Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey
All the methanol extracts did not show mutagenic activity in Ames/Salmonella and Z. mays MI test systems. Furthermore, some extracts showed significant antimutagenic activity against 9-AA in Ames test system. Inhibition rates for 9-AA mutagenicity ranged from 25.51 % (P. furfuracea – 0.05 μg/plate)...
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| Cite this: | Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey / A. Aslan, M. Gulluce, G. Agar, M. Karadayi, S. Bozari, F. Orhan // Цитология и генетика. — 2012. — Т. 46, № 5. — С. 36-42. — Бібліогр.: 48 назв. — англ. |
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1264912025-02-23T20:26:30Z Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey Мутагенные и антимутагенные свойства некоторых видов лишайников, произростающих в Восточной Анатолии (Турция) Aslan, A. Gulluce, M. Agar, G. Karadayi, M. Bozari, S. Orhan, F. Оригинальные работы All the methanol extracts did not show mutagenic activity in Ames/Salmonella and Z. mays MI test systems. Furthermore, some extracts showed significant antimutagenic activity against 9-AA in Ames test system. Inhibition rates for 9-AA mutagenicity ranged from 25.51 % (P. furfuracea – 0.05 μg/plate) to 66.14 % (C. islandica – 0.05 μg/plate). In addition, all of the extracts showed significant antimutagenic activity against sodium azide (NaN₃) mutagenicity on MI values of Z. mays. Целью работы было изучить мутагенный и антимутагенный потенциал метанольных экстрактов Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (Parmeliaceae), Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae) и Xanthoparmelia somloënsis (Gyeln.) Hale (Parmeliaceae) – лишайников из восточной части Турции. Ни один из экстрактов не показал мутагенной активности в тестах Эймса и Z. mays MI. Более того, некоторые экстракты проявляли заметную антимутагенную активность против 9-амино-акридина в тесте Эймса. Уровень ингибирования варьировал от 25,51 % (P. furfuracea) до 66,14 % (C. islandica). Кроме того, все экстракты проявляли значительную антимутагенную активность против азида натрия в Z. mays MI тесте. Все экстракты могут считаться генотоксично безопасными в исследованных концентрациях. 2012 Article Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey / A. Aslan, M. Gulluce, G. Agar, M. Karadayi, S. Bozari, F. Orhan // Цитология и генетика. — 2012. — Т. 46, № 5. — С. 36-42. — Бібліогр.: 48 назв. — англ. 0564-3783 DOI: 10.3103/S0095452712050039 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/126491 en Цитология и генетика application/pdf Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України |
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Оригинальные работы Оригинальные работы Aslan, A. Gulluce, M. Agar, G. Karadayi, M. Bozari, S. Orhan, F. Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey Цитология и генетика |
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All the methanol extracts did not show mutagenic activity in Ames/Salmonella and Z. mays MI test systems. Furthermore, some extracts showed significant antimutagenic activity against 9-AA in Ames test system. Inhibition rates for 9-AA mutagenicity ranged from 25.51 % (P. furfuracea – 0.05 μg/plate) to 66.14 % (C. islandica – 0.05 μg/plate). In addition, all of the extracts showed significant antimutagenic activity against sodium azide (NaN₃) mutagenicity on MI values of Z. mays. |
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Article |
| author |
Aslan, A. Gulluce, M. Agar, G. Karadayi, M. Bozari, S. Orhan, F. |
| author_facet |
Aslan, A. Gulluce, M. Agar, G. Karadayi, M. Bozari, S. Orhan, F. |
| author_sort |
Aslan, A. |
| title |
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey |
| title_short |
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey |
| title_full |
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey |
| title_fullStr |
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey |
| title_sort |
mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the eastern anatolia region of turkey |
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Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України |
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2012 |
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Оригинальные работы |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/126491 |
| citation_txt |
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey / A. Aslan, M. Gulluce, G. Agar, M. Karadayi, S. Bozari, F. Orhan // Цитология и генетика. — 2012. — Т. 46, № 5. — С. 36-42. — Бібліогр.: 48 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Цитология и генетика |
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| fulltext |
36 ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2012. ¹ 5
A. ASLAN 1, M. GULLUCE 2, G. AGAR 2,
M. KARADAYI 2, S. BOZARI 3, F. ORHAN 4
1 Department of Biology, Kazim Karabekir Education Faculty,
Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
2 Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Atatürk University,
Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
3 Department of Biology, Sciences and Arts Faculty,
Mus Alparslan University, Mus, 49100, Turkey
4 Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University,
Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
E-mail: mkaradayi@atauni.edu.tr
MUTAGENIC AND ANTIMUTAGENIC
PROPERTIES OF SOME LICHEN
SPECIES GROWN IN THE EASTERN
ANATOLIA REGION OF TURKEY
All the methanol extracts did not show mutagenic ac-
tivity in Ames/Salmonella and Z. mays MI test systems.
