ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction
The brief analysis of the volume-space charge (VCS) influence on the processes of plasma formation and plasma heating with thh use of high-power ion-cyclotron waves in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons has been carried out. The results of investigations into this problems reached on other facilities were...
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1221132025-02-23T17:10:29Z ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction Краевые взаимодействия ICRF - объëмный заряд - антенна в торсатронах У-3М и У-2М. Часть 3. взаимодействие ICRF - объëмный заряд Крайові взаємодії ICRF - об’ємний заряд - антена у торсатронах У-3М та У-2М. Частина 3. взаємодія ICRF - об’ємний заряд Berezhnyj, V.L. Магнитное удержание The brief analysis of the volume-space charge (VCS) influence on the processes of plasma formation and plasma heating with thh use of high-power ion-cyclotron waves in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons has been carried out. The results of investigations into this problems reached on other facilities were used in this paper. Проведен краткий обобщённый анализ влияния объёмного пространственного заряда (VSC) на процессы создания плазмы и эффективности её нагрева мощными ионно-циклотронными волнами в торсатронах У-3М и У-2М. Использовались также достижения исследований по этой проблеме на других установках. Проведено короткий узагальнюючий аналіз впливу об’ємного просторового заряду (VSC) на процеси створення плазми та ефективності її нагріву потужними іонно-циклотронними хвилями в торсатронах У-3М і У-2М. Використовувались також досягнення досліджень з цієї проблеми на інших установках. 2017 Article ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction / V.L. Berezhnyj // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 10-13. — Бібліогр.: 21 назв. — англ. 1562-6016 PACS: 52.55. Fa; 52.35. B https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/122113 en Вопросы атомной науки и техники application/pdf Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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Магнитное удержание Магнитное удержание |
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Магнитное удержание Магнитное удержание Berezhnyj, V.L. ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction Вопросы атомной науки и техники |
| description |
The brief analysis of the volume-space charge (VCS) influence on the processes of plasma formation and plasma heating with thh use of high-power ion-cyclotron waves in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons has been carried out. The results of investigations into this problems reached on other facilities were used in this paper. |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Berezhnyj, V.L. |
| author_facet |
Berezhnyj, V.L. |
| author_sort |
Berezhnyj, V.L. |
| title |
ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction |
| title_short |
ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction |
| title_full |
ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction |
| title_fullStr |
ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction |
| title_full_unstemmed |
ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction |
| title_sort |
icrf – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the u-3m and u-2m torsatrons. part 3. icrf − vsc interaction |
| publisher |
Національний науковий центр «Харківський фізико-технічний інститут» НАН України |
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2017 |
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Магнитное удержание |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/122113 |
| citation_txt |
ICRF – volume charge - antenna edge interactions in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. Part 3. ICRF − VSC interaction / V.L. Berezhnyj // Вопросы атомной науки и техники. — 2017. — № 1. — С. 10-13. — Бібліогр.: 21 назв. — англ. |
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ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
10 PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. 2017, № 1. Series: Plasma Physics (23), p. 10-13.
ICRF – VOLUME CHARGE ANTENNA EDGE INTERACTIONS
IN THE U-3M AND U-2M TORSATRONS
Part 3. ICRF − VSC INTERACTION
V.L. Berezhnyj
Institute of Plasma Physics of the NSC KIPT, Kharkov, Ukraine
E-mail: berezhnyj@kipt.kharkov.ua
The brief analysis of the volume-space charge (VCS) influence on the processes of plasma formation and plasma
heating with thh use of high-power ion-cyclotron waves in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons has been carried out. The
results of investigations into this problems reached on other facilities were used in this paper.
PACS: 52.55. Fa; 52.35. B
INTRODUCTION
In the case of the stationary plasma its state is deter-
mined, in main, by the processes running in the con-
finement volume. In rf discharges the ICRF-space vol-
ume charge (VSC) edge interactions play a dominant
role. At high rf power levels the ICRF systems can lead
to the antenna surface deterioration, increase of heavy
impurity emission from the antenna, change of the value
and profiles of en and Те in the peripheral plasma, high
rf power dissipation. These effects can cause the plasma
degradation in the central region [1].
The loss of the rf power PRF may be related with a
higher harmonic generation in the VSC layers. Nonlin-
ear interactions between the pump waves and their har-
monics lead to the excitation of waves with combination
frequencies 1 2( )nf mf and side frequencies
( ), , ( )n n nf f f ], which have been recorded in
the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons [2-9].
