National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia
The paper deals with an overview of developments in S&T and innovation sectors in Armenia during the last decade. Adopted policy documents directed to promote innovation processes and development of national innovation system, and analysis of the government actions towards addressing the press...
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| Cite this: | National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia / A. Khnkoyan // Наука та інновації. — 2012. — Т. 8, № 3. — С. 75-83. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1142222025-02-09T23:45:03Z National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia Національна інноваційна система та розвиток наукової та інноваційної політики республіки Вірменія Национальная инновационная система и развитие научной и инновационной политики республики Армения Khnkoyan, A. Світ інновацій The paper deals with an overview of developments in S&T and innovation sectors in Armenia during the last decade. Adopted policy documents directed to promote innovation processes and development of national innovation system, and analysis of the government actions towards addressing the pressing challenge of reformation of S&T and innovation system in accordance with the requirements of the needs of economic development of the country are presented. Розглянуто розвиток науково-технічного та інноваційного секторів економіки Вірменії за останнє десятиліття. Представлено державні документи, спрямовані на сприяння інноваціям і розвитку національної інноваційної системи, а також аналіз дій уряду на шляху вирішення нагальних проблем реформування науково-технічної та інноваційної систем Вірменії відповідно до вимог ринкової економіки і потреб економічного розвитку країни. Рассмотрено развитие научно-технического и инновационного секторов экономики Армении за последнее десятилетие. Представлены государственные документы, направленные на поддержку инновациям и развитию национальной инновационной системы, а также анализ действий правительства на пути решения безотлагательных проблем реформирования научно-технической и инновационной систем Армении в соответствии с требованиями рыночной экономики и нужд экономического развития страны. 2012 Article National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia / A. Khnkoyan // Наука та інновації. — 2012. — Т. 8, № 3. — С. 75-83. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 1815-2066 DOI: doi.org/10.15407/scin8.03.075 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/114222 en Наука та інновації application/pdf Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
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Світ інновацій Світ інновацій |
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Світ інновацій Світ інновацій Khnkoyan, A. National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia Наука та інновації |
| description |
The paper deals with an overview of developments in S&T and innovation sectors in Armenia during the last decade.
Adopted policy documents directed to promote innovation processes and development of national innovation system, and
analysis of the government actions towards addressing the pressing challenge of reformation of S&T and innovation system
in accordance with the requirements of the needs of economic development of the country are presented. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Khnkoyan, A. |
| author_facet |
Khnkoyan, A. |
| author_sort |
Khnkoyan, A. |
| title |
National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia |
| title_short |
National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia |
| title_full |
National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia |
| title_fullStr |
National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia |
| title_full_unstemmed |
National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia |
| title_sort |
national innovation system and the development of scientific and innovation policy in the republic of armenia |
| publisher |
Видавничий дім "Академперіодика" НАН України |
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2012 |
| topic_facet |
Світ інновацій |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/114222 |
| citation_txt |
National Innovation System and the Development of Scientific and Innovation Policy in the Republic of Armenia / A. Khnkoyan // Наука та інновації. — 2012. — Т. 8, № 3. — С. 75-83. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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Наука та інновації |
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2025-12-01T20:32:52Z |
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75
Наука та інновації. 2012. Т. 8. № 3. С. 75—83.
© AREVIK KHNKOYAN, 2012
Arevik Khnkoyan
Institute of Philosophy, Sociology and Law
of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan
NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM
AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INNOVATION
POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA
The paper deals with an overview of developments in S&T and innovation sectors in Armenia during the last decade.
Adopted policy documents directed to promote innovation processes and development of national innovation system, and
analysis of the government actions towards addressing the pressing challenge of reformation of S&T and innovation system
in accordance with the requirements of the needs of economic development of the country are presented.
K e y w o r d s: innovation, innovation sectors in Armenia, innovation system, innovation policy.
ABSTRACT
The ongoing change means transition to knowl-
edge based economy. There is a growing under-
standing that knowledge is at the core of economic
development. This is also reflected in OECD pub-
lications referring to the knowledge based econo-
my (OECD 1996; Foray and Lundvall 1996).
