Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data
The genetic variability of 18 American Pit Bull Terriers bred in Italy was studied using 21 STR markers from the panels recommended for the 2006, 2008 and 2010 ISAG canine comparison test and the genealogical information. As expected, all statistical analysis showed a reduced genetic variability. It...
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| Цитувати: | Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data / R. Ciampolini, F. Cecchi, G. Paci, C. Policardo, A. Spaterna // Цитология и генетика. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 4. — С. 29-34. — Бібліогр.: 35 назв. — англ. |
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Ciampolini, R. Cecchi, F. Paci, G. Policardo, C. Spaterna, A. 2017-11-26T20:15:14Z 2017-11-26T20:15:14Z 2013 Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data / R. Ciampolini, F. Cecchi, G. Paci, C. Policardo, A. Spaterna // Цитология и генетика. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 4. — С. 29-34. — Бібліогр.: 35 назв. — англ. 0564-3783 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/126582 DOI: 10.3103/S009545271304004X The genetic variability of 18 American Pit Bull Terriers bred in Italy was studied using 21 STR markers from the panels recommended for the 2006, 2008 and 2010 ISAG canine comparison test and the genealogical information. As expected, all statistical analysis showed a reduced genetic variability. It is there-fore recommended greater attention in the programming of mating with an increase of gene flow among farmers, which would reduce the average inbreeding in the population and increase genetic variability. Генетическая изменчивость 18 американских питбультерьеров, выведенных в Италии, была изучена с использованием 21 STR маркеров из панелей, рекомендованных Международной ассоциацией генетики животных (ISAG canine) (2006, 2008, 2010). Как и ожидалось, все статистические анализы подтвердили невысокую генетическую изменчивость. Поэтому желательно уделять больше внимания пла-нированию скрещиваний с увеличением потока генов, чтобы уменьшить средний инбридинг в популяции и увеличить генетическую изменчивость. Генетична мінливість 18 американських пітбультер’єрів, виведених в Італії, була вивчена з використанням 21 STR маркерів з панелей, рекомендованих Міжнародною асоціацією генетики тварин (ISAG canine) (2006,2008 і 2010). Як і очікувалося, всі статистичні аналізи підтвердили невисоку генетичну мінливість. Тому бажано приділяти більше уваги плануванню схрещувань із збільшенням потоку генів, щоб зменшити середній інбридинг в популяції і збільшити генетичну мінливість. en Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України Цитология и генетика Оригинальные работы Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data Изучение генетической изменчивости американских питбультерьеров, выведенных в италии с использованием микросателлитных маркеров и генеалогических данных Article published earlier |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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| title |
Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data |
| spellingShingle |
Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data Ciampolini, R. Cecchi, F. Paci, G. Policardo, C. Spaterna, A. Оригинальные работы |
| title_short |
Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data |
| title_full |
Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data |
| title_fullStr |
Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data |
| title_sort |
investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data |
| author |
Ciampolini, R. Cecchi, F. Paci, G. Policardo, C. Spaterna, A. |
| author_facet |
Ciampolini, R. Cecchi, F. Paci, G. Policardo, C. Spaterna, A. |
| topic |
Оригинальные работы |
| topic_facet |
Оригинальные работы |
| publishDate |
2013 |
| language |
English |
| container_title |
Цитология и генетика |
| publisher |
Інститут клітинної біології та генетичної інженерії НАН України |
| format |
Article |
| title_alt |
Изучение генетической изменчивости американских питбультерьеров, выведенных в италии с использованием микросателлитных маркеров и генеалогических данных |
| description |
The genetic variability of 18 American Pit Bull Terriers bred in Italy was studied using 21 STR markers from the panels recommended for the 2006, 2008 and 2010 ISAG canine comparison test and the genealogical information. As expected, all statistical analysis showed a reduced genetic variability. It is there-fore recommended greater attention in the programming of mating with an increase of gene flow among farmers, which would reduce the average inbreeding in the population and increase genetic variability.
Генетическая изменчивость 18 американских питбультерьеров, выведенных в Италии, была изучена с использованием 21 STR маркеров из панелей, рекомендованных Международной ассоциацией генетики животных (ISAG canine) (2006, 2008, 2010). Как и ожидалось, все статистические анализы подтвердили невысокую генетическую изменчивость. Поэтому желательно уделять больше внимания пла-нированию скрещиваний с увеличением потока генов, чтобы уменьшить средний инбридинг в популяции и увеличить генетическую изменчивость.
