Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films
Granular nanostructure Со₂₅Ag₇₅ films are analysed by means of the scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) method. The phenomenon of giant film nanodeformation is detected with the 10% change of average height during the initial magnetization of the sample and with the 2% change after 8 days of relaxat...
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2015
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| Zitieren: | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films / O. Yu. Gorobets, Yu. I. Yakymenko, A. F. Kravets, O. M. Brukva, V. N. Zakharchenko, S. V. Mikhalko, and I. A. Sizon // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 11. — С. 1477-1486. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1860111962636025856 |
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| author | Gorobets, O.Yu. Yakymenko, Yu.I. Kravets, A.F. Brukva, O.M. Zakharchenko, V.N. Mikhalko, S.V. Sizon, I.A. |
| author_facet | Gorobets, O.Yu. Yakymenko, Yu.I. Kravets, A.F. Brukva, O.M. Zakharchenko, V.N. Mikhalko, S.V. Sizon, I.A. |
| citation_txt | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films / O. Yu. Gorobets, Yu. I. Yakymenko, A. F. Kravets, O. M. Brukva, V. N. Zakharchenko, S. V. Mikhalko, and I. A. Sizon // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 11. — С. 1477-1486. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
| description | Granular nanostructure Со₂₅Ag₇₅ films are analysed by means of the scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) method. The phenomenon of giant film nanodeformation is detected with the 10% change of average height during the initial magnetization of the sample and with the 2% change after 8 days of relaxation during secondary magnetic field action. The changing of the shape of nanoscale granules and their displacement in the surface of film are observed during the process of nanodeformation under the action of magnetic field and in the aftereffect processes.
Методою тунельної мікроскопії досліджено вплив магнетного поля на плівки ґранульованих наноструктур Со₂₅Ag₇₅. Було виявлено ефект гігантської нанодеформації з 10% зміною середньої висоти зразка впродовж первинного намагнетування і 2% зміною після 8 днів релаксації під час повторного намагнетування. Зафіксоване явище пов’язане із деформацією магнетних ґранул та їх зміщенням у немагнетній матриці під дією магнетного поля.
Методом туннельной микроскопии исследовано влияние магнитного поля на плёнки гранулированных наноструктур Со₂₅Ag₇₅. Был обнаружен эффект гигантской нанодеформации с 10% изменением средней высоты поверхности образца в течение первичного намагничивания и 2% изменением после 8 дней релаксации во время повторного намагничивания. Зафиксированное явление связано с деформацией магнитных гранул и их смещением в немагнитной матрице под действием магнитного поля.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:35:03Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
1477
PACS numbers:68.37.Ef, 75.50.Ss,75.60.Lr,75.70.Ak,75.70.Rf,75.80.+q, 85.70.Kh
Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Co25Ag75 Films
O. Yu. Gorobets*,**, Yu. I. Yakymenko**, A. F. Kravets*,
O. M. Brukva**, V. N. Zakharchenko**, S. V. Mikhalko*, I. A. Sizon**
*Institute of Magnetism, N.A.S. of Ukraine and M.E.S. of Ukraine,
36b
Academician Vernadsky Blvd.,
03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
**National Technical University of Ukraine ‘KPI’,
37 Peremogy Ave.,
03056 Kyiv, Ukraine
Granular nanostructure Co25Ag75 films are analysed by means of the scanning
tunnelling microscopy (STM) method. The phenomenon of giant film
nanodeformation is detected with the 10% change of average height during
the initial magnetization of the sample and with the 2% change after 8 days
of relaxation during secondary magnetic field action. The changing of the
shape of nanoscale granules and their displacement in the surface of film are
observed during the process of nanodeformation under the action of magnet-
ic field and in the aftereffect processes.
Key words: thin CoAg film, magnetostriction, magnetic aftereffects, mag-
netic deformation, nanodeformation.
Методою тунельної мікроскопії досліджено вплив магнетного поля на
плівки ґранульованих наноструктур Co25Ag75. Було виявлено ефект гіга-
нтської нанодеформації з 10% зміною середньої висоти зразка впродовж
первинного намагнетування і 2% зміною після 8 днів релаксації під час
повторного намагнетування. Зафіксоване явище пов’язане із деформаці-
єю магнетних ґранул та їх зміщенням у немагнетній матриці під дією ма-
гнетного поля.