The results obtained evidence on the strong nonlinear
pump wave-VSC interaction accompanied by the para-
metric decay processes.
The ion-cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) was
used in experiments for formation and heating of the
plasma in the U-3M and U-2M torsatrons. This range
includes fast waves (FW), slow ion-cyclotron waves
(ICW) and ion Bernstein waves (IBW). For excitation
of these waves one needs significant rf field components
Ey and Ez and high pump powers PRF, i.e. a strong an-
tenna-plasma coupling is required. This leads to the
VSC formation, enhances the ICRF-VSC- antenna non-
linear interactions. Excitation of FW, ICW and IBW
waves and their propagation in the plasma, energy trans-
fer to the plasma particles (heating efficiency) and trans-
formation of these modes depend on the edge plasma
parameters and their gradients. These parameters, in its
turn, depend on the radial motions of the local density
plasma as a consequence of formation of convective
cells near the antenna and MHD structures at the plasma
edge. All these phenomena are interrelated and therefore
it is difficult to investigate them. Nevertheless an under-
standing of these effects is a necessary condition for
effective plasma heating in the ICRF range.
1. RECTIFICATION, RF POWER
DISSIPATION, HARMONIC GENERATION
In Part 1 of this study the basic physics of space-
volume charge (VSC) formation near the antenna sur-
face in the rf discharges are described. As a result of
many experimental, theoretical and simulation works a
modern concept of a VSC (rf sheath) role in the initia-
tion of many effects has been developed. A basic rf
sheath physics is described in [1].
The primary cause for many of the observed phe-
nomena is the rf sheath which exists at the “end-plates”
where the field line contacts a conductor. A schematic
sketch of the rf sheath is presented in Fig. 1 [1].
Fig. 1. Basic sheath physics schematic representation.
The sheath is formed to equalize electron and ion loss
rates. The resulting potential enhances the electron con-
finement by forming a potential barrier for electrons,
i.e. the sheath of a width . The same potential acceler-
ates ions into the plates and causes the sheath power
dissipation. For the rf-sheath, the driving voltages ±V0
at each end oscillate in time and the central potential (≈
3Te) remains above the maximum voltage at either ends
Both species, electrons and ions, initially try to leave
at their respective thermal velocities. In response to the
growing charge inbalance, the plasma develops a poten-
tial to confine the electrons and to restore the charge
ambipolatity. This potential, which must be higher than
the applied voltage at either of the ends, reflects almost
all the electrons at the sheath entrance. In addition to the
reflecting electrons, this large sheath accelerates ions
into the plates, creating a fast ion propagation that en-
hances physical sputtering. The energy for this accelera-
tion comes from the circuit and appears as lost power to
mailto:berezhnyj@kipt.kharkov.ua
ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107) 11
the sheath. The whole process is driven by the need for
the charge ambipolarity. This basic sheath physics ex-
tends immediately into an ICRF sheath, where an oscil-
lating voltage is applied to each of plates (Fig. 1). Elec-
trons leave alternately out from the one end, then the
other, escaping from the end where the applied voltage
is the highest. This gives rise to an oscillating parallel
electron current. The central voltage oscillates up and
down at twice the applied frequency but always remains
higher than the applied voltage at either of ends. The net
effect is that there is reflection of both the applied volt-
age and a large second harmonic. Harmonics with the
frequencies
0n (n=1, 2, 3) were recorded in the
spectrum of plasma potential oscillations [2] and at the
initial stage of rf plasma formation [3] in the U-3
torsatron. In the both papers the rf field harmonic gener-
ation is not explained by the rf sheath formation near the
antenna. However in [3] it is noted that the excitation of
electrostatic plasma oscillations at frequencies 0n
(n=2, 3) can be related with parametric instabilities in
the electrostatic branch of Alfven waves which exert
essential influence on the pumping wave energy dissipa-
tion. For the first time the three first harmonics of the rf
field in the U-3M torsatron have been obtained from the
spectrum of a reflected X-wave of the reflectometer
(F=19.1 GHz) [4]. It is noted that the cause might be the
formation of a space discharge layers with nonlinear
characteristics near the rf antenna. Later we have suc-
cessfully confirmed this assumption in the simulation
study of the interaction between the high-power elec-
tromagnetic radiation of ICRF with a nonlinear element
(rf sheath) [5]. The ICRF can penetrate into the dis-
charge volume only through the rf sheath layer. Taking
this into account the nonlinear character can be present-
ed as a sum
outx (t)=k[ inx (t)+ 2
inx (t)]. (1)
Then, the pump mode A1cos( t ) at the rf sheath output
will be described by the relation
outx (t)=A1cos( t)+ /2 2
1A cos(2 t )+ /2 2
1A , (2)
when k=1 is taken for simplification. Thus, at the output
of VSC (sheath) not only the main component
cos( )t but also its second harmonic cos (2 t ) and
the time independent term ε/2 A1
2
appear; the latter
indicates that the rectification effect takes place (the net
sheath power dissipation). The results of ICRF-sheath
interaction are very clearly demonstrated in the plots of
Fig. 1 of our paper [5]. The results obtained fully coin-
cide with above mentioned basic rf sheath physics [1].
