Some of the special features of the tritium migration
It was found that tritium is different activity as part of the free water of plants can be conditioned by the processes of plant life, taking into account the weather conditions, composition of soil on which the plant is located. The paper shows the results of the field and laboratory studies on the...
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Інститут телекомунікацій і глобального інформаційного простору НАН України
2017
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| Cite this: | Some of the special features of the tritium migration / O.O. Kryazhych, O.V. Kovalenko // Математичне моделювання в економіці. — 2017. — № 3-4(9). — С. 62-73. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Kryazhych, O.O. Kovalenko, O.V. |
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| citation_txt | Some of the special features of the tritium migration / O.O. Kryazhych, O.V. Kovalenko // Математичне моделювання в економіці. — 2017. — № 3-4(9). — С. 62-73. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. |
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| description | It was found that tritium is different activity as part of the free water of plants can be conditioned by the processes of plant life, taking into account the weather conditions, composition of soil on which the plant is located. The paper shows the results of the field and laboratory studies on the search of the plants, which may act as a reliable indicator for determining tritium pollution of the environment. In this study, a plant that has a tritium high volume activity in the free water is considered an indicator of the environment tritium contamination, and / or organically bound tritium as a whole or in separate plant organs on comparable terms with other plants.
За підсумками спостережень, що відбувалися протягом ряду років, було виявлено, що різні показники активності тритію у вільній воді рослин, можуть бути обумовлені процесами життєдіяльності рослин, з урахуванням погодних умов, складу ґрунту, на якому росли рослини. У статті представлені результати польових і лабораторних досліджень з пошуку рослин, які можуть виступати в якості надійного індикатора для визначення забруднення навколишнього середовища тритієм.
В результате наблюдений ряда лет, что разные показатели активности трития в свободной воде растений, может быть обусловлен процессами жизнедеятельности растений, с учетом погодных условий, состава почвы, на которой росло растение. В статье представлены результаты полевых и лабораторных исследований по поиску растений, которые могут выступать в качестве надежного индикатора для определения загрязнения окружающей среды тритием.
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
UDC 53.043+004.942
O. KRYAZHYCH, O. KOVALENKO
SOME OF THE SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE TRITIUM MIGRATION
Abstract. It was found that tritium is different activity as part of the free
water of plants can be conditioned by the processes of plant life, taking into
account the weather conditions, composition of soil on which the plant is
located. The paper shows the results of the field and laboratory studies on
the search of the plants, which may act as a reliable indicator for
determining tritium pollution of the environment. In this study, a plant that
has a tritium high volume activity in the free water is considered an
indicator of the environment tritium contamination, and / or organically
bound tritium as a whole or in separate plant organs on comparable terms
with other plants.
Key words: tritium, migration, isotope, environment.
Introduction
The hydrogen is the most abundant element in the Universe. Taking into account
the big penetration ability of tritium and possibility of easy exchange of atoms
between the various isotopes of hydrogen, two main problems in the research of
tritium may be named:
– The lack of the right understanding of transfer and bio-accumulation
processes of tritium in natural surroundings and antropogenic environment [4, 13,
17, 18];
– The increasing need of the development of the new approaches to
assessment of tritium human and nature in order to protect effectively [9, 11].
It should be noted that in Ukraine after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear
Power Plant, work was actively carried out to investigate the migration of
radionuclides in agricultural plants [24, 25, 31]. In these works the attention was
alsooyven to tritium. These studies found further confirmation in works and
experiments far beyond Ukraine [9, 11, 15, 34].
However, most of the studies dealed only with agricultural plants that grow on
the territory that had been accurately exposed to technogenic tritium.
But due to the fact that tritium was not given proper attention for a long time.
It often appeares a need to determine the contamination of a specific area with
technogenic tritium. The question that appeares: is there a plant that can act as an
indicator for the determination of tritium contamination of the environment?
The solution of this problem is relevant for monitoring of the condition of the
zones that are around nuclear power plants and nuclear fusion enterprises, the
repositories of radioactive materials that contain tritium. Another task is to assess
the purity of recreational areas, agricultural lands and areas for grazing.