Генетична мінливість 18 американських пітбультер’єрів, виведених в Італії, була вивчена з використанням 21 STR маркерів з панелей, рекомендованих Міжнародною асоціацією генетики тварин (ISAG canine) (2006,2008 і 2010). Як і очікувалося, всі статистичні аналізи підтвердили невисоку генетичну мінливість. Тому бажано приділяти більше уваги плануванню схрещувань із збільшенням потоку генів, щоб зменшити середній інбридинг в популяції і збільшити генетичну мінливість.
|
| issn |
0564-3783 |
| url |
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/126582 |
| citation_txt |
Investigation on the genetic variability of the american pit bull terrier dogs belonging to an italian breeder using microsatellite markers and genealogical data / R. Ciampolini, F. Cecchi, G. Paci, C. Policardo, A. Spaterna // Цитология и генетика. — 2013. — Т. 47, № 4. — С. 29-34. — Бібліогр.: 35 назв. — англ. |
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29ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2013. Ò. 47. ¹ 4
The genetic variability of 18 American Pit Bull Terriers
bred in Italy was studied using 21 STR markers from the
panels recommended for the 2006, 2008 and 2010 ISAG
canine comparison test and the genealogical information. As
expected, all statistical analysis showed a reduced genetic
variability. It is therefore recommended greater attention in
the programming of mating with an increase of gene flow
among farmers, which would reduce the average inbreeding
in the population and increase genetic variability.
Introduction. The American Pit Bull Terrier arises
from the crossing of the white English Terrier and
the Old Bulldog from the end of the nineteenth cen-
tury and the first Pit Bull arrived in Italy in the late
‘70s; now in Italy there are about 60 regular farms.
The American Pit Bull Terrier is not recognized as a
breed by the FCI (Federation Cynologique Interna-
tional) or ENCI (National Italian Kennel Club); the
UKC (United Kennel Club) and ADBA (Ameri-
can Dog Breeders Association) are the organizations
that recognize the Pit Bull in their records and that
follow the selection even if maintaining slightly dif-
ferent morpho-character standards.
In the selection the inbreeding is used as a mat-
ing method because it allows to fix the characteris-
tics and traits of the best representatives of a breed.
Nevertheless the employment of few reproduc-
ers is able to bring to an excessive increase of the
inbreeding so the mortality of puppies can signifi-
cantly increase [1] and a positive correlation was
shown between the frequency of some genetic dis-
eases and the average coefficient of inbreeding [2].
Moreover, purebred dogs often have to deal with
genetic diseases and more than 400 genetic diseases
are registered in this species [3]. The traditional
approach for evaluating the genetic variation pres-
ent in a population is to estimate the mean coef-
ficient of inbreeding from genealogical data. This
method has been extensively used in dog breeds
[4–6]; however, it is well known that it may re-
sult in erroneous estimates because of incomplete
records and/or pedigree errors. More recently, the
considerable advances in molecular genetics have
provided a convenient way for characterizing the
genetic structure of populations. The genetic struc-
ture of the domestic dog has been investigated us-
ing mitochondrial DNA [7, 8], or microsatellite
markers [9–12] or both [13].
In this work we wanted to do a real photo of the
genetic variability of the Pit Bull Terriers bred in
Italy, using the available genealogical information,
and the results of molecular analysis performed on
18 dogs belonging to an Italian herd.
Material and methods. Animals and Genealogical
data. The research was carried out in 2011 in an
Italian Pit Bull Terrier dog herd. A total of 18 dogs
were studied. Genealogical data and a blood sample
of each animal were acquired. The inbreeding co-
efficients (F), the number of inbreds and average
inbreeding coefficient for each traced generation
were performed using the program ENDOG v.4.6
[14]. The number of inbreds, the average inbreed-
ing coefficient and the average coancestry in the
18 dogs were performed using CFC software [15].
The distribution of inbreeding level in the whole
population were analysed and eight different class
level of inbreeding were considered: 0 < F 0.05;
0.05 < F 0.10; 0.10 < F 0.15; 0.15 < F 0.20;
0.20 < F 0.25; 0.25 < F 0.30; 0.30 < F 0.35;
0.35 < F 0.40 [20].