Besides, our notion about the ICRF-VSC interaction
points to their quantitative relation: the second harmonic
amplitude and the rectification level are directly propor-
tional to the rf pumping intensity. The latter is in accord
with the results of [6]. If it is supposed that not only the
first harmonics but the second harmonics too enters at
the VSC input (due to the rerefraction from the chamber
wall and from the antenna) then according to formulas
(1) and (2) there are four harmonics with frequencies nf
(n=1, 2, 3, 4) at the output. This process can be extend-
ed in the same way. This version is of interest as in the
U-3M torsatron in the spectra of different diagnostics
the harmonics up to the eleventh harmonic fn=nf0 (n=2,
3, 4…11) were observed [5]. The amplitudes of the se-
cond harmonic and the third harmonic were comparable
with the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic [7]. In
principle, the second harmonics and the third harmonic
can be used for plasma heating. If the discharge condi-
tions do not permit this process then in this case the
generation of these harmonics can be considered as one
of the rf power loss mechanism. Together with the ef-
fect of ICRF part rectification into the constant potential
difference [8] the PRF loss will be already appreciable
during interaction with VSC. In the U-2M torsatron
with the use of the both rf systems К1 and К2 the higher
harmonics fn=nf1 (n=1, 2, …6) and fm=mf2 (m=1, 2,
…5), respectively, were observed [9]. For the first time
we have observed half-integer harmonics of
0( )
2n
f
n (n = 1, 3, 5…13) type, so-called inhar-
monic obertones. In the case of simultaneous operation
of К1 and К2 in the U-3M torsatron recorded were the (f1
- f2)-type difference frequencies from the spectra of re-
flected rf signals [10], as well as, the intensities of the
line H [5]. In the U-2M torsatron the combination fre-
quencies were observed not only between the pumping
frequency (f1 ± f2) but between their harmonics (nf1 ±
mf2) too [9]. The frequency upper limits were restricted
by the recording capabilities. At the initial stage of the
discharge the (fn – F, fn, fn + F)-type oscillation fre-
quencies were recorded. If F << fn, they are determined
as side frequencies [9]. Similar results were obtained
using the toroidal facility ACT-1 [11] where the har-
monic generation and side frequencies were observed.
The harmonic amplitudes have had the intensity suffi-
cient for the parametric decay.
2. EDGE WAVE INTERACTIONS
The ion-cyclotron range of frequencies (ICRF) is
widely applicable for plasma heating. It includes fast
waves (FW), slow ion-cyclotron waves (ICW) and ion
Bernstein waves (IBW) [1].
For excitation of FW a high electron density
(ne>5·10
13
cm
-3
) and a poloidal component Ey of the
pumping wave are required. Usually FW vanishes in the
low-density edge plasma as a consequence of the right-
handed screw cutoff. Therefore a good antenna-plasma
coupling is necessary, i.e. the antenna should be closer
to the plasma. Thus during the VSC-antenna interaction
the nonlinear effects are enhanced that is noted in Part 2
of this study. In the peripheral transforming layers FW
can be transformed into other waves with nonlinear
properties (ICW and IBW). In the U-3M and U-2M
torsatrons commonly ICW (Alfven waves) are used for
plasma formation and heating [12]. Because of low
group velocity ICW and IBW require higher electric
field E0 of pumping waves for excitation and mainte-
nance of a considerable power flux. It leads to the same
result, namely to the increase of PRF and, as a conse-
quence, to the enhancement of nonlinear interactions
with plasma. In U-3M the excitation of IBW was rec-
orded under conditions when the relative electron and
ion velocity
e iU V V became comparable with the
thermal ion velocity
TiV [13]. In [14] the excitation of
12 ISSN 1562-6016. ВАНТ. 2017. №1(107)
IBW in U-3M was interpreted as a consequence of the
parametric instability. In [13] IBW and its harmonics
with n=1, 2, 3 were recorded in the spectra of capacitor
probes. In the both cases the IBW harmonics were ob-
served near the ion cyclotron frequency harmonics.
