Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film
The applicability of the Ag, Au, Al, and Cr films as the reflective layer of optical discs for long-term data storage is investigated. Thin metal films are obtained on glass substrate by the method of vacuum thermal deposition. Their adhesive properties are revealed. As shown, a chromium film is cha...
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Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України
2016
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| Cite this: | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film / I. V. Gorbov, D. Yu. Manko, A. A. Kryuchyn, Zichun Le, Minglei Fu, and A. V. Pankratova // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 267-275. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859661698184511488 |
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| author | Gorbov, I.V. Manko, D.Yu. Kryuchyn, A.A. Zichun Le Minglei Fu Pankratova, A.V. |
| author_facet | Gorbov, I.V. Manko, D.Yu. Kryuchyn, A.A. Zichun Le Minglei Fu Pankratova, A.V. |
| citation_txt | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film / I. V. Gorbov, D. Yu. Manko, A. A. Kryuchyn, Zichun Le, Minglei Fu, and A. V. Pankratova // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 267-275. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. |
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| container_title | Металлофизика и новейшие технологии |
| description | The applicability of the Ag, Au, Al, and Cr films as the reflective layer of optical discs for long-term data storage is investigated. Thin metal films are obtained on glass substrate by the method of vacuum thermal deposition. Their adhesive properties are revealed. As shown, a chromium film is characterized by the best adhesion to the glass substrate among all investigated ones. Optical disc for long-term storage is proposed. The information on disk is recorded directly on the reflective metal film. The information on the positive photoresist layer is recorded according to already existed CD standard using laser-burning station. Then, the mask for following chemical etching of chromium film is created. Analysis of morphology of recorded pits proves suitability of the long-term data storage disc to existing standards. Chromium optical disc created in this way is successfully read in a standard DVD player.
Досліджено можливість використання плівок Ag, Au, Al и Cr в якості відбивального шару оптичних дисків для довготермінового зберігання інформації. Тонкі металеві плівки були одержані на поверхні скляного підложжя методою вакуумного термічного розпорошення; було досліджено їхні адгезійні властивості. Показано, що найкращу адгезію до скляного підложжя серед обраних плівок мають плівки хрому. Запропоновано оптичний диск для довготермінового зберігання даних, інформацію в якому записано безпосередньо на відбивальній металевій плівці у форматі стандартного оптичного диску. В шарі позитивного фоторезисту на станції лазерного запису в форматі CD були записані дані. Таким чином було одержано маску для наступного хемічного щавлення плівки хрому. Аналіза морфології записаних пітів показала їх відповідність стандарту. Створений хромовий диск для довготермінового зберігання інформації було успішно відтворено на стандартному програвачі DVD-дисків.
Исследована возможность применения плёнок Ag, Au, Al и Cr в качестве отражающего слоя оптических дисков для долговременного хранения информации. Тонкие металлические плёнки были получены на поверхности стеклянной подложки методом вакуумного термического напыления; изучены их адгезионные свойства. Показано, что наилучшей адгезией к стеклянной подложке среди исследуемых плёнок обладает плёнка хрома. Предложен оптический диск для долговременного хранения данных, информация в котором записана непосредственно на отражающей металлической плёнке в формате стандартных оптических дисков. В слое позитивного фоторезиста на станции лазерной записи в формате CD были записаны данные. Таким образом, была получена маска для последующего химического травления плёнки хрома. Анализ морфологии записанных питов показал их соответствие стандарту. Созданный хромовый диск для долговременного хранения информации был успешно воспроизведён на стандартном проигрывателе DVD-дисков.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-11-30T10:06:28Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
267
PACS numbers:42.79.Vb, 68.35.Gy,68.35.Np,68.37.Ps,78.66.Bz,81.15.Ef, 89.20.Ff
Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film
I. V. Gorbov, D. Yu. Manko, A. A. Kryuchyn, Zichun Le*,**,
Minglei Fu*,**, and A. V. Pankratova
Institute for Information Recording, N.A.S. of Ukraine,
2 M. Shpaka Str.,
03113 Kyiv, Ukraine
*Institute of Optical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology,
310023 Hangzhou, China
**Yiwu Institute of Science and Technology, Zhejiang University of Technology,
322001 Yiwu, China
The applicability of the Ag, Au, Al, and Cr films as the reflective layer of opti-
cal discs for long-term data storage is investigated. Thin metal films are ob-
tained on glass substrate by the method of vacuum thermal deposition. Their
adhesive properties are revealed. As shown, a chromium film is characterized
by the best adhesion to the glass substrate among all investigated ones. Opti-
cal disc for long-term storage is proposed. The information on disk is recorded
directly on the reflective metal film. The information on the positive photore-
sist layer is recorded according to already existed CD standard using laser-
burning station. Then, the mask for following chemical etching of chromium
film is created. Analysis of morphology of recorded pits proves suitability of
the long-term data storage disc to existing standards. Chromium optical disc
created in this way is successfully read in a standard DVD player.