Much of the recent analytical works on the rela-
tionship between technological development, in-
novation, and economic performance has been fo-
cused on the concept of the «National In novation
System». Here, the emphasis is not just on the
constituent actors within that system — firms,
universities, government research laboratories,
and so on, but more importantly on the relation-
ships and linkages between them. National inno-
vation system is «the network of institutions in
the public and private sectors whose activities and
interactions initiate, import, modify and diffuse
new technologies» (Freeman, 1987). The study of
national innovation systems directs attention to
the linkages or web of interaction within the over-
all innovation system. An understanding of these
systems can help policy makers to develop ap-
proaches for enhancing innovative performance in
the knowledge-based economies of today.
Innovation being at the basis of economic de-
velopment is instrumental for developing coun-
tries, and the process of innovation is still a chal-
lenging subject of research in economics, sociol-
ogy and political sciences, and most efforts have
concentrated on the understanding of the process
in industrialized countries rather than in devel-
oping countries.
This paper deals with an overview of develop-
ments in S&T and innovation sectors in Armenia
during the last decade, describes its background,
current situation, adopted policy documents di-
rected to promote innovation and develop na-
tional innovation system, and analyzes the gov-
ernment actions towards addressing the pressing
challenge of reformation of S&T and innovation
system in accordance with the requirements of
the market economy and needs of economic de-
velopment of the country. It also derives the pol-
icy implications that, to my mind, might have
76 ISSN 1815-2066. Science and Innovation. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
positive effect on the efforts of the country to-
wards building knowledge-based economy.
TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY
AND NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM
The ongoing change means transition to Kno-
wledge Society. There is not a unique standard
model of knowledge based society or knowledge
based economy. However, based on several evalua-
tion studies the following factors seem to be fun-
damental: creativity and innovativeness; effective
networking individuals and organizations; increas-
ing intellectual capital; knowledge management;
encouraging systematic lifelong learning; national
innovation systems with special emphasis on well-
targeted regional innovation policy; increasing in-
vestments in research and development.
There is a growing understanding that knowl-
edge is at the core of economic development. This
is also reflected in OECD-publications referring
to the knowledge based economy (OECD 1996;
Foray and Lundvall 1997).
Innovation and creativity are now valued as key
to successful economic development, and kno wledge
society. The term innovation has been used since
1934 when American economist J. Schu mpeter de-
fined it as «Carrying out of new combinations, such
as the introduction of a new good, the introduction
of new methods of production, the opening of a new
market, the opening of a new source of supply, or the
reorganization of any industry» (J. Schumpeter
1934). Innovation is «The process by which new
products or new methods of production are intro-
duced, including all the steps from invention to de-
velopment to pilot production to marketing to pro-
duction» (J. Schumpeter 1934).
So, innovation can be defined as all the scien-
tific, technological, organizational, financial, and
commercial activities necessary to create, imple-
ment, and market new or improved products or
processes (OECD 1997).
The effects of innovation are hard to measure.
There is no single, simple dimensionality to in-
novation. There are, rather, many sorts of dimen-
sions covering a variety of activities. We might
think of innovation as a new product, but it may
also be:
a new process of production
substitution of a cheaper material newly devel-
oped for a given task, in an essentially unal-
tered product
reorganization of production, internal func-
tions or distribution arrangements leading to
increased efficiency, better support for a given
product, or lower costs, or
an improvement in instruments or methods of
doing innovation (Stephen J. Kline and Nath-
an Rosenberg 1986).
Much of the recent analytical works on the rela-
tionship between technological development, inno-
vation, and economic performance has focused on
the concept of the «National Innovation System».
Here, the emphasis is not just on the constituent ac-
tors within that system — firms, universities, gov-
ernment research laboratories, and so on, but more
importantly on the relationships and linkages be-
tween them. Innovation System is the term used by
scholars and policy makers to describe the emerging
scientific and technological structures and process-
es that influence economic development (Freeman
1987; Lundvall 1992; Nelson 1993). According to
innovation system theory, innovation and technol-
ogy development are results of a complex set of rela-
tionships among actors in the system, which in-
cludes enterprises, universities and government re-
search institutes.
The notion of a national innovation system
was first described by Freeman in relation to
Japan; he defined it as «the network of institu-
tions in the public and private sectors whose ac-
tivities and interactions initiate, import, modify
and diffuse new technologies» (Freeman 1987).
