The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding
In this study, the fatigue strength of AISI 430—304 stainless steels welded by CO₂ laser beam welding (LBW) is investigated. Laser welding experiments are carried under helium atmosphere at 2000, 2250 and 2500 W welding powers with 100 cm/min welding speed. The welding zones are examined by optical...
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2015
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| Cite this: | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding / U. Caligulu, M. Turkmen, A. Ozer, M. Taskin, M. Ozer // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 6. — С. 839-852. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859482223350120448 |
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| author | Caligulu, U. Turkmen, M. Ozer, A. Taskin, M. Ozer, M. |
| author_facet | Caligulu, U. Turkmen, M. Ozer, A. Taskin, M. Ozer, M. |
| citation_txt | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding / U. Caligulu, M. Turkmen, A. Ozer, M. Taskin, M. Ozer // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 6. — С. 839-852. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
| description | In this study, the fatigue strength of AISI 430—304 stainless steels welded by CO₂ laser beam welding (LBW) is investigated. Laser welding experiments are carried under helium atmosphere at 2000, 2250 and 2500 W welding powers with 100 cm/min welding speed. The welding zones are examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Fatigue tests are performed using an axial fatigue test machine, and the fatigue strength is analysed drawing S−N curves and critically observing fatigue fracture surfaces of the tested samples. The experimental results indicate that mechanical properties and microstructural features are affected significantly by welding power. The fatigue strength of CO₂ laser welded samples increase due to higher deep penetration in welding zone with increasing welding power in chosen conditions. The best properties are observed with the specimens welded at 2500 W heat input and 100 cm/min welding speed.
В цій роботі досліджено втомну міцність неіржавійних сталей AISI 430—304, зварених променем CO₂-лазера. Експерименти з лазерного зварювання виконувалися в атмосфері гелію за потужности зварювання у 2000, 2250 і 2500 Вт із швидкістю зварювання у 100 см/хв. Зони зварювання досліджувалися методами оптичної мікроскопії, сканівної електронної мікроскопії та енергодисперсійної спектроскопії. Дослідження на втому виконувалися з використанням машини для випробувань на вісну втому, а втомна міцність аналізувалася шляхом побудови S−N-кривих та критичного спостереження поверхонь втомного руйнування досліджених зразків. Експериментальні результати показують, що механічні властивості та мікроструктурні особливості значно залежать від потужности зварювання. Втомна міцність зразків, зварених CO₂-лазером, зростає завдяки збільшенню глибини проникнення в зоні зварювання зі збільшенням потужности зварювання за обраних умов. Найкращі властивості спостерігалися у зразків, зварених за підведеної теплоти при 2500 Вт та швидкости зварювання у 100 см/хв.
В данной работе исследована усталостная прочность нержавеющих сталей AISI 430—304, сваренных лучом CO₂-лазера. Эксперименты по лазерной сварке выполнялись в атмосфере гелия при мощностях сварки 2000, 2250 и 2500 Вт и скорости сварки 100 см/мин. Зоны сварки исследовались методами оптической микроскопии, сканирующей электронной микроскопии и энергодисперсионной спектроскопии. Испытания на усталость производились с использованием машины для испытаний на осевую усталость, а усталостная прочность анализировалась путём построения S−N-кривых и критического наблюдения поверхностей усталостного разрушения исследованных образцов. Экспериментальные результаты показывают, что механические свойства и микроструктурные особенности значительно зависят от мощности сварки. Усталостная прочность образцов, сваренных CO₂-лазером, возрастает благодаря увеличению глубины проникновения в зоне сварки с увеличением мощности сварки при выбранных условиях. Наилучшие свойства наблюдались у образцов, сваренных при подводимой теплоте с 2500 Вт и скорости сварки 100 см/мин.
