Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator
Radioactive isotopes of palladium (¹⁰³Pd) and rhenium (¹⁸⁶Re and ¹⁸⁸Re) have found wide use in nuclear medicine. The present report deals with the conditions for their production by a photonuclear method at an electron accelerator. Studies have been made into the channels of target isotope/attendant...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
|---|---|
| Date: | 2013 |
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2013
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112093 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Journal Title: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Cite this: | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator / N.P. Dikiy, V.A. Kushnir, Yu.V. Lyashko, V.V. Mitrochenko, S.A. Perezhogin, Yu.V. Rogov, A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko, I.N. Shlyakhov, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 196-200. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
Institution
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860085353679945728 |
|---|---|
| author | Dikiy, N.P. Kushnir, V.A. Lyashko, Yu.V. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Rogov, Yu.V. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. |
| author_facet | Dikiy, N.P. Kushnir, V.A. Lyashko, Yu.V. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Rogov, Yu.V. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. |
| citation_txt | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator / N.P. Dikiy, V.A. Kushnir, Yu.V. Lyashko, V.V. Mitrochenko, S.A. Perezhogin, Yu.V. Rogov, A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko, I.N. Shlyakhov, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 196-200. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description | Radioactive isotopes of palladium (¹⁰³Pd) and rhenium (¹⁸⁶Re and ¹⁸⁸Re) have found wide use in nuclear medicine. The present report deals with the conditions for their production by a photonuclear method at an electron accelerator. Studies have been made into the channels of target isotope/attendant impurity production as palladium and rhenium targets of natural isotopic composition were exposed to a mixed flux of X-ray (bremsstrahlung) with end-point energy of 40 MeV and photoneutrons. By placing a bremsstrahlung converter and the target inside a neutron moderator, data have been obtained for the effect of photoneutron spectrum on the isotope yield. The simulation technique has been used to investigate the photonuclear yield of target isotopes and major impurities as function of electron energy.
Радіоактивні ізотопи паладію (¹⁰³Pd) та ренію (¹⁸⁶Re і ¹⁸⁸Re) широко використовуються в ядерній медицині. Вивчаються умови їх отримання фотоядерним методом на прискорювачі електронів. Досліджено канали напрацювання цільових ізотопів і домішок при опромінюванні мішеней з паладію і ренію природного ізотопного складу змішаним потоком гальмівного випромінювання з граничною енергією 40 МеВ і фотонейтронів. Шляхом розміщення конвертера гальмівного випромінювання і мішені усередині модератора нейтронів отримано дані щодо впливу спектра фотонейтронів на вихід ізотопів. Методом моделювання вивчена також залежність фотоядерного виходу цільових ізотопів і основних домішок від енергії електронів.
Радиоактивные изотопы палладия (¹⁰³Pd) и рения (¹⁸⁶Re и ¹⁸⁸Re) широко используются в ядерной медицине. Изучаются условия их получения фотоядерным методом на ускорителе электронов. Исследованы каналы наработки целевых изотопов и примесей при облучении мишеней из палладия и рения природного изотопного состава смешанным потоком тормозного излучения с граничной энергией 40 МэВ и фотонейтронов. Путем размещения конвертера тормозного излучения и мишени внутри модератора нейтронов получены данные по влиянию спектра фотонейтронов на выход изотопов. Методом моделирования изучена также зависимость фотоядерного выхода целевых изотопов и основных примесей от энергии электронов.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:19:21Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 196
Pd AND Re ISOTOPE PRODUCTION IN THE FIELD
OF MIXED X,n-RADIATION OF ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
N.P. Dikiy, V.A. Kushnir, Yu.V. Lyashko, V.V. Mitrochenko, S.A. Perezhogin, Yu.V. Rogov,
A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko, I.N. Shlyakhov,
B.I. Shramenko
National Science Center “Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology”, Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: uvarov@kipt.kharkov.ua
Radioactive isotopes of palladium (103Pd) and rhenium (186Re and 188Re) have found wide use in nuclear medi-
cine. The present report deals with the conditions for their production by a photonuclear method at an electron ac-
celerator. Studies have been made into the channels of target isotope/attendant impurity production as palladium and
rhenium targets of natural isotopic composition were exposed to a mixed flux of X-ray (bremsstrahlung) with end-
point energy of 40 MeV and photoneutrons. By placing a bremsstrahlung converter and the target inside a neutron
moderator, data have been obtained for the effect of photoneutron spectrum on the isotope yield. The simulation
technique has been used to investigate the photonuclear yield of target isotopes and major impurities as function of
electron energy.