Later some other definitions of national innova-
tion systems came in forth, among which the
dominating ones are:
the elements and relationships which interact
in the production, diffusion and use of new, and
economically useful, knowledge ... and are ei-
ther located within or rooted inside the bor-
ders of a nation state (Lundvall 1992);
77ISSN 1815-2066. Наука та інновації. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
a set of institutions whose interactions deter-
mine the innovative performance of national
firms (Nelson 1993);
the national institutions, their incentive struc-
tures and their competencies, that determine
the rate and direction of technological learning
(or the volume and composition of change gen-
erating activities) in a country (Patel and Pa-
vitt 1994);
that set of distinct institutions which jointly
and individually contribute to the develop-
ment and diffusion of new technologies and
which provides the framework within which
governments form and implement policies to
influence the innovation process. As such it is a
system of interconnected institutions to cre-
ate, store and transfer the knowledge, skills
and artifacts which define new technologies
(Metcalfe 1995).
The concept of national innovation system has
since been developed by others and fleshed out
with various empirical studies. It has come to
prominence for several reasons. One is the grow-
ing economic importance of knowledge, with
many economic activities becoming increasingly
knowledge-intensive. A second and closely relat-
ed reason is the widening range of institutions
involved in knowledge generation.
The major success factors in national innovation
systems are the political commitment to increase
R&D funding together with the well functioning
financial process of prioritizing the activities and
focus areas. Every nation has, however, to find its
own way. The profitability of additional invest-
ments is essentially dependent on how well the
whole innovation system functions. A balance has
to be found between basic research, applied re-
search, product development, technology develop-
ment, and training. The innovation system needs to
be developed so as to improve its quality, efficiency
and relevance. This, however, is not enough.
At the heart of the concept of the national inno-
vation system is a belief that a better understanding
of the linkages between the component actors in the
system is the key to improved technological per-
formance. For policy-makers, an understanding of
the national innovation system can help to identify
leverage points for enhancing innovative perform-
ance and overall competitiveness.
The policy implications of the national innova-
tion system concept are far-reaching. As OECD
has argued, it suggests a new rationale for govern-
ment funding of research and technology based on
correcting systemic failures — in other words, the
lack of effective interactions between the actors in
the system. It also points to the need for new types
of policies to address those systemic failures, poli-
cies that develop, extend and strengthen the com-
munication and the flows of information, and the
networking, cooperation and linkages between the
component organizations that make up the na-
tional innovation system.
GENERAL OVERVIEW OF S&T
DEVELOPMENT IN ARMENIA
During the socialist period science has been one
of the key branches of Economy. S&T in USSR en-
joyed a significant state support. Con tinuous at-
tempts to accelerate S&T progress or to introduce
new military and civilian technologies required
that the R&D system, especially in defense sector,
be sustained on a large scale (Radosevic 2003).
Armenia was a part of that huge S&T system,
having been developed into one of the leading
scientific centers of the country starting from mid
1950s. By the end of 1980s Armenia possessed a
ramified and actively operating system of re-
search and technological institutions.
Collapse of the Soviet Union in early 1990s has
led to disintegration of all previous ties, suspen-
sion of huge financial flows to S&T sector, and
radical change in factors determining R&D sup-
ply and demand sides. Actually, the demand side
nearly fully disappeared in Armenia at once, fol-
lowing emergence of political, economic and so-
cial problems on the entire territory of the former
USSR, outbreak of ethnic conflicts in the region,
and persisting blockade of transportation routes.
In the post soviet period the new independent
Armenia has inherited well-developed sphere of
78 ISSN 1815-2066. Science and Innovation. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
scientific, research and educational institutes,
which were involving many fields of science and
were coming forth within the institutes of the
Academy, Ministeries and High Educational
Systems. In soviet times the Academy of Sciences
of Armenia had 25 instiutes, there were 3 all-un-
ion scientific research instiutes, 17 armenian bra-
nches, centers and departments of all-union sci-
entific research institutes, about 30 institutes su-
bordinated to the Armenian ministeries and other
state bodies, 3 scientific research institutes func-
tioning in the circles of science production un-
ions. Besides, there were also 26 project insti-
tutes, 16 constuction bureaus, 5 science research
laboratories, and 7 science reserch and normativ
research stationaries. There were more than 10
higher education establishments, and institutes
of professional developments. The network of sci-
entific services was also rather developed: librar-
ies, publishinghouses, printinghouses, etc..
