The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union
The article is devoted to the problems and prospects of Ukrainian economy development as a result of free trade area creating with the EU and integration to the Customs Union. The geographic and goods structure of the international trade are analyzed and it is made the conclusion about the strategic...
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2013
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| Cite this: | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union / V.V. Lymar // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2013. — № 4 (34). — С. 33–39. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
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| citation_txt | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union / V.V. Lymar // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2013. — № 4 (34). — С. 33–39. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. |
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| description | The article is devoted to the problems and prospects of Ukrainian economy development as a result of free trade area creating with the EU and integration to the Customs Union. The geographic and goods structure of the international trade are analyzed and it is made the conclusion about the strategic importance of post-Soviet area market for the Ukrainian economy.
У статті розглянуто проблеми та перспективи розвитку економіки України в результаті створення зони вільної торгівлі з ЄС та інтеграції до Митного союзу. Проаналізовано товарну та географічну структуру зовнішньої торгівлі України та зроблено висновок щодо стратегічної важливості для економіки України ринку країн пострадянського простору.
В статье рассмотрены проблемы и перспективы развития экономики Украины в результате создания зоны свободной торговли с ЕС и интеграции Украины в Таможенный союз. Проанализированы товарная и географическая структуры внешней торговли Украины и сделан вывод относительно стратегической важности для экономики Украины рынка стран постсоветского пространства.
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33
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (34), 2013
V. V. Lymar
One of the main tendencies of the international
economic relations development is an economic
globalization nowadays. The stage has begun when
economic, social, politic and other processes and events
leave national boundaries. It is possible to assess social
and economic politics of some countries through the
globalization prism.
On the modern stage of Ukraine’s economy
development there is a question about integration interests
of the country. The main question is: the European Union
(EU) or the Commonwealth Independent States (CIS).
The position of Ukraine in its integration interests is
ambivalent. On the one hand, it develops economic
relations with many countries of the world and makes
efforts of more active participation in forming international
integration grouping. And on the other hand, its national
economy continues to be the part of the post-Soviet
economic system that has been forming during existence
of single country. The place of Ukraine in international
global processes is defined by these geo-economic
priorities: wish for the integration to the EU and natural
link to post-Soviet countries. It is important to use this
duality for realization of current and perspective tasks of
social and economic development of the country.
The study indicates that development of the largest
economies within the post-Soviet area (Russia, Ukraine,
Belarus, and Kazakhstan) is associated with structural
changes. Potential for significant economic growth based
on raw exports and outdated processing industries is
nearing exhaustion. For this reason, the growth rates
required by the population can be achieved only by
modifying the overall structure of the economy, developing
the manufacturing sector and service industries. For the
first time in the last 20 years, the study formulates an
inter-industry set of analytical forecasting models for the
region's four leading countries. The merit of the work
lies in the fact that it applies a single methodology to the
inter-industry analysis. Taking such an approach has
allowed the authors to model common economic
dynamics and structural changes, as well as to obtain
sound assessments of possible integration scenarios
throughout the post-Soviet area.
The Institute for National Economic Forecasting
(Russian Academy of Sciences), the Institute for
Economy and Forecasting (National Academy of Sciences
of Ukraine) and the EDB Center for Integration Studies
have carried out a joint study of the macroeconomic
effects of various forms of economic integration of
Ukraine with the member states of the Customs Union
and the Common Economic Space.
The aim of the study was to define the macroeconomic
effect created by the establishment of the Customs Union
and the Common Economic Space between Russia,
Belarus and Kazakhstan, to define the current situation
and prospects for development of integration links
between Ukraine and the member states of the Customs
Union, and to identify the most efficient forms and
directions for the development of integration processes
between the four countries [1].
The baseline scenario for development of the
Ukrainian economy assumes continuation of the key
trends of economic development observed in recent years.
The main problem encountered by Ukraine under
implementation of the baseline scenario lies in the fact that
under increasing energy-commodity prices, maintaining the
necessary level of competitiveness only becomes possible
under accelerated energy-intensity reduction. Radical
energy-intensity reduction, in turn, requires major
investments. Revenue losses against the backdrop of rising
costs trigger the continuation of relatively low fixed capital
accumulation rates. Simultaneously, production growth is
tempered by the gradual retirement of “old” idle capital.