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839
PACS numbers:06.60.Vz, 42.62.Cf,62.20.me,62.20.mm,81.20.Vj,81.40.Np, 81.70.Bt
The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels
Welded by CO2 Laser Beam Welding
U. Caligulu, M. Turkmen*, A. Ozer**, M. Taskin, and M. Ozer***
Firat University, Faculty of Technology,
Department of Met. and Materials Eng.,
23119 Elazig, Turkey
*Kocaeli University,
Hereke Vocational School,
41800 Kocaeli, Turkey
**Gazi University Technical Sciences Vocational School,
Ostim Yenimahelle, Ankara, Turkey
***Gazi University, Technology Faculty,
Department of Met. and Materials Eng.,
06500 Besevler, Ankara, Turkey
In this study, the fatigue strength of AISI 430—304 stainless steels welded by
CO2 laser beam welding (LBW) is investigated. Laser welding experiments
are carried under helium atmosphere at 2000, 2250 and 2500 W welding
powers with 100 cm/min welding speed. The welding zones are examined by
optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive
spectroscopy analysis. Fatigue tests are performed using an axial fatigue test
machine, and the fatigue strength is analysed drawing S—N curves and criti-
cally observing fatigue fracture surfaces of the tested samples. The experi-
mental results indicate that mechanical properties and microstructural fea-
tures are affected significantly by welding power. The fatigue strength of
CO2 laser welded samples increase due to higher deep penetration in welding
zone with increasing welding power in chosen conditions. The best properties
are observed with the specimens welded at 2500 W heat input and 100
cm/min welding speed.
В цій роботі досліджено втомну міцність неіржавійних сталей AISI 430—
304, зварених променем CO2-лазера. Експерименти з лазерного зварюван-
ня виконувалися в атмосфері гелію за потужности зварювання у 2000,
2250 і 2500 Вт із швидкістю зварювання у 100 см/хв. Зони зварювання
досліджувалися методами оптичної мікроскопії, сканівної електронної
мікроскопії та енергодисперсійної спектроскопії. Дослідження на втому
виконувалися з використанням машини для випробувань на вісну втому,
а втомна міцність аналізувалася шляхом побудови S—N-кривих та крити-
Металлофиз. новейшие технол. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2015, т. 37, № 6, сс. 839—852
Оттиски доступны непосредственно от издателя
Фотокопирование разрешено только
в соответствии с лицензией
2015 ИМФ (Институт металлофизики
им. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН Украины)
Напечатано в Украине.
840 U. CALIGULU, M. TURKMEN, A. OZER, M. TASKIN, and M. OZER
чного спостереження поверхонь втомного руйнування досліджених зраз-
ків. Експериментальні результати показують, що механічні властивості
та мікроструктурні особливості значно залежать від потужности зварю-
вання. Втомна міцність зразків, зварених CO2-лазером, зростає завдяки
збільшенню глибини проникнення в зоні зварювання зі збільшенням по-
тужности зварювання за обраних умов. Найкращі властивості спостеріга-
лися у зразків, зварених за підведеної теплоти при 2500 Вт та швидкости
зварювання у 100 см/хв.
В данной работе исследована усталостная прочность нержавеющих сталей
AISI 430—304, сваренных лучом CO2-лазера. Эксперименты по лазерной
сварке выполнялись в атмосфере гелия при мощностях сварки 2000, 2250
и 2500 Вт и скорости сварки 100 см/мин. Зоны сварки исследовались ме-
тодами оптической микроскопии, сканирующей электронной микроско-
пии и энергодисперсионной спектроскопии. Испытания на усталость про-
изводились с использованием машины для испытаний на осевую уста-
лость, а усталостная прочность анализировалась путём построения S—N-
кривых и критического наблюдения поверхностей усталостного разруше-
ния исследованных образцов. Экспериментальные результаты показыва-
ют, что механические свойства и микроструктурные особенности значи-
тельно зависят от мощности сварки. Усталостная прочность образцов,
сваренных CO2-лазером, возрастает благодаря увеличению глубины про-
никновения в зоне сварки с увеличением мощности сварки при выбран-
ных условиях. Наилучшие свойства наблюдались у образцов, сваренных
при подводимой теплоте с 2500 Вт и скорости сварки 100 см/мин.
Key words: fatigue strength, welding zone, stainless steels, AISI 430, AISI
304, CO2 LBW.