PACS: 07.85.-m, 81.40wx,87.53-j,87.53Wz
INTRODUCTION
Radioactive sources based on the isotopes 103Pd
(Ex~20 keV; Т1/2=16.9 days), 186Re (Eβ=346.7 keV;
Eγ=137.2 keV; Т1/2= 89.2 hours) and 188Re
(Eβ=764.3 keV; Eγ=155.0 keV; Т1/2= 17 hours) are used
in current medicine for brachytherapy.
Until recently, a common practice for 103Pd produc-
tion has been to use the reactor technique, which con-
sisted in neutron irradiation of palladium targets en-
riched in the 102Pd isotope [1], and also, to employ a
cyclotron technology for carrier-free production of the
target isotope [2]. The market demand for 103Pd is so
great that in the USA only, its production is provided by
more than 10 cyclotrons.
As regards 186Re isotope sources, they are produced
at reactors through thermal neutron irradiation of either
rhenium powder enriched in the 185Re isotope [1] or a
natural rhenium wire [3]. Attempts of carrier-free pro-
duction of the 186Re isotope with the use of a cyclotron
have also been made [4]. 188Re is generally obtained as a
result of decay of the generating 188W isotope, which is
produced in high-flux reactors through the double neu-
tron capture by the tungsten target enriched in the 186W
isotope [1].
In view of the tendency to gradually abandon the re-
actor technologies [5], and also, considering a high cost
of cyclotron-produced isotopes, it appears of interest to
investigate the conditions of isotope production at rela-
tively inexpensive and ecologically safe electron accel-
erators.
1. PRINCIPAL REACTIONS
Natural palladium presents a mixture of 6 stable iso-
topes: 102Pd (1.02%), 104Pd (11.14%), 105Pd (22.33%),
106Pd (27.23%), 108Pd (26.46%) and 110Pd (11.72%).
103Pd can be generated in the field of bremsstrahlung
radiation at an electron accelerator due to the reaction
104Pd(γ, n)103Pd. To provide a sufficient flux of brems-
strahlung photons in the giant resonance region, the
electron energy must range between 35 and 40 MeV. In
this case, there arises one more photonuclear channel of
desired isotope generation, viz., 105Pd(γ, 2n)103Pd. Be-
sides, the process of electron radiation conversion into
bremsstrahlung is accompanied by generation of photo-
neutrons (e.g., see Ref. [6]). These may give rise to the
102Pd(n, γ)103Pd reaction, too.
Natural rhenium consists of two isotopes: 185Re
(37.4 %) and 187Re (62.6%). To generate 186Re at an
electron accelerator, the reactions 187Re(γ, n)186Re and
185Re(n, γ)186Re can be used. Under the action of photo-
neutrons, natural rhenium can also yield 188Re through
the 187Re(n, γ)188Re reaction.
It is known that the neutron radiative-capture cross-
sections in the thermal region increase by one order of
value or more. Therefore, for simultaneous engaging the
photonuclear and neutron-capture channels, it has been
suggested that the bremsstrahlung converter and the
isotopic target should be placed inside the neutron mod-
erator [7].
2. EXPERIMENT
2.1. For measuring the isotope yields during expo-
sure of targets to a mixed X,n-radiation with and with-
out the neutron moderator, an output device has been
developed, the schematic of which is presented in
Fig. 1. The device includes an aluminum tube 1, which
is axially symmetric to the electron beam axis of the
accelerator A and accommodates the bremsstrahlung
converter C and the target T. The converter consists of
four tantalum plates, each 1 mm thick and 30 mm in
diameter, separated by same-size air gaps to provide
cooling. The target includes the enclosed in aluminum
holder 3 aluminum locking discs 4 and 8, each 20 mm
in diameter and 3 mm thick. The discs are separated by
a 0.1 mm thick molybdenum foil-monitor 5, and a 3 mm
thick aluminum spacer having a cell of diameter 10 mm,
where the isotopic targets 7 were located.
