Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads
The paper presents the experimental research on damage of the tungsten surfaces under combined plasma exposures. Steady-state hydrogen exposures (particle flux of 2×10²² m⁻²s⁻¹ , heat flux of 1.7 MW/m² , fluence of 1026 m⁻² , average ion energy of 2 keV) were provided by FALCON ion source. The pulse...
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Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України
2016
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| Цитувати: | Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads / S.S. Herashchenko , V.A. Makhlaj , O.I. Girka , N.N. Aksenov , I.A. Bizyukov , S.V. Malykhin , S.V. Surovitskiy , K.N. Sereda , A.A. Bizyukov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2016. — № 6. — С. 69-72. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1153162025-02-23T18:16:48Z Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads Свойства вольфрама после облучения стационарными и импульсными плазменными нагрузками Властивості вольфраму після опромінення стаціонарними та імпульсними плазмовими навантаженнями Herashchenko, S.S. Makhlaj, V.A. Girka, O.I. Aksenov, N.N. Bizyukov, I.A. Malykhin, S.V. Surovitskiy, S.V. Sereda, K.N. Bizyukov, A.A. ITER and fusion reactor aspects The paper presents the experimental research on damage of the tungsten surfaces under combined plasma exposures. Steady-state hydrogen exposures (particle flux of 2×10²² m⁻²s⁻¹ , heat flux of 1.7 MW/m² , fluence of 1026 m⁻² , average ion energy of 2 keV) were provided by FALCON ion source. The pulsed plasma loads below the tungsten melting threshold (hydrogen plasma streams with surface heat load of 0.45 MJ/m² and the pulse duration of 0.25 ms) were performed by means of QSPA Kh-50 device. The behavior of structure, sub- structure and stress-state of tungsten samples have been studied after each cycle of pulsed and steady-state plasma loads. Представлено экспериментальное исследование повреждения вольфрамовых поверхностей, подверженных комбинированному плазменному воздействию. Стационарные водородные ионные потоки (поток частиц 2×10²² м⁻² с⁻¹ , тепловой поток 1,7 МВт м⁻² , флюенс 1026 ·м⁻² , средняя энергия ионов 2 кэВ) получены с помощью источника ионов FALCON. Импульсные плазменные нагрузки ниже порога плавления вольфрама (потоки водородной плазмы с удельной энергией 0,45 МДж·м⁻² и длительностью импульса 0,25 мс) создавались на КСПУ Х-50. Изучено изменение структуры, субструктуры и напряженно- деформированного состояния вольфрамовых образцов под влиянием многоцикличных плазменных нагрузок. Представлено експериментальне дослідження пошкодження вольфрамових поверхонь під дією комбінованого плазмовому впливу. Стаціонарні водневі іонні потоки (потік частинок 2×10²² м⁻² с⁻¹, тепловий потік 1,7 МВт·м⁻² , флюенс 1026 м⁻² , середня енергія іонів 2 кеВ) отримані за допомогою джерела іонів FALCON. Імпульсні плазмові навантаження нижче порога плавлення вольфраму (потоки водневої плазми з питомою енергією 0,45 МДж·м⁻² і тривалістю імпульсу 0,25 мс) створювалися на КСПП Х-50. Вивчено зміну структури, субструктури і напружено-деформованого стану вольфрамових зразків під впливом багатоциклічних плазмових навантажень. This work is supported in part by NAS of Ukraine project П-5/24-2016 2016 Article Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads / S.S. Herashchenko , V.A. Makhlaj , O.I. Girka , N.N. Aksenov , I.A. Bizyukov , S.V. Malykhin , S.V. Surovitskiy , K.N. Sereda , A.A. Bizyukov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2016. — № 6. — С. 69-72. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.40.Hf https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/115316 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники application/pdf Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| institution |
Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| collection |
DSpace DC |
| language |
English |
| topic |
ITER and fusion reactor aspects ITER and fusion reactor aspects |
| spellingShingle |