Key words: long-term data storage, optical disc, WORM, chromium film, ad-
hesion.
Досліджено можливість використання плівок Ag, Au, Al и Cr в якості від-
бивального шару оптичних дисків для довготермінового зберігання інфо-
рмації. Тонкі металеві плівки були одержані на поверхні скляного під-
Corresponding author: Ivan Vasil’evich Gorbov
E-mail: ivan-gorbov@list.ru
Please cite this article as: I. V. Gorbov, D. Yu. Manko, A. A. Kryuchyn, Zichun Le,
Minglei Fu, and A. V. Pankratova, Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on
Chromium Film, Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol., 38, No. 2: 267—275 (2016)
(in English), DOI: 10.15407/mfint.38.02.0267.
Металлофиз. новейшие технол. / Metallofiz. Noveishie Tekhnol.
2016, т. 38, № 2, сс. 267—275 / DOI: 10.15407/mfint.38.02.0267
Оттиски доступны непосредственно от издателя
Фотокопирование разрешено только
в соответствии с лицензией
2016 ИМФ (Институт металлофизики
им. Г. В. Курдюмова НАН Украины)
Напечатано в Украине.
268 I. V. GORBOV, D. Yu. MANKO, A. A. KRYUCHYN et al.
ложжя методою вакуумного термічного розпорошення; було досліджено
їхні адгезійні властивості. Показано, що найкращу адгезію до скляного
підложжя серед обраних плівок мають плівки хрому. Запропоновано оп-
тичний диск для довготермінового зберігання даних, інформацію в якому
записано безпосередньо на відбивальній металевій плівці у форматі стан-
дартного оптичного диску. В шарі позитивного фоторезисту на станції ла-
зерного запису в форматі CD були записані дані. Таким чином було одер-
жано маску для наступного хемічного щавлення плівки хрому. Аналіза
морфології записаних пітів показала їх відповідність стандарту. Створе-
ний хромовий диск для довготермінового зберігання інформації було ус-
пішно відтворено на стандартному програвачі DVD-дисків.
Ключові слова: довготермінове зберігання інформації, оптичний диск,
WORM, металева плівка, адгезія.
Исследована возможность применения плёнок Ag, Au, Al и Cr в качестве
отражающего слоя оптических дисков для долговременного хранения
информации. Тонкие металлические плёнки были получены на поверхно-
сти стеклянной подложки методом вакуумного термического напыления;
изучены их адгезионные свойства. Показано, что наилучшей адгезией к
стеклянной подложке среди исследуемых плёнок обладает плёнка хрома.
Предложен оптический диск для долговременного хранения данных, ин-
формация в котором записана непосредственно на отражающей металли-
ческой плёнке в формате стандартных оптических дисков. В слое пози-
тивного фоторезиста на станции лазерной записи в формате CD были за-
писаны данные. Таким образом, была получена маска для последующего
химического травления плёнки хрома. Анализ морфологии записанных
питов показал их соответствие стандарту. Созданный хромовый диск для
долговременного хранения информации был успешно воспроизведён на
стандартном проигрывателе DVD-дисков.
Ключевые слова: долговременное хранение информации, оптический
диск, WORM, металлическая плёнка, адгезия.
(Received September 17, 2015; in final version, October 27, 2015)
1. INTRODUCTION
The task of reliable long-term storage of information has always been
one of the most important tasks of human development [1, 2]. The
long-term data storage must correspond to following demands: longev-
ity, capacity, viability, non-obsolescence, and cost [3]. Widespread op-
tical discs have sufficient capacity and low price. However, they can-
not provide longevity and viability due to following factors: non-
stability and not sufficient mechanical strength of a substrate, and bad
adhesion between layers. As well known, interference structures made
of different kind of materials may change optical properties of a com-
pact disc (CD) while external condition of storage varied (temperature,
OPTICAL DISC FOR LONG-TERM DATA STORAGE BASED ON CHROMIUM FILM 269
humidity, etc.) [3, 4]. These factors cause losses of recorded data.