Furthermore, some extracts showed significant antimuta-
genic activity against 9-AA in Ames test system. Inhibi-
tion rates for 9-AA mutagenicity ranged from 25.51 %
(P. furfuracea – 0.05 g/plate) to 66.14 % (C. islandica –
0.05 g/plate). In addition, all of the extracts showed
significant antimutagenic activity against sodium azide
(NaN3) mutagenicity on MI values of Z. mays.
Introduction. Cancer is one of the most serious
diseases in the World initiated by DNA damage,
which caused by natural or synthetic chemicals
in the environment [1, 2]. Many natural or syn-
thetic mutagenic molecules are capable of induc-
ing cancer and many other genetic disorders in
living organisms. On the other hand, a number of
previous studies have shown that medicinal plants
or lichens may have phytochemicals (antimuta-
gens, anticarcinogens etc.) which can strongly in-
hibit mutations caused by various agents called as
mutagens [3–5]. Therefore, studies are currently
in progress to identify the mutagens in order to
minimize the risk and to evaluate antimutagenic
properties of the medicinal plants which can be
used to battle against mutations and related dis-
eases including cancer [5, 6].
In vivo and in vitro studies showed that some
natural compounds which are obtained from the
fruits, leaves and roots of plants play regulator
roles on xenobiotic effects [7]. The characteriza-
tion, identification and determination of the an-
timutagenic and anticarcinogenic effects of these
compounds get an important strategy to decrease
the development of cancer on human being. Even
so some bioactive compounds and their derivatives
are observed that inhibiting the carcinogenesis in
experimental systems which include beginning,
development and spreading phases. Recent re-
search has underlined the chemo-preventive ac-
tivity of several secondary metabolites [3].
Lichens are symbiotic organisms combining
algal and fungal properties. They produce a va-
riety of metabolites. Several lichen extracts and
their compounds have been used in traditional
medicine in many places around the world [5,
8–11]. Until now chemical composition and
some biological (antimicrobial and antioxidant)
activities of the extracts of lichens grow in east-
ern part of Turkey have been reported [12, 13].
However, there have been few attempts to inves-
tigate the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of
these lichen extracts, which may have pharma-
cological importance in mutagenesis prevention.
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate
in vitro mutagenic and antimutagenic properties
of the methanol extracts from Cetraria islandica
(L.) Ach. (Parmeliaceae), Pseudevernia furfura-
cea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae) and Xanthoparmelia
somloënsis (Gyeln.) Hale (Parmeliaceae) lichens.
Material and methods. Chemicals. Direct acting
mutagens sodium azide (NaN3) and 9-amino-© A. ASLAN, M. GULLUCE, G. AGAR, M. KARADAYI,
S. BOZARI, F. ORHAN, 2012
37
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown
ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2012. ¹ 5
acridine (9-AA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, USA) and Merck (Hohenbrunn, Ger-
many), respectively. Other solvents and pure
chemicals including magnesium sulfate (MgSO4),
sodium ammonium phosphate (Na2NH2PO4), D-
glucose, D-biotin, sodium chloride (NaCl), L-his-
tidine HCl, sodium phosphate-dibasic (Na2HPO4),
crystal violet, citric acid monohydrate, potassium
phosphate-dibasic (K2HPO4), sodium phosphate-
monobasic (NaH2PO4) were also obtained from
Difco (New Jersey, USA), Fluka (Steinheim, Ger-
many), Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and Sigma
(St. Louis, USA).
Collection and identification of lichen samples.
Lichen specimens were collected from Artvin
province in the eastern part of Turkey in 2009
during spring/summer period. Samples were
dried at room temperature for 48 h. Identification
of samples was made by Dr. Ali Aslan (Kazim
Karabekir Education Faculty, Atatürk University,
Erzurum – Turkey) by using various flora books
[14–16]. The voucher specimens (C. islandica –
KKEF-705, P. furfuracea – KKEF-706 and X.
somloënsis – KKEF-707) have been deposited
at the herbarium of Kazim Karabekir Education
Faculty, Atatürk University, Erzurum – Turkey.
