Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B
In paper, two rolling bond processes for heavy-gauge steel plate Q235B were studied and the processes were simulated by MARC software. The mechanical properties and microstructure at the interface were comparative analyzed for the two bonded plates using different rolling process. Using MARC softwar...
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| Цитувати: | Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B / Guanghui Zhao, Qingxue Huang, Cunlong Zhou, Zhanjie Zhang, Lifeng Ma, Xiaogang Wang // Functional Materials. — 2016. — Т. 23, № 2. — С. 261-267. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
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Guanghui Zhao Qingxue Huang Cunlong Zhou Zhanjie Zhang Lifeng Ma Xiaogang Wang 2017-06-12T14:21:41Z 2017-06-12T14:21:41Z 2016 Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B / Guanghui Zhao, Qingxue Huang, Cunlong Zhou, Zhanjie Zhang, Lifeng Ma, Xiaogang Wang // Functional Materials. — 2016. — Т. 23, № 2. — С. 261-267. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. 1027-5495 DOI: dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm23.02.261 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/120629 In paper, two rolling bond processes for heavy-gauge steel plate Q235B were studied and the processes were simulated by MARC software. The mechanical properties and microstructure at the interface were comparative analyzed for the two bonded plates using different rolling process. Using MARC software analysis for two rolling process, the ratio of equivalent stress in rolling process /yield stress in current temperature from surface to center portion was relatively uniform for rolling bonded. en НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України Functional Materials Characterization and properties Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B Article published earlier |
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Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B |
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Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B Guanghui Zhao Qingxue Huang Cunlong Zhou Zhanjie Zhang Lifeng Ma Xiaogang Wang Characterization and properties |
| title_short |
Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B |
| title_full |
Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B |
| title_fullStr |
Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B |
| title_sort |
comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick q235b |
| author |
Guanghui Zhao Qingxue Huang Cunlong Zhou Zhanjie Zhang Lifeng Ma Xiaogang Wang |
| author_facet |
Guanghui Zhao Qingxue Huang Cunlong Zhou Zhanjie Zhang Lifeng Ma Xiaogang Wang |
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Characterization and properties |
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Characterization and properties |
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2016 |
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English |
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Functional Materials |
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НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України |
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Article |
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In paper, two rolling bond processes for heavy-gauge steel plate Q235B were studied and the processes were simulated by MARC software. The mechanical properties and microstructure at the interface were comparative analyzed for the two bonded plates using different rolling process. Using MARC software analysis for two rolling process, the ratio of equivalent stress in rolling process /yield stress in current temperature from surface to center portion was relatively uniform for rolling bonded.
|
| issn |
1027-5495 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/120629 |
| citation_txt |
Comparative study of two rolling bond process for super-thick Q235B / Guanghui Zhao, Qingxue Huang, Cunlong Zhou, Zhanjie Zhang, Lifeng Ma, Xiaogang Wang // Functional Materials. — 2016. — Т. 23, № 2. — С. 261-267. — Бібліогр.: 10 назв. — англ. |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT guanghuizhao comparativestudyoftworollingbondprocessforsuperthickq235b AT qingxuehuang comparativestudyoftworollingbondprocessforsuperthickq235b AT cunlongzhou comparativestudyoftworollingbondprocessforsuperthickq235b AT zhanjiezhang comparativestudyoftworollingbondprocessforsuperthickq235b AT lifengma comparativestudyoftworollingbondprocessforsuperthickq235b AT xiaogangwang comparativestudyoftworollingbondprocessforsuperthickq235b |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-24T16:32:57Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-24T16:32:57Z |
| _version_ |
1850486539813912576 |
| fulltext |
Functional materials, 23, 2, 2016 261
ISSN 1027-5495. Functional Materials, 23, No.2 (2016), p. 261-267
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fm23.02.261 © 2016 — STC “Institute for Single Crystals”
Comparative study of two rolling bond process
for super-thick Q235B
Guanghui Zhao, Qingxue Huang, Cunlong Zhou,
Zhanjie Zhang, Lifeng Ma, Xiaogang Wang
Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Device Design Theory
and Technology, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan
030024,Shanxi,China
Received November 25, 2015
In paper, two rolling bond processes for heavy-gauge steel plate Q235B were studied and the
processes were simulated by MARC software. The mechanical properties and microstructure
at the interface were comparative analyzed for the two bonded plates using different rolling
process. Using MARC software analysis for two rolling process, the ratio of equivalent stress in
rolling process /yield stress in current temperature from surface to center portion was relatively
uniform for rolling bonded.
