The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth

The report contains some designs and characteristics of studied by the author large current radiators (LCR) of Dr. H.F. Harmuth for radiation of pulse signals of the nanosecond duration range.

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Date:	2002
Main Authors:	Pochanin, G.P., Pochanina, I.E., Kholod, P.V., Masalov, S.O.
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України 2002
Series:	Радиофизика и радиоастрономия
Online Access:	https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/122341
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Cite this:	The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth / G.P. Pochanin, I.E. Pochanina, P.V. Kholod, S.O. Masalov // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2002. — Т. 7, № 4. — С. 379-384. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ.

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spelling	nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1223412025-02-23T18:11:49Z The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth Эксперименты по излучению короких импульсных сигналов антеннами большого тока Х. Ф. Хармута Експерименти по випромінюванню коротких імпульсних сигналів антенами великого струму Х.Ф. Хармута Pochanin, G.P. Pochanina, I.E. Kholod, P.V. Masalov, S.O. The report contains some designs and characteristics of studied by the author large current radiators (LCR) of Dr. H.F. Harmuth for radiation of pulse signals of the nanosecond duration range. Статья содержит описание ряда конструкций и характеристики антенн большого тока Хармута, предназначенных для излучения коротких импульсных сигналов наносекундного диапазона длительностей. Стаття вміщує опис конструкцій і характеристики антен великого струму Хармута, призначених для випромінювання коротких імпульсних сигналів наносекундного діапазону тривалостей. This work is supported by Professor of Catholic University of America Henning F. Harmuth. 2002 Article The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth / G.P. Pochanin, I.E. Pochanina, P.V. Kholod, S.O. Masalov // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2002. — Т. 7, № 4. — С. 379-384. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ. 1027-9636 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/122341 en Радиофизика и радиоастрономия application/pdf Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України
institution	Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
collection	DSpace DC
language	English
description	The report contains some designs and characteristics of studied by the author large current radiators (LCR) of Dr. H.F. Harmuth for radiation of pulse signals of the nanosecond duration range.
format	Article
author	Pochanin, G.P. Pochanina, I.E. Kholod, P.V. Masalov, S.O.
spellingShingle	Pochanin, G.P. Pochanina, I.E. Kholod, P.V. Masalov, S.O. The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth Радиофизика и радиоастрономия
author_facet	Pochanin, G.P. Pochanina, I.E. Kholod, P.V. Masalov, S.O.
author_sort	Pochanin, G.P.
title	The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth
title_short	The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth
title_full	The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth
title_fullStr	The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth
title_full_unstemmed	The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth
title_sort	experiments on radiation of short pulse signals by the large current radiators of dr. h. f. harmuth
publisher	Радіоастрономічний інститут НАН України
publishDate	2002
url	https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/122341
citation_txt	The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth / G.P. Pochanin, I.E. Pochanina, P.V. Kholod, S.O. Masalov // Радиофизика и радиоастрономия. — 2002. — Т. 7, № 4. — С. 379-384. — Бібліогр.: 4 назв. — англ.
series	Радиофизика и радиоастрономия
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first_indexed	2025-11-24T06:17:11Z
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fulltext	Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4, pp. 379-384 THE EXPERIMENTS ON RADIATION OF SHORT PULSE SIGNALS BY THE LARGE CURRENT RADIATORS OF DR. H.F. HARMUTH G.P. Pochanin, I.E. Pochanina, P.V. Kholod, S.A. Masalov A.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 12, Акаd. Proskury-street, 61085, Kharkov, Ukraine E-mail: gpp@ire.kharkov.ua The report contains some designs and characteristics of studied by the author large current radiators (LCR) of Dr. H.F. Harmuth for radiation of pulse signals of the nanosecond duration range. Introduction The key problem restricting radar and radio commu- nication capabilities of UWB/SP systems is lack of ultra wideband antennas, which are able to radiate and receive short pulse electromagnetic waves with high efficiency and without shape distortions. We consider the proposed by H.F. Harmuth the LCR approach [1] as a promising way to such antennas development. Basic equations describing the strength of the electrical field E and the magnetic one H radiated by the small-sized electric dipole (Fig. 1), look like (0 2 2 2 3 2 ( )1 4 3( ) , rad rad rad r rZ dI cE I c r dt r r r rc I dt r r π  × ×= + + ⋅   ⋅ ⋅  + ⋅ −     ⋅ ∫ (1) ( )2 1 4 raddI c rH I c r dt rrπ ×= + ⋅ . (2) Here radI – is the radiator current; – is the dipole length; 0 0 0 Z µ ε = – is the free space wave imped- ance with permeability 0µ and