Ключові слова: тонка CoAg плівка, магнетострикція, магнетик після
Correspondence author: Igor Anatolievitch Sizon
E-mail: igor-sizon@mail.ru
O. Yu. Gorobets, Yu. I. Yakymenko, A. F. Kravets, O. M. Brukva, V. N. Zakharchenko,
S. V. Mikhalko, and I. A. Sizon,
Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Co25Ag75 Films, Metallofiz. Noveishie
Tekhnol., 37, No. 11: 1477—1486 (2015).
Металлофиз. новейшие технол. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2015, т. 37, № 11, сс. 1477—1486
Оттиски доступны непосредственно от издателя
Фотокопирование разрешено только
в соответствии с лицензией
2015 ИМФ (Институт металлофизики
им. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН Украины)
Напечатано в Украине.
1478 O. Yu. GOROBETS, Yu. I. YAKYMENKO, A. F. KRAVETS et al.
впливу, магнетна деформація, нанодеформація.
Методом туннельной микроскопии исследовано влияние магнитного поля
на плёнки гранулированных наноструктур Co25Ag75. Был обнаружен эф-
фект гигантской нанодеформации с 10% изменением средней высоты по-
верхности образца в течение первичного намагничивания и 2% изменени-
ем после 8 дней релаксации во время повторного намагничивания. За-
фиксированное явление связано с деформацией магнитных гранул и их
смещением в немагнитной матрице под действием магнитного поля.
Ключевые слова: тонкая CoAg плёнка, магнитострикция, магнетик после
воздействия, магнитная деформация, нанодеформация.
(Received September 2, 2015)
1. INTRODUCTION
The intensively research of magnetic granular films (GF) which con-
tain nanoscale magnetic granules, distributed in metal nonmagnetic
structure began after discovery giant magnetic resistance effect in
these granules [1]. Grained CoxAg1x alloys with the highest magneto-
resistance at room temperature (up to 25% in a magnetic field of
10 kOe) and giant magnetostriction among other granular systems oc-
cupy important place among GF. Probably, these effects are connected
with special structure features of these materials, which have a limited
solubility. The granular structure containing the Co granules, which
are distributed in nonmagnetic structure of Ag, is formed during the
process of simultaneous condensation and vice versa depending on the
concentration. The granules of Co are well separated from each other
below the topological percolation threshold (the volume part of Co in
the Co—Ag GF is less than 35%). If the concentration is inverse, the
granular structure is inverse too. The properties of these films are
close to solid ferromagnetic films [5].
Therefore, the behaviour of granular Co—Ag films under the action
of magnetic field (MF) is very interesting [6]. For this purpose, the
granular films Co30Ag70 and Co70Ag30 were observed at the room tem-
perature by means of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) REMT
100 with the source of static magnetic field, which has been placed into
the zone of tunnel junction, parallel to the surface of the film [6]. Sam-
ples were obtained by evaporation of Co and Ag from two independent
electron-beam sources. The thickness of the film is 200 nm. The tech-
nology features of production and research of the structure of the
films are described in the paper [6]. In paper [6], the presence of giant
magnetoresistance in such system, the hysteresis, the magnetic after-
effect effects and irreversible changes in the structural characteristics
of the films surface of Co70Ag30 or Co30Ag70, under the influence of a
NANOSCALE SURFACE DEFORMATION OF THE GRANULAR Co25Ag75 FILMS 1479
magnetic field were confirmed. However, the quantitative characteris-
tics of the deformations of the Co—Ag film surface were not investigat-
ed in the paper [6].
2. EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
This work is devoted to research of these problems. In this paper, the
influence of constant MF, applied in the plane of the Co25Ag75 film, on
the state of surface was investigated by using the tunnelling microsco-
py methods. Similarly to the paper [6], the set of MF pulses (duration
of the individual pulse is 80 s) was applied to the sample. The general
algorithm of magnetic field application is presented in Fig. 1; the set of
MF pulses is divided into two series of pulses (see Figs 2 and 3). The
break (duration of 80 s) was made for the first series of pulses after ap-
plying each MF pulse before each STM scanning for investigation
magnetic aftereffect effect (Fig. 1).