In order to readout a signal from the optical disc, its surface must be
covered with a reflective metal layer. Such reflective layer must be
characterized by high adhesion to the substrate material, has a suffi-
cient light reflectance and do not change their optical and mechanical
properties over time [2]. The most manufacturers of optical discs use
polycarbonate substrate with Al film reflective layer deposited onto it
[4]. Some producers deposit Ag or Au film layer on a surface of an opti-
cal disc in order to increase its durability. However, above-mentioned
metal films are characterized by a very low adhesion to a polycarbonate
substrate. That is why joining of metallic reflective film and a sub-
strate is provided only by using protective specific lacquer layer. Note
that partial or complete removal of reflective layer takes place in the
case of damage of the protective lacquer.
Information may be stored in the form of micro-relief on the surface
of the transparent high-stable inorganic substrates, which are charac-
terized by comparable high resistance to chemically active environment
and ability to withstand relatively high temperatures [2]. Thus, optical
carriers for long-term data storage based on sodium and silica glasses or
sapphire were described in many publications [4—7]. The principle of
digital data recording on optical media for long-term data storage is
based on the similar technology as used to create a master-disc for mass
production of optical media; its data format is fully consistent with
standard CD and DVD. However, such high resistance of substrate re-
sults in relatively complex and costly methods of information recording
based on ion-beam etching or femtosecond pulse laser using.
An alternative method for long-term data storage is the ablative re-
cording, during which the recording material is evaporated by the la-
ser radiation. This type of information recording is used in many types
of WORM (Write Once Read Many) media. Disadvantage of such data
carriers is thermal sensitivity of recording layer [8]. Therefore, it is
reasonable to write directly on the metal layer. Namely, we propose to
combine reflective and recording layers in a single layer, which should
have good adhesion to the substrate material. This may improve the
overall reliability of the optical recording medium and reduce the
probability of separation during its usage.
Therefore, the first objective of work is to design the optical media
for long-term storage with information recorded directly onto metal
film which has high adhesion to the glass substrate. The second objec-
tive is that the information must be readout on a usual optical disc
player.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
In order to achieve these objectives, it is necessary to obtain metal
270 I. V. GORBOV, D. Yu. MANKO, A. A. KRYUCHYN et al.
films with the same thickness, which are used or may be used for opti-
cal discs fabricating and compare their adhesion to glass substrate sur-
face. High adhesion receives in metal films, which are actively oxi-
dized, when deposited on a glass substrate, such as chromium, magne-
sium, zirconium and others [9, 10]. Then, Ag, Au, Al and Cr metal
films have been chosen for further investigations. One of the main rea-
sons for good adhesion is careful chemical treatment of substrates be-
fore film deposition [9]. Sodium glass substrates were cleaned succes-
sively in an ultrasonic bath, liquid acetone, and isopropanol then pro-
cessed into high-voltage discharge in vacuum chamber. Metal Ag, Au,
Al and Cr films were deposited by thermal evaporation in similar con-
ditions from resistive heated boat at temperature of substrate T 20C
and pressure P 10
3
Pa. Thickness of obtained films was closed to
60 nm and was controlled during deposition by measuring of light ab-
sorption. Adhesion of films was determined by the required load to
scratch coating [9]. The adhesion of each sample was measured imme-
diately after removal from the thermal annealing chamber and period-
ically during 600 hours. Between measurements, the samples were
stored in a desiccator.
Proposed metal film must be characterized by at least 20% reflec-
tance for reliable reading [4]. Performed studies of adhesion of select-
ed metal films showed that Cr film is most applicable for glass optical
disk for long-term data storage. Then, the question of applicability of
Cr thin film for optical disc production requires additional detailed
study of its reflection. Optical properties of metal film significantly
depend on its structure affected by film thickness and substrate tem-
perature during deposition. Then, Cr films with different thicknesses
were additionally obtained on unheated and heated glass substrates for
further reflection studies. Reflection were obtained using modified
LEF 3M-1 ellipsometer. The ellipsometric measurements were carried
out with 632.8 nm wavelength [11]. The angle of incidence of the
light at the sample surface was close to the principal angle. The diame-
ter of the incident light beam was 3.5 mm. The reflection was calculat-
ed from the values of the ellipsometric parameters [11].