Preparation of methanol extracts. Air-dried and
powdered lichens (10 g) were extracted with 250 ml
of methanol using the Soxhlet extractor («Iso-
pad», Germany) for 72 h at a temperature not
exceeding the boiling point of the solvent [17].
The extract was filtered using Whatman filter pa-
per (¹ 1) and then concentrated in vacuum at
40 °C using a rotary evaporator (Buchi Labortech-
nic AG, Flawil, Switzerland) yielding a waxy ma-
terial. The extract was then lyophilized and kept
in the dark at +4 °C until tested.
Bacterial Strains. Salmonella typhimurium
(Enteriobacteriaceae) TA1535 (ATCC® Num-
ber: 29629) and S. typhimurium TA1537 (ATCC®
Number: 29630) strains were provided by The
American Type Culture Collection – Bacteria
Department of Georgetown University, Washing-
ton, USA. These strains were stored at –80 °C.
Working cultures were prepared by inoculating
nutrient broth with the frozen cultures, followed
by an overnight incubation at 37 °C with gentle
agitation [18].
Viability assays and determination of test con-
centrations. For bacterial tests, the toxicity of
methanol extracts toward S. typhimurium TA1535
and 1537 strains was determined as described
in detail other manuscripts [19, 20]. These tests
confirmed that there was normal growth of the
background lawn, spontaneous colony numbers
within the regular range, and no significant re-
duction in cell survival.
With the aim to determine test concentrations
for the mitotic index (MI) values of root tips in
Zea mays L. (Poaceae), increasing concentrations
of positive control and test materials were pre-
pared. These were exposed to Z. mays seeds, and
the germination process was evaluated [21, 22].
Thus, for the concentrations and conditions
reported here, no toxicity or other adverse effects
were observed.
AMES mutagenicity and antimutagenicity test
system. Ames test is a biological assay to evaluate
the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of the
chemicals. The bacterial mutagenicity and an-
timutagenicity assays were performed according
to described before [23]. The known mutagens
NaN3 (in distilled water – 1 g/plate) for S. typhi-
murium TA1535 and 9-AA (in methanol – 10 g/
plate) for S. typhimurium TA1537 were used as
the positive controls and 10 % DMSO was used
as the negative control in these studies.
In the mutagenicity test performed with TA1535
and TA1537 strains of S. typhimurium, 100 l of
the overnight bacterial culture, 50 l test com-
pounds at different concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5 g/
plate in 10 % DMSO), and 500 l phosphate buf-
fer were added to 2 ml of the top agar containing
0.5 mM histidine/biotin. The mixture was poured
onto minimal glucose plates. Histidine independent
revertant colonies and viable cells were scored on
plates after incubation at 37 °C for 48 h.
In the antimutagenicity test performed with
the same strains, 100 l of the overnight bacterial
culture, 50 l mutagen, 50 l test compounds at
different concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5 g/plate in
10 % DMSO), and 500 l phosphate buffer were
added to 2 ml of the top agar containing 0.5 mM
histidine/biotin. The mixture was poured onto
minimal glucose plates. Histidine independent
revertant colonies and viable cells were scored on
plates after incubation at 37 °C for 48 h.
The plate incorporation method was used to
assess the results of mutagenicity and antimuta-
genicity assays [24].
38 ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2012. ¹ 5
A. Aslan, M. Gulluce, G. Agar et al.
For the mutagenicity assays, the mutagenic in-
dex was calculated for each concentration, which
is the average number of revertants per plate di-
vided by the average number of revertants per
plate with the negative (solvent) control. A sample
was considered mutagenic when were observed a
dose-response relationship and a two-fold increase
in the number of mutants with at least one con-
centration was observed [25–28].
For the antimutagenicity assays, the inhibition
of mutagenicity was calculated by using the fol-
lowing equation (M: number of revertants/plate
induced by mutagen alone, S0: number of spon-
taneous revertants, S1: number of revertants/plate
induced by the extract plus the mutagen):
25–40 % Inhibition was defined as moderate an-
timutagenicity; 40 % or more inhibition as strong
antimutagenicity; and 25 % or less inhibition as
no antimutagenicity [25, 29, 30].
Mitotic index (MI) values of root tips in Z. mays.