permittivity 0ε ; r – is the observation point vector. For large r it is possible to neglect components proportional to 21/r and 31/r . Then the strength of the fields E and H is determined as follows 0 2 ( )1 4 rad r rZ dIE r c dt rπ × ×= ⋅ , (3) 1 4 raddI rH r c dt rπ ×= ⋅ . (4) Expressions (3) and (4) show that in the antenna far zone the time dependence of strengths of the radi- ated pulse electromagnetic field represents the de- rivative of current in the dipole with respect to time. Therefore, to radiate a field pulse the dipole would be driven by the step current. And the radiated pulse duration is equal to the current rise (drop) time in the antenna. LCR represents (Fig. 2) a small-sized frame ABCD . The metal-ferrite shield S with permeabil- ity Sµ and ferrite permittivity Sε divides the frame into the region containing the radiating element, and the region, in which is the return loop. Due to the shield S the return loop radiation doesn’t interfere with the radiating element field, and owing to that we can achieve the dipole mode of radiation. As the wave impedance of the ferrite shield is 0 0 0 S S S Z Z µ µ ε ε = > , the reflectance from this shield has the positive sign. Therefore the field reflected by the ferrite shield does not compensate the field gen- erated by the radiating element. In view of the LCR design features and also because the radiator resistance is very low it is usu- Fig. 1. Electric dipole G.P. Pochanin, I.E. Pochanina, P.V. Kholod, S.A. Masalov 380 Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4 ally connected as a load directly to the pulse genera- tor output. Due to the small resistance in LCR the large current arises just at small voltage of the drive signal. (Hence – the name “large current radiator.”) Examples of LCRs studied in our laboratory and their performances are presented below. LCR with Avalanche Transistor Switch The LCR (Fig. 3) produces radiation of carrier-free pulse signals with a magnetic field strength 4.2H = mA/m at a distance of 5 m for a current amplitude in the radiating plate of 0.7 A and a rise time of 1 ns [2]. Driving pulse parameters: • Current amplitude 0,7 A; • Rise time 1 ns; • Pulse duration 10 ns; • Repetition rate 4⋅10-5 s; • Power consumption < 0.2 W. Spatial and angular dependences of the radiated field strength are shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Fig. 2. Schematic circuit of LCR Fig. 3. Antenna design Fig. 4. Spatial dependence of the radiated field strength Fig. 5. Angular dependence of the radiated field strength The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H.F. Harmuth Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4 381 LCR with S-Diode Switch The LCR with S-diode pulse generator (Fig. 6) al- lows increasing a radiated signal power [3]. The designed LCR has the following features: • The peak current driven through the LCR is 12 A. • The pulse repetition rate can be varied from 150 Hz to 1000 Hz. The time variation of the radiated electric and mag- netic field strength resembles one period of a sinu- soidal oscillation (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8) with the follow- ing characteristics: The rise time of the electric field strength from 0.1 to maxE is 0.5 ns. The duration of the first half period of the electric field strength measured at max0.5E is 1 ns. The total duration of first and second half period is 3.5 ns. The peak amplitude of the electric field strength is about 56 V/m at a distance of 3 m from the radiator. The beam width of the peak amplitude pattern: • in the E-plane – 90°; • in the H – 360°. A power supply for nominally 5 V, or 4.5 to 6 V, and a current of 0.15 A is required. The size of the LCR is 0.4×0.3×0.15 m3. The weight is 1 kg. The use of a relaxation pulse generator with an S-diode provides good energy efficiency. This made it possible to use a battery as the power supply. The use of a battery and the ability to trigger the S-diode via infrared radiation removed many sources of dis- tortion from the vicinity of the radiator. Using a bat- tery also permitted a reduction of size and weight of the LCR. A three-layer metal-ferrite-ferrite shield suppresses radiation from the return loop signifi- cantly. Two TEM-horns for impedance matching reduces distortion and increases the amplitude of the current pulses driving the radiator. The shield and the TEM-horns make it possible to achieve dipole rather than quadrupole radiation. The independent power Fig. 6. Antenna design 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns α=0330 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m Fig. 7. Angular dependence of radiated pulses shape. E-plane 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns β=0330 300 270 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 108 6 4 2 0 t, ns 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m 0 -56 -23 0 23 56 E,V/m Fig. 8. Angular dependence of radiated pulses shape. H-plane G.P. Pochanin, I.E. Pochanina, P.V. Kholod, S.A. Masalov 382 Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4 supply and the triggering of the radiation via infrared radiation make this LCR usable as element of an an- tenna array. Small-Size Pulse LCR The design of small-size pulse antenna Fig. 9 has been developed for possible use in UWB pulse com- munication systems and in radar. It may also be used as element of UWB antenna array. Performance attributes. Avalanche transistor switch is used to drive this an- tenna. The