in necessary
amounts.
Technical characteristics of the СС-18/9 and СС-12
cyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA com-
pletely meet the requirements imposed today on cyclo-
trons intended for PET. However, until now, the afore-
mentioned machines have not been equipped with target
systems adapted to their particular design.
Each target device and systems ensuring its proper
operation should comply with parameters of a particular
cyclotron, such as charged particles energy, beam cur-
rent and beam energy profile. The degree of accuracy of
target device parameters’ calculation determines if radi-
onuclides’ production is possible, the efficiency of their
production and a highly important factor − safety of the
personnel.
At present, specialists of the Efremov Institute have de-
signed and manufactured a target system for the CC-series
cyclotrons for production of the major radionuclides for
PET diagnostics, such as F-18, C-11, N-13 and O-15.
TARGET SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The target system for the CC-series cyclotrons com-
prises the following:
- target devices for production of F-18, C-11, N-13
and O-15 radionuclides;
- cabinet of the target control system;
- system for targets’ loading with target materials;
- gas-supply system;
- controller unit of the target system automatic control
system;
- operator workstation.
Computer model of the target system is shown in
Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Computer model of the target system for СС-12
and СС-18/9cyclotrons
Target systems of the CC-series cyclotrons can be
equipped with target devices from two up to eight in
number depending on the needs of a particular PET-
center.
The cyclotrons make possible simultaneous irradia-
tion of two targets with currents in any proportion of the
maximum beam current (Imax=150 µА).
Depending on requirements of a particular consum-
er, cyclotrons are equipped with a beamline to transport
the beam to a required distance, and a possibility to in-
stall up to 6 target systems is provided.
To decrease the size of the cyclotron hall, a manipu-
lator for automatic remote replacement of targets can be
used instead of the switching magnet.
The СС-18/9M cyclotron in addition to gaseous and
water targets for production of ultra-short-lived radio-
nuclides F-18, C-11, N-13 and O-15 can be equipped
with target devices with solid targets for production of a
wide assortment of short-lived radionuclides (now under
designing).
TARGET DEVICES FOR PRODUCTION
OF F-18 RADIONUCLIDE
The F-18 radionuclide is produced by nuclear reac-
tion 18O(p, n)18F under irradiation of Н2
18О (95 % en-
riched with 18О) with protons.
Proton energy is 12 MeV (the СС-12) and 18 MeV
(the СС-18/9M).
The targets are designed for a maximum beam cur-
rent of 80 µА.
mailto:npkluts@niiefa.spb.su
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 202
Target devices of two sizes, 2 and 3 ml in volume,
have been designed in NIIEFA. For two hours of irradi-
ation, the 2 ml target device gives the activity yield up
to 3 Cu on the СС-12 cyclotron and up to 5 Cu on the
СС-18/9М cyclotron. The 3 ml target device ensures the
activity yield up to 5 Cu on the СС-12 cyclotron and up
to 7 Cu on the СС-18/9М cyclotron for the same time
interval.
Bodies of targets and collimators are cooled with
water; foils of the intput window and targets are cooled
with helium.
Target devices (Fig. 2) ensure a necessary size of the
irradiation field; target cooling, beam current measure-
ment, water supply and discharge from target volume.
Fig. 2. The target device for 18F prodiction
The collimator unit shown in Fig. 3 ensures a neces-
sary size of the target irradiation field.
A unit for helium cooling of target is connected to
the collimator unit. The helium cooling unit and the
target are insulated from the ground, and this allows the
beam current on target to be measured.
The vacuum volume of the cyclotron ion guide is
separated from the target device helium cooling unit
with a stainless steel foil. The helium cooling unit is
also separated with stainless steel foil from the target
side.
Fig. 3. Water-cooled collimator unit
From the target control system helium is supplied to
the helium cooling unit through a pipeline and by blow-
ing out between the output window foil and the target
foil provides their cooling.
The design of the collimator unit and helium cooling
unit is unified for target devices for production of F-18,
C-11, N-13 and O-15.
The target body made of Nb or Ta of maximum pu-
rity is attached to the helium cooling unit. On the back-
side, the target body is cooled with water. The water-
cooling unit is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Water-cooling unit of target body
Overall dimensions of the target device are: diame-
ter-130 mm and length-210 mm. When designing these
target devices, drawbacks of targets given in papers [1-
5] were taken into account.
TARGET DEVICE FOR C-11
RADIONUCLIDE PRODUCTION
The 11C radionuclide is produced by the nuclear re-
action 14N(p,α)11C under irradiation of gaseous nitrogen
with protons. The formed 11C radionuclide is stabilized
as 11СО2 dioxide.
Energy of protons is 12 MeV the (СС-12) or 18 Mev
(the СС-18/9М).
The beam current is up to 80 µA.
The target body is made of aluminum.
The target volume is 100 cm3.
The initial nitrogen pressure in the target is 8…10 bar.
The output window foil and the target foil are made
of stainless steel of 20 µm thickness.