Thus, the economy is confronted by an acute capital
restriction problem. Nevertheless, the remaining potential
to achieve growth based on of aging facilities enables the
Ukrainian economy to post higher economic-growth rates
than Belarus, which is experiencing tighter fixed-capital
restrictions. It should be noted that the lack of significant
changes to the structure of the economy results in a
slowdown in economic growth rates, given the
impossibility of achieving accelerated output growth in the
export sectors. The Ukrainian GDP dynamic obtained under
the baseline scenario drops over the long-term from 4.4%
in 2010 – 2015 to 3.6% in 2025 – 2030 [2, p. 12].
So, it is needed to examine the international trade
relations of Ukraine with the EU and CIS countries (fig. 1).
This figure shows the active international trade both
with the CIS and the EU countries. And in both cases it
is visualized the domination of imports above exports.
The negative balance shows this tendency. It is necessary
to conclude that both the CIS and the EU countries are
very important Ukraine's trade partners.
UDC 336.7
V. V. Lymar,
PhD (Economics), Institute of Industrial Economics,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Donetsk
THE INTEGRATION INTERESTS OF UKRAINE:
THE EUROPEAN UNION OR CUSTOMS UNION
34
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (34), 2013
Integration mechanisms in the CIS are perceived not
unambiguously by many politicians and scientists because
of many causes. A lot of documents and coordinating
institutes in the CIS didn’t lead to the development of
integration processes. The instruments of international
economic interaction are not effective and aren’t worked
through. The countries of a region are afraid to be in
dependence from Russian economy and look for the new
trade partners among distant foreign countries. The Russian
Federation, at 67th place, drops one position since last
year. A sharp improvement in the macroeconomic
environment-up from 44th to 22nd position because of
low government debt and a government budget that has
moved into surplus-has not been enough to allow the
country to compensate for the poorer assessment of its
already weak public institutions (133rd) and the innovation
capacity of the country (85th this year, down from 57th
in the 2010 – 2011 edition of the GCI) [4].
At the same time today the conditions for the
reintegration of the CIS not only didn’t go down but
raised because of many factors. During 2008 – 2012 it is
visualized the stable growth of both exports and imports
of Ukraine (except for 2009 because of world economic
crisis). But the trade balance shows the domination of
imports from the CIS countries above exports to these
countries. So in the exports structure in 2012 the CIS
countries compose more than a third (nearly 37%). In
other words it is observed the active foreign trade of
Ukraine with these countries (table 1).
Even though today ten countries compose the CIS
(without Ukraine) average part in exports of these countries)
composes nearly 37% against 26% of the EU (fig. 2).
Then it is the goods structure of international trade
of Ukraine (table 2).
This table shows 27% (18889,85 mn US dollar) of
exports in 2012 base metals compose. As for imports,
nearly 33% (27542,30 mn US dollar) mineral products
compose (fig. 3).
95% of mineral products are oil and gas which
are imported from the Russian Federation. In other
V. V. Lymar
Fig. 2. Dynamic of the CIS and EU part in Ukraine’s exports in 2008 – 2012, % [3]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
The CIS part in exports
The EU part in exports
Fig. 1. Dynamic of international trade balance of Ukraine in 2008 – 2012, mn US dollar [3]
35
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (34), 2013
Ta
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e
1
D
yn
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o
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o
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ai
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ie
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3]
V. V. Lymar
36
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (34), 2013
words dependence of Ukraine from importing resources
is seen.
As to experts, they say that the integration of Ukraine
to the Customs Union allows to save from 3 to 6 billion
US dollar for Russian oil and gas annually. The most
dependent branches from prices on resources –
metallurgy, machinery and chemistry will get a new
impulse of development under preferential prices. Besides
contacts widening with post-Soviet partners will open
new opportunities to Ukrainian business. As a result of
this the increase of new jobsites quantity will be.