Soviet Armenia, was considered to be a highly
technological country, which had more than 30%
of all Soviet electronics, and the significant part of
military-industrial complex. It should be noted
that in that system about the 75 % of the expenses
of scientific R&D were done firstly for the satisfac-
tion of the needs of military-industrial complex.
During transformation period the scientific pote-
ntial of country was not saved and developed fully.
Currently the scientific potential and econom-
ic meaning of science are in deep discorrespond-
ence. In that sense a more prospective investment
and productive use of scientific potential in con-
crete programs of social economic development is
significant. At the same time, in past Armenia was
considered the «Silicon Valley» of USSR, where
a number of productions of high technological in-
dustry have been centralized.
Nowadays a pressing challenge for Armenia is
the reformation of its S&T and innovation sys-
tem in accordance with the requirements of mar-
ket economy. It is obvious that S&T can play a
decisive role in assuring sustainable economic
growth in our transitional country where signifi-
cant R&D potential exists. Meanwhile, in Ar me-
nia no major reformation has been implemented
in the field of S&T and innovation management
system both on national and institutional levels
since the collapse of the Soviet Union, which is
one of the core reasons for inadequate innovation
performance in the country.
INNOVATION PERFORMANCE:
TRENDS AND OBJECTIVES
Science, technology and innovation (STI) pol-
icy was underestimated in overall economic poli-
cy and was neglected in Armenia during the first
decade of transition. This might be reasoned by
the absence of long-term economic development
strategy where STI policy could be incorporated
as integral part.
The economic growth in developed countries
is basically provided thanks to the creation and
usage of new knowledge and technologies. That’s
why the research and S&T activities in such
countries deserve the unprecedented support of
the state. The necessity of the coordination of
S&T activities by the state is connected with the
scientific «production» and peculiarities of the
products (Ivanova). The cause is mostly the un-
predictability of economic results of scientific re-
search, when it is very difficult to wait for a profit
even from the results with commercial prospec-
tive, in the existing conditions of IP protection
system. But the market is not able to provide the
necessary investments in science. That’s why it is
necessary for the state to coordinate the scientific
sphere. Because of this, the main problem of state
S&T and innovation policy must be the develop-
ment and implementation of necessary steps for
lessening the risks and other factors impeding in-
novation activities.
On the path to the development of innovation
process there are a number of difficulties. For the
successful implementation of innovation it is not
enough just to have a good or even a genius idea.
It is necessary to embody this idea practically
into a concrete production, to bring it to the con-
sumers to prove its advantages in comparison
with the existing analogues, to save it from the
79ISSN 1815-2066. Наука та інновації. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
possible competitors and use of imitators. Thus
the innovation process demands significant re-
sources of organizational and personnel essence.
International benchmarking shows that sus-
tainable economic growth can only be founded
on technological development and the continu-
ous increase of knowledge base, in which the
Government support is necessary.
Yet in 2003 UNESCO organized a special par-
liamentary Round Table to tackle the issues of
STI development. The key message of the semi-
nar was to encourage parliaments to take a proac-
tive role in developing science, technology and
innovation policy for increasing the quality of life
and human welfare (Fig. 1) (Markkula, 2008)
There are a number of key analytical lessons
that can be learned from the national parliamen-
tary experiences. These lessons can be sources of
reflection and inspiration for such countries and
regions of the world like Armenia.
It’s known, that the main lever supporting R&D
in country is the state budget.
In the industrially developed countries the vol-
umes of science financing in the part of budget ex-
penses in the last decades were sustainable high.
Though, in Armenia the volumes of science financ-
ing factually make only about 1 % of expenditure
part of the state budget. Budget financing of uni-
versities and state research organizations is being
implemented via grants allocated to research
projects. The grants are considered as one of the
most productive ways of science financing.
The next important lever after the state budg-
et, which is used in developed countries for the
execution of state S&T policy, has an organiza-
tional essence. The use of the mechanisms of or-
ganizational essence allows providing coopera-
tion (in the circles of legislation) between the
state and private sectors involved in S&T sphere,
which is so much lacking in the case of Armenia.
In these conditions, the flows of financial means
from the state budget to joint corporative struc-
tures, must be provided by a number of organiza-
tional mechanisms, which must be developed and
implemented by the joint efforts of legislative and
executive hands of authorities, and with the par-
ticipation of corresponding ministries, depart-
ments and interested organizations.