Keywords: heavy-gauge steel plate; rolled bonding; comparative study; MARC simulation
В работе исследовано два процесса прокатки толстопрофильных стальных пластин Q235B
и проведено моделирование этих процессов с помощью программного обеспечения MARC.
Проведен сравнительный анализ механических свойств и микроструктуры на межфазной
границе для двух пластин, полученных с помощью разных процессов прокатки. С помощью
компьютерного моделирования MARC проанализировано отношение эквивалентного
напряжения в процессе прокатки к границе текучести при данной температуре от
поверхности к центральной части образца.
Порівняльне дослідження процесів прокатування пластин Q235B надвеликої
товщини. Гуанхуей Чжао, Цинсюе Хуан, Цюньлун Чжоу, Чжанцзе Чжан, Ліфэн Ма,
Сяоган Ван
У роботі досліджено два процеси прокотування товстопрофільних сталевих пластин
Q235B і проведено моделювання цих процесів за допомогою програмного забезпечення
MARC. Проведений порівняльний аналіз механічних властивостей і мікроструктури на
міжфазній межі для двох пластин, зв’язаних за допомогою різних процесів прокотування. За
допомогою комп’ютерного моделювання MARC проаналізовано відношення еквівалентної
напруги в процесі прокотування до межі текучості при даній температурі від поверхні до
центральної частини образца.
1 . Introduction
There is great market demand for large
single-thick steel plate in some special occasions
such as heavy machinery, water conservancy,
armor, dam. In traditional rolling, heavy in-
got is mainly the raw materials of heavy plate.
However, the heavy ingot is thoroughly thick
and the time of solidification cooling is very
long, which led to serious segregation in the
solidification process. Simultaneously, there
are serious casting defects of shrinkage cavity,
porosity and inclusion at the center of heavy
ingot due to the solidification feeding and vol-
ume shrinkage. Using large rolling force and
large reduction in the hot rolling process, the
coarse as-cast microstructure can be crushed
262 Functional materials, 23, 2, 2016
Guanghui Zhao at al. / Comparative study of two rolling bond process ...
and defects of porosity can be partially welded.
But the steel plate will inevitably inherited the
original as-cast ingot organization after rolling
process. Consequently, it is hard to meet high
performance for producing large heavy plate,
especially for the heavy plate which requires
the performance of z-direction and ultrasonic
testing requirements[1, 2]. Therefore, for ex-
ploring and practicing the preparation of thick
slab of material, JFE company on behalf of
many domestic and foreign research institutes
and mills, researched and developed a variety
of manufacturing technology. Using steel billet
welded and manufactured by casting billet and
vacuum hot rolling, JFE company successfully
used in the production of heavy plate, which
solved the internal quality of large steel ingot
and small compression ratio [3].
Hot rolling bonding: making use of rolling
mill produce composite plate. According to the
strong force of the rolling mill and combined
with thermal effect, two surface of compound
metal are brokered and there is plastic defor-
mation in whole metallic cross-section.
Simultaneously, the clean and activated sur-
face is easy to form planar metallurgical combi-
nation under strong rolling pressure. Further,
the fundamental difference between rolling of
composite metal plate and single metal plate is
that the rolling pass of composite metal plate
must be subjected to a large reduction, particu-
larly the reduction of initial rolling pass. Only
in this way, it can promote to physical contact
of composite surface. Therefore, it is neces-
sary to explore the technology of heavy-gauge
steel plate by the hot rolling bond and further
research the effect on the properties of heavy-
gauge steel plate [4, 5].In particular, different
pass rolling process optimization has a signifi-
cant impact on proprieties of composite plate
and production costs of company. In this paper,
two rolling bond processes for heavy-gauge steel
plate Q235B were studied, organization and
mechanical properties of which were analyzed.
What’s more, the two rolling bond processes of
rolling bond were analyzed by nonlinear finite
element software MSC.Marc.
2.Experimental
The raw material is Q235 casting slab,
chemical composition as shown in table 1.