Mitotic index reflects cell division frequency and
used to determine the mutagenic and antimuta-
genic properties of various materials as significant
parameter [31]. In this study, Zea mays seeds,
harvested from an experimental population with
ensured uniform genophond, were used to deter-
mine mentioned properties of methanol extracts
obtained from three lichens (C. islandica, P. fur-
furacea and X. somloënsis).
In mutagenicity assays, the Petri dishes contain-
ing seeds were exposed to test materials at different
concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40 g/plate). Then, the
seeds were let to germinate in controlled environ-
mental conditions into an incubator in dark (Binder,
Tuttlingen, Germany). The root tips of germinated
seeds were cut and fixed in acetic acid-alcohol (1:3)
for 24 h and were transferred in 70 % alcohol and
stored in the fridge. For mitotic preparation, root
tips were removed from alcohol and washed with
tap water and hydrolised with 1N HCl, at 60 °C for
10 min. Then they were dyed with Feulgen reactive
for 3 h [32]. After that root tips were kept in tap
water for 15 min. Finally the last parts of root tips
which dyed very densely were cut and their crushing
preparations in 45 % acetic acid were made [33, 34].
The procedure of mutagenicity test described
above is all applicable to the antimutagenicity as-
say. The only procedural difference is the addition
of NaN3 as mutagenic agent to Petri dishes.
Mitotic index was calculated by using the fol-
lowing equation and the results are expressed as
means ± standard error
Statistical analysis. The results are presented
as the average and standard error of two experi-
ments with duplicate plates/dose experiment. The
data were further analyzed for statistical signifi-
cance using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Stu-
dent’s t-test and the difference among means was
compared by high-range statistical domain using
Tukey’s test. A level of probability was taken as
p < 0.05 indicating statistical significance [3, 21].
Results. The results from the Ames test show
that the methanol extracts have not any mutagenic
activity at tested concentrations (Table 1). Fur-
thermore, these extracts have not any mutagenic
effects on Z. mays seed germination.
In antimutagenicity assays performed with bac-
teria, the results show that the methanol extracts have
not antimutagenic activity against NaN3 mutagenicity
on S. typhimurium TA1535 strain, which detects
single nucleotide substations. On the contrary, two
of the same extracts including C. islandica (0.05
and 0.5 g/plate) and P. furfuracea (0.05, 0.5 and
5 g/plate) have antimutagenic activity against 9-AA
mutagenicity on S. typhimurium TA1537 strain,
which detects frame-shift mutations. The inhibition
rates of these extracts were between 25.51 % (P. fur-
furacea – 0.05 g/plate) and 66.14 % (C. islandica –
0.05 g/plate). All concentrations of X. somloën-
sis and 5 g/plate concentration of C. islandica
methanol extracts have not any antimutagenic acti-
vity on the same strain. The results of bacterial
antimutagenicity assays were presented in Table 2.
The results of antimutagenicity assays perfor-
med with Z. mays seeds show that all methanol
extracts have antimutagenic effects against NaN3
mutagenicity on seed germination. The mitotic
index values of germinated seeds were increased
parallel with increasing concentrations of the test
materials (Table 3).
Discussion. Mutations have wide range effects
on living organisms and are occasionally associated
with forming various diseases including Tay-Sachs
disease, Huntington’s disease, Thalassemia, Cancer,
39
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown
ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2012. ¹ 5
* NaN3 and 9-AA were used as positive controls for S. typhimurium TA1535 and TA1537 strains, respectively.
DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) was used as negative control.