The results of the study, which are introducet below, were conducted in
Ukraine in the territory of the enterprise, which until 2002 had been actively
working with tritium. The work is based on the monitoring of the specific activity
of tritium in birch sap, and the study of bioaccumulation of tritium in various
herbaceous plants, that are common in the central part of Europe.
Partially published and unpublished results are presented in the this study.
Ó O. Kryazhych, O. Kovalenko, 2017
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
1. Тritium - the natural isotope of hydrogen
Tritium is a beta emitter and due to radiochemical properties it easily dissolves in
liquids. Tritium is also easily absorbed by the human organism with water and
promotes to damaging the health. Tritium is the most poorly known radioisotope
[7, 30].
The chemical form of tritium (3Н) is a rare but it is natural isotope of hydrogen
(H), and it is the only natural hydrogen isotope that is radioactive. from the
perspective of atmospheric existence of tritium the most important forms. Are such
forms as tritiated hydrogen gas (HT) and tritiated water (HTO). These tritiated
forms chemically behave like hydrogen gas (H2) and water (H2O).
In 1957, the world first faced with a serious accident of environmental
contamination by tritium. It was a Kyshtym disaster, a radioactive contamination
accident, which occurred at Mayak, where a plutonium production center for
nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in the Soviet Union was
situated [30]. The accident was classified as a disaster of Level 6 according to the
International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) [19], making it the third most serious
nuclear accident ever recorded, following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
and the Chernobyl disaster (both Level 7 according to the INES). Now, the
Kyshtym area is usually referred to as the East-Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT) [8].
And only now, the materials about the negative effects of tritium due to this
accident become available to the general public. Residents of the villages that are
situated around the scene of the accident have already been massively dying of
cancer for a while. The majority of researcher’s blame it on the usage of water with
high specific activity of tritium. Pollution of rivers in the area of the accident has
led to contamination of groundwater, and as a result plants and animals. The usage
of products of plant and animal origin has become harmful to human organism
[30].
In 1986 when the Chernobyl disaster occurred a lot of radioactive material
precipitated onto much of the surface of the western USSR and Europe [29]. This
accident was classified as an of 7 event (the maximum level of classification)
according to International Nuclear Event Scale [3]. After the Chernobyl accident,
approximately 1410 Bq of tritium got in to the environment. And 30 years after the
nuclear accident look place, there is a high content of tritium in water, in the juice
of birch, in products of plant and animal origin outside the exclusion zone [7]. In
2016 the New Safe Confinement, a structure that intended to contain dangerous
remains of the unit No. 4, was built at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. But this
New Safe Confinement does not protect from tritium which has already been in the
environment. Particularly, at the 1-st International Conference on Nuclear
Decommissioning and Environment Recovery INUDECO'16 was stated: "The
Sarcophagus will protect the 4-th block of Chernobyl’s NPP from the migration of
radionuclides which are in the environment, that is not protect. Migration of
radionuclides has not well been studied yet. The most poorly studied is tritium "
[1].
In 2011 the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima-1 Nuclear Power Plant in
Fukushima occurred. Japanese nuclear engineers have estimated that to bring the
NPP into a stable and safe condition and liquidatie the consequences of accident
they will need up to 40 years [27]. In January 2014, according to the report
"Fukushima Nuclear Accident Update Log" [33], it was declared that a total of 875
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
TBq (2.45 g) of tritium are on the site of Fukushima Daiichi, and the amount of
tritium that is contained in the contaminated water is increasing by approximately
230 TBq (0.64 g) per year [26].
The events that are taking pleace in the Eastern Ukraine (the anti-terrorist
operation) have also gained relevance. Recently water contaminated by tritium
penetrates from the war zone from coal mines in which conducted nuclear
explosions in the USSR. It was also mentioned above that during the anti-terrorist
operation the metallic components of various devices that contain tritium are
applied. It may cause a global ecological disaster inside and outside of Ukraine
[14].
Monitoring data indicate [12] that the technogenic component of tritium enters
the environment in the following cases:
a) as a result of an operation of nuclear power plants, installations for nuclear
fusion and emergency situations on these objects. The largest emissions of tritium
accidents were recorded in Kyshtym accident, Chernobyl, Fukushima;
b) as a result of the disposal of tritium-contaminated products because of the
humans of a person's technical work [7, 28]. Today it is the main source of
penetration of technogenic tritium into the environment.