ITER and fusion reactor aspects ITER and fusion reactor aspects Herashchenko, S.S. Makhlaj, V.A. Girka, O.I. Aksenov, N.N. Bizyukov, I.A. Malykhin, S.V. Surovitskiy, S.V. Sereda, K.N. Bizyukov, A.A. Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The paper presents the experimental research on damage of the tungsten surfaces under combined plasma exposures. Steady-state hydrogen exposures (particle flux of 2×10²² m⁻²s⁻¹ , heat flux of 1.7 MW/m² , fluence of 1026 m⁻² , average ion energy of 2 keV) were provided by FALCON ion source. The pulsed plasma loads below the tungsten melting threshold (hydrogen plasma streams with surface heat load of 0.45 MJ/m² and the pulse duration of 0.25 ms) were performed by means of QSPA Kh-50 device. The behavior of structure, sub- structure and stress-state of tungsten samples have been studied after each cycle of pulsed and steady-state plasma loads. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Herashchenko, S.S. Makhlaj, V.A. Girka, O.I. Aksenov, N.N. Bizyukov, I.A. Malykhin, S.V. Surovitskiy, S.V. Sereda, K.N. Bizyukov, A.A. |
| author_facet |
Herashchenko, S.S. Makhlaj, V.A. Girka, O.I. Aksenov, N.N. Bizyukov, I.A. Malykhin, S.V. Surovitskiy, S.V. Sereda, K.N. Bizyukov, A.A. |
| author_sort |
Herashchenko, S.S. |
| title |
Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads |
| title_short |
Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads |
| title_full |
Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads |
| title_fullStr |
Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads |
| title_sort |
erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
| publishDate |
2016 |
| topic_facet |
ITER and fusion reactor aspects |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/115316 |
| citation_txt |
Erosion features of tungsten surfaces under combined steady-state and transient plasma loads / S.S. Herashchenko
, V.A. Makhlaj
, O.I. Girka
, N.N. Aksenov
, I.A. Bizyukov
,
S.V. Malykhin
, S.V. Surovitskiy
, K.N. Sereda
, A.A. Bizyukov // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2016. — № 6. — С. 69-72. — Бібліогр.: 14 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
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| first_indexed |
2025-11-24T06:13:02Z |
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2025-11-24T06:13:02Z |
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1849651135968706560 |
| fulltext |
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106)
PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2016, № 6. Series: Plasma Physics (22), p. 69-72. 69
EROSION FEATURES OF TUNGSTEN SURFACES UNDER COMBINED
STEADY-STATE AND TRANSIENT PLASMA LOADS
S.S. Herashchenko
1
, V.A. Makhlaj
1
, O.I. Girka
2
, N.N. Aksenov
1
, I.A. Bizyukov
2
,
S.V. Malykhin
3
, S.V. Surovitskiy
3
, K.N. Sereda
2
, A.A. Bizyukov
2
1
Institute of Plasma Physics of the NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine;
2
V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkov, Ukraine;
3
National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute”, Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: gerashchenko@kipt.kharkov.ua
The paper presents the experimental research on damage of the tungsten surfaces under combined plasma
exposures. Steady-state hydrogen exposures (particle flux of 2×10
22
m
-2
s
-1
, heat flux of 1.7 MW/m
2
, fluence of
10
26
m
-2
, average ion energy of 2 keV) were provided by FALCON ion source. The pulsed plasma loads below the
tungsten melting threshold (hydrogen plasma streams with surface heat load of 0.45 MJ/m
2
and the pulse duration of
0.25 ms) were performed by means of QSPA Kh-50 device. The behavior of structure, sub- structure and stress-state
of tungsten samples have been studied after each cycle of pulsed and steady-state plasma loads.
PACS: 52.40.Hf
INTRODUCTION
Lifetime of plasma-facing components (PFCs)
defines work time of fusion reactors such as ITER and
DEMO [1]. Erosion of PFCs restricts the operation time
of next-step fusion reactors, leads to contamination of
the hot plasma by heavy impurities and can produce a
substantial amount of the dust. Main degradation of
PFCs causes by steady-state heat and particles fluxes
from plasma and transient events (disruptions, Edge
Localized Modes (ELMs), Vertical Displacement of
Edge (VDE) etc.) [1, 2]. The experimental studies of
erosion plasma facing materials (PFMs) in present-day
fusion devices are quite problematic. Therefore,
stationary and transient ITER relevant loads are
reproduced with other facilities, such as electron and ion
beam facilities, quasi-stationary plasma accelerators
(QSPAs), linear devices [3-8]. In particular, it has been
experimentally shown that the combination of transient
heating and hydrogen plasma exposure lead to severe
surface damage and modifications, such as crack
formation, enhanced erosion/ejection, roughening,
formation of melt layers and blisters [5-7].