(Received December 2, 2014; in final version, April 16, 2015)
1. INTRODUCTION
Stainless steels are iron-base alloys containing 8—25% nickel and more
chromium than the 12% necessary to produce passivity but less than
30%. The steels resist both corrosion and high temperature. Stainless
steels can be divided into five types as ferritic, austenitic, martensitic,
duplex, and precipitation-hardening. Ferritic stainless steels are wide-
ly used due to the fact that their corrosion resistance is higher at room
temperature and they are much cheaper than the other stainless steels.
Ferritic stainless steels contain 16—30% Cr within their structures in
respect of addition of the alloy element. This type of the steel can be
shaped easily and resist atmospheric corrosion well and thanks to these
characteristics, it has a wide range of application in architecture, inte-
rior and exterior decoration, kitchen utensils, manufacturing of wash
boilers and drying machines, food industry, automotive industry, and
petrochemical and chemical industries [1—4].
THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AISI 430—304 STEELS WELDED BY CO2 LASER BEAM 841
Austenitic-stainless steel is preferred more than other stainless-
steel types due to easiness in welding process. Then, some negative
metallurgic changes are taken into consideration in welding of the
steels. These are the following ones: delta ferrite phase, sigma phase,
stress-corrosion cracking, and chrome—carbide precipitate between
grain boundaries at 450—850C of Cr—Ni austenitic steels such as 18/8
joined by fusion welding in long waiting time. Stainless steels can gen-
erally be welded with all methods of fusion welding and solid state
welding. Out of the fusion welding methods, electric arc welding, sub-
merged arc welding, MIG, TIG, plasma welding, electron beam weld-
ing, resistance welding, and laser welding, etc. are widely used. In the
fusion welding methods for joining stainless steel, brittle intermetallic
compounds phases are produced in the fusion zone, which reduce the
strength of the welding joint. However, in the LBW joining of stain-
less steel, because these phases are reduced, it improves the perfor-
mance of the stainless steel joint [5—10].
Laser beam welding, using laser beam of high energy density as a
heat source, is a highly efficient and precise welding method. It has
some excellences, such as high energy density, focalization, deep pene-
tration, high efficiency and strong applicability, and it is widely ap-
plied to welding zone requiring the high precision and high quality,
including aviation and space flights, automobile, microelectronics,
light industry, medical treatment and nuclear industry. As laser beam
welding is a fast but unbalanced heat-circulation process, larger tem-
perature degrees appear around the weld, therefore the residual stress
and deformation of different extent can also appear in the post welding
structure. All of these phenomena become important factors, influenc-
ing the quality of welding structure and the usable capability. Under-
standing the thermal process of welding is crucial to analyse the me-
chanical welding structure and microstructure as well as controlling of
welding quality [11—14].
Fatigue is progressive localized permanent structural change that
occurs in a material subjected to repeated or fluctuating strains at
stresses having a maximum value less than the tensile strength of the
material. It has been estimated that 90% of the failures, which occur
in engineering components, can be attributed to fatigue and high por-
tion of the fatigue failures are associated with a weldment with stress
concentrations and possible weld defects [15]. Fatigue affecting fac-
tors are the following: material type, the effects of composition and
structure, the effects of surface properties, the effect of the notch, the
effects of strains, the effect of the corrosion, the effect of the working
environment, construction and montage errors, the effect of tempera-
ture, the effect of frequency (test speed), and dimensional factors.
Stresses, to be applied to parts during operation, may be different in
type and severity. Depending on the type of stress, there are four main
842 U. CALIGULU, M. TURKMEN, A. OZER, M. TASKIN, and M. OZER
types of fatigue test species. They are axial, bending, torsion and com-
pound fatigue tests. Fatigue, crack initiation, crack propagation and
breakage occur in three stages. Fatigue does not cause a significant
plastic deformation of the material. Fatigue cracks occur in such plac-
es, where stress concentration, sharp edges, scratches, nicks and cor-
rosion and fatigue move at certain speeds and cause the failure of ma-
terial. Therefore, the design of parts working under dynamic loads
should avoid sharp edges, which cause stress concentration and notch-
es. In addition, the polished surfaces of components exposed to cyclic
loading can extend fatigue life [16—18].