power supply voltage 160 V and current – 5 mA. The unit measures 0.12×0.04×0.04 m. The weight – 0.2 kg. LCR with “Traveling Wave” Pulse Generator The generator consists of seven avalanche switches in series forming a “traveling wave” generator. The pulses forming go on from central (forth) switch. Timing of this switch realize with external timing generator. After switching on of third stage of the pulse generator two waves of currents with opposite polarity come from this switch to both sides. Each wave stimulates the switches on the next stages (and so on). The energy is stored in capacitors of ava- lanche switches add to the wave energy when the next stage switches on. Thus, we can obtain the in- crease the amplitude of current pulse when it travels to the radiator. At the same time this “traveling wave former” is the return loop in the design of LCR (Fig. 11). Reflector is used to decrease backspace radia- tion. Performance attributes. Radiated pulse is the one period of sin oscillation with following amplitude and time-domain parame- ters: • the rise time of pulse amplitude from 0.1 to maxE is 0.5 ns; • the duration of the negative half-period at the max0.5E level is 1.2 ns; • common pulse duration (both of half-periods) is 2.5 ns; • the amplitude of pulse of field strength at the 2 m from the radiator is about 0.2 A/m; • the width of the pick amplitude pattern of the LCR at the max0.5E level in E plane – 60o, H plane – 140o; Fig. 9. Antenna design Fig. 10. Angular dependence of radiated pulses shape Fig. 11. Antenna design The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H.F. Harmuth Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4 383 • the repetition rate of radiating pulses is in range up to 1 MHz; • the jitter is less than 0.1 ns. • The power supply voltage 160 V, current – 5 mA. • The unit measures 0.4×0.3×0.2 m. The LCR for Variable Pulse Width Radiation The possibility to radiate the pulse signal of different duration is investigated with the following LCR (Fig. 12). The antenna is an array consisting of four radiating elements, which are excited by the pulse power amplifiers assembled with the use of powerful MOSFETs [4]. Spatial distribution of pulses of the radiated electromagnetic field is similar to the one generated by an electric dipole. There is not any radiation direc- tivity in one plane but there exist gaps and changes of polarity of strength of the radiated pulse field in the other plane. We have analyzed LCR operation in the switch operation mode and pulse (linear excitation) opera- tion mode. Listed below in Table 1 are the parame- ters of the signals at the power amplifier outputs with a connected antenna system. Table 1. Mode Parameters Switch Linear ampli- fication Voltage pulse amplitude, V 45 20 Rise time, ns 2.5 3 Drop time, ns 4 3.5 Pulse overshoot 50% 5% Pulse decay 10% 10% Pulse duration, ns 50 50 Pulse repetition rate, ns 100 100 The switch operation mode allowed us to reach the higher strength of the radiated pulse field, but the radiated pulse duration is not a variable in this mode. The experiments have shown very clearly that such an antenna design allows one to radiate various duration pulse signals (Fig. 14). For practical applica- tions, it would be necessary to optimize the radiating element shape, and to develop an electric controllable damping element in the radiator to obtain a more efficient LCR. Conclusions Experimental results on the short pulse signal radia- tion by the H.F. Harmut's large current radiator show clearly that LCR idea works. After corresponding improvement described above antennas will be us- able for radar and radio communication systems and also to be a basis for the development of UWB an- tenna arrays. Fig. 12. Antenna design Fig. 13. Range dependence of radiated pulse shape in switch mode demonstrates that the LCR is able to radiate “pure” pulses Fig. 14. 3 ns and 5 ns pulses radiation G.P. Pochanin, I.E. Pochanina, P.V. Kholod, S.A. Masalov 384 Radio Physics and Radio Astronomy, 2002, v. 7, No. 4 Acknowledgment This work is supported by Professor of Catholic Uni- versity of America Henning F. Harmuth. References 1. H.F. Harmuth. Sequency Theory. Foundations and Applications. New York: Academic Press, 1977. 2. K.A. Lukin, G.P. Pochanin, S.A. Masalov. IEEE Trans.on EMC. EMC-39, No. 2, 156-160 (1997) 3. G.P. Pochanin, P.V. Kholod, S.A. Masalov. IEEE Trans.on EMC. EMC-43, No. 1, 94-100 (2001). 4. G.P. Pochanin. Radiofizika i elektronika.– Kharkov: IRE NASU. 5, No. 2, 118-127 (2000). ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ ПО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЮ КОРОТКИХ ИМПУЛЬСНЫХ СИГНАЛОВ АНТЕННАМИ БОЛЬШОГО ТОКА Х.Ф. ХАРМУТА Г.П. Почанин, И.Е. Почанина, П.В. Холод, С.А. Масалов Статья содержит описание ряда конструкций и характеристики антенн большого тока Хармута, пред- назначенных для излучения коротких импульсных сиг- налов наносекундного диапазона длительностей. ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТИ ПО ВИПРОМІНЮВАННЮ КОРОТКИХ ІМПУЛЬСНИХ СИГНАЛІВ АНТЕНАМИ ВЕЛИКОГО СТРУМУ Х.Ф. ХАРМУТА Г.П. Почанін, І.Є. Почаніна, П.В. Холод, С.О. Масалов Стаття вміщує опис конструкцій і характеристики антен великого струму Хармута, призначених для ви- промінювання коротких імпульсних сигналів наносе- кундного діапазону тривалостей.

The Experiments on Radiation of Short Pulse Signals by the Large Current Radiators of Dr. H. F. Harmuth

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