The damage behavior strongly depends on the
loading conditions and the sequence of the particle and
heat flux exposure. The stress-free surface demonstrates
a high resistant to cracking under transient heat loads.
Twinning deformation and dynamic recrystallization
can be major mechanism for surface roughening and
related microstructure evolution [9]. For small number
of plasma pulses combined with steady-state irradiation
a faster relaxation of residual stresses occurs. The
damage of exposed surface was caused by physical
sputtering and cracks appearing [7]. Nevertheless,
contribution of combined steady-state and transient heat
and particles loads to damage of tungsten need to
further researches in course of large number of powerful
plasma pulses.
Paper presents the studies of tungsten damage
features under combined steady-state and transient
hydrogen plasma loads.
1. EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
The combined plasma exposures have been
performed using the quasi-stationary plasma
accelerator QSPA Kh-50 [7, 8] and FALCON ion
source [10]. Tungsten targets are made of
polycrystalline tungsten manufactured by Plansee with
a purity of 99.999% wt. This material is proposed for
ITER. The dimensions of the samples were
12×15×0.8 mm. The grain sizes were estimated to be in
the range of 5…20 µm. All specimens were
mechanically polished to the mirror-like surface.
The main parameters of the QSPA Kh-50 plasma
streams are following: ion impact energy is about
0.4 keV, maximum plasma pressure 0.32 MPa, and the
stream diameter 18 cm. The surface energy load
measured with a calorimeter achieved 0.45 MJ/m
2
that corresponds to ITER type I ELMs. The plasma
pulse shape is approximately triangular with pulse
duration of 0.25 ms.
The FALCON ion source generated hydrogen ion
beam with a diameter of 3 mm and an average energy
of 2 keV. The samples have been exposed to relatively
high particle (10
22
m
-2
s
-1
) and heat (1.7 MW/m
2
) fluxes
allowed to reach a fluence of 10
26
m
2
and higher. The
temperature of the samples was evaluated basing on
Stephan-Boltzmann law and preliminary measurements
with thermocouple. Temperature of the samples
increased from room temperature to 890 K during the
exposure due to relatively high heat flux and an
absence of water cooling. The samples temperature has
been evaluated also using measurement of the ion beam
current. The dependence of the sample temperature on
the current has been studied previously [11].
Surface analysis was carried out with an optical
microscope MMR-4 equipped with a CCD camera
and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) JEOL JSM-
840. Measurements of weight losses and roughness of
the surface were also performed. X-ray diffraction
technique (XRD) has been used to study micro-
structural evolution of exposed W targets. So called
70 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106)
“θ-2θ scans” were performed using a monochromatic
Kα line of Cu anode radiation [12]. Diffraction peaks
intensity, their profiles, and their angular positions
were analyzed in order to evaluate the texture, the
coherent scattering region size [12-14].
Residual macro-stresses and the lattice parameter in
the stress free state (a0) were determined using а- sin
2
ψ
– plots by the peaks (400) located in the precision area
of angles. The absolute errors for the stress and the
lattice spacing measurements are ±30 MPa and
±510
-5
nm, respectively [12, 14]. Performed
measurements demonstrate that values of principal
stresses σ1, σ2 and σφ are within the error range of the
measurements, i.e. strain is symmetrical.
2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The behavior of non-texture tungsten during
combined irradiation has been studied with 10 QSPA
Kh-50 plasma pulses of 0.45 MJ/m
2
(fluence of
5×10
24
m
-2
) and steady-state hydrogen ion flux (SSHIF)
of 0.43 MW/m
2
(fluence of 9.6×10
24
m
-2
) of FALCON
ion source in earlier experiments [7] . Such influence
results in faster relaxation of residual stresses in
comparison with only pulsed plasma exposures [13]. As
the next step of such researches, the behavior non-
texture tungsten has been studied in course of large
number (300 pulses) of pulsed plasma irradiation
combined with steady-state exposes (section 2.1). The
influence of different texture of tungsten on surface
modification and structure changes was researched also
after steady-state irradiation (section 2.2).
2.1. EVOLUTION OF NON-TEXTURE
TUNGSTEN UNDER COMBINED PLASMA
IRRADIATION
The small number of pulsed plasma heat loads
created the symmetrical tensile stresses in the surface of
exposed samples (Fig. 1) [7].