In order to optimize welding conditions for materials with different
properties or advanced materials, experimental investigations are still
required. Along with a great deal of researches devoted to the weldabil-
ity of dissimilar materials and properties estimation for welding pro-
cess, the further investigation on practical applications of failure is
also becoming considerably important and urgent. It is well known that
the majority of failures that occur in the structures are caused by fa-
tigue failure in weldments due to fatigue type of loading experienced
by the structures [19]. Very few studies have been carried out to evalu-
ate the fatigue properties of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel weld [20].
The fatigue process and its mechanism are largely influenced by the
presence of material non-homogeneities. It has been found by several
researchers that generally fatigue cracks originate either in the heat
affected zone or in the weld materials due to fatigue loading and could
be the potential source of catastrophic failures in some unfortunate
situations [21].
Curcio et al. [22] analysed the parameters of various materials at
laser welding and reported that welding power, welding speed, shield-
ing gas, gas nozzle, and the process of focusing were among these pa-
rameters. Zambon et al. [23] analysed the microstructure and tensile
stages of AISI 904L super austenitic stainless steel during CO2 laser
welding and reported that there was a decrease in flow resistance and
detach tensile and depending on this there was an increase in hardness
value because of rapid cooling of the fusion zone during welding. Ber-
trand et al. [24] analysed the Nd:YAG laser welding parameters of the
stainless steel and reported that laser power was 600—2700 W and the
welding speed was 3—10 m/min and flow speed of the shielding gas was
similar to the surface contamination or it changed depending on vari-
ous surface tensions. El-Batahgy [25] analysed the effects of austenitic
stainless steels on surface of hardness and fusion zone of laser welding
parameters and reported that penetration increased depending on the
increased welding power and welding speed, there was not a significant
difference between helium and argon shielding gases, and mechanical
features (tension, hardness, bending) and fusion zone were not affect-
ed by heat input at room temperature. Ghani et al. [26] analysed the
THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AISI 430—304 STEELS WELDED BY CO2 LASER BEAM 843
microstructural characteristics of low carbon steels on Nd:YAG laser
welding and reported that depending on the increased energy input and
process speed, the hardness value of the material at welding zone also
increased. Vural et al. [27] analysed the effect of welding nugget diam-
eter on the fatigue strength of the resistance spot welded joints of dif-
ferent steel sheets and reported that galvanized steel sheet combina-
tion has the highest fatigue limit and crack growth rate of the spot
welded galvanized AISI 304 joining type is slower than that of base
metals given in literature. C and m coefficients of Paris—Erdogan
equation for spot welded AISI 304 galvanized steel sheet joints were
obtained. Yuri et al. [28] analysed the effect of welding structure on
high-cycle and low cycle fatigue properties for MIG welded A5083 al-
uminium alloys at cryogenic temperatures and reported that in the
high-cycle fatigue tests the ratios of 106
fatigue strength to tensile
strength for A5183 weld metals were slightly lower than A5083, in the
low-cycle fatigue tests fatigue lives for A5183 weld metals were slight-
ly shorter than those for A5083. Jang et al. [29] analysed the effects of
microstructure and residual stress on fatigue crack growth of stainless
steel narrow gap welds and reported that the fatigue crack growth rate
depended on both dendrite alignment and residual stress distribution
in the weld, so the fatigue crack growth rates were the highest near the
boundary between the inner weld deposit and the outer weld deposit,
where the dendrites were well aligned and the high tensile residual
stress existed. Taban et al. [30] analysed the laser welding of modified
12% Cr stainless steel, regarding strength, fatigue, toughness, micro-
structure, and corrosion properties, and reported that fatigue behav-
iour of clean 1.4003 ferritic stainless steel weld is excellent provided
weld defects are omitted and all excess of weld metal is removed appro-
priately or at least the transition from weld to base metal is suitably
smoothened. Under these conditions, the fatigue strength of butt
welds is comparable with that of the base metal. The major withdrawal
of the stainless steel is the tendency to grain coarsening at the HTHAZ.