All the targets, except rhenium, presented foil frag-
ments of maximum size no more than 5 mm. The rheni-
um powder was placed in an aluminum thin-walled cap-
sule with an inside diameter 8 mm, and 4 mm in height.
2.2. The fluence of bremsstrahlung photons on the
isotopic targets was controlled against the yield of the
reference reactions in the foil-monitor 5. Natural mo-
lybdenum comprises seven stable isotopes, including
92Mo (14.84%), 98Mo (24.13%) and 100Mo (9.63%). The
photon fluence can be estimated against the 90Мо
mailto:uvarov@kipt.kharkov.ua
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 197
(Т1/2=5.7 hours) yield by the 92Мо(γ, 2n)90Mo reaction,
because 90Mo can be generated only in this channel. In
turn, the isotope 99Mo (T1/2= 66.02 hours) can be gener-
ated in the two reactions at once: 100Мо(γ, n)99Мо and
98Мо(n, γ)99Мо. So the comparison between the 90Mo
and 99Mo yields, normalized to the electron beam charge
on the converter, enables one to estimate the contribu-
tion of each of the channels. To determine the profile of
the high-energy photon flux, at the converter output a
0.1 mm thick tin-foil 9, measuring 40×40 mm, was
placed, which was activated together with the isotope
target. The profile of the photon flux was reconstructed
by measuring the 2D-distribution of the foil 9 surface
activity using a gamma-scanner [8].
2.3. To measure the isotope yield as a result of a
combined action of the bremsstrahlung and moderated
photoneutrons, the system with the converter and the
target was arranged inside the moderator M. The de-
tailed description of the latter can be found in Ref. [7].
In this case, at point 10 of the output device one more
isotopic target was placed so that the distance from the
target to the beam axis corresponded to the distance
from the target 7 to the converter. Each target comprised
samples of palladium, rhenium and gold. The latter were
used as activation detectors. In this way, the target 7
experienced the action of a mixed flux of brems-
strahlung and soft photoneutrons, whereas the target 10
was exposed mostly to neutrons.
A 1
2 3
4
e-
5
400
360 ∅
30
0
∅
60C T
6
7
8
M
910
Fig. 1. Schematic of output device
2.4. The targets were irradiated at the NSC KIPT ac-
celerator LU-40 [9] for 2 hours at an electron energy of
40 MeV, the beam pulse length of 1.5 μs, the pulse
repetition frequency 50 Hz, and the average current
4.1 μA. The electron beam profile on the converter cor-
responded to the Gaussian distribution with the FWHM
1.2 cm. The FWHM of the beam energy spectrum was
no more than 2%. Fig. 2 shows the measured profile of
the X-Ray flux.
After each exposure, the targets were cooled for
24 hours to provide the decay of induced activity caused
by short-lived impurities.
The isotope activity in the samples was determined
with the use of the gamma-spectrometer based on the
Canberra HPGe detector with the analyzer InSpector-
2000 and the software Genie 2000. The detector pro-
vides the relative registration efficiency of 20 % and the
energy resolution of 1.8 keV at a photon energy of
1332 keV (Co-60). The error of specific isotope activity
measurement varied within the 7…10% range. The data
obtained were normalized to the electron-beam charge
value in the course of the target activation.
Fig. 2. X-Ray flux distribution behind the converter
2.5. An independent analysis of the target photoacti-
vation processes was performed by a simulation method
based on the modified transport code PENELOPE-2008
[10]. The yield of photonuclear reactions was calculated
by summing their microyields along all the trajectories
of all above-threshold photons in the corresponding
target device elements [11]. The reaction cross-sections
were taken from the database [12]. The processes of
target activation by neutrons were not simulated.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tables 1 and 2 present the data on the principal iso-
tope yield obtained experimentally and by the simula-
tion method (in brackets the mass of each target in mg is
given). Their analysis shows that the calculated photo-
nuclear yield of 101Pd, 184Re in the isotopic targets, and
also, of 90Mo and 196Au in the targets-monitors (Table 3)
located on the electron beam axis, are in satisfactory
agreement with the experimental results. This bears wit-
ness to a sufficiently exact description of the reaction
cross sections, as well as to adequacy of their computer
simulation. The last fact gives grounds for calculation of
isotope yields at different modes of target activation.