Next it is seen the goods structure of Ukraine’s
exports to the Russian Federation (table 3).
As it is seen from this table 85% (5963,47 mn US
dollar) of exports to the Russian Federation machines,
equipment and mechanisms compose. Big parts of exports
V. V. Lymar
2008 2009 2 010 2011 2012
№ Goods group under
the IAGUC
Exports Imports Exports Imports Exp orts Imports Exports Imports Exports Imports
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Total 66954,40 85535,40 39702,90 45435,60 51430,50 60740,00 68394,20 82608,20 68809,80 8 465 8,10
1 Live animals and
livestock products 783,40 1702,02 595,97 1267,56 771,39 1241,69 936,61 1035,37 961 ,32 1718,37
2 Plant p roducts 5577,38 1462,48 5034,89 1259,95 3976,33 1563,71 5531,41 1815,94 9213,90 2429,66
3 Animal or plant
fats and oils 1945,75 612,87 1796,02 374,27 2617,31 451,55 3396,41 468 ,67 4211,46 406,25
4 Finished food
indust ry products 2518,16 2679,18 2088,05 2034,28 2571,07 2504,93 2939,14 3026,73 3493,92 2965,37
5 Mineral products 7046,09 25441,28 3900,09 15695,09 6731,33 21127,92 10259,70 30029,57 7650,42 2 754 2,30
6
Products of
chemical and all ied
indust ries
5045,33 6959,12 2515,15 5319,27 3479,17 6441,66 5390,33 8020,85 5058,92 8586,39
7 Polymeric
materials 997,67 4476,61 563,32 2663,83 685,28 3661,44 937,69 4498,36 999 ,58 4467,13
8 Raw leather and
curry leath er 359,52 232,46 178,10 124,20 173,82 177,29 168,45 199 ,78 135 ,63 247,21
9 Wo od and art icles
of wood 801,16 545,76 669,97 271,78 828,20 341,53 1078,33 393 ,02 1060,61 369,57
10 Paper balk of wood 874,40 1835,25 806,97 1373,33 940,52 1658,31 1105,32 1836,68 1132,08 1812,62
11 Textiles materials 984,59 2099,24 712,95 1416,92 735,84 1974,82 863,84 1989,86 783 ,84 2563,72
12 Footwear, hats,
umbrellas 178,10 531,11 144,51 286,49 174,76 490,30 208,84 361 ,52 175 ,91 793,68
13 Products from
stone 454,82 1276,48 285,23 635,23 399,48 889,67 549,24 1156,09 582 ,78 1106,95
14 Pearls, precious
stones 146,88 1032,04 84,20 159,75 74,23 302,69 100,75 743 ,45 139 ,78 493,43
15 Base metals 27593,97 6390,07 12816,76 2676,56 17332,55 4127,97 22101,00 5697,09 18889,85 5238,91
16
Machines,
eq uepment and
mechanisms
6341,14 13379,84 5014,32 6257,04 5670,42 8166,97 6759,00 12795,10 7026,67 1 317 8,67
17
Ground, oil and
water transp ort
facilit ies
321,34 12091,41 1596,43 2163,83 3262,44 3664,29 4854,76 6204,22 5963,47 8067,05
18 Optical apparatus 242,73 1222,61 278,71 670,77 252,31 886,37 281,48 1047,48 296 ,46 1218,89
19 Different industrial
products 438,91 1011,00 310,60 500,10 416,63 681,98 556,23 847 ,04 609 ,04 1015,03
20 Art articles 0,72 4,11 0,69 1,00 0,24 2,08 1,14 24,30 0,35 5 4,32
21 Other 4302,34 550,46 309,97 284,35 337,18 382,83 374,53 417 ,08 423 ,81 382,58
Table 2
Goods structure of international trade of Ukraine in 2008 – 2012, mn US dollar [5]
37
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (34), 2013
to the Russian Federation belong to the live animals and
livestock products goods group (599,55 mn US dollar or
62%), polymeric materials (507,54 mn US dollar or 51%),
wood and article of wood (85,22 mn US dollar or 63%),
paper balk of wood (810,33 mn US dollar or 72%),
products from stone (330,16 mn US dollar or 57%) and
ground, oil and water transport facilities (3339,27 mn
US dollar or 56%).