In Armenia the financial sources for scientific
activities are: a) the state budjet, b) means com-
ing from agreements, c) foundations involving
the allocation of international organizations and
the investments of citizens, etc. d) grants, e) cred-
its, f) means coming from scientific, publishing,
consulting and other activities which are not for-
bidden by law e) means coming from the invest-
ment and realization of scientific results.
Only in 2011 some steps have been done to in-
volve the private sector of economy into the
funding of S&T activities, which gives an oppor-
tunity to change the inner structure of science
funding. As it was already mentioned, till 2011
the only sources of science financing have been
basicaly the State Budjet and partially the inter-
national scientific grants. The part of the private
sector of economy was neglegible. In 2011, for the
first time, the funding of projects directed to the
achievment of applicable results was implement-
ed with the principle of cofinancing with the pri-
vate sector. The size of cofinacing was defined as
15% and in the result 17 projects have been fi-
nanced for the period of 2011—2012 yearly up to
30 million AMD with the total cost.
In Armenia the idea of government order in the
sphere of science has formed recently in the form
of state goal-oriented programs and basically has
got another essence as it also serves mostly for the
state scientific organizations. So, in Armenia the
Fig. 1. Role of Parliaments in NIP
80 ISSN 1815-2066. Science and Innovation. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
research is being developed and implemented
through three main financing mechanisms within
the state budget: basic financing, thematic (project
based) financing and goal-oriented project financ-
ing. The proportions among the financial volumes
of these three types of funding are decided by the
RA law about the State Budget.
Starting from the early 2000s an array of policy
documents have been adopted in Armenia towards
the regulation of S&T and innovation policy in the
country. In December 2000, the Armenian Par lia-
ment adopted the Law on Scientific and Tech no-
logical Activity aiming at regulating the interrela-
tions between R&D performers, state bodies, and
R&D outcome consumers, as well as outlining
general principles of formation and implementa-
tion of state policy in the field of S&T.
In 2005 Government took the decision to ap-
prove an Action Plan 2005—2010 directed to-
wards the creation and development of the inno-
vation system in Armenia which was defining
around 20 measures to be implemented in the pe-
riod of 2005—2010.
In May 2006, the Law on the State Support to
Innovation Activity was adopted (which was the
first measure of the mentioned action plan 2005-
2010), which defined the legal and economic bas-
es of national innovation policy formation, and
forms of state support of innovation activity.
To improve policy-making and better coordina-
tion in the field of S&T, the government took the
decision in October 2007 to create the State Com-
mittee of Science and empower it to carry out inte-
grated S&T policy in the country. This structure is
responsible for development and implementation
of research programs in the country.
Among the number of adopted policy docu-
ments supporting S&T and innovation system in
Armenia are the Resolution on the Priorities of
Science and Technology Development for 2010—
2014 in the Republic of Armenia (adopted on
May 2010), incorporating 6 areas, including in-
formation technologies, advanced technologies
(biotechnology, nanotechnology), etc., the Con-
cept of Innovation Activity in the Republic of
Armenia (adopted on January 2005), aiming at
formulation of general approaches and principles
of the state policy directed towards consistent cre-
ation and development of a national innovation
system, and its basic elements and infrastructure,
capable for ensuring sustainable development of
the country and increasing its competitiveness,
and creating a favorable innovation environment
for international economic co-operation, etc.
On July 2007 The Armenian Government ado-
p ted Conception on Improvements in Science,
the primary objective of which was the creation
of knowledge-based economy, and which sets sev-
eral clear targets for action among which are in-
crease in science funding, clarification of funding
forms and mechanisms, enhancing productivity
of funding, modernization and creation of new in-
frastructures, material and technical base, foster-
ing commercialization of scientific results, etc.
On May 2010 The Strategy of Science Deve-
lopment was adopted in the Republic of Armenia.
In this document the vision of the science devel-
opment is formed like this: «In 2020 the Republic
of Armenia is a country having science based
economy, and which is competitive in European
science technological territory with its funda-
mental and applied R&D level». The missions for
this vision are:
formation of a system providing the stable devel-
opment of science and advanced technologies,
modernization of the material-technical base
of scientific sphere and the infrastructures,
provide stable growth of numbers of cadres,
having high qualifications in the sphere of sci-
ence and technology,
to provide immigration of young cadres in the
sphere of science,
to provide productive state sponsorship for the
fundamental scientific research,
to stimulate the implementation of research di-
rected to the achievement of knowledge which
can be used in the economy,
formation of a harmonic system providing the
development of knowledge containing science,
technologies, and innovation and stimulating
81ISSN 1815-2066. Наука та інновації. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
the involvement of the private sector in the
science,
to enlarge the international cooperation in the
sphere of science and technologies (Strategy of
Science Development in RA, 2010).