Thus, Figs. 3 to 6 show the yields of 103Pd and 186Re,
and also, of the major impurities as function of the elec-
tron energy and activation time expressed in terms of
half-life of the desired isotope.
The yield of 188Re from the Re target 7 without the
moderator was determined to be 0.2 μCi/hour⋅μА⋅g. In
the presence of the moderator, the yields of 188Re and
198Au in the samples situated on the beam axis and
sideways were found to be nearly the same. This con-
firms the closeness between the values of neutron fluxes
acting on the targets, and permits one to estimate the
contribution of neutron-capture channels to the yields of
desired isotopes.
In the case of palladium, the 102Pd(n, γ) reaction pro-
vides no more than 1.5 % of the total yield of 103Pd, this
being within the total measurement error. It should be
noted that the photonuclear yield of 103Pd was calculated
with account of the 104Pd(γ, n)103Pd reaction only. So the
experimentally observed excess can be explained by the
contribution of the 105Pd(γ, 2n)103Pd channel. In its turn,
the 185Re(n, γ) reaction adds ~10 % to the total yield of
186Re. Note that with the use of the moderator, the pro-
duction of 188Re increases by more than ten times.
Table 1
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 198
Isotope yields in Pd targets
Isotope Т1/2, days Reaction
Yield, µCi/hour⋅µA⋅g
Pd-7 (83.5) Pd-10 (84.3)
Simulated Experimental Experimental
103Pd 16.9
104Pd(γ, n)103Pd
105Pd(γ, 2n)103Pd
102Pd(n, γ)103Pd
1.8
-
-
3.3
0.05
100Pd 3.63 102Pd(γ, 2n)100Pd - 8.6⋅10-2 8⋅10-4
101Pd 0.34 102Pd(γ, n)101Pd 7.6 7.0 0.073
109Pd 0.56
110Pd(γ, n)109Pd
108Pd(n, γ)109Pd
110Pd(γ, p)109Rh→
-
-
-
62.5
1.6
105Rh 1.47
106Pd(γ, p) 105Rh
105Pd(n, p) 105Rh
108Pd(n, α) 105Ru→
-
-
-
2.0
0.02
Table 2
Isotope yields in Re targets
Isotope Т1/2, days Reaction
Yield, µCi/hour⋅µA⋅g
Re-7 (852) Re-10 (960)
Simulated Experimental Experimental
186Re 3.72
187Re(γ, n)186Re
185Re(n, γ)186Re
49.8
- 56.9 4.6
188Re 0.71 187Re(n, γ)188Re - 3.30 3.25
184Re 38.0 185Re(γ, n)184Re 2.9 2.85 0.6
Table 3
Isotope yields in targets-monitors
Target Isotope Т1/2, days Reaction
Yield, μCi/hour⋅μА⋅g
Simulated Experimental
Mo-5
(312)
99Mo 2.75
100Mo(γ, n)99Mo 4.69
5.48 98Mo(n, γ)99Mo -
90Mo 0.24 92Mo(γ, 2n)90Mo 1.56 1.48
Au-7 (111)
196Au
198Au
6.2
2.7
197Au(γ, n)196Au
197Au(n, γ)198Au
5.95
-
5.15
2.65
Au-10
(112)
196Au
198Au
6.2
2.7
197Au(γ, n)196Au
197Au(n, γ)198Au
-
-
0.62
2.59
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
A
ct
iv
ity
, µ
C
i/(
µA
*g
)
t/TPd103
E0 = 30 MeV
E0 = 40 MeV
E0 = 60 MeV
E0 = 80 MeV
1/2
Fig. 3. Specific activity of 103Pd versus time of exposure
at different electron energies
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Ac
tiv
ity
, µ
C
i/(
µA
*g
)
t / T1/2
Re186
E0 = 30 MeV
E0 = 40 MeV
E0 = 60 MeV
E0 = 80 MeV
Fig. 4. Specific activity of 186Re versus time of exposure
at different electron energies
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 199
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
1
2
3
4
A
(10
1 P
d)
/A
(10
3 P
d)
t/TPd103
E0 = 30 MeV
E0 = 40 MeV
E0 = 60 MeV
E0 = 80 MeV
1/2
Fig. 5. Specific activities of 101Pd and 103Pd versus
time of exposure
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
A
ct
iv
ity
, µ
C
i/(
µA
*g
)
t/TRe186
E0 = 30 MeV
E0 = 40 MeV
E0 = 60 MeV
E0 = 80 Mev
1/2
Fig. 6. Specific activity of 184Re versus time of exposure
at different electron energies
CONCLUSIONS
A satisfactory fit of experimental results and the
simulation data on the photonuclear isotope yield makes
it possible to calculate the yields in the thick technolog-
ical targets and to compare different methods of isotope
production (Tables 4 and 5). For example, from Table 4
it can be concluded that the cyclotron technology has a
preference as to the specific and total yields of 103Pd
alongside with a low level of impurities. At the same
time, it involves a considerable amount of radiochemi-
cal procedures, and the produced isotope sources are
beyond regeneration. The photonuclear method is capa-
ble of providing a high yield of 103Pd in case of using
the targets enriched in the 104Pd isotope at much less
expenses for the accelerator. In this case, the decayed
sources can be reactivated an unlimited number of
times.