First of all, the billet was prepared and
made surface treatment. The composite surface
should be clean and grind smooth, which ben-
efits to two kind of metal atoms mutual diffuse,
realizing metallurgical bonding. Then it was
batched and welded with clean surfaces face-
to-face. After being implemented high tem-
perature and long time heating in the chamber
furnace, heavy slab was hot rolled bond by a
strong rolling mill. Finally, slow stacking cool-
ing and detection was used for hot rolled bond
plate. The process is shown in figure 1. The
initial rolling temperature was controlled from
1020 °C to 1120 °C and the actual initial roll-
ing temperature was 1056 °C. Taking the hot
rolling process under high temperature, low
speed and high rolling reduction, the concrete-
ness distribution of rolling reduction and roll-
ing speed is shown in table 2 for the two rolling
bond process. It was used high pressure water
descaling when the first and second pass in
both initial rolling and end rolling. In order to
keep the steel straightness, the composite plate
needed temper rolling one or two passes. Com-
posite plate are not controlled cooling after hot
rolling and the ACC only turned on back blow-
ing device. Composite plate was straightened
immediately by straightening machine. Then it
began to stack cooling when the temperature of
which dropped to 450-550 °C and the time of
stack cooling was greater than 48h.
Performance of composite plate was ana-
lyzed. Flaw detection was conducted by ultra-
sonic flaw detector according to the GB/T7734-
7734“composite plate ultrasonic inspection
method”. Tensile samples were processed into
Standard circular ∅10mm×120mm on the ba-
sis of GB/T 228.1-2010 “Metal materials tensile
test at room temperature”; V-notch standard
sample was processed into 10mm×10mm×55mm
according to the GB/T 229-2007“ Metallic mate-
Fig.1. Production process of clad steel plate
Table 1. Chemical composition of the experi-
mental Q235B steel(mass fraction,%)
C Si Mn P S
0.15 0.2 0.55 0.03 0.02
Functional materials, 23, 2, 2016 263
Guanghui Zhao at al. / Comparative study of two rolling bond process ...
rials—Charpy pendulum impact test method.”
and GB/T 700-2006 “Metal material Summer
than pendulum impact test method”. Using
ZBC2602 automatic impact testing machine,
the shock temperature is 20 °C. The organiza-
tion structure and bond interface was respec-
tively analyzed by Carl & Zeiss optical micro-
scope and scanning electron microscope(SEM).
2.1 Mechanical properties
By nondestructive ultrasonic flaw detection,
there were cracks and lamination defects in
80mm clad sheet steel using I rolling process,
especially at the head and the tail of steel plate.
But, the clad plate using II rolling process was
no obvious defects, meeting 1 level require-
ments.
From the table 3, it illustrated that the
I composite plate didn’t met the mechanical
properties of Q235 according to GB/T 700-700
“carbon structural steels” (2006), but II com-
posite plate met. The bonding strength of com-
posite plate was usually estimated through
shear test evaluation and the better shear
strength of layered composite material plate
were more than 60% [3]. In this study, the pres-
sure shear test showed: the I composite surface
shear strength of rolled plate reached 38.2% for
the tensile strength of its corresponding loca-
tion and the II composite surface shear strength
reached 61.5%, above the requirement. These
results showed the mechanical properties of
rolling plate using process II were better than
that using process I.
2.2 Analysis of microstructure and
bonded interface
For heavy plate rolled bond, the mechanism
of metal interface bonding is mainly mechani-
cal mechanism, film theory and the theory of
recrystallization [6]. According to these theory,
gaps at the interface caused by the machining
error were basically closed in the first rolling
pass.
Under high temperature and strong rolling
pressure, metal was to come into plastic defor-
mation and hardened surface layers were burst.
At this moment, the upper and lower fresh met-
al was burst through the crack of hardened sur-
face layers and metal atoms of fresh metal be-
came mutually embedded in each other. When
two groups metal close to the magnitude of the
distance between atoms, atoms attracted each
other. During adjacent atoms was arranged in
stable equilibrium spacing, the free electrons
in outer layer of the two kinds metal atoms be-
came common electronic to form metallic bond-
ing. Adding diffusion layer formed by diffusible
metal atoms in high temperature, hot rolling
bond was achieved.
But the position of rolling bond was very
rare in the first rolling pass. There were still
inclusions in large areas of the interface. There
were two main reasons for this situation: first,
surface machining and grinding process failed
to remove trace oxides, the second was due to
the lower free energy at the gap, resulting pre-
cipitates aggregating to form inclusions. With
the increase of rolling reduction rate, there had
some rolling compaction effect for inclusions,
causing inclusions discontinuous distribution
at the bonding surfaces, but the shape of inclu-
Table. 2. The hot rolling process
Speed
of roll-
ing
Thick-
ness
Before
rolling
Rolling process/Rolling pass/ Thickness after rolling/Reduction ratio
Thick-
ness af-
ter roll-
ing
15r/min 400mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
80mm
I
380mm 335mm 280mm 225mm 170mm 120mm 90mm 80mm
5.00% 11.84% 16.42% 19.64% 24.44% 29.41% 25.00% 11.11%
II
350mm 300mm 243mm 190mm 135mm 91mm 80mm
12.50% 14.29% 19.00% 21.81% 28.95% 32.59% 12.09%
Table. 3. Mechanical properties of the Q235B clad steel plate
Rolling process State Rel/MPa Rm/MPa Elonga-
tion/%
Impact en-
ergy/J
Shear
strength/MPa
I Controlled rolling 205 405 24 31 155
II Controlled rolling 265 465 30 51 286
264 Functional materials, 23, 2, 2016
Guanghui Zhao at al. / Comparative study of two rolling bond process ...