On June 2011 The Strategic Program and Ac-
tion-Plan for the Development of the Sphere of
Science in 2011—2015 was adopted, which in-
volves the measures and the table for the targets
defined in the strategy of science development.
Thus, these measures taken by the Armenian
government can be considered as initial steps to-
wards development of the legislative framework
and improvement of the information support and
institutional basis of the innovation system. The
issues of effective management of innovative re-
sources, modernization of S&T basis, introduc-
tion of incentives for innovative companies, and
attraction of private investments still need to be
addressed adequately.
But all these conceptual and legislative meas-
ures need to be supported by adequate concrete
actions and programs directed towards forming
the national innovation system. At the moment
they have more of a declarative and fragmented
character and are not supported by adequate fi-
nancial commitments and tailored decisive actions
consistent with general economic development
trends. For instance the Action Plan measures
have been implemented very slowly with consid-
erable delay in timetable, and in 2006 only a small
amount of funding (around 40,000 Euro) was al-
located from the state budget for implementation
of the planned activities, particularly, for the crea-
tion of Information and Analytical Centre and
Permanent Exhibition of Innovative Projects at
the Armenian Centre of S&T Information, and
creation of the Research and Innovation Centre of
Advanced Technologies and Integrated Infor ma-
tion Network of Innovation Infrastructure at Yere-
van Physics Institute.
In absolute values the budgetary expenditure
on R&D has increased in Armenia during the re-
cent years. The annual rate of growth in 2006
compared with the previous year was 18.7 %, and
in 2007 it was 20 % compared to 2006 (in real
terms), in 2011 it is 8.8 % compared to 2010.
In general, the program development, project
coordination and outcome application mechanisms
still need to be improved and adequately imple-
mented according to the adopted policy docu-
ments. In Armenia, no indirect measures have been
implemented to stimulate innovation in business
sector, for instance, in the form of tax and customs
benefits or exemptions. Existing regulations do
not stimulate the creation of spin-off companies at
academic institutes and universities. There is a
need also to address intellectual property owner-
ship issues, especially intellectual property created
as a result of government financing.
Currently around 17 thousand people deal with
scientific activities in Armenia, about 7.5 thou-
sand scientists and scientific workers are involved
in scientific programs which are beeing financed
by the state budjet and the part of them have sci-
entific degrees.
In 2008—2009 was created the system of inde-
pendent scientific expertise, where 1200 scientist
experts are involved from Armenia and abroad.
International cooperation is notably enlarged:
a number of contracts have been signed since
2008 between State Committee of Science and
Foundation of Fundamental Researches of Rus-
sian Federation, French National Center for Sci-
en tific Research, International Science and Te ch-
no logy Center, State Committee of Science and
Technology of Belarus, Federal Ministry of Re-
search and Education of Germany, etc…
Thus, the aforementioned arguments are gener-
alized in a SWOT overview of innovation govern-
ance in Armenia, which is illustrated in Fig. 2.
On January, 2008 a mission to Armenia was con-
ducted by UNESCO, aimed at the investigation of
S&T and innovation system in Armenia. The out-
come of the UNESCO mission based on the con-
tract between UNESCO and Mr. M. Markkula was
a report on the Science, Technology and Innovation
Policy of the Republic of Armenia.
In the beginning of the mentioned report prof.
Markkula states: «Armenia has excellent oppor-
82 ISSN 1815-2066. Science and Innovation. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
tunities to become an important player in the
global science, technology and innovation (STI)
community — it is time to plan in detail and to
implement well-targeted specific actions» (Mar-
k kula, 2008). Taking into account all issues that
hinder to the development of STI policy in the
country, around 15 recommendations suggest
UNESCO for the Armenian case, which to me
seem very important and essential for the forma-
tion of knowledge based economy in Armenia.