-300
0
300
600
900
654
2
3
1
R
es
id
u
a
l
st
re
ss
,
M
P
a
Initial
Fig. 1. Results of residual stress measurements under
combined irradiation: 1 – 5 QSPA pulses (2.5×10
24
m
-2
);
2 – 5 QSPA pulses and SSHIF (4.8×10
24
m
-2
);
3 – 10 QSPA pulses (5×10
24
m
-2
) and SSHIF (4.8×10
24
m
-2
);
4 – 10 QSPA pulses and SSHIF (9.6×10
24
m
-2
);
5 – 300 QSPA pulses and SSHIF (9.6×10
24
m
-2
);
6 – 300 QSPA pulses (1.5×10
26
m
-2
) and SSHIF(1.5×10
25
m
-2
)
After small number (10) of QSPA plasma irradiation
and SSHIF of 9.6×10
24
m
-2
the residual stresses relaxed
till 300 MPa. Thus, the combined plasma irradiation
causes relaxation of residual stresses faster than for
pulsed plasma irradiation only [7].
The future irradiation with 300 QSPA plasma pulses
results in increase of stresses up to 720 MPa. Steady-
state exposure leads to decrease of stresses by 25 %
only. That means the value of stresses decreases slower
in comparison with result obtained after small number
of plasma pulses.
Large number of plasma pulses caused the change of
surface morphology. In particular, the roughness of
exposed surface increased to Ra ≈ 0.0 μm, Rz ≈ 0.6 μm,
Rmax ≈1.0 μm (in the initial state: Ra ≈0.0 μm,
Rz≈0.0 μm, Rmax ≈ 0.1 μm). Fig. 2 shows the isolated
cracks and pores on irradiated surface as well as molten
re-deposited particles. Additionally, some of grain
boundaries are grown and melted due to the degradation
of thermophysical properties.
a
b
Fig. 2. SEM images of different parts of tungsten
surface exposed to combined plasma irradiation (a, b)
2.2. STEADY-STATE IRRADIATION OF
TEXTURE TUNGSTEN
Two samples of different texture have been studied
in course of steady-state loads (1.7 MW/m
2
) with
fluence achieved 2×10
26
m
-2
. First sample has texture of
[100] and second sample has texture of [110]. The
compressive residual macro stresses of (-340 to-350) MPa
were registered in surface layers of all chosen targets in
initial state (Fig. 3). All targets had very small initial
surface roughness (Ra ≈ 0.0 μm, Rz ≈ 0.0 μm, Rmax ≈ 0.1 μm).
First sample is characterized by: lattice parameter a0
is less than reference value (aref= 3.165 Å) i.e. excess
vacancies presents in structure (Fig. 4). It agrees with
sign of asymmetry parameter (δВ ≈ (2…3)% > 0)
associated with excess number of vacancies complex.
Width of diffraction line is B(400) ≈ 0.65º that means the
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106) 71
samples have a large number of linear defects
(dislocations) (Figs. 5, 6).
Fig. 3. Dependences of residual stresses vs. irradiation
dose
Fig. 4. Dependences of lattice spacing vs. irradiation
dose
Fig. 5. Dependences of width of diffraction profile (400)
vs. irradiation dose
Second sample is characterized by a0 ≈ 3.1649 Å i.e
near of reference value aref (see Fig. 4) but the width of
diffraction line B(400) ≈ 0.81º and asymmetry δВ ≈ 22%
indicate a large number of linear defects and a large
number of vacancies complex (Fig. 5).
Stationary heat loads caused minor changes in
surface roughness (Ra ≈ 0.0 μm, Rz ≈ 0.1 μm, Rmax ≈
0.1 μm) and relaxation of residual compressive
stresses (-35 to -45) MPa for both tungsten samples
(Fig. 3). Width of diffraction line in the targets is B(400)
≈ 0.50º (Fig. 5) that is near width of line (400) in
material with perfect structure [13, 14]. The number of
linear defects is negligible as well as the number of
point defects complex (δВ < 3 %) (Fig. 6). The lattice
parameter is near to reference value for both samples
also (Fig. 4). Therefore, the tungsten structure is
improved by SSHIF with FALCON irradiation.