As to goods structure of Ukraine’s import (table 2),
it shows the Ukraine’s dependence from importing
machinery which compose 25% of imports (machines,
equipment and mechanisms, ground, oil and water
transport facilities).
Judging from these data it is necessary to set the
imports quota on these goods groups:
Q(i) = (I / GDP) * 100% = (21245,72 / 176111,13) *
* 100% = 12%, where (1)
Q(i) – imports quota;
I – imports;
GDP – gross domestic product [6].
For the benefit of domestic machinery producers it
is necessary to decrease the imports to 12% from the
State statistics service of Ukraine figure. So, it is supposed
that the free trade area creating with the EU will cause
imports quoting impossibility and will increase it in many
times what will have the negative effect on Ukraine’s
machinery.
As to the goods structure of exports, 40% or
26540,27 mn US dollar in 2012 mineral products and
base metals compose. It is supposed that under the free
trade area creating with the EU some “packing” of Ukrainian
high-tech branches will happen. In other words Ukraine’s
economy development will return to the stage of factor-
driven economy my World Bank methodology.
Following a protracted economic crisis, Ukraine
bounces back to 73rd position in this year’s GCI. The
country’s competitiveness benefits notably from a
healthier macroeconomic environment than in previous
years. The budget deficit was cut to 2,7% of GDP in
2011, the debt-to-GDP ratio fell somewhat, and inflation
was reduced, although it still remains fairly high at almost
8%. Overall, Ukraine maintains its competitive strengths;
these result from its large market size (38th) and a solid
educational system that provides easy access to all levels
of education (ranked 47th on higher education and
training and 54th on primary education). The good
educational outcomes provide a basis for further
developing the innovation capacity of the country (71st).
Putting economic growth on a more stable footing in
future will require Ukraine to address important
challenges. Arguably, the country’s most important
challenge is the needed overhaul of its institutional
framework, which cannot be relied on because it suffers
from red tape, lack of transparency, and favoritism.
Ukraine could realize further efficiency gains from
instilling more competition into the goods and services
markets (117th) and continuing the reform of the
financial and banking sector (114th) [4].
As to free trade area creating with the EU after five
years of intense negotiations, the EU and Ukraine finally
started initialing their Association Agreement in Brussels,
on March, 30 2012. Every single one of the 160 pages of
the political document needed to be signed, before the
economic chapter on the free trade area DCFTA (Deep
and Comprehensive Free Trade Area) – comprising
1100 pages – was initialized on July, 19 2012.
It covers the following fields of cooperation:
The approximation of the European Union and
V. V. Lymar
32%
16%10%
10%
32%
Mineral products
Machines, equepment and mechanisms
Products of chemical and allied industries
Ground, oil and water transport facilities
Other
Fig. 3. Goods structure of imports of Ukraine in 2012, % [5]
38
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (34), 2013
Ukraine on the grounds of common values and an
increased participation of Ukraine in EU programs;
A cross-border cooperation in the field of external
and security policy, inter alia in conflict prevention and
military cooperation;
Helping Ukraine to achieve European standards in the
policy areas of justice and home affairs by promoting the rule
of law, democracy and human rights in Ukraine, as well as
providing support in the combat of corruption, in the
improvement of the judiciary's efficiency and data security;
An enhanced economic cooperation by establishing
a deepened and strengthened free trade area between the
EU and Ukraine. Moreover, specific sectorial cooperation
in over 30 areas, for example in the fields of agriculture,
industry, energy supply and consumer protection;
Launching new ways of cooperation, providing
funds and building up a platform for a civil society [7].
Based on the general rules of interpreting international
treaties, the meaning of the “association” concept should
be expanded through interpretation of the totality of the
Agreement’s provisions. However, practice of the recent
decades proves that application and interpretation of each
Association Agreement is focused on the EU acquits
regarding association relations with third countries. Thus,
the Ukrainian side should be prepared for that the Association
Agreement will establish specific features of association
relations with Ukraine based on rooted principles and
traditions.