The sample was exposed to the action of the second series of pulses
after the application of the first series of pulses (3 growing MF pulses).
The scanning of the sample was carried out both directly during the
second series of MF pulses and since different duration of relaxation
after every MF pulse. Some scanning instability of surface elements
and quality of scans were observed during magnetic field action.
The experiment for study action of MF on the surface structure of
GF was conducted after 1 week of sample relaxation. The region of the
Fig. 1. The general algorithm of application of the magnetic field in the re-
search: 1–the first series of MF pulses, 2–second series of MF pulses.
1480 O. Yu. GOROBETS, Yu. I. YAKYMENKO, A. F. KRAVETS et al.
sample surface in this experiment was different from the surface re-
gion in the previous experiment. The drift of the scanning area was one
of the major problems of wide and correct use of statistical software
packages for the comparative analysis the STM scans. Therefore, spe-
cial attention to the analysis of STM scans was paid to the formation of
the comparable regions of the sample surface from the scanning data.
As a result, the comparable areas were obtained from different scans
with the possible shift in the horizontal plane from 1 to 3 pixels. Some
differences in these comparable regions were observed.
These differences appear as the results of MF action or other random
external factors, which could affect the quality of scans. Every scan
was passed through median filter 33 pixels in Nova (Image Analysis
2.1.2) program for elimination of tiny occasional artefacts. The statis-
tical analysis was performed several times for every scan for calcula-
tion of the mean value and standard deviation. In all cases, the value of
random standard deviation of the film surface, connected to horizontal
shift from 3 pixels to 1 pixel, was lower than value of scanning hard-
ware error. The last was taken as the integrated methodological error
Fig. 2. The STM images of the Co25Ag75 film surface after MF action in the
first research. The pictures have the same size (x 217 nm, y 250 nm).
NANOSCALE SURFACE DEFORMATION OF THE GRANULAR Co25Ag75 FILMS 1481
for the subsequent calculation of total error (including random). The
hardware methodological errors for each of the parameters was ob-
tained by statistical comparison of the first and the second scans of the
sample, these scans we made one by one with a 80 s pause before MF ac-
tion (Fig. 2, a, b for the first investigation).
Visual scans comparison before the MF action indicates that the sur-
face of film has been stable over time shape because Fig. 2, a and b are
almost the same. Basic statistics average parameters of scans are very
close to each other even with some horizontal shift of the identical sur-
face regions within a few pixels. Figures 2, b—d show scans of film sur-
faces obtained after the action of MF pulse (duration 80 s) and after the
pause (duration 80 s).
It is noticeable from visual comparison of scans after and before MF
action that the surface morphology changes as a result of MF action.
Fig. 3. The STM images of Co25Ag75 film surface after MF action in the second
research. The pictures have the same size (x 262 nm, y 286 nm).
1482 O. Yu. GOROBETS, Yu. I. YAKYMENKO, A. F. KRAVETS et al.
The morphology of films surface continues to change over time during
the period at least several times larger than the MF pulse as one can see
from the comparison of Fig. 2, b and d. For the quantitative analysis of
the effect, the function h(x, y, t) is usually used which shows height of
film surface in the point with coordinates (x, y) and at the t time. The
function hc is the average h at the area of research. The temporal de-
pendence of hc is represented in Fig. 4. The value hc(x, y, t) is used to
characterize the medium nanoscale deformation of the film surface
),,,(),,(),,,( ccc tyxhttyxhttyxh (1)
which has physical meaning, namely, the changing of the point height
Fig. 4. Dependence of the average surface height hc (bold line) on MF strength:
the initial experiment (a), the second experiment (after 8 days) (b).
NANOSCALE SURFACE DEFORMATION OF THE GRANULAR Co25Ag75 FILMS 1483
at the different times. And the rate of change of this difference is as
follows:
n c( ) ( , , , )/ .V t h x y t t t (2)
The temporal dependence of Vn(t) is represented in Fig. 5.
The conventional variation coefficient is used for the quantitative
description of the changes of film surface statistical parameters. The
variation coefficient of average height is about 10% in the first exper-
iment and it is about 2% in the second one.
The Figures 2 and 3 show that some nanogranules and their groups
on the film surface are deformed and shifted in different directions.