sions at the interface was still very obvious.
With the reduction rate continuing to increase,
the center of the heavy plate generated plastic
strain, rolling compaction effect for inclusions at
the interface has been significantly increased,
so the previous clear orientation distribution of
inclusions began to enter state of dispersion of
the distribution. These would greatly weaken
the impediment of inclusion for metal bonding.
Simultaneously, more and more grains were
formed and bonding effect was gradually get-
ting better [7].
Microstructure are shown in Figure 2. As
can be seen from the Figure 2(a), there were
nonuniform ferrite + pearlite structure, indi-
cating that there was no good consistent plas-
tic deformation in the center part; there was
unbound area at the interface, indicating the
bonding of center portion was inadequate and
incomplete such hot rolling conditions, which
was correspond to the results by ultrasonic
flaw detection. Further by SEM analysis (as
shown Fig 3(a)), there were long cracks and
more inclusions in cracks at the bonded inter-
face. Serious mixed crystal and cracks and in-
clusions defect at bonded interface reduced the
mechanical properties of the rolled bond plate.
Contrarily, as can be seen from the Figure 2(b),
there were uniform and refined ferrite + pearl-
ite structure and were no unbound area at the
interface. What’ more, there were well bonded
interface by SEM analysis (as shown Fig 3(b)).
These results showed the bonded interface of
rolling plate using process II was better than
that using process I.
3. Results and discussion
Residual stress and strain analysis
In this investigation, simulation of thick
plate production process were analyzed by non-
linear finite element software MARC. Revers-
ible hot rolling was realized by Model Section
simulation of MARC[8]. In this paper, the dif-
ferent pass of rolling, the equivalent stress and
equivalent strain on the thickness direction
of situation are analyzed. The casting slab of
vacuum hot roll bonding is mainly to study the
deformation across the thickness direction. Its
deformation law is the same of a whole slab.
So the whole casting slab were simulated by
Marc, according to the actual rolling process
Fig.2. Microstructure of clad steel plate: (a) I, (b) II.
Fig. 3. Microstructure of clad steel plate by SEM: (a) I, (b) II
Functional materials, 23, 2, 2016 265
Guanghui Zhao at al. / Comparative study of two rolling bond process ...
simulation [9].Using 2D model to simulate the
actual rolling process, the diameter rigid roller
is 1000mm, slab size is 400×1800×3000mm,
rolling parameters is shown in Table 2 and the
symmetry model is shown in Fig 4.
Only when the ratio of equivalent stress in
rolling process /yield stress in current tempera-
ture is higher than 1, the metal generated plas-
tic deformation. As can be seen from Figure 5,
the ratio of equivalent stress in rolling process
/yield stress of process II was bigger than that
of process I at the first and second rolling pass.
Also, the section of big ratio was deeper in the
core of rolling plate using process II. For rolling
bond, deformed core part was very important
in the first few passes, which was beneficial to
contacts of the being bonded metal and extru-
sion of fresh metal. Early bonding not only pro-
vided diffusion time for follow-rolling bond, but
also provided convenience for easily crushing
inclusions and oxides at the bonded surface. At
the last pass, the big ratio section of the process
II were deeper and wider than that of process
I in central portion. These results also showed
deformation of surface and center portion was
relatively uniform for rolling bonded plate us-
ing process II. The overall uniform deformation
between the surface and the core section would
help improve the overall mechanical properties
of composite slab. As shown in Table 3, the me-
chanical properties of bonded plate using pro-
cess II was better than that using process I.
Under high temperature and strong rolling
pressure, metal was to come into plastic defor-
mation and hardened surface layers were burst.