Table 1
The mutagenicity assay results of the methanol extracts for S. tyhimurium TA1535
and TA1537 bacterial tester strains
Test Items
Concentration,
g/plate
Number of revertants
TA1535 TA1537
Mean ± S.E. Mutat., % Mean ± S.E. Mutat., %
NaN3*
9-AA*
DMSO*, l/plate
C. islandica
P. furfuracea
X. somloënsis
1
40
100
0.05
0.5
5
0.05
0.5
5
0.05
0.5
5
451.25 ± 05.53
23.25 ± 01.44
20.25 ± 02.02
19.75 ± 00.48
19.75 ± 01.25
19.25 ± 01.03
20.75 ± 01.25
21.25 ± 00.48
19.25 ± 00.48
19.50 ± 00.87
15.75 ± 01.49
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
620.25 ± 02.29
31.25 ± 01.55
25.75 ± 02.10
28.25 ± 01.25
26.50 ± 01.26
25.75 ± 01.80
27.50 ± 01.26
27.75 ± 02.78
24.50 ± 01.66
26.75 ± 01.44
27.50 ± 01.71
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Table 2
The antimutagenicity assay results of the methanol extracts for S. typhimurium TA1535
and TA1537 bacterial tester strains
Test Items
Concentration,
g/plate
Number of revertants
TA1535 TA1537
Mean ± S.E. Inhib., % Mean ± S.E. Inhib., %
NaN3*
9-AA*
DMSO*, l/plate
C. islandica
P. furfuracea
X. somloënsis
1
40
100
0.05
0.5
5
0.05
0.5
5
0.05
0.5
5
451.25 ± 05.53
23.25 ± 01.44
465.00 ± 04.97
468.25 ± 03.45
459.25 ± 09.51
485.75 ± 03.64
477.50 ± 04.35
454.50 ± 03.75
459.75 ± 04.11
461.75 ± 05.37
462.00 ± 02.97
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
620.25 ± 02.29
31.25 ± 01.55
210.00 ± 03.89
298.00 ± 02.97
627.50 ± 03.28
462.00 ± 05.92
266.00 ± 02.86
428.25 ± 04.35
631.25 ± 04.87
624.00 ± 03.03
629.00 ± 02.94
66.14 **
51.95 **
–
25.51 **
57.11 **
30.95 **
–
–
–
* NaN3 and 9-AA were used as positive controls for S. typhimurium TA1535 and TA1537 strains, respectively.
DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide) was used as negative control. ** p < 0,05.
40 ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2012. ¹ 5
A. Aslan, M. Gulluce, G. Agar et al.
et cetera, as grave human diseases [1, 2, 35]. Because
of relationship between mutations and diseases, re-
searching of mutations has become great importance
to prevent harmful effects of mutations. Previous
studies showed that lichens have several biological
effects on living organisms such as antimicrobial, an-
tiviral, antioxidant and antimutagenic effects [5, 8,
12, 36– 38]. Depending on mentioned information,
our study was designed to determine mutagenic and
antimutagenic properties of methanol extracts from
C. islandica, P. furfuracea and X. somloënsis.
According to this study, all methanol extracts
have not mutagenic activity on testing organisms,
and they can be considered as genotoxically safe
at tested concentrations.
In antimutagenicity assays performed with S. ty-
phimurium strains and Z. mays seeds, known muta-
gens NaN3 and 9-AA were used to determine anti-
mutagenic properties of lichen extracts. NaN3 causes
point mutations in several organisms including bac-
teria, plants and animals [39–41]. A lot of stud-
ies showed that mutagenesis mechanism of NaN3
is associated with its metabolite called L-azidoline
[40–42]. It can be seen that the lichen extracts in-
hibit mutagenic activity of NaN3 on Z. mays seed
germination. The antimutagenicity of lichen extracts
may be explained with their inhibitor activity on the
production of L-azidoalanine. Although, they do
not inhibit NaN3 mutagenesis on S. typhimurium
TA1535 strain. S. typhimurium TA1535 strain has a
defect in uvrB gene region, which encodes a subunit
of UvrABC endonuclease multienzyme complex,
and it is deficient in DNA repair [23, 43]. The differ-
ence between results obtained from antimutagenicity
assays performed with S. typhimurium TA1535 and
Z. mays seeds may be explained that antimutagenic
effects of lichen extracts on NaN3 mutagenesis may
be related with their stimulant effects on DNA repair
enzyme systems.
The other mutagen was 9-aminoacridine, which
is a member of acridine group and is known as a
model frame-shift mutagen [40, 44]. In the frame-
shift mutagenesis mechanism, acridines bind to
DNA noncovalently by intercalation. Their planar
aromatic ring systems insert into the helix parallel
to the base pairs [40, 45, 46]. 9-AA used in this
study is a simple intercalator. Through intercalation,
9-AA induces frame-shift mutations at hotspots in
which a single base, especially guanine, is repeated
[40, 46–48]. The antimutagenicity assay performed
with S. typhimurium TA1537 and 9-aminoacridine
depends on the inhibition of this mechanism by test
substances, which were thought as antimutagenic.
In this paper, C. islandica and P. furfuracea metha-
nol extracts have antimutagenic activity in TA1537
strain at different concentrations. These effects may
be due to their inhibition capabilities by blocking
9-AA binding to DNA.