Genomic and statistical analysis. Genomic DNA
was extracted from 5 mL of peripheral blood sam-
ples and DNA was isolated using the Genelute
blood genomic DNA kit (Sigma).
УДК 636.7.082
R. CIAMPOLINI 1, 2, F. CECCHI 1, 2, G. PACI 1, C. POLICARDO 3, A. SPATERNA 2, 4
1 Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Italy
2 Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca e di Consulenza sulla genetica del cane, University of Pisa – University of Camerino, Italy
3 External collaborator, Pisa, Italy
4 School of Veterinary Medical Science, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
E-mail: fcecchi@vet.unipi.it
INVESTIGATION ON THE GENETIC VARIABILITY OF THE AMERICAN
PIT BULL TERRIER DOGS BELONGING TO AN ITALIAN BREEDER USING
MICROSATELLITE MARKERS AND GENEALOGICAL DATA
© R. CIAMPOLINI, F. CECCHI, G. PACI, C. POLICARDO,
A. SPATERNA, 2013
30 ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2013. Ò. 47. ¹ 4
R. Ciampolini, F. Cecchi, G. Paci et al.
The 21 microsatellites investigated belonged to
a markers panel proposed from ISAG/FAO, for
the «measurements of Domestic Animal Diver-
sity» (ISAG/FAO 2004) and located in 19 chro-
mosomes. Primer sequences for the microsatellites
are available at the Web site (http://dad.fao.org/
en/refer/library/guidelin/marker.pdf). The 21 mi-
crosatellites were amplified in 5 multiplexes PCR
reactions.
Amplification of the five multiplex was carried
out in a total reaction volume of 10 L consist-
ing of 6.25 L MasterMix (Qiagen Multiplex PCR
kit), 0.1 L of each primer (10 M), 1 L of DNA
sample (2 ng/ L) and 1.55 L of H2Î. The PCR
reaction was carried out on a Gene Amp PCR
System 2700 thermal cycler (Applera) by an initial
denaturation at 95 ºC for 15 min, followed by 47
cycles at 95 ºC for 30 s, 58 ºC for 90 s and 72 ºC
for 60 s. The thermal profile ended with a final ex-
tension at 60 ºC for 30 min. Amplicons were sepa-
rated and detected by capillary electrophoresis on
an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Bio-
systems) using POP4 and a 36-cm capillary array.
Apparent DNA fragment size was analyzed with
the internal size standard Genescan 500ROX and
GeneMapper Analysis Version 4.0 software (Ap-
plied Biosystems).
Genetic similarities of animals were investiga-
ted by comparing the individual multilocus geno-
type of each individual with each other [16]. Ge-
netic similarity is defined as P = A/2L, where P is
the proportion of common alleles (A) in relation
to the 2L possibilities (L – number of considered
loci). The similarities between each pair of indi-
viduals were then averaged over the whole popu-
lation. The following parameters were computed
at the population level using the program MolKin
(v.2.0) [17]: molecular coancestry coefficients [18],
kinship distance, and the mean polymorphism in-
formation content (PIC).
Exact tests for deviations from the Hardy-
Weinberg equilibrium (HWE), and pair-wise link-
age disequilibrium among microsatellite loci and
FIS value were performed using the ARLEQUIN
package [19].
The molecular coancestry between two in-
dividuals, i and j (fij), is the probability that two
randomly sampled alleles from the same locus in
two individuals are identical by state [18]. The mo-
lecular coancestry of an individual i with itself is
self-coancestry (si), which is related to the coef-
ficient of inbreeding of an individual i (Fi) by the
formula Fi = 2si – 1. In turn, the kinship distance
(Dk) between two individuals i and j is Dk = [(si +
+ sj)/2] – fij [18]. MolKin computes within-breed
molecular coancestry and Dk by simply averaging
the corresponding values for all the within – popu-
lation pairs of individuals.