Fig. 5. Dependence of the rate of change average height Vn (bold line) on MF
strength: initial experiment (a), second experiment (after 8 days) (b).
1484 O. Yu. GOROBETS, Yu. I. YAKYMENKO, A. F. KRAVETS et al.
These deformed granules are several orders of magnitude bigger than
the typical size of atoms on which the tunnel current action spreads.
However, the influence of MF on tunnel current gives several orders of
magnitude less contribution to the deformation than the typical mag-
nitude of this deformation. Thus the observed effect can be attributed
to irreversible changes in the characteristics of morphology of the
Co25Ag75 film under MF action and magnetic relaxation processes, ra-
ther than to the MF influence on the tunnel current.
At the same time, the various types of GF deformation or individual
nanogranules deformation can refer to the effect of giant magneto-
striction, and/or be the result of Ag deformation due to the magneto-
striction of neighbouring Co granules. At the same time shift of
nanogranules, appearance and disappearance of new surface struc-
tures probably occur due to structural changes under the influence of
the high-gradient MF. This MF is the stray magnetic fields of the
neighbouring magnetized cobalt grains and its aftereffects.
The maximum changes of hc and Vn(t) values are obtained after ap-
plication of the MF pulse as one can see from the comparison of average
surface deformation (Fig. 4) and of its rate (Fig. 5). The maximum
magnitude Vn(t) in both experiments was obtained after MF action with
strength 2.5 kOe. Further field pulses, even with greater strength
have lesser effect. The rate of surface nanodeformation after MF ac-
tion decreases after 225 s. At that time, the changes in the surface film
structure continue to occur due to the magnetic aftereffect and possi-
bly due to restructuring process (see. Fig. 2, c, d and Figs. 4, 5). The hc
seems to decrease due to the restructuring processes according to the
graph. They increase or decrease the tendency of changes caused by
magnetic aftereffect.
The similar multidirectional nature of the MF influence on defor-
mation of the surface is observed both in the first and in the second re-
search. In both cases, after the first MF pulse the average height of the
surface of the film decreases, and after the second and third pulses the
height usually increases. The absolute values of these changes are also
different. The changes upward are about several times greater than
downward in both cases.
As a result, after the 8-day period of relaxation, the new stable sur-
face height hc is about average value between the initial state before
the first MF action and maximum value obtained during the initial in-
vestigation process. In addition, the GF surface structure has the new
form (Fig. 3, a) which also indicates the presence of structural changes
in the film surface as a result of MF action and its aftereffect. It is
worth noting the considerable stability of the new surface structure,
which can fundamentally change only after MF action with strength
greater than 2.5 kOe.
The multidirectional deformation of individual elements and re-
NANOSCALE SURFACE DEFORMATION OF THE GRANULAR Co25Ag75 FILMS 1485
gions are also observed. The amplitude of the average hc changes was
about 3 nm during the initial magnetization depending on MF in the
range from 0 to 4.5 kOe. It corresponds to the elongation of the sample
in the normal direction to the GF surface (the film thickness is 200 nm)
at level 15000 ppm (1.5%), which is close to giant magnetostriction
effect in modern materials based on Tb and Dy, and in shape-memory
materials based on martensitic transformation [7—9]. The specified
amplitude decreased by 5 times after 8-day relaxation but remained
one order of magnitude greater than the known value of cobalt giant
magnetostriction.
As noted, all deformations of the sample several times greater at
first MF application than the deformations of the sample which was
exposed to MF before and where some magnetic aftereffect and struc-
tural changes occurred.
It is possible that after certain number of magnetization cycles, es-
pecially in strong fields, the resulting structural changes are much
closer to the known values of cobalt magnetostriction.
Graphs show that the level of resulting errors do not affect on the
reliability of the dependencies. They do not affect the apparent corre-
lation of moments when the MF acts on the sample with the moments of
time when deformation and deformation rate significantly increase or
reach maxima (see Fig. 4, a and b).