As regards 186 Re (see Table 5), an electron accelera-
tor having routine parameters (40 MeV, 250 μA) can
provide a considerably higher yield than the reactor and
cyclotron technologies do. An additional gain in the
yield, along with a reduction in the 184Re yield, can be
provided by using the target enriched in 187Re. The
cooled sources can also be reactivated. At the same
time, the reactor method retains its advantage as to the
specific yield of 186Re.
Table 4
Comparison between the methods of 103Pd production
Facility,
parameters
Target, reaction,
cross-section
Yield Major
impurities specific total
Reactor [1]
4⋅1013 n/сm2⋅s
102Pd, 102Pd(n, γ), 3b 150 μCi/hour⋅g 15 μCi/hour 109Pd, 111Au
Cyclotron [2]
20 MeV
natRh, 103Rh(p, n), 505 mb
(Ep=10 MeV)
~270 μCi/μА⋅hour⋅g 270 μCi/μА⋅hour Carrier-free
Electron accelerator
[13] 40 МeV
natPd, 104Pd(γ, n), 180 mb
(Eγ=15 MeV)
4 μCi/μА⋅hour⋅g 50 μCi/ μА⋅hour 100Pd, 101Pd,
109Pd, 105Rh
Table 5
Comparison between the methods of 186Re production
Facility,
parameters
Target, reaction,
cross-section
Yield Major
impurities specific total
Reactor [1]
3⋅1014 n/cm2⋅s
185Re(>94%),
185Re(n,γ), 112b
7.5 Ci/hour⋅g 75 μCi/hour 188Re
Cyclotron [4]
14 MeV
natW, 186W(p, n), 80 mb
(Ep=9 MeV)
~20 μCi/μА⋅hour⋅g 20 μCi/μА⋅hour Carrier-free
Electron accelerator
[13] 40 MeV
natRe, 187Re(γ, n), 420 mb
(Eγ=14 MeV)
~60 μCi/μА⋅hour⋅g ~1 μCi/μА⋅hour 184Re, 188Re
REFERENCES
1. Manual for Reactor Produced Radioisotopes //
IAEA-TECDOC-1340. 2003.
2. S. Sudar, F. Cserpak, S.M. Qaim. Measurements and
Nuclear Model Calculations of Proton-Induced Re-
actions on 103Rh up to 40 MeV: Evolution of the Ex-
citation Function of the Therapeutic Radionuclide
103Pd // Appl. Rad. Isot. 2002, v. 56, p. 821-831.
3. W.K. Roberts, U.O. Häfeli. Modeling rhenium-186
and rhenium-188 distribution in a neutron-activated
rhenium wire and effect of the distribution on beta
dosimetry in a water phantom // Appl. Rad. Isot.
1999, v. 51, p. 541-549.
4. E. Persico, M.L. Bonardi, F. Groppi, et al. Excita-
tion-functions and yields for Re-186g production by
proton cyclotron irradiation // Proc. of 18 Int. Conf.
“Cyclotrons and their Applications”. 2007, p. 248-250.
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2013. №6(88) 200
5. Making Medical Isotopes:/ Report on the Task Force
on Alternatives for Medical Isotopes Produc-
tion. TRIUMF, Canada, 2008. www.triump.ca/ repor
t-medical-isotope-production.