Positive organic photoresist ‘Shipley 1805’ has been used for mak-
ing a mask. Films of the photoresist were obtained using a centrifuge
with the rotation speed about 2800 rpm and then they were annealed at
T 90C during one hour. The thickness of the composite film was
150 nm, which was enough for the process of chemical etching. Infor-
mation layer on the surface of the disc was patterned using master disc
laser burning station [2]. Chemical etching of chromium film was per-
formed using 20% solvent of CeSO4, which was poured on a substrate
rotating at 100 rpm for 2 minutes. After etching, photoresist was re-
moved using alkaline solution of 2% KOH for 10 hours. Testing of
reading-out quality of recorded glass disc was performed using Nero
OPTICAL DISC FOR LONG-TERM DATA STORAGE BASED ON CHROMIUM FILM 271
7.0 CD-DVD speed tool. Atomic force microscopy was performed using
atomic force microscope of NanoScope, Dimension 3000 TM.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Results of critical load of different metallic films on sodium glass are
presented in Fig. 1. It was found that such metals as Au and Ag are
characterized by weak adhesion to a glass substrate and can be easily
removed from it under weak required load (Fig. 1). Note that adhesion
of Au does not change with a time. This is being caused because Au is
noble metal and hardly can be oxidized, so it must be characterized by
relatively poor adhesion to the glass surface [9].
Chromium is well known material, which is characterized by good
adhesion to silica glass as it seen from Fig. 1. Adhesion between Cr film
and a glass substrate reaches high values immediately after film pre-
pared and exceeds 100 g. During the next 100—200 hours, critical load
of Cr film towards glass increases and reaches a maximum of 500 g.
This value is more than 50 times higher than for Ag film deposited on
glass substrate.
It must be noted that chromium film was not removed completely by
testing set. Thus, the Cr film can be used to create media for long-term
storage. The use of the protective layer in this case is only necessary
for protection against impurities.
Fig. 1. Critical load of Ag, Au, Cr and Al metal films to glass substrates versus
time.
272 I. V. GORBOV, D. Yu. MANKO, A. A. KRYUCHYN et al.
Reflection of Cr films with different thickness obtained on unheated
and heated glass substrates was studied as well (Fig. 2). Revealed data
demonstrate that reflection value level varies from 30% to 60%. Films
deposited on the heated substrate are characterized by higher reflec-
tion. However, difference between films obtained on the surface of
substrates with 100C and 180C is not significant. All films with
thickness more than 30 nm demonstrates values of reflection equal
40% and higher that is sufficient for long-term data storage discs.
Deposited Cr film is used not only as a reflective layer, but also as a
recording one. Thereby, next step was chemically etching of Cr covered
samples. Thickness of Cr thin film was 50 nm. The result is shown on
Fig. 3. Atomic force microscopy revealed that width of a pit was
0.8 m; a track pitch was 1.6 m. In addition, one can see on the pic-
ture small white spots, which obviously are connected with remains of
photoresist. A pit has a good rectangular shape, which is reproducible
for different pits (Fig. 4).
Test quality reading sectors from the surface resulting CD (Fig. 5)
showed that 99.8% of sectors can be red without any error, 0.2% have
errors associated. These errors are concentrated in only one region of
the disc, which is at the start of the recording, so it could be caused by
mechanical scratches on photoresist mask. This means that the in-
creased width of the pits for this type of record does not have a signifi-
cant impact on the quality of the recording.
The maximum speed-reading received CD was 8,04X corresponding
to 1200 kb/s. Thus, the developed method of manufacture was set up
optical media for long-term storage of information in a standard for-
Fig. 2. Reflection of chromium films deposited on glass substrates with dif-
ferent temperatures and thickness.
OPTICAL DISC FOR LONG-TERM DATA STORAGE BASED ON CHROMIUM FILM 273
mat CD that played on standard CD players and DVD, and the error
rate in the signal reproduction, which does not exceed the maximum
allowed level.
Fig. 3. AFM image of chemically etched Cr optical disc.
Fig. 4. Pits’ cross section.
274 I. V. GORBOV, D. Yu. MANKO, A. A. KRYUCHYN et al.
4. CONCLUSIONS
We proposed using Cr film as the reflective layer of the optical record-
ing medium for long-term data storage. It was shown that the adhesion
of the chromium film might exceed more than 50 times that of the Al
film.
It was shown that recording information in the film of Cr could be
fulfilled by means of chemical etching. The possibility of combining
the recording and reflective layers of optical media for long-term data
storage was revealed.
Obtained chromium WORM disc for long-term data storage with
0.8 m a pit width, 0.8 m track pitch and 50 nm a pit depth was suc-
cessfully read by standard DVD-player with 0.2% of errors.
The results of investigations presented in this article were obtained
due to the support of the High-end Foreign Expert Program of China
No. GDT20153300054.
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4. I. V. Gorbov and V. O. Belyakovsky, Data Recording, Storage and Processing, 9,
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Fig. 5. Quality of written sectors.