In January 2007, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) Tribunal
directed CNSC staff to initiate research studies on tritium emissions in Canada
[28]. Among there them are studies on the migration and bio-accumulation of
tritium in plants. This is one of the fundamental researches in the designated sphere
[22, 32].
There are many works on this subject of the French [5, 10, 16, 20], Chinese
[11, 34] and Japanese [23] researchers.
But there are still many questions for the further research on the transfer of
tritium in to the environment, the distribution and accumulation of radionuclides in
plants [16, 21].
Since tritium irradiates the human organism from the inside, getting there with
water and food, migration and bio-accumulation of tritium in the organic matter of
plants is an actual topic of scientific research. As the Chernobyl and Fukushima
accidents have shown, all the countries of the world are more or less affected by
the consequences of such events [1].
2. Tritium in the environment
Hydrogen is one of the main substances required for the support of the vital activity
and functioning of living organisms. The significance of hydrogen is caused by the
exclusive significance of water in processes related to living organisms. Due to
isotopic exchange, heavy hydrogen isotopes are able to participate in biochemical
processes and to substitute hydrogen atoms with tritium atoms easy and readily.
The accumulation and migration of tritium in the environment depends on the
time of occurrence and the location of tritium, the rate of exchange of tritium in air
masses, and the concentration of tritium in the stratosphere during the exchange
processes. In summer, the overground concentration of tritium at a height of up to 2
km increases due to evaporation of spring and winter atmospheric precipitations,
and the oversea concentration of tritium at the same height decreases due to
absorption of tritium by water. The circulation of atmospheric water due to the
oceanic air exchange is very fast, so, as a result of a fast isotopic exchange between
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
water drops and water vapors, rains transfer tritium to the lower layers of the
troposphere [30].
In the process of radioactive decay of tritium, beta particles and en
antineutrinos are emitted. The reaction of radioactive decay of tritium can be
described as following:
3 3
1 2 eH He e n-® + + .
The half-life period of tritium is 12.32 ± 0.02 years. The average energy of
tritium beta particles is 5.52 5.7 .eVE kb ¼= Tritium beta particles expend the
basic part of their energy on interaction with the electron shells of atoms of
substances that are in the environment where the beta particles move. The isotopic
composition of hydrogen and oxygen, which goes from water to plant
hydrocarbons in the photosynthesis process, depends virtually completely on the
isotopic composition of water. Hydrogen isotopes fractionate during processes of
water evaporation and condensation. Different ratios of 18О/16О and 3H/2Н/1Н
depend directly on the average annual temperature. The water condensation
temperature has a significant effect on the isotopic composition of water, that hos
been confirmed by the results of some studies.
The transformation of aqueous tritium (NTO) into organically bound 3H
isotope depends on the selectivity of 3H isotope that is relative to 1H isotope. As a
result the penetrotion of 3H isotope in organic compounds is reduced by
approximately 20 percent. It means that the ratio of the maximum specific activity
of 3H isotope in organic fractions to the maximum specific activity of 3H isotope in
free plant water is about 0.05 within several days after a single ingress of the
isotope. It is assumed that the specific activity of 3H isotope in free water and the
specific activity of organically bound 3H isotope increase exponentially with time,
in case that 3H isotope enters the environment continuously [7]. But the studies and
observations, which are mentioned below, have demonstrated the polynomial time
dependence of these processes.
The studies that are performed were based on the methods developed in the
seventies of the 20th century [2]. The studies for the determination the interaction
of tritium with tree tissues were commenced approximately in the middle of the
20th century, and the studies for determination of the distribution of tritium in the
tree annual growth rings were commenced in the eighties of the 20th century. It
was detected that before the 1990s the activity of tritium in rare atmospheric
precipitations was lower than the activity of tritium in tree tissues due to the
accumulation of tritium in tree tissues. After nuclear tests were finished, the
concentration of tritium in the atmosphere began to decrease gradually. The
process of the removal of tritium from trees gets slower due to the accumulation of
exchangeable tritium. These conclusions are confirmed by the results of studies
mentioned below.