In this study, the fatigue strength of AISI 430—304 stainless steels
welded by CO2 laser beam welding is investigated.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
AISI 430 steels comprise approximately one-half of the SAE-AISI type
400 series stainless steels. They are known with their excellent stress
corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crev-
ice corrosion in chlorine environments. Welding is known to reduce
toughness, ductility and corrosion resistance because of the grain
coarsening and carbide precipitations. The grain size gradually in-
creases from the edge of Heat Effected Zone (HAZ) to the fusion
boundary. Welding of 400 series usually requires preheat and post-
844 U. CALIGULU, M. TURKMEN, A. OZER, M. TASKIN, and M. OZER
weld heat treatment to minimize stress that can lead to cracking [31].
AISI 304 steels comprise approximately one-half of the SAE-AISI type
300 series stainless steels. They are known with their excellent stress
corrosion cracking resistance and good resistance to pitting and crev-
ice corrosion in chlorine environments. Austenitic-stainless steel is
preferred more than other stainless-steel types due to easiness in weld-
ing process. Then, some negative metallurgic changes are taken into
consideration in welding of the steels. These are delta ferrite phase,
sigma phase, stress-corrosion cracking, chrome-carbide precipitate
between grain boundaries at 450—850C of Cr—Ni austenitic steels such
as 18/8 joined by fusion welding in long waiting time. Welding of 300
series usually requires preheat and post-weld heat treatment to mini-
mize stress that can lead to cracking [32, 33]. The chemical composi-
tions, mechanical properties and physical properties of both steels are
given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Steel plates to be joined were cut at 45904 mm3
dimensions. 45
mm width is selected to achieve the standard length of 90 mm fatigue
TABLE 1. Chemical composition of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel and AISI
304 austenitic stainless steel.
Weight (%) Composition
Materials Fe C Si Mn P S Cr Ni
AISI 430 Balance 0.055 0.045 0.420 0.031 0.008 17.0 —
AISI 304 Balance 0.08 1.00 2.00 0.045 0.03 20.0 10.0
TABLE 2. Mechanical properties of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel and AISI
304 austenitic stainless steel.
Materials
Tensile Strength,
MPa
Yield Strength
0.2%(MPa)
Elongation,
%
Microhardness
(Rockwell B)
AISI 430 527 316 30 170
AISI 304 590 295 55 130—180
TABLE 3. Physical properties of AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel and AISI 304
austenitic stainless steel: –thermal expansion coefficient (20—800C), –
thermal conductivity (20C), –electrical resistance (20C), E–elastic mod-
ulus (20C).
Materials , 10
6 , W/(m·C) , nm E, kN/mm2
AISI 430 13 24 600 225
AISI 304 20 15 700 200
THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AISI 430—304 STEELS WELDED BY CO2 LASER BEAM 845
test piece. The laser welding experiments were carried under helium
atmosphere with Trumpf Lazercell 1005 laser welding machine at
2000, 2250 and 2500 W heat inputs, 100 cm/min welding speed.
Schematic illustration of LBW is given in Fig. 1 [20].
The Laser Beam Welding was carried out under helium atmosphere,
2000, 2250 and 2500 W different heat inputs and 100 cm/min con-
stant welding speed. The welded specimens were cut perpendicularly to
the welding zone for post evaluations of weld integrity. After the pro-
cess, the samples were ground to an 80—1200-grit and etched by polish-
ing them with 0.3 m Al2O3 diamond paste and aqua region, respective-
ly. For microstructural examination, AISI 430 material was etched
electrolytically in a solution of 30% HCl 10% HNO3 30% H2O solu-
tion and AISI 304 material was etched electrolytically in a solution of
50% HNO3 50% H2O solution. Then, the microstructures of welds
were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
equipped with energy depressive spectrometer (EDS). XRD analysis
was performed to identify the structural phases.