However, the excitation and propagation of these waves
in the edge plasma, as well as, the energy transfer to the
plasma particles (heating efficiency) are strongly de-
pendent on the local plasma parameters (ne and Te) and
their gradients due to the ICRF-VSC interaction. The
local density depletion ne at the antenna is consistent
with density pump-out by strong E X B convection
[15]. The peripheral conditions undergo the influence of
periodic MHD instabilities at the plasma edge (or
ELM). They arise on the side of a lower value of В0 and
are filamentary-like structures with increased ne and Te.
In the course of time they elongate along the В0 lines
with a characteristic size (5-10 cm) and then they accel-
erate outwards into SOL [16]. These radial plasma mo-
tions change the antenna-plasma coupling that leads to
the change of the PRF dissipation in VSC and changes
the value of E0 with corresponding consequences. The
size and frequency of ELM’s depend on the plasma
form, in particular, on its triangularity: the higher the
plasma triangularity the less is the recurrence rate and
the larger are the ELM sizes. The plasma geometry in-
fluence on the ICRF-antenna connection was observed
on many facilities [16]. The plasma heating conception
in U-3M and U-2M with the use of ICRF is presented in
[3, 12, 17].
As noted above the VSC formation begins with
electron escape from the plasma to the antenna. Some of
the authors have proposed a mechanism of energetic
electron augmentation in the plasma [18, 19, 20]. The
mechanism is based on the principle of stochastic Fermi
acceleration that is experienced by the particle which
comes occasionally in time into the layer with rf field.
Just VSC’s are such layers in the rf discharges, as is
indicated earlier. The particles are reflected from the
oscillating layers and gain an additional energy as solid
particles from the vibrating wall. Probably this mecha-
nism can lead to the two-temperature state of electrons
in U-3M. At least, the two-temperature state of ions in
U-3M was observed experimentally [21].
CONCLUSIONS
To use successfully the ion-cyclotron waves for
plasma heating a complete understanding of ICRF-
plasma interaction is necessary. A key feature of rf dis-
charges is the presence of near-surface volume ion
charges (VSC, rf sheath), Their linear and nonlinear
numerous effects substantially change the structure and
dynamics of rf discharges, determine the rf plasma heat-
ing efficiency. In many tokamaks ICRF is applied as an
additional method of plasma heating and can be used for
the current excitation.
Taking everything into account, ICRF is expected to
be used in the thermonuclear facility ITER that stimu-
lates a wide investigation of linear and nonlinear effects
(not all of them) mentioned in this paper. To study these
effects is a matter of some difficulty because most of
them are interrelated and, moreover, the possibilities of
diagnostics are limited. The design features of U-3M
and U-2M torsatrons consist in the fact that in experi-
ments on these facilities neither the preliminary ioniza-
tion (plasma formation), nor the plasma heating by other
methods, unless ICRF, are not applied. Thus, there is a
good chance for the program investigations of the vol-
ume charge-antenna edge interactions in pure relic form.
This certainly requires upgrading rf systems, introduc-
ing advanced diagnostics, providing many manipula-
tions (periodic boronization, changing and varying of
diagnostics, antenna displacement etc.) without vacuum
condition deterioration.
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Article received 22.12.2016
КРАЕВЫЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЯ ICRF ОБЪËМНЫЙ ЗАРЯД АНТЕННА
В ТОРСАТРОНАХ У-3М И У-2М
ЧАСТЬ 3. ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ICRF ОБЪËМНЫЙ ЗАРЯД
В.Л. Бережный
Проведен краткий обобщённый анализ влияния объёмного пространственного заряда (VSC) на процессы
создания плазмы и эффективности её нагрева мощными ионно-циклотронными волнами в торсатронах
У-3М и У-2М. Использовались также достижения исследований по этой проблеме на других установках.
КРАЙОВІ ВЗАЄМОДІЇ ICRF ОБ’ЄМНИЙ ЗАРЯД АНТЕНА
У ТОРСАТРОНАХ У-3М ТА У-2М
ЧАСТИНА 3. ВЗАЄМОДІЯ ICRF ОБ’ЄМНИЙ ЗАРЯД
В.Л. Бережний
Проведено короткий узагальнюючий аналіз впливу об’ємного просторового заряду (VSC) на процеси
створення плазми та ефективності її нагріву потужними іонно-циклотронними хвилями в торсатронах У-3М
і У-2М. Використовувались також досягнення досліджень з цієї проблеми на інших установках.
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