3. CONCLUSIONS
It is the first time when the significant effect of MF on average height
hc of Co25Ag75 film surface have been observed during the initial mag-
netization. After 8 days of relaxation the result of the second MF ac-
tion is several times less than initial effect, however it does not disap-
pear. The absolute amplitude of the average height changes hc in MF
strength range from 0 to 4.5 kOe during the initial magnetization is
close to the value of giant magnetostriction in modern materials based
on Tb and Dy, and in shape-memory materials based on martensitic
transformation [7—9]. The magnetic aftereffects are observed. In par-
ticular, the partial relaxation of average surface deformation in the
direction of the initial value is observed. But in general, the defor-
mation is irreversible at the 8-day time period.
The maximum rate of changes was detected after second MF pulse
(H 2.5 kOe) mainly in the direction of increasing the average surface
height hc with field increasing. The abrupt deformation of film surface
(the shape changing of nanogranules, the granules shift in the plane of
MF application) occurs after second MF pulse.
The effect of giant nanoscale deformation of Co25Ag75 film surface
under MF action is similar to giant magnetostriction effect. It is prob-
ably the complex result of different types of film surface deformation
1486 O. Yu. GOROBETS, Yu. I. YAKYMENKO, A. F. KRAVETS et al.
under high-gradient MF action on the magnetic granules in the sample
and their structure and due to magnetic aftereffects.
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-112437 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1024-1809 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:35:03Z |
| publishDate | 2015 |
| publisher | Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Gorobets, O.Yu. Yakymenko, Yu.I. Kravets, A.F. Brukva, O.M. Zakharchenko, V.N. Mikhalko, S.V. Sizon, I.A. 2017-01-21T17:18:21Z 2017-01-21T17:18:21Z 2015 Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films / O. Yu. Gorobets, Yu. I. Yakymenko, A. F. Kravets, O. M. Brukva, V. N. Zakharchenko, S. V. Mikhalko, and I. A. Sizon // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2015. — Т. 37, № 11. — С. 1477-1486. — Бібліогр.: 9 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 68.37.Ef, 75.50.Ss, 75.60.Lr, 75.70.Ak, 75.70.Rf, 75.80.+q, 85.70.Kh https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112437 Granular nanostructure Со₂₅Ag₇₅ films are analysed by means of the scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) method. The phenomenon of giant film nanodeformation is detected with the 10% change of average height during the initial magnetization of the sample and with the 2% change after 8 days of relaxation during secondary magnetic field action. The changing of the shape of nanoscale granules and their displacement in the surface of film are observed during the process of nanodeformation under the action of magnetic field and in the aftereffect processes. Методою тунельної мікроскопії досліджено вплив магнетного поля на плівки ґранульованих наноструктур Со₂₅Ag₇₅. Було виявлено ефект гігантської нанодеформації з 10% зміною середньої висоти зразка впродовж первинного намагнетування і 2% зміною після 8 днів релаксації під час повторного намагнетування. Зафіксоване явище пов’язане із деформацією магнетних ґранул та їх зміщенням у немагнетній матриці під дією магнетного поля. Методом туннельной микроскопии исследовано влияние магнитного поля на плёнки гранулированных наноструктур Со₂₅Ag₇₅. Был обнаружен эффект гигантской нанодеформации с 10% изменением средней высоты поверхности образца в течение первичного намагничивания и 2% изменением после 8 дней релаксации во время повторного намагничивания. Зафиксированное явление связано с деформацией магнитных гранул и их смещением в немагнитной матрице под действием магнитного поля. en Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Металлические поверхности и плёнки Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films Наномасштабна поверхнева деформація гранульованих плівок Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Наномасштабная поверхностная деформация гранулированных плёнок Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films Gorobets, O.Yu. Yakymenko, Yu.I. Kravets, A.F. Brukva, O.M. Zakharchenko, V.N. Mikhalko, S.V. Sizon, I.A. Металлические поверхности и плёнки |
| title | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films |
| title_alt | Наномасштабна поверхнева деформація гранульованих плівок Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Наномасштабная поверхностная деформация гранулированных плёнок Со₂₅Ag₇₅ |
| title_full | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films |
| title_fullStr | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films |
| title_short | Nanoscale Surface Deformation of the Granular Со₂₅Ag₇₅ Films |
| title_sort | nanoscale surface deformation of the granular со₂₅ag₇₅ films |
| topic | Металлические поверхности и плёнки |
| topic_facet | Металлические поверхности и плёнки |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112437 |
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