Bending fatigue tests were conducted using a sinusoidal load of fre-
quency 50 Hz and load ratio R 1, at room temperature, considering
as fatigue strength (Fig. 2). Six groups of fatigue specimens were pre-
pared to obtain S—N curves. The welded interface was then cut longi-
tudinally for investigation of the structural properties (Fig. 3). Frac-
tography was also employed in evaluation of the fractured fatigue
specimens.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Microstructure
SEM images of welded joints under helium atmosphere at 2000, 2250
and 2500 W heat inputs and at 100 cm/min constant welding speeds
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of LBW [20].
846 U. CALIGULU, M. TURKMEN, A. OZER, M. TASKIN, and M. OZER
are presented in Figs. 4, a—c, respectively. Grain coarsening was ob-
served at HAZ at both sides of weld interface and fine cracks were no
traced at AISI 430 ferritic stainless and AISI 304 austenitic stainless
steel side. Naturally, the area of weld (width) and heat-affected zone
have increased at increased powers because of high heat input at weld
seam. Similar results were achieved at the research of Karaaslan et al.
and König et al. [31, 36].
It was determined that in the joint of AISI 430 ferritic stainless and
AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel samples with laser beam welding at
2500W welding power, at 100 cm/min welding speed, and under heli-
um shielding gas atmospheres, the penetration was completed and
blanks or porosities in the weld were not observed. A homogeneous dis-
persion with small grains beginning from the zone with coarse grains
on both sides appropriate for the original structure of the materials
was also observed. Grain coarsening was observed at HAZ at both sides
Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of fatigue test apparatus [34].
Fig. 3. Shape and measurement of the fatigue test specimens [35].
THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AISI 430—304 STEELS WELDED BY CO2 LASER BEAM 847
of weld interface at AISI 430 ferritic and AISI 304 austenitic stainless
steels side at 200—300 m distances. In general, coefficient of ther-
mal expansion of austenitic stainless steel is higher than that of ferrit-
ic stainless steel. Therefore, on both sides of the welding seam, there
was no a specific grain hypertrophy, deformation and crack formation
on the main materials. The SEM photographs indicate that microstruc-
tural features are affected significantly by welding power. The best
properties were observed at the specimens welded at 2500 W heat input
and at 100 cm/min welding speed.
3.2. Fatigue Test
Fatigue fractures, plastic deformation, tensile stress and fatigue cy-
cled stresses also occur by the action. Therefore, as to avoid the occur-
rence of these three factors, fatigue cracks will not occur. Under a giv-
en applied stress amplitude cycles, the initiation of cracks in the mate-
rial deformation and the tensile stress occurring in intermittent
Fig. 4. SEM images of welded samples joined at heat input: 2000 W (a), 2250
W (b), and 2500 W (c).
848 U. CALIGULU, M. TURKMEN, A. OZER, M. TASKIN, and M. OZER
treatment is effective in the progression of cracks. Therefore, one of
the main factors affecting fatigue mechanism is plastic deformation.
Figure 5 shows fatigue test results for laser beam welded joints. Ac-
cording to the fatigue test results, the fatigue endurance increased
with increasing the welding power. AISI 430—304/2500W joint exhib-
ited better fatigue data from other welded joint types. Fatigue test was
conducted under yield stresses.
3.3. Fractography
Plastic deformation detected in the specimens after the welding was
not observed. This behaviour can also be seen in the micrographs of the
fractured surfaces (Figs. 6, a—c). At fatigue strength tests, fractures
were observed at AISI 430 side close to interface. After welding, it is
seen that fatigue endurance can be increased with increasing the weld-
ing power, mainly in brittle fracture manner because AISI 430 steel is
a brittle steel (Figs. 6, a—c). Under given conditions (2000, 2250 and
2500 W heat inputs, 100 cm/min welding speed) fatigue strengths
Fig. 5. Fatigue test results for welded joints.
Fig. 6. Micrographs of the fatigue fracture surfaces of the specimens observed
by SEM: 2000 W (a), 2250 W (b), 2500 W (c).
THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AISI 430—304 STEELS WELDED BY CO2 LASER BEAM 849
were close to parent material, and slightly increased at increased weld-
ing powers.