Since it was Ukraine that insisted that the “new
enhanced agreement” were an association agreement, the
EU rightly expects that the Ukrainian side fully understands
the meaning of the “association relations” concept and is
ready to follow it. Above all – those association agreements
are the most advanced type of international treaties that
V. V. Lymar
Table 3
The goods structure of Ukraine’s exports to the Russian Federation in 2012, mn US dollar [5]
Exports in 2012, mn US dollar
№ Goods group under the
IAGUC Total
to the
Russian
Federation
The part in
total
exports, %
1 Live animals and
livestock products 961,32 599,55 62
2 Plant products 9213,90 115,98 1
3 Animal or plant fats and
oils 4211,46 110,37 3
4 Finished food industry
products 3493,92 1157,54 33
5 Mineral products 7650,42 1332,29 17
6 Products of chemical and
allied industries 5058,92 1242,45 25
7 Polymeric materials 999,58 507,54 51
8 Raw leather and curry
leather 135,63 4,64 3
9 Wood and articles of
wood 1060,61 85,22 8
10 Paper balk of wood 1132,08 810,33 72
11 Textiles materials 783,84 149,98 19
12 Footwear, hats, umbrellas 175,91 40,29 23
13 Products from stone 582,78 330,16 57
14 Pearls, precious stones 139,78 10,09 7
15 Base metals 18889,85 3737,82 20
16 Machines, equepment
and mechanisms 7026,67 5963,47 85
17 Ground, oil and water
transport facilities 5963,47 3339,27 56
18 Optical apparatus 296,46 140,89 48
19 Different industrial
products 609,04 254,15 42
20 Art articles 0,35 0,026 7
39
Економічний вісник Донбасу № 4 (34), 2013
the EU may conclude with third countries – the countries
with which the EU is ready to develop strong long-term
alliance relations based on mutual trust and respect for
common values [7].
It is necessary to note on the possibility of associating
membership of Ukraine in the EU. In the basic European
Commission documents there is no definition such as
“associating membership”. There are some variants of
agreement about association with the EU. The first – is
the agreement about stabilization and association which
has been subscribed with several west-Balkan countries.
Another variant of agreement that gives the prospect of
the EU membership is the European agreements which
have been subscribed between Brussels and Central and
Eastern Europe countries which later became the EU
members. Other agreements don’t give the prospect of
the EU membership. In any case using the “associating
membership” isn’t correct. These countries are the
participants of some process but they aren't the members
of the EU.
Only Ukraine among the post-Soviet countries
negotiates with the EU about the association agreement.
But as say the European Commission experts this future
agreement doesn’t give the prospect of the EU membership.
Conclusion. The geographic and goods structure
of foreign trade of Ukraine is analyzed and such
conclusion was made.
The integration of Ukraine to the Customs Union
allows to save fund on importing resources and put in
order cooperating relations with the CIS countries which
were lost after the USSR reintegration.
The free trade area creating with the EU is going to
have such consequences:
returning Ukrainian economic system to the stage
of factor-driven economy;
“packing” of native machinery;
active using of Ukrainian mining branches of
industry.
References
1. Ukraine and the Customs Union [Електронний
ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://www.eabr.org/e/
research/centreCIS/projectsandreportsCIS/ukraine/
2. Comprehensive assessment of the macroeconomic
effects of various forms of deep economic integration
of Ukraine and the member states of the Customs Union
and the Common Economic Space – Saint Petersburg,
2012. – 44 p. 3. Географічна структура зовнішньої
торгівлі України товарами [Електронний ресурс]. –
Режим доступу : www.ukrstat.gov.ua 4. The Global
Competitiveness Report 2012 – 2013 [Електронний
ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://reports.weforum.org/
global-competitiveness-report-2012-2013/ 5. Товарна
структура зовнішньої торгівлі України [Електронний
ресурс]. – Режим доступу : www. ukrstat.gov.ua 6. Ва-
ловий внутрішній продукт у 2012 році [Електронний
ресурс]. – Режим доступу : www.ukrstat.gov.ua 7. EU-
Ukraine association agreement: guideline for reforms
[Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу : http://
eeas.europa.eu/images/top_stories/140912_eu-ukraine-
associatin-agreement-quick_guide.pdf
Лимар В. В. Інтеграційні інтереси України:
Європейський Союз чи Митний союз
У статті розглянуто проблеми та перспективи
розвитку економіки України в результаті створення зони
вільної торгівлі з ЄС та інтеграції до Митного союзу.