6. T.V. Malykhina et al. Investigation of the mixed
X,n-radiation field at photonuclear production of
isotopes // PAST. Series “NPI”. 2008, №5(50),
p. 184-188.
7. V.L. Uvarov et al. Two-channel Mode of Mo-99 Pro-
duction at an Electron Accelerator // Proc. Conf.
IPAC 2011, San Sebastian. Spain. 2011, p. 3627-3629.
8. V.I. Nikiforov et al. A system for measuring the flux
profile of high-energy bremsstrahlung // PAST. Se-
ries “NPI”. 2008, №3(49), p. 196-200.
9. N.I. Aizatsky, V.I. Beloglazov, V.P. Bozhko, et al.
Nuclear-physical complex based on a 100 MeV elec-
tron linear accelerator // PAST. Series “NPI”. 2010,
№ 2(53), p. 18-22.
10. F. Salvat, J.M. Fernández-Varea, J. Sempau.
PENELOPE-2008 a Code System for Monte-Carlo
Simulation of Electron and Photon Transport //
OECD NEA (Issy-les-Moulineaux) France. 2008.
11. V.I. Nikiforov and V.L. Uvarov. Development of the
Technique Embedded into a Monte Carlo Transport
System for Calculation of Photonuclear Isotope
Yield // Nukleonika. 2012, v. 57(1), p. 75-80 (in
Russian).
12. Handbook on photonuclear data for Applications //
IAEA. TECDOC-1178. 2000.
13. N.I. Aizatsky et al. A powerful electron linear accel-
erator with energy up to 40 MeV // PAST. Series
“NPI”. 2008, № 3(49), p. 25-29.
Article received 23.10.2013
ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ ИЗОТОПОВ Pd И Re В ПОЛЕ СМЕШАННОГО
X,n-ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ УСКОРИТЕЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОНОВ
Н.П. Дикий, В.А. Кушнир, Ю.В. Ляшко, В.В. Митроченко, С.А. Пережогин, Ю.В. Рогов, А.Э. Тенишев,
А.В. Торговкин, В.Л. Уваров, В.А. Шевченко, И.Н. Шляхов, Б.И. Шраменко
Радиоактивные изотопы палладия (103Pd) и рения (186Re и 188Re) широко используются в ядерной меди-
цине. Изучаются условия их получения фотоядерным методом на ускорителе электронов. Исследованы ка-
налы наработки целевых изотопов и примесей при облучении мишеней из палладия и рения природного
изотопного состава смешанным потоком тормозного излучения с граничной энергией 40 МэВ и фотоней-
тронов. Путем размещения конвертера тормозного излучения и мишени внутри модератора нейтронов по-
лучены данные по влиянию спектра фотонейтронов на выход изотопов. Методом моделирования изучена
также зависимость фотоядерного выхода целевых изотопов и основных примесей от энергии электронов.
ОТРИМАННЯ ІЗОТОПІВ Pd І Re В ПОЛІ ЗМІШАНОГО
X,n-ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЯ ПРИСКОРЮВАЧА ЕЛЕКТРОНІВ
М.П. Дикий, В.А. Кушнір, Ю.В. Ляшко, В.В. Митроченко, С.О. Пережогін, Ю.В. Рогов, А.Е. Тєнишев,
О.В. Торговкін, В.Л. Уваров, В.А. Шевченко, І.М. Шляхов, Б.І. Шраменко
Радіоактивні ізотопи паладію (103Pd) та ренію (186Re і 188Re) широко використовуються в ядерній медици-
ні. Вивчаються умови їх отримання фотоядерним методом на прискорювачі електронів. Досліджено канали
напрацювання цільових ізотопів і домішок при опромінюванні мішеней з паладію і ренію природного ізото-
пного складу змішаним потоком гальмівного випромінювання з граничною енергією 40 МеВ і фотонейтро-
нів. Шляхом розміщення конвертера гальмівного випромінювання і мішені усередині модератора нейтронів
отримано дані щодо впливу спектра фотонейтронів на вихід ізотопів. Методом моделювання вивчена також
залежність фотоядерного виходу цільових ізотопів і основних домішок від енергії електронів.