Table 1. Mean inbreeding by maximum generations considering the whole database
Traced
generation
N. animals Mean F (%) % inbred
Average
for inbred (%)
Average relatedness
coefficient (%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
260
122
76
65
48
43
40
31
24
20
11
12
8
6
6
3
1.64
7.02
6.48
9.17
11.72
9.54
10.91
9.07
9.54
7.86
9.08
11.15
5.57
7.22
9.21
41.54
39.58
60.47
75.00
64.52
66.67
90.00
72.73
91.67
87.50
100.00
83.33
100.00
17.86
16.90
19.37
15.16
15.63
14.78
16.37
10.07
13.12
8.58
10.38
11.15
6.69
7.22
0.38
0.70
1.23
1.65
1.77
2.07
2.41
2.24
2.41
2.42
2.88
2.77
2.50
2.73
2.59
2.59
31
Investigation on the genetic variability of the American Pit Bull Terrier dogs belonging
ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2013. Ò. 47. ¹ 4
Results and discussion. Analysis of the pedigrees
of the 18 analyzed dogs shows that the complete
database results in 775 dogs (346 males and 429
females), 204 of which were inbreds.
The mean F in the whole database was 3.73 %,
that it was a medium value in comparison at what
reported on others breeds (3, 5, 20, 21).
The value of 3.73 % higher than 3.125 %, which
is the value resulting from the mating of two ani-
mals sharing a single grandparent, seemed to sug-
gest a close relatedness among the animals. In fact
the coefficient of inbreeding is less than 5 % in 44
dogs, whereas it is more than 20 % (with values
that exceeds 40 %) in 55 dogs. Values higher than
40 % correspond to the closest inbreeding, when
breeding of brothers with sisters or parents with
descendants takes places in several successive gen-
erations.
Table 1 shows, in the whole database, the evo-
lution of the average coefficient of inbreeding and
the average relatedness coefficient within the dif-
ferent generations. As we can see, the depth of the
pedigree was equal to 15 generations.
The inbreeding for each traced generation was
high in all generations, with peaks around 11 % in
dogs belonging to the 6th and 13th generation, whi-
le the average relatedness coefficient was around
2.50 % value starting from the dogs with 6 traced
generation.
The percentage of inbreds has an increasing
trend with the values greater than 80 % from the
dogs with 9 generations traced. Of course the aver-
age inbreeding of inbred individuals is higher than
the average inbreeding per generation, with a range
from 6.69 % in subjects with 14 traced generations
up to a maximum of 19.37 % in dogs with 4 traced
generations.
Considering instead the 18 dogs the average
coancestry and the average inbreeding amounted
to 15.10 and 6.84 % respectively.
The value 0.151 is a quite high value, but it is
due to the fact that all subjects are related.
The inbreeding coefficients were higher than
6.25 %, i.e. the value resulting from the mating
of two animals sharing two grandparents (cousin
mating). This is a critical maximum that is not ex-
Table 2. Number of alleles, locus-by-locus observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity,
PIC and FIS value for the 21 analyzed STR loci
* Hardy-Weinberg exact test P-value < 0.01.
Marker N° alleles Ho He P-value PIC (%) FIS
AHT121
CXX279
REN105L03
REN54P11
ATHk253
AHTk211
AHTh171
INU030
INU055
AHT137
FH2848
REN247M23
REN169018
REN169D01
INRA21
INU005
AHTH130
REN162C04
REN64E19
AHTH260
FH2054
Average value
10
4
3
6
4
6
3
4
5
9
6
3
6
5
5
5
7
6
5
11
8
5.42
0.722
0.722
0.379
0.716
0.638
0.741
0.511
0.548
0.316
0.838
0.727
0.528
0.590
0.638
0.586
0.590
0.722
0.712
0.636
0.781
0.802
0.640
0.768
0.711
0.402
0.737
0.656
0.884
0.551
0.533
0.571
0.829
0.847
0.541
0.606
0.676
0.615
0.582
0.751
0.739
0.661
0.849
0.839
0.683
0.065
0.763
0.618
0.618
0.127
0.081
0.109
1.000
0.718
0.191
0.173
0.074
0.327
0.572
0.836
0.800
0.836
0.512
0.191
0.000
0.000
64.13
67.13
34.34
68.10
58.77
69.91
43.82
44.72
34.24
81.90
68.18
44.88
52.52
58.94
53.16
53.77
69.15
66.77
57.56
76.50
77.40
0.060
–0.015
0.057
0.028
0.027
0.162
0.073
–0.028
0.447
–0.011
0.142
0.024
0.026
0.056
0.047
–0.014
0.039
0.037
0.038
0.080
0.044
32 ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2013. Ò. 47. ¹ 4
R. Ciampolini, F. Cecchi, G. Paci et al.
ceeded when mating principles are applied on many
farms.