Проаналізовано товарну та географічну структуру зов-
нішньої торгівлі України та зроблено висновок щодо
стратегічної важливості для економіки України ринку
країн пострадянського простору.
Ключові слова: економічна глобалізація, інте-
граційні інтереси, зона вільної торгівлі, Митний союз,
структура зовнішньої торгівлі, імпортна квота.
Лимарь В. В. Интеграционные интересы
Украины: Европейский Союз или Таможенный
Союз
В статье рассмотрены проблемы и перспективы
развития экономики Украины в результате создания
зоны свободной торговли с ЕС и интеграции Украи-
ны в Таможенный союз. Проанализированы товарная
и географическая структуры внешней торговли Ук-
раины и сделан вывод относительно стратегичес-
кой важности для экономики Украины рынка стран
постсоветского пространства.
Ключевые слова: экономическая глобализация,
интеграционные интересы, зона свободной торговли,
Таможенный союз, структура внешней торговли, им-
портная квота.
Lymar V. V. The Integration Interests of Ukraine:
the European Union or Customs Union
The article is devoted to the problems and prospects
of Ukrainian economy development as a result of free
trade area creating with the EU and integration to the
Customs Union. The geographic and goods structure of
the international trade are analyzed and it is made the
conclusion about the strategic importance of post-Soviet
area market for the Ukrainian economy.
Key words: economic globalization, integration
interests, free trade area, customs union, international
Trade structure, imports quota.
Received by the editors: 17.10.2013
and final form 04.12.2013
V. V. Lymar
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-123377 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 1817-3772 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:30:34Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Lymar, V.V. 2017-09-03T19:04:15Z 2017-09-03T19:04:15Z 2013 The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union / V.V. Lymar // Економічний вісник Донбасу. — 2013. — № 4 (34). — С. 33–39. — Бібліогр.: 7 назв. — англ. 1817-3772 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/123377 336.7 The article is devoted to the problems and prospects of Ukrainian economy development as a result of free trade area creating with the EU and integration to the Customs Union. The geographic and goods structure of the international trade are analyzed and it is made the conclusion about the strategic importance of post-Soviet area market for the Ukrainian economy. У статті розглянуто проблеми та перспективи розвитку економіки України в результаті створення зони вільної торгівлі з ЄС та інтеграції до Митного союзу. Проаналізовано товарну та географічну структуру зовнішньої торгівлі України та зроблено висновок щодо стратегічної важливості для економіки України ринку країн пострадянського простору. В статье рассмотрены проблемы и перспективы развития экономики Украины в результате создания зоны свободной торговли с ЕС и интеграции Украины в Таможенный союз. Проанализированы товарная и географическая структуры внешней торговли Украины и сделан вывод относительно стратегической важности для экономики Украины рынка стран постсоветского пространства. en Інститут економіки промисловості НАН України Економічний вісник Донбасу International and Regional Economics The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union Інтеграційні інтереси України: Європейський Союз чи Митний союз Интеграционные интересы Украины: Европейский Союз или Таможенный Союз Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union Lymar, V.V. International and Regional Economics |
| title | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union |
| title_alt | Інтеграційні інтереси України: Європейський Союз чи Митний союз Интеграционные интересы Украины: Европейский Союз или Таможенный Союз |
| title_full | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union |
| title_fullStr | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union |
| title_short | The Integration Interests of Ukraine: the European Union or Customs Union |
| title_sort | integration interests of ukraine: the european union or customs union |
| topic | International and Regional Economics |
| topic_facet | International and Regional Economics |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/123377 |
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