Fig. 6. Dependences of asymmetry of diffraction profile
(400) vs. irradiation dose
The surface analysis for both tungsten samples with
texture [100] and [110] after steady-state irradiation
showed the typical sputter erosion morphology (Fig. 7).
a
b
Fig 6. SEM images of tungsten surfaces exposed to
steady-state plasma irradiation of samples with different
texture: [100] (a) and [110] (b)
72 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2016. №6(106)
CONCLUSIONS
The damage features of the tungsten surfaces have
been studied under combined exposure of steady-state
hydrogen ion fluxes generated by FALCON ion source
and the pulsed plasma loads generated by QSPA Kh-50
facility. The energy of pulsed plasma loads were chosen
to remain the surface temperature below the tungsten
melting point.
Symmetrical thermal residual stresses in exposed
surfaces are created mainly due to pulsed irradiations.
Stationary heat loads (1.7 MW·m
2
) cause slower
relaxation of tensile residual stresses developed after
numerous pulsed plasma loads in comparison to the
relaxation after a small number of pulsed plasma loads
(5 pulses of 0.45 MJ/m
2
).
Steady-state exposure leads to annealing of both
linear and complex of point defects with the amount of
residual stresses decreased. The lattice parameter
increased negligibly, i.e. impurities have not been
introduced into the lattice during the irradiation.
The combined plasma loads result in development of
tungsten surfaces roughness. Rise of surface roughness
is caused by cracks appearing and growth of grain edges
on exposed surfaces. It has been shown that the tungsten
structure could be improved by steady-state plasma
irradiation with slight differences in structure evolution
of samples with different textures.
This work is supported in part by NAS of Ukraine
project П-5/24-2016.
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Article received 10.11.2016
СВОЙСТВА ВОЛЬФРАМА ПОСЛЕ ОБЛУЧЕНИЯ СТАЦИОНАРНЫМИ И ИМПУЛЬСНЫМИ
ПЛАЗМЕННЫМИ НАГРУЗКАМИ
С.С. Геращенко, В.А. Махлай, А.И. Гирка, Н.Н. Аксенов, И.А. Бизюков, С.В. Малыхин,
С.В. Суровицкий, К.Н. Середа, А.А. Бизюков
Представлено экспериментальное исследование повреждения вольфрамовых поверхностей,
подверженных комбинированному плазменному воздействию. Стационарные водородные ионные потоки
(поток частиц 2×10
22
м
-2
с
-1
, тепловой поток 1,7 МВт м
-2
, флюенс 10
26
·м
-2
, средняя энергия ионов 2 кэВ)
получены с помощью источника ионов FALCON. Импульсные плазменные нагрузки ниже порога плавления
вольфрама (потоки водородной плазмы с удельной энергией 0,45 МДж·м
-2
и длительностью импульса
0,25 мс) создавались на КСПУ Х-50. Изучено изменение структуры, субструктуры и напряженно-
деформированного состояния вольфрамовых образцов под влиянием многоцикличных плазменных
нагрузок.
ВЛАСТИВОСТІ ВОЛЬФРАМУ ПІСЛЯ ОПРОМІНЕННЯ СТАЦІОНАРНИМИ ТА ІМПУЛЬСНИМИ
ПЛАЗМОВИМИ НАВАНТАЖЕННЯМИ
С.С. Геращенко, В.О. Махлай, О.І. Гірка, М.М. Аксенов, І.О. Бізюков, С.В. Малихін,
С.В. Суровицький, К.Н. Середа, О.А. Бізюков
Представлено експериментальне дослідження пошкодження вольфрамових поверхонь під дією
комбінованого плазмовому впливу. Стаціонарні водневі іонні потоки (потік частинок 2×10
22
м
-2·
с
-1
, тепловий
потік 1,7 МВт·м
-2
, флюенс 10
26
м
-2
, середня енергія іонів 2 кеВ) отримані за допомогою джерела іонів
FALCON. Імпульсні плазмові навантаження нижче порога плавлення вольфраму (потоки водневої плазми з
питомою енергією 0,45 МДж·м
-2
і тривалістю імпульсу 0,25 мс) створювалися на КСПП Х-50. Вивчено зміну
структури, субструктури і напружено-деформованого стану вольфрамових зразків під впливом
багатоциклічних плазмових навантажень.
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