The target device (Fig. 5) ensures the activity yield
up to 50 GBq for 30 minutes of irradiation.
Fig. 5. The target device for 11С production
Combined cooling is used: the target body is cooled
with water; foils of the output window and target are
cooled with helium.
Overall dimensions of the collimator unit, helium
cooling unit and water-cooled target body are: diameter-
130 mm and length-350 mm.
A prototype of this target device is the one described
in [1].
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 203
CABINET OF THE TARGET CONTROL
SYSTEM
The target control system consists of the following:
- system for fore-pumping of air from the helium loop
prior to filling with helium;
- system for helium cooling of target with a compres-
sor to pump helium in the cooling loop;
- system for water cooling of target, collimator and he-
lium loop;
- system to supply compressed air to pneumatic
drives;
- local controls.
The target control system is remotely controlled
from operator’s workstation.
The cabinet of the target control system is located in
the cyclotron hall (Figs. 6, 7).
Fig. 6. Cabinet of the target control system n
in the target hall of the cyclotron
Fig. 7. Cabinet of the target control system
To cool targets, collimators and coolers of the target
control system, distilled water of the cyclotron inner
loop is used in the water cooling system.
SYSTEM FOR TARGETS LOADING
WITH TARGET MATERIALS
Each target device is equipped with a separate load-
ing unit with a target isotope.
Unit for filling the target with water is placed in a di-
rect vicinity of the target device. The unit for target fill-
ing with water is shown in Fig. 8.
Before starting the work, the target is blown out with
helium, and is filled with water enriched with 18О iso-
tope through a pneumatic drive by a syringe. On termi-
nation of the irradiation process, corresponding valves
are remotely open, and the water displaced by helium
from the target volume is transported to the hot cell of a
synthesis module. A radiactivity sensor of the module
records the obtained activity.
Fig. 8. The unit for the target filling with water
The unit for a gas target filling (Fig. 9) is also locat-
ed in a direct vicinity of the target device.
Fig. 9. The unit for filling the target with nitrogen
for 11C production
The 11С radionuclide, which is necessary for synthe-
sis of radiopharmaceuticals, is produce under irradiation
of natural gaseous nitrogen with protons. To do this, the
target device is filled with nitrogen of high purity.
On termination of irradiation, the gas is vented
through a corresponding electrically-operated valve via
a capillary to the module of radiopharmaceutical syn-
thesis.
The velocity of the gas venting from the target is
regulated by a throttle valve in the gas filling system.
AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM
OF THE TARGET SYSTEM
The automatic control system of the target system is
built on the module principle. It consists of an operator
workstation and block of controllers, located in the
same place with the cyclotron operator workstation. The
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 204
controller block is the host device of the automatic con-
trol system. It serves for acquisition, processing and
analysis of data on the status of the target system. The
controller prevents emergency situations and disables
incorrect operator’s actions in accordance with an algo-
rithm of the controller software.
Information on the status of the target system is
transmitted to the operator’s workstation, where it is
displayed in a form suitable for user. The ACS of the
target system ensures the control of operation of up to 8
water or gas targets in any combination. In addition, one
solid target can be connected.
The Mitsubishi FX3UC controller was chosen as a
controller of the ACS. High performance, simple mainte-
nance and reliability of these controllers are the determin-
ing factor to choose them for the designed target system.
In addition to the aforementioned advantages, when
choosing controller for the target system ACS, we have
taken into account the fact that automatic control sys-
tems of the CC series cyclotrons are built on the basis of
Mitsubishi FX controllers. These controllers allow the
ACS of the target system to be integrated sufficiently
simply into the ACS of the whole cyclotron system.
The Mitsubishi GT1275 panel was chosen for the
control console of the operator workstation, which al-
lowed a user-friendly operator interface to be designed
(Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. The control program interface
To control the target system operation, such parame-
ters as the beam current on target, pressure in the target,
current time of irradiation, if there is helium cooling of
the inter-foil space and water cooling of collimators and
target bodies are displayed as well as information on
each synthesis module if it is ready for loading a radio-
nuclide produced.
The controller block cabinet is shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11. The cabinet of the controller block
of the automatic control system
CONCLUSIONS
The target systems described in the paper will be an
integral part of the cyclotron equipment, which NIIEFA
plans to deliver for PET-centers in Russia, countries of
the former Soviet Union and abroad. The designed tar-
get systems produce the whole assortment of ultra-
short-lived radionuclides necessary for PET-diagnostics
in amounts sufficient to ensure stable operation of a
PET-center.
REFERENCES
1. B.V. Zabrodin, V.N. Lomasov, А.V. Motorny. Radi-
onuclide visualization methods: textbook. St.-
Petersburg State Polytechnical University, 2006, p.75.
2. Peter Wiberg. Device for fitting of a target in isotope
production. US patent № 6433495 B1.
3. Charles W. Alvord, Andy Williamson. Tantalum
water target body for production of radioisotopes.
US patent № 7831009 B2.
4. Bruce W. Wieland. Batch target and method for
producing radionuclide. WO 2003099374 A2 patent.