In the ground, tritium exists in two basic forms. Then main part of tritium is in
free ground water (NTO) and corresponds to the concentration of tritium in
atmospheric water. The upper 4 cm of ground layer contains up to 25 percent of all
tritiated water. When the depth of the ground layer increases, the content of
tritiated water decreases up to 4 percent in the 14 cm to 16 cm ground layer, and
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
then increases to 10 percent in the 16 cm to 18 cm ground layer. Below 16 cm, the
content of tritium is 40 percent of the total content of tritium in ground [7]. After
removal of free ground water, some part of tritium remains in the ground in ion-
exchangeable and sorbed forms.
That is, tritium, as a hydrogen nuclide, is characterized by its high migration
capability in water and, as a result, by its high activity in the exchange processes in
the living organisms and by its mobility in water-plant systems.
Roots and other underground organs of plants are relatively intensively
enriched with tritium. The distribution of organically-bound tritium in plant tissues
and organs is nonuniform and depends on the biochemical properties of plant
tissues and organs. Plants and ground bacteria are the catalysts of oxidation of
gaseous tritium (NT) that is contained in the atmosphere. The rate of
transformation of gaseous tritium into aqueous tritium in the ground vegetation is
about 1 percent per 48 hours. Because of this, the specific activity of tritium in
ground moisture increases as compared with the specific activity of tritium in free
plant water [7]. But the results of studies performed within 10 years indicate that
these statements are not applicable for all plants.
3. The study of the air-water-plant system
As a base statement in studying on the migration of tritium over the 15-year period,
it was accepted that the specific activity of tritium 3H in free plant water can be the
same in all of organs plant only if the activity of tritium is the same in atmospheric
moisture and ground moisture, otherwise there are essential differences in the
specific tritium activity values, which are caused by the tritium concentration
gradient in the air-water-plant system [7]. But the results of some additional
measurements, which were performed with consideration of meteorological
conditions during sampling and averaged through the month, provide the
possibility to state that the high concentration of tritium in free plant water can be
caused by the processes of vital activity of plants, with the consideration of
temperature, humidity, and composition of the ground where the plants being
studied that cae located.
The obtained results provide the possibility to determine the total contamination
of the territory with tritium and the effect of contamination of plants in the
territory. The results also provide the possibility to study the process of biological
accumulation of tritium in plants, specifically in Bétula péndula, due to water
exchange. Figure 2 shows the characteristics that are illustrate the variations of the
specific concentration of tritium in meltwater and birch sap that are obtained during
the 13-year period of studies.
As is seen from the characteristics, if tritium continuously enters the
environment, the specific activity of tritium in free water and the specific activity
of organically bound tritium varies with time according to a polynomial expression
instead of an exponential expression.
On the characteristic basis, there is the drastic increase of the specific activity
of tritium in birch sap in 2008, when the specific activity of tritium in snow cover
melt water significantly decreased. In the next years, the specific tritium activity
values vary according to regularity, that is, the specific activity of tritium in birch
sap increases in the following year after the increase of the specific activity of
tritium in meltwater that was detected in the preceding year.
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
The specific activity of tritium varies according to the 5-order polynomial
expressions showed below.
The specific activity of tritium in meltwater:
5 4 3 2 0.0553 2.2468 33.043 213.31 608.23 956.05.y x x x x x= + - + - +
The approximation coefficient 0.5.RI =
The specific activity of tritium in birch sap:
5 4 3 2 0.0444 1.8959 28.135 163.42 280.1 270.26.y x x x x x= + - + - +
The approximation coefficient 0.3211.RI =
The low values of the approximation coefficient are caused by the significant
changes of the specific activity of tritium in meltwater in the range from an
absolute minimum to an absolute maximum. This feature allows to make certain
conclusions.
In the preceding years, the researchers in Ukraine [7] that performed studies in
contaminated areas, such as the Chornobyl area and territories with radioactive
waste storages, stated that elimination of tritium from plants is possible due to
water exchange. The basic half-life period, which is typical for the elimination of
90 percent of aqueous tritium, virtually does not depend on climatic conditions and
ranges from several hours to (10–20) days.