At this moment, the upper and lower fresh met-
al was burst through the crack of hardened sur-
face layers and metal atoms of fresh metal be-
came mutually embedded in each other. When
two groups metal close to the magnitude of the
distance between atoms, atoms attracted each
other. During adjacent atoms was arranged in
stable equilibrium spacing, the free electrons
in outer layer of the two kinds metal atoms be-
came common electronic to form metallic bond-
ing. Adding diffusion layer formed by diffusible
metal atoms in high temperature, hot rolling
bond was achieved. The exposed active surface
was one of the necessary conditions for the bond.
Another important factor in the bond was high
enough pressure, only that to produce strong
shear deformation, forming more dislocation
motion. Therefore, the amount of deformation
must be large for pass of rolling bond, so as to
promote physical bonding component [1,10].
Therefore, using of finite element software
MARC, the equivalent strain of every pass was
analyzed. As can be seen from Fig. 6, the sec-
tion of big equivalent strain was deeper in the
Fig.4. FEM simulation model for rolling process
Fig. 5. Nephogram for the ratio of equivalent stress in rolling process /yield stress in current temperature:
(a) I-first pass, (b) I-second pass, (c) I-last pass, (d) II-first pass, (e) II-second pass, (f) II-last pass
266 Functional materials, 23, 2, 2016
Guanghui Zhao at al. / Comparative study of two rolling bond process ...
core of rolling plate using process II. For roll-
ing bond, deformation of bonding surface was
beneficial to contacts of the being bonded metal
and extrusion of fresh metal and provided prob-
ability for easily crushing inclusions and oxides
at the bonded surface. At the last pass, the big
equivalent strain section of the process II were
deeper and wider than that of process I in cen-
tral portion. These results also showed deforma-
tion of surface and center portion was relatively
uniform for rolling bonded plate using process
II. Under high temperature and big plastic de-
formation, the metal was prone to produce dy-
namic recrystallization. Big plastic deformation
at the bonded surface of the plate could produce
refined and uniform grain. It can be seen from
Figure 2, refined and uniform grain was ob-
tained. These results showed the plastic defor-
mation in the core of rolling plate using process
II was bigger than that using process I.
Figure 7 showed the equivalent strain dia-
gram from the surface to the heart of rolled
plate (0, t/4, t/2) every pass. As can be seen from
the figure7: for the slab surface (0 section) every
pass, equivalent strains using process I were
less than that using process II; the two values
were similar until the seventh pass; moreover,
the last rolling pass, the results were oppo-
site. For the t/4 section every pass, equivalent
strains using process I were less than that us-
ing process II; the two values were similar until
the last rolling pass. For the t/2 section every
pass, equivalent strains using process I were
less than that using process II until the last
rolling pass. These results showed the equiv-
alent strain in the core of rolling plate using
process II was bigger than that using process I,
which was beneficial to rolling bond.
When the rolling bond completed, the dif-
ference of equivalent strain among 0, t/4 and
t/2 section was large using process I, but the
difference using process II was small. Using
process II, the difference of equivalent strain
from the surface to the heart of rolled plate
(0, t/4, t/2)was decreased, which made rolling
deformation consistent across the thickness di-
rection, increasing dispersion of inclusions at
the interface and reducing the adverse effect
for property due to the inclusion concentration
[5]. From the view of production cost, process
II reduced rolling pass, improving production
efficiency.
Fig.6. Nephogram of total equivalent plastic strain in hot rolling: (a) I-first pass, (b) I-second pass, (c) I-last
pass, (d) II-first pass, (e) II-second pass, (f) II-last pass
Fig.7. Distribution of equivalent strain in differ-
ent deformation pass(t is thick of the slab every
pass)
Functional materials, 23, 2, 2016 267
Guanghui Zhao at al. / Comparative study of two rolling bond process ...
4. Conclusions
In this paper, two rolling bond processes for
heavy-gauge steel plate Q235B were studied.
The mechanical properties of rolling plate us-
ing process II were better than that using pro-
cess I. Simultaneously, the bonded interface of
rolling plate using process II was better than
that using process I. For the rolling bonded
plate using process II, there were uniform and
refined ferrite + pearlite structure and were no
unbound area at the interface; also, there were
well bonded interface by SEM analysis. More-
over, using MARC software analysis for two
rolling process, the ratio of equivalent stress
in rolling process /yield stress in current tem-
perature from surface to center portion was
relatively uniform for rolling bonded plate us-
ing process II; also, the difference of equivalent
strain from the surface to the heart of rolled
plate (0, t/4, t/2) was decreased using process
II, which made rolling deformation consistent
across the thickness direction.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Project U1510131
of the National Natural Science Foundation of
China, and the National Key Technology Re-
search and Development Program in 12th Five-
year Plan of China(2012CB722801).
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