With the exception of 3 dogs, all sampled subjects
were inbred; of these last, 7 dogs have a coefficient
acceptable (less than 5 %), while 5 dogs have a high
coefficient of inbreeding (between 12.27 and 25.52 %).
Concerning molecular data, all 21 loci were poly-
morphic and had a total of 103 alleles ranging from
3 (REN105L03, AHTh171 and REN247M23) to 11
(AHTh206) (Table 2). The mean number of alleles
per locus was 5.42 (SD = 2.01) and the effective al-
lele number was 3.21 (SD = 1.87). Although a com-
parison with other breeds can be biased due to the
different marker sets used by different authors, it may
be noted that this value is near the upper range of
the published values observed by Shinkarenko et al.
[11] on the American Pit Bull Terrier, 4.0 alleles/lo-
cus as mean value, and on other breeds: Greyhound
2.5 alleles/locus, Labrador Retriever 3.3 alleles/locus,
German Shepherd 3.3 alleles/locus [22], Flat-coated
Retriever 4.5 alleles/locus, Dachshund 5.6 alleles/lo-
cus [23], Andalusian Hound 6.2 alleles/locus, Bracco
Italiano 6.4 alleles/locus [12], Spanish Greyhound
6.5 alleles/locus, Maneto 7.0 alleles/locus [24],
Czech Dachshunds, 7.6 alleles/locus [25], and twelve
East Asian breeds dogs 7.75 alleles/locus [9].
Mean observed heterozigosity was 0.640 ± 0.133
and it was lowest for INU055 (0.316) and highest
for AHT137 (0.838) (Table 2).
Seventeen microsatellites out of 21 showed het-
erozygote deficiency. On average, there was a in-
significant deficit of heterozygotes (FIS = 0.063 ±
± 0.013); similar values were reported by Ciampo-
lini et al. (FIS = 0.061) [12], by Morera et al. (FIS =
= 0.085) [24] and by Jordana et al. [26] on a group
of 10 Spanish dog breeds (FIS = 0.040). Such mod-
erate values of FIS can easily be explained by non
random mating or population subdivision, or even
by mating between relatives. Alternatively, some
null alleles could be present that cause apparent
heterozygote deficit [34]; however, the FIS values
were rather homogeneous among loci, and this evi-
dence points against such an explanation.
The mean polymorphism information content
(PIC) was 0.599 with a range of 0.342 (INU055)
and 0.819 (AHT137). This parameter was originally
introduced by Botstein et al. [28]. It refers to the
value of a marker for detecting polymorphism within
a population, depending on the number of detectable
alleles and the distribution of their frequency and has
been proved to be a general measure of how informa-
tive a marker is [29]; the higher the PIC value, more
informative a marker is. In the present study, mi-
crosatellites INU055, REN105L03, AHTh171, and
INU030 appeared to be only moderately informative
(less than 0.50), whereas the other microsatellite loci
studied were highly informative. Even in the work
conducted by Ciampolini et al. [12] markers INU055
and INU030 appeared to be the least informative.
Genetic similarity within the population (0.412)
represented a rather low genetic variability. This
value is higher than those reported on other spe-
cies such as cattle (0.281 [30]; 0.374–0.420 [31])
and sheep (0.318–0.370 [32]), but lower than that
reported on Bracco Italiano dog breed (0.455 [12])
and on an endangered donkey breed (0.489 [33]).
With the exception of the values reported on
Bracco Italiano dog breed [12] and on Amiata don-
key breed [33] the values observed in our study for
the mean molecular coancestry (fii = 0.348), and
for the inbreeding coefficient (Fi = 0.357) were
clearly greater than that reported in literature on
other species such as cattle [31], sheep [32, 34]
and horse [35] while the kinship distance (Dk =
= 0.330) was smaller than data reported in literature.
The observed values highlight that the low level of ge-
netic variation have arisen as a possible consequence
of mating among relatives. It’s well known that the
management of the farms is the reason for high level
of inbreeding; in fact breeders often use this mating
method with the aim of enhancing desirable traits.
The author consider that a regular monitoring
of genetic variability of the population is important
and must be adopted, in order to avoid the danger
of an excessive increase of inbreeding in the future,
which would result in significant inbreeding de-
pression and in significant loss of genetic variation.