This can be explained with the increased heat input. The diffusion of
carbon to AISI 430 side causes to the formation of chromium carbide
precipitation at the grain boundaries, which are known to be deleteri-
ous to the fatigue life of material. The carbides at the grain boundaries
provide preferential sites for cavity nucleation in ferritic stainless
steels under fatigue conditions, thereby reducing the fatigue life [5,
20].
3.4. EDS Analysis
In the EDS analysis, in the 200 m distance, from AISI 304 austenitic
stainless steel to AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel 16% Chromium,
1.5% Carbon and 1% Nickel diffusion, the equal distance occurred
from AISI 430 steel to AISI 304 steel chromium and carbon diffusion.
As carbon is an interstitial element, stainless steel side will diffuse
more easily. It is seen that chromium—nickel diffusion can be de-
creased by decreasing the welding power (Fig. 7).
In the XRD analysis, like Fe, Ni—Cr—Fe, Fe—Cr—Co—Ni—Mo—W and
Cr2Fe6.7Mo0.1Ni1.3Si0.3 phases were determined (Fig. 8). Intermetallic
phase like Cr23C6 (chromium carbur), -ferrite and sigma were not ob-
served.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the fatigue strength of AISI 430—304 stainless steels
welded by CO2 laser beam welding was investigated. The following re-
sults were obtained.
— AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel can be joined with AISI 304 aus-
tenitic stainless steel by laser welding process using helium atmos-
phere, at 2000, 2250 and 2500 W heat inputs, and 100 cm/min con-
stant welding speed.
— At fatigue tests, fractures were observed close to AISI 430 side.
After welding, it was seen that fatigue endurance decreased due to the
decreasing of the welding power. This is caused by the fact that AISI
430 is brittle steel. However, fatigue endurance increased due to the
increasing the heat input.
— The fatigue strength increases due to higher deep penetration with
increasing welding power. The best properties were observed at the
specimens welded at 2500 W heat input and at 100 cm/min welding
speed.
— It was determined that the fusion zone was on average 1000—
1800 μm in width, the deep penetration was on average 1300—2000
850 U. CALIGULU, M. TURKMEN, A. OZER, M. TASKIN, and M. OZER
m in depth.
— Coefficient of thermal expansion of austenitic stainless steel is
higher than that of ferritic stainless steel. Therefore, on both sides of
the welding seam, there was no specific grain hypertrophy, defor-
mation and crack formation on the main materials. The best properties
in terms of microstructure were observed at the specimen bonded at
2500 W heat input, at 100 cm/min. welding speed and helium shield-
Fig. 7. EDS Analysis of AISI 430/304 (2500—100) sample.
THE FATIGUE STRENGTH OF AISI 430—304 STEELS WELDED BY CO2 LASER BEAM 851
ing gas.
— In the EDS analysis, in the 200 m distance from AISI 304 austen-
itic stainless steel to AISI 430 ferritic stainless steel 16% chromium,
1.5% carbon and 1% Nickel diffusion, the equal distance occurred
from AISI 430 steel to AISI 304 steel chromium and carbon diffusion.
As carbon is an interstitial element, stainless steel side will diffuse
more easily. It is seen that chromium—nickel diffusion can be de-
creased by decreasing the welding power.
— In the XRD analysis, like Fe, Ni—Cr—Fe, Fe—Cr—Co—Ni—Mo—W,
and Cr2Fe6.7Mo0.1Ni1.3Si0.3 phases were determined (Fig. 8). Intermetal-
lic phase like Cr23C6 (chromium carbur), -ferrite and sigma were not
observed.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was supported by the Scientific and Technological Re-
search Council of Turkey (Project No: TUBITAK-108M401 and
FUBAP: 1566).