INTRODUCTION
1. PRINCIPAL REACTIONS
2. EXPERIMENT
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-112093 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1562-6016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:19:21Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Dikiy, N.P. Kushnir, V.A. Lyashko, Yu.V. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Rogov, Yu.V. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. 2017-01-17T15:37:46Z 2017-01-17T15:37:46Z 2013 Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator / N.P. Dikiy, V.A. Kushnir, Yu.V. Lyashko, V.V. Mitrochenko, S.A. Perezhogin, Yu.V. Rogov, A.Eh. Tenishev, A.V. Torgovkin, V.L. Uvarov, V.A. Shevchenko, I.N. Shlyakhov, B.I. Shramenko // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2013. — № 6. — С. 196-200. — Бібліогр.: 13 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 07.85.-m, 81.40wx,87.53-j,87.53Wz https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112093 Radioactive isotopes of palladium (¹⁰³Pd) and rhenium (¹⁸⁶Re and ¹⁸⁸Re) have found wide use in nuclear medicine. The present report deals with the conditions for their production by a photonuclear method at an electron accelerator. Studies have been made into the channels of target isotope/attendant impurity production as palladium and rhenium targets of natural isotopic composition were exposed to a mixed flux of X-ray (bremsstrahlung) with end-point energy of 40 MeV and photoneutrons. By placing a bremsstrahlung converter and the target inside a neutron moderator, data have been obtained for the effect of photoneutron spectrum on the isotope yield. The simulation technique has been used to investigate the photonuclear yield of target isotopes and major impurities as function of electron energy. Радіоактивні ізотопи паладію (¹⁰³Pd) та ренію (¹⁸⁶Re і ¹⁸⁸Re) широко використовуються в ядерній медицині. Вивчаються умови їх отримання фотоядерним методом на прискорювачі електронів. Досліджено канали напрацювання цільових ізотопів і домішок при опромінюванні мішеней з паладію і ренію природного ізотопного складу змішаним потоком гальмівного випромінювання з граничною енергією 40 МеВ і фотонейтронів. Шляхом розміщення конвертера гальмівного випромінювання і мішені усередині модератора нейтронів отримано дані щодо впливу спектра фотонейтронів на вихід ізотопів. Методом моделювання вивчена також залежність фотоядерного виходу цільових ізотопів і основних домішок від енергії електронів. Радиоактивные изотопы палладия (¹⁰³Pd) и рения (¹⁸⁶Re и ¹⁸⁸Re) широко используются в ядерной медицине. Изучаются условия их получения фотоядерным методом на ускорителе электронов. Исследованы каналы наработки целевых изотопов и примесей при облучении мишеней из палладия и рения природного изотопного состава смешанным потоком тормозного излучения с граничной энергией 40 МэВ и фотонейтронов. Путем размещения конвертера тормозного излучения и мишени внутри модератора нейтронов получены данные по влиянию спектра фотонейтронов на выход изотопов. Методом моделирования изучена также зависимость фотоядерного выхода целевых изотопов и основных примесей от энергии электронов. en Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України Вопросы атомной науки и техники Применение ускоренных пучков. детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator Dikiy, N.P. Kushnir, V.A. Lyashko, Yu.V. Mitrochenko, V.V. Perezhogin, S.A. Rogov, Yu.V. Tenishev, A.Eh. Torgovkin, A.V. Uvarov, V.L. Shevchenko, V.A. Shlyakhov, I.N. Shramenko, B.I. Применение ускоренных пучков. детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| title | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator |
| title_full | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator |
| title_fullStr | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator |
| title_short | Pd and Re isotope production in the field of mixed X,n-radiation of electron accelerator |
| title_sort | pd and re isotope production in the field of mixed x,n-radiation of electron accelerator |
| topic | Применение ускоренных пучков. детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| topic_facet | Применение ускоренных пучков. детекторы и детектирование ядерных излучений |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112093 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dikiynp pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT kushnirva pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT lyashkoyuv pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT mitrochenkovv pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT perezhoginsa pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT rogovyuv pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT tenishevaeh pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT torgovkinav pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT uvarovvl pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT shevchenkova pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT shlyakhovin pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator AT shramenkobi pdandreisotopeproductioninthefieldofmixedxnradiationofelectronaccelerator |