CONCLUSION
Thus, basing on the experience of economically
developed countries, it can be concluded that liv-
ing scientific systems alongside with their poten-
tial profitability, can be formed and survive only
in the conditions of state support and right S&T
policy. It involves the existence of officially
formed realistic priorities, the volumes of state
budget financing, and the investment of corre-
sponding structural-legal forms in the sphere of
science and the creation of favorable legislative
field. Summing up the trends and problems in the
creation and development of the national innova-
tion system in Armenia, it should be mentioned
that one of the main goals of the state is to create
a favorable and sustainable overall environment
for innovation and investment in R&D-intensive
activities. The government already had various
initiatives to create a favorable legal environment
for innovation and create the necessary constitu-
ents of a national innovation system, but the
problem is that many adopted legal documents
and measures are not adequately enforced. Most
of the adopted strategic policy documents lack
concrete quantitative targets — to be addressed
within a certain time frame — and are not based
on objective analysis of the current situation and
weaknesses of the system. In general, the role of
government is crucial in ensuring adequate S&T
Strengths Weaknesses
High economic growth rates (13.8% in 2007) registered •
during last decade, which create favorable conditions
for stimulation of innovation activities
Adoption of several legal policy and strategic documents •
towards creation and development of innovation
system
Creation of authorized body responsible for S&T policy-•
making and development (State Committee of Science)
Developed scientific system with advanced scientists •
and scientific organizations and institutes
Existence of big R&D potential•
Inadequate enforcement of adopted policy documents •
Lack of the quantitative targets in the most of adopted •
policy documents directed to the promotion of innovation
Poor development of innovation support infrastructure •
Insufficient level of R&D expenditure and negligible •
degree of share of private sector in it
Lack of the mechanisms of economic support: incentives for •
stimulation and growth of innovative and science-intensive
organizations
Lack of the policy of supporting the innovation start-up •
companies
The Scientific institutes are technically old •
The age of scientists is quite higher than average•
Lack of modernization in processes and technologies •
Market is not able to provide the necessary investments in •
science
Opportunities Threats
Growing ICT sector as possible engine and a good •
example of innovative activity in other sectors of
Economy
Strong diaspora ready to bring new knowledge and •
investments in case of favorable conditions
Young specialists with high education, good skills and •
knowledge of different languages
Adopted innovation policy documents are not based on •
strategic economic development priorities of the country
R&D system and infrastructure remain nearly unchanged •
and far from real economic and social needs of the country
Young scientists with high qualification leave for more •
developed (mostly EU countries and USA) countries
Fig. 2. SWOT overview of innovation in Armenia
83ISSN 1815-2066. Наука та інновації. T. 8, № 3, 2012
Світ інновацій
and innovation policy as an integrated part of
overall economic policy and long-term develop-
ment strategy of the country.
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Аревік Хнкоян
НАЦІОНАЛЬНА ІННОВАЦІЙНА
СИСТЕМА ТА РОЗВИТОК НАУКОВОЇ
ТА ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ ПОЛІТИКИ
РЕСПУБЛІКИ ВІРМЕНІЯ
Розглянуто розвиток науково-технічного та інновацій-
ного секторів економіки Вірменії за останнє десятиліття.
Представлено державні документи, спрямовані на спри-
яння інноваціям і розвитку національної інноваційної сис-
теми, а також аналіз дій уряду на шляху вирішення на-
гальних проблем реформування науково-технічної та ін-
новаційної систем Вірменії відповідно до вимог ринкової
економіки і потреб економічного розвитку країни.
Ключові слова: інновації, інноваційний сектор у Вір-
менії, інноваційна система, інноваційна політика.
Аревик Хнкоян
НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ ИННОВАЦИОННАЯ
СИСТЕМА И РАЗВИТИЕ НАУЧНОЙ
И ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ
РЕСПУБЛИКИ АРМЕНИЯ
Рассмотрено развитие научно-технического и инно-
вационного секторов экономики Армении за последнее
десятилетие. Представлены государственные докумен-
ты, направленные на поддержку инновациям и развитию
национальной инновационной системы, а также анализ
действий правительства на пути решения безотлагатель-
ных проблем реформирования научно-технической и ин-
новационной систем Армении в соответствии с требо-
ваниями рыночной экономики и нужд экономического
развития страны.
Ключевые слова: инновации, инновационный сек-
тор в Армении, инновационная система, инновационная
политика.
Стаття надійшла до редакції 02.11.11
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
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>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
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/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
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/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
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]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|