The characteristics in Figure 2 show that the part of tritium that was detected
in meltwater in February, and which, according to the aforesaid statement, should
cause the increase of concentration of tritium in birch sap in March and April, is
not included in the water exchange process. The next year, the specific
concentration of tritium in birch sap sometimes significantly increases, while the
concentration of tritium in meltwater decreases.
These facts can be explained by following.
Firstly, in the years when the concentration of tritium in birch sap was
increased, the air temperature and humidity during the study period were increased.
That is, this period was characterized by more intensive birch sap circulation in
favorable for vegetation conditions.
Secondly, tritium in meltwater that enter clayed ground remains in the ground.
The tritium atoms participated in the atomic exchange with hydrogen atoms in
some clay-containing minerals and free ground water. The temperature fluctuations
decelerated (when the tritium concentration decreased) or accelerated (when the
tritium concentration increased) this exchange was a normal chemical reaction in
the presence of a hydrogen atom. Because of this, part of tritium in was meltwater
was accumulated in the ground.
Thirdly, the aforesaid data indicate the significant increase of the
concentration of tritium in the environment at the end of winter and at the
beginning of spring, that is, during the periods when processes of intensive
evaporation and humidification on the ground surface are intensive. The
polynomial expressions for changes in the specific activity of tritium in ground
water and tritium in birch sap demonstrate the cyclic decrease of the specific
tritium activity, in the range from the minimum activity to the maximum activity,
~ 68 ~
Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
at least four times within a year. According to the polynomial expressions the
cycles correspond to rainy periods. For this reason, it is possible to assume that
some plants that grow in the territories contaminated with tritium can accumulate
tritium in the plant organs or some tissues during the plant vegetation period. The
period of accumulation of tritium in plants and the period of elimination of tritium
from plants depend on the temperature of the environment, air humidity, and,
probably, chemical composition of the ground where the plants grow.
The question that emerges is the following:
How tritium should migrate and accumulate insomuch that the specific
activity of tritium in birch sap will increase the next year?
4. The field and laboratory experiment
In order to confirm the aforesaid assumption, there was carried out a field
experiment. In the period from May till October 2016, aqueous extracts from about
100 plant species were studied for determin action of the specific activity of tritium
in different periods of the plant life cycles.
The study results provide the possibility to state that there are plants which
accumulate tritium in the plant organic substances for some period of time. It was
experimentally determined that the specific activity A of tritium in the extracts of
common taráxacum (Taraxacum officinale Wigg.) was higher as compared to the
extracts of other plants, provided that the plant samples were taken from the plants
that are located at a distance of no more than 1 m from each other.
The results of one of these samples from May 28, 2016, are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Measurements of the specific activity of tritium in plant extracts
# Place of
collection
Plant А,
Bq/l
Part of the
plant
1 Zone (A) Bétula
péndula
10152.5 Green seed
2 Zone (A) Trifolium 12673.8 Flowers
3 Zone (A) Plantágo 11606.8 Leaf
4 Zone (A) Taráxacum 38444.4 Stem and post-
flowering
flower
5 Zone (B) Taráxacum 7967.24 Leaf
Zone (A) is a section with a radius of 300 m (sanitary zone), which is directly
adjacent to one of the corps of the company working with tritium. Zone (B) is
located at a distance of more than 500 m from the production building of the
mentioned enterprise.
The ambient temperature during sampling was within + (20-26)0С, the relative
humidity of the air fluctuate within (76-84)%.
200 measurements of aquatic extracts of taraxacum were investigated in
different parts of the study area. The results allowed to assert that the specific
activity of the aquatic extract of the taraxacum is always higher in comparison with
the extracts of other plants that grew along with the sample of the taraxacum.
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
It can be noted that within the sanitary zone, the specific activity of the water
extracts of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. has much higher indicators than analogical
measurements in a relatively clean zone. It should be noted that while the aquatic
extracts of other plants from these sampling points did not have similar high rates.
Results of measurements of extracts of other plants accounted for (10-46)% of the
indicated values.