5. D.S. Sysoev, V.V. Zaitsev, M.I. Mostova,
О.А. Shtukovsky. Target device for a cyclotron with
the 18 MeV proton energy for production of F-18 as-
anion fluoride. Utility Patent № 114260.
Article received 04.10.2013
МИШЕННЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС ДЛЯ ЦИКЛОТРОНОВ СЕРИИ СС ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НИИЭФА
Е.Н. Абрамов, Ю.Н. Гавриш, П.А. Гнутов, М.Л. Клопенков, Р.М. Клопенков, К.А. Кравчук, А.Н. Кужлев,
А.А. Мельников, В.Г. Мудролюбов, Г.В. Муравьев, А.П. Строкач, Б.В. Забродин, А.В. Регель
В НИИЭФА им. Д.В. Ефремова разработан, изготовлен и испытан опытный образец мишенного ком-
плекса циклотронов серии СС для производства ПЭТ-радионуклидов углерод-11 и фтор-18. По производи-
тельности наработки радионуклидов комплекс обеспечит потребности типового ПЭТ-центра.
МІШЕНЕВИЙ КОМПЛЕКС ДЛЯ ЦИКЛОТРОНІВ СЕРІЇ СС ВИРОБНИЦТВА НДІЕФА
Є.Н. Абрамов, Ю.Н. Гавриш, П.А. Гнутов, М.Л. Клопенков, Р.М. Клопенков, К.А. Кравчук, А.Н. Кужлев,
А.А. Мельников, В.Г. Мудролюбов, Г.В. Муравйов, А.П. Строкач, Б.В. Забродін, А.В. Регель
У НДІЕФА ім. Д.В. Єфремова розроблений, виготовлений і випробуваний дослідний зразок мішеневого
комплексу циклотронів серії СС для виробництва ПЕТ-радіонуклідів вуглець-11 і фтор-18. За продуктивнос-
тю напрацювання радіонуклідів комплекс забезпечить потреби типового ПЕТ-центру.
TARGET SYSTEM FOR THE CC-SERIES СYCLOTRONS DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED IN NIIEFA
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-112084 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:07:08Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Abramov, E.N. Gavrish, Yu.N. Gnutov, P.A. Klopenkov, M.L. Klopenkov, R.М. Kravchuck, K.A. Kuzhlev, A.N. Melnikov, A.A. Mudrolyubov, V.G. Muraviev, G.V. Strokach, A.P. Zabrodin, B.V. Regel, A.V. 2017-01-17T14:48:59Z 2017-01-17T14:48:59Z 2013 Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA / E.N. Abramov, Yu.N. Gavrish, P.A. Gnutov, M.L. Klopenkov, R.М. Klopenkov, K.A. Kravchuck, A.N. Kuzhlev, A.A. Melnikov, V.G. Mudrolyubov, G.V. Muraviev, A.P. Strokach, B.V. Zabrodin, A.V. Regel // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 201-204. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 29.20.dg + 87.57.un https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112084 A prototype of the target system for the CC-series cyclotrons for production of PET radionuclides C-11 and F-18 has been designed, manufactured and tested in the Efremov Institute. The target system will produce radionuclides sufficient to ensure the needs of a standard PET-center. У НДІЕФА ім. Д.В. Єфремова розроблений, виготовлений і випробуваний дослідний зразок мішеневого комплексу циклотронів серії СС для виробництва ПЕТ-радіонуклідів вуглець-11 і фтор-18. За продуктивностю напрацювання радіонуклідів комплекс забезпечить потреби типового ПЕТ-центру. В НИИЭФА им. Д.В. Ефремова разработан, изготовлен и испытан опытный образец мишенного комплекса циклотронов серии СС для производства ПЭТ-радионуклидов углерод-11 и фтор-18. По производительности наработки радионуклидов комплекс обеспечит потребности типового ПЭТ-центра. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Применение ускоренных пучков. Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA Мішеневий комплекс для циклотронів серії СС виробництва НДІЕФА Мишенный комплекс для циклотронов серии СС производства НИИЭФА Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA Abramov, E.N. Gavrish, Yu.N. Gnutov, P.A. Klopenkov, M.L. Klopenkov, R.М. Kravchuck, K.A. Kuzhlev, A.N. Melnikov, A.A. Mudrolyubov, V.G. Muraviev, G.V. Strokach, A.P. Zabrodin, B.V. Regel, A.V. Применение ускоренных пучков. Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| title | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA |
| title_alt | Мішеневий комплекс для циклотронів серії СС виробництва НДІЕФА Мишенный комплекс для циклотронов серии СС производства НИИЭФА |
| title_full | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA |
| title_fullStr | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA |
| title_full_unstemmed | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA |
| title_short | Target system for the CC-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in NIIEFA |
| title_sort | target system for the cc-series сyclotrons designed and manufactured in niiefa |
| topic | Применение ускоренных пучков. Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| topic_facet | Применение ускоренных пучков. Детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112084 |
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