OPTICAL DISC FOR LONG-TERM DATA STORAGE BASED ON CHROMIUM FILM 275
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-112472 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1024-1809 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-11-30T10:06:28Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Gorbov, I.V. Manko, D.Yu. Kryuchyn, A.A. Zichun Le Minglei Fu Pankratova, A.V. 2017-01-22T14:09:47Z 2017-01-22T14:09:47Z 2016 Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film / I. V. Gorbov, D. Yu. Manko, A. A. Kryuchyn, Zichun Le, Minglei Fu, and A. V. Pankratova // Металлофизика и новейшие технологии. — 2016. — Т. 38, № 2. — С. 267-275. — Бібліогр.: 11 назв. — англ. 1024-1809 PACS: 42.79.Vb, 68.35.Gy, 68.35.Np, 68.37.Ps, 78.66.Bz, 81.15.Ef, 89.20.Ff DOI: 10.15407/mfint.38.02.0267 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112472 The applicability of the Ag, Au, Al, and Cr films as the reflective layer of optical discs for long-term data storage is investigated. Thin metal films are obtained on glass substrate by the method of vacuum thermal deposition. Their adhesive properties are revealed. As shown, a chromium film is characterized by the best adhesion to the glass substrate among all investigated ones. Optical disc for long-term storage is proposed. The information on disk is recorded directly on the reflective metal film. The information on the positive photoresist layer is recorded according to already existed CD standard using laser-burning station. Then, the mask for following chemical etching of chromium film is created. Analysis of morphology of recorded pits proves suitability of the long-term data storage disc to existing standards. Chromium optical disc created in this way is successfully read in a standard DVD player. Досліджено можливість використання плівок Ag, Au, Al и Cr в якості відбивального шару оптичних дисків для довготермінового зберігання інформації. Тонкі металеві плівки були одержані на поверхні скляного підложжя методою вакуумного термічного розпорошення; було досліджено їхні адгезійні властивості. Показано, що найкращу адгезію до скляного підложжя серед обраних плівок мають плівки хрому. Запропоновано оптичний диск для довготермінового зберігання даних, інформацію в якому записано безпосередньо на відбивальній металевій плівці у форматі стандартного оптичного диску. В шарі позитивного фоторезисту на станції лазерного запису в форматі CD були записані дані. Таким чином було одержано маску для наступного хемічного щавлення плівки хрому. Аналіза морфології записаних пітів показала їх відповідність стандарту. Створений хромовий диск для довготермінового зберігання інформації було успішно відтворено на стандартному програвачі DVD-дисків. Исследована возможность применения плёнок Ag, Au, Al и Cr в качестве отражающего слоя оптических дисков для долговременного хранения информации. Тонкие металлические плёнки были получены на поверхности стеклянной подложки методом вакуумного термического напыления; изучены их адгезионные свойства. Показано, что наилучшей адгезией к стеклянной подложке среди исследуемых плёнок обладает плёнка хрома. Предложен оптический диск для долговременного хранения данных, информация в котором записана непосредственно на отражающей металлической плёнке в формате стандартных оптических дисков. В слое позитивного фоторезиста на станции лазерной записи в формате CD были записаны данные. Таким образом, была получена маска для последующего химического травления плёнки хрома. Анализ морфологии записанных питов показал их соответствие стандарту. Созданный хромовый диск для долговременного хранения информации был успешно воспроизведён на стандартном проигрывателе DVD-дисков. The results of investigations presented in this article were obtained due to the support of the High-end Foreign Expert Program of China No. GDT20153300054. en Інститут металофізики ім. Г.В. Курдюмова НАН України Металлофизика и новейшие технологии Металлические поверхности и плёнки Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film Оптичний диск для довготривалого зберігання даних на основі плівки хрому Оптический диск для длительного хранения данных на основе плёнки хрома Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film Gorbov, I.V. Manko, D.Yu. Kryuchyn, A.A. Zichun Le Minglei Fu Pankratova, A.V. Металлические поверхности и плёнки |
| title | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film |
| title_alt | Оптичний диск для довготривалого зберігання даних на основі плівки хрому Оптический диск для длительного хранения данных на основе плёнки хрома |
| title_full | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film |
| title_fullStr | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film |
| title_short | Optical Disc for Long-Term Data Storage Based on Chromium Film |
| title_sort | optical disc for long-term data storage based on chromium film |
| topic | Металлические поверхности и плёнки |
| topic_facet | Металлические поверхности и плёнки |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/112472 |
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