R. Ciampolini, F. Cecchi,
G. Paci, C. Policardo, A. Spaterna
ÈÇÓ×ÅÍÈÅ ÃÅÍÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ ÈÇÌÅÍ×ÈÂÎÑÒÈ
ÀÌÅÐÈÊÀÍÑÊÈÕ ÏÈÒÁÓËÜÒÅÐÜÅÐÎÂ,
ÂÛÂÅÄÅÍÍÛÕ Â ÈÒÀËÈÈ
Ñ ÈÑÏÎËÜÇÎÂÀÍÈÅÌ ÌÈÊÐÎÑÀÒÅËËÈÒÍÛÕ
ÌÀÐÊÅÐÎÂ È ÃÅÍÅÀËÎÃÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÄÀÍÍÛÕ
Ãåíåòè÷åñêàÿ èçìåí÷èâîñòü 18 àìåðèêàíñêèõ ïèò-
áóëüòåðüåðîâ, âûâåäåííûõ â Èòàëèè, áûëà èçó÷å-
íà ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì 21 STR ìàðêåðîâ èç ïàíåëåé,
ðåêîìåíäîâàííûõ Ìåæäóíàðîäíîé àññîöèàöèåé ãå-
íåòèêè æèâîòíûõ (ISAG canine) (2006, 2008, 2010).
Êàê è îæèäàëîñü, âñå ñòàòèñòè÷åñêèå àíàëèçû ïîä-
33
Investigation on the genetic variability of the American Pit Bull Terrier dogs belonging
ISSN 0564–3783. Öèòîëîãèÿ è ãåíåòèêà. 2013. Ò. 47. ¹ 4
òâåðäèëè íåâûñîêóþ ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü.
Ïîýòîìó æåëàòåëüíî óäåëÿòü áîëüøå âíèìàíèÿ ïëà-
íèðîâàíèþ ñêðåùèâàíèé ñ óâåëè÷åíèåì ïîòîêà ãå-
íîâ, ÷òîáû óìåíüøèòü ñðåäíèé èíáðèäèíã â ïîïó-
ëÿöèè è óâåëè÷èòü ãåíåòè÷åñêóþ èçìåí÷èâîñòü.
R. Ciampolini, F. Cecchi, G. Paci, C. Policardo, A. Spaterna
ÂÈÂ×ÅÍÍß ÃÅÍÅÒÈ×Íί ̲ÍËÈÂÎÑÒ²
ÀÌÅÐÈÊÀÍÑÜÊÈÕ Ï²ÒÁÓËÜÒÅÐ’ªÐ²Â,
ÂÈÂÅÄÅÍÈÕ Â ²ÒÀ˲¯ Ç ÂÈÊÎÐÈÑÒÀÍÍßÌ
̲ÊÐÎÑÀÒÅ˲ÒÍÈÕ ÌÀÐÊÅвÂ
² ÃÅÍÅÀËÎò×ÍÈÕ ÄÀÍÈÕ
Ãåíåòè÷íà ì³íëèâ³ñòü 18 àìåðèêàíñüêèõ ï³òáóëü-
òåð’ºð³â, âèâåäåíèõ â ²òà볿, áóëà âèâ÷åíà ç âèêî-
ðèñòàííÿì 21 STR ìàðêåð³â ç ïàíåëåé, ðåêîìåí-
äîâàíèõ ̳æíàðîäíîþ àñîö³àö³ºþ ãåíåòèêè òâàðèí
(ISAG canine) (2006, 2008 ³ 2010). ßê ³ î÷³êóâàëîñÿ,
âñ³ ñòàòèñòè÷í³ àíàë³çè ï³äòâåðäèëè íåâèñîêó ãåíå-
òè÷íó ì³íëèâ³ñòü. Òîìó áàæàíî ïðèä³ëÿòè á³ëüøå
óâàãè ïëàíóâàííþ ñõðåùóâàíü ³ç çá³ëüøåííÿì ïî-
òîêó ãåí³â, ùîá çìåíøèòè ñåðåäí³é ³íáðèäèíã â
ïîïóëÿö³¿ ³ çá³ëüøèòè ãåíåòè÷íó ì³íëèâ³ñòü.
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Received 15.03.12
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/UKR <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>
/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|