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-112251 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1024-1809 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-24T14:39:56Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Caligulu, U. Turkmen, M. Ozer, A. Taskin, M. Ozer, M. 2017-01-18T20:22:57Z 2017-01-18T20:22:57Z 2015 The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding / U. Caligulu, M. Turkmen, A. Ozer, M. Taskin, M. Ozer // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 6. — С. 839-852. — Бібліогр.: 36 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 06.60.Vz, 42.62.Cf, 62.20.me, 62.20.mm, 81.20.Vj, 81.40.Np, 81.70.Bt https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112251 In this study, the fatigue strength of AISI 430—304 stainless steels welded by CO₂ laser beam welding (LBW) is investigated. Laser welding experiments are carried under helium atmosphere at 2000, 2250 and 2500 W welding powers with 100 cm/min welding speed. The welding zones are examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Fatigue tests are performed using an axial fatigue test machine, and the fatigue strength is analysed drawing S−N curves and critically observing fatigue fracture surfaces of the tested samples. The experimental results indicate that mechanical properties and microstructural features are affected significantly by welding power. The fatigue strength of CO₂ laser welded samples increase due to higher deep penetration in welding zone with increasing welding power in chosen conditions. The best properties are observed with the specimens welded at 2500 W heat input and 100 cm/min welding speed. В цій роботі досліджено втомну міцність неіржавійних сталей AISI 430—304, зварених променем CO₂-лазера. Експерименти з лазерного зварювання виконувалися в атмосфері гелію за потужности зварювання у 2000, 2250 і 2500 Вт із швидкістю зварювання у 100 см/хв. Зони зварювання досліджувалися методами оптичної мікроскопії, сканівної електронної мікроскопії та енергодисперсійної спектроскопії. Дослідження на втому виконувалися з використанням машини для випробувань на вісну втому, а втомна міцність аналізувалася шляхом побудови S−N-кривих та критичного спостереження поверхонь втомного руйнування досліджених зразків. Експериментальні результати показують, що механічні властивості та мікроструктурні особливості значно залежать від потужности зварювання. Втомна міцність зразків, зварених CO₂-лазером, зростає завдяки збільшенню глибини проникнення в зоні зварювання зі збільшенням потужности зварювання за обраних умов. Найкращі властивості спостерігалися у зразків, зварених за підведеної теплоти при 2500 Вт та швидкости зварювання у 100 см/хв. В данной работе исследована усталостная прочность нержавеющих сталей AISI 430—304, сваренных лучом CO₂-лазера. Эксперименты по лазерной сварке выполнялись в атмосфере гелия при мощностях сварки 2000, 2250 и 2500 Вт и скорости сварки 100 см/мин. Зоны сварки исследовались методами оптической микроскопии, сканирующей электронной микроскопии и энергодисперсионной спектроскопии. Испытания на усталость производились с использованием машины для испытаний на осевую усталость, а усталостная прочность анализировалась путём построения S−N-кривых и критического наблюдения поверхностей усталостного разрушения исследованных образцов. Экспериментальные результаты показывают, что механические свойства и микроструктурные особенности значительно зависят от мощности сварки. Усталостная прочность образцов, сваренных CO₂-лазером, возрастает благодаря увеличению глубины проникновения в зоне сварки с увеличением мощности сварки при выбранных условиях. Наилучшие свойства наблюдались у образцов, сваренных при подводимой теплоте с 2500 Вт и скорости сварки 100 см/мин. The research was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Project No: TUBITAK-108M401 and FUBAP: 1566). en Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Физика прочности и пластичности The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding Втомна міцність неіржавійних сталей AISI 430—304, зварених променем зварювального CO₂-лазера Усталостная прочность нержавеющих сталей AISI 430—304, сваренных лучом сварочного CO₂-лазера Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding Caligulu, U. Turkmen, M. Ozer, A. Taskin, M. Ozer, M. Физика прочности и пластичности |
| title | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding |
| title_alt | Втомна міцність неіржавійних сталей AISI 430—304, зварених променем зварювального CO₂-лазера Усталостная прочность нержавеющих сталей AISI 430—304, сваренных лучом сварочного CO₂-лазера |
| title_full | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding |
| title_fullStr | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding |
| title_short | The Fatigue Strength of AISI 430—304 Stainless Steels Welded by CO₂ Laser Beam Welding |
| title_sort | fatigue strength of aisi 430—304 stainless steels welded by co₂ laser beam welding |
| topic | Физика прочности и пластичности |
| topic_facet | Физика прочности и пластичности |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112251 |
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