In conclusion, all methanol extracts examined
in this paper could be considered as genotoxi-
cally safe at the tested concentrations and some
of them provided important antimutagenic prop-
erties. Further investigation is necessary because
these activities are valuable towards an extension
of the employ of these drugs as new phytothera-
peutic or preservative ingredients.
A. Aslan, M. Gulluce, G. Agar,
M. Karadayi, S. Bozari, F. Orhan
ÌÓÒÀÃÅÍÍÛÅ È ÀÍÒÈÌÓÒÀÃÅÍÍÛÅ
ÑÂÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÍÅÊÎÒÎÐÛÕ ÂÈÄÎÂ
ËÈØÀÉÍÈÊÎÂ, ÏÐÎÈÇÐÎÑÒÀÞÙÈÕ
 ÂÎÑÒÎ×ÍÎÉ ÀÍÀÒÎËÈÈ (ÒÓÐÖÈß)
Öåëüþ ðàáîòû áûëî èçó÷èòü ìóòàãåííûé è àí-
òèìóòàãåííûé ïîòåíöèàë ìåòàíîëüíûõ ýêñòðàêòîâ
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (Parmeliaceae), Pseudever-
* NaN3 was used as positive control and distilled water
as negative control. ** p<0.05.
Table 3
The antimutagenicity assay results of the methanol
extracts for Mitotic index (MI) values
of root tips in Z. mays.
Test Items
Concentra-
tion,
g/plate
Mitotic index ±S.E.
NaN3*
Negative control*
C. islandica
P. furfuracea
X. somloënsis
800
–
5
10
20
40
5
10
20
40
5
10
20
40
No Germination
19.73 ± 1.52
10.03 ± 1.70 **
14.68 ± 0.40 **
15.95 ± 0.70 **
17.13 ± 0.43 **
10.53 ± 1.06 **
15.57 ± 0.11 **
16.78 ± 1.29 **
17.59 ± 0.20 **
09.40 ± 1.71 **
13.70 ± 1.94 **
15.30 ± 1.02 **
18.43 ± 0.79 **
41
Mutagenic and antimutagenic properties of some lichen species grown
ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2012. ¹ 5
nia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (Parmeliaceae) è Xanthopar-
melia somloënsis (Gyeln.) Hale (Parmeliaceae) – ëè-
øàéíèêîâ èç âîñòî÷íîé ÷àñòè Òóðöèè. Íè îäèí
èç ýêñòðàêòîâ íå ïîêàçàë ìóòàãåííîé àêòèâíîñòè
â òåñòàõ Ýéìñà è Z. mays MI. Áîëåå òîãî, íåêîòî-
ðûå ýêñòðàêòû ïðîÿâëÿëè çàìåòíóþ àíòèìóòàãåí-
íóþ àêòèâíîñòü ïðîòèâ 9-àìèíî-àêðèäèíà â òåñ-
òå Ýéìñà. Óðîâåíü èíãèáèðîâàíèÿ âàðüèðîâàë îò
25,51 % (P. furfuracea) äî 66,14 % (C. islandica).
Êðîìå òîãî, âñå ýêñòðàêòû ïðîÿâëÿëè çíà÷èòåëü-
íóþ àíòèìóòàãåííóþ àêòèâíîñòü ïðîòèâ àçèäà
íàòðèÿ â Z. mays MI òåñòå. Âñå ýêñòðàêòû ìîãóò
ñ÷èòàòüñÿ ãåíîòîêñè÷íî áåçîïàñíûìè â èññëåäî-
âàííûõ êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ.
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Received 18.08.11
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/TUR <FEFF005900fc006b00730065006b0020006b0061006c006900740065006c0069002000f6006e002000790061007a006401310072006d00610020006200610073006b013100730131006e006100200065006e0020006900790069002000750079006100620069006c006500630065006b002000410064006f006200650020005000440046002000620065006c00670065006c0065007200690020006f006c0075015f007400750072006d0061006b0020006900e70069006e00200062007500200061007900610072006c0061007201310020006b0075006c006c0061006e0131006e002e00200020004f006c0075015f0074007500720075006c0061006e0020005000440046002000620065006c00670065006c0065007200690020004100630072006f006200610074002000760065002000410064006f00620065002000520065006100640065007200200035002e003000200076006500200073006f006e0072006100730131006e00640061006b00690020007300fc007200fc006d006c00650072006c00650020006100e70131006c006100620069006c00690072002e>
/UKR <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|