There were made a number of measurements. These measurements confirmed
the increased content of tritium in the extract of taraxacum. Subsequently, the
systematization of measurements was made and the hypothesis was accepted: in
different parts of taraxacum, the content of tritium is different. To test this
hypothesis, several plants were selected from the Zone (A) of the previous study.
Taraxacum from Zone (B) was taken from a distance of 150 m from the boundary
of Zone (A). These plants ware intact, almost the same size and weight.
From the roots, leaves, stems and flowers separately, weighing 2 grams,
extracts were made and their specific activity was checked. The results are shown
in Table 2.
Table 2. Measurements of specific activity of tritium А in the extract different parts
of Taraxacum officinale Wigg.
# Place of
collection
А, kBq/l
Root Leaf Stem Flowers
1 Zone (A) 10.90 47.29 50.60 24.44
2 Zone (A) 13.41 16.29 14.60 18.13
3 Zone (A) 14.07 18.76 14.93 28.67
4 Zone (A) 11.42 16.13 27.59 17.07
5 Zone (B) 10.27 11.98 14.51 15.78
Plants 2 and 3 grew at the same place (two plants next to each other). They
were almost the same in size and weight of the plant, but for to one difference: the
plant 2 was already blossoming, and 3 - still in the bud. Indicators of the root, leaf
and flower pedicle had no significant differences. Plants 5 had a flower that was
blossoming, but not dried yet.
Further studies of tritium in Taraxacum officinale Wigg. occurred in June.
Weather conditions: an increase of air temperature and a decrease of moisture. In
addition, the taraxacum has already ended the growing season. All available plants
from the study area did not have flowers.
In the course of further measurements it was proved: with increasing heat, the
specific activity of tritium in plant extracts is reduced. At the same time, the
amount of latex of taraxacum decreases and the plants become rough, the flower
turns into seeds, the stalk dries. Increasing air temperature and the transition of
Taraxacum officinale Wigg. to "summer calm" the content of tritium in organic
matter of plants decreases. Experiment with water that was obtained from
transpiration of plants showed that the concentration of tritium in transpiration
water and in the soil does not increase during transpiration period (7 days).
Transpiration water was obtained by installing a glass cube with collectors over the
plant. The walls of this device were deepened into the ground and sprinkled with
some soil, to limit the flow of moisture and air from the outside.
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
After establishment a dry weather with a temperature above + 270C, the
specific activity of tritium in aqueous extracts of taraxacum from the all over study
area has become approximately the same.
To confirm the uneven distribution of tritium in the free water of particular
plant organs of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. there was carried out a laboratory
experiment.
In a separate container with soil that is similar to the soil of the study area,
were planted Taraxacum officinale Wigg. and random plants, that were typical for
the study area. The first container – is the main one, the second container is used to
confirm the results. Each container was placed in a single greenhouse.
Plants were watered tritional's water once. Further watering of the plants was
only with water. The humidity in the containers was maintained at (76-86)%, air
temperature was + (22-26)0С. Observations of the plants took place over three
weeks, with recording of external changes during the growing season (emergence
of a bud, blooming flower, number of new buds, growth rate).
After two weeks ofter the start of the experiment, when the plant threw out the
first bud and started to grow rapidly (stem grew during the day up to 5 cm),
samples were taken of the specific activity in extracts of particular parts of plants
(at 1 gram), as well as similar samples from other plants in container – Persicaria
lapathifolia L. (tab. 3). In the same period in the environment, to the extent not
included in the sanitary zone the same (natural) taraxacum were taken for the study
of the specific activity of tritium in the composition of the free water of plants
(table. 3).
Table 3. The results of laboratory experiment
Part of a
plant
А, Bq/l
Laboratory conditions Natural conditions
Taraxacum
officinale
Wigg.
Persicaria
lapathifolia L.
Taraxacum
officinale
Wigg. # 1
Taraxacum
officinale
Wigg. # 2
Flower 3849.89 1530.63 195.17 92.73
Stem 9923.06 1509.55 230.06 101.74
Leaf 6109.85 1522.98 156.03 64.84
Root 2288.04 1768.53 138.37 42.91
Figure 1 shows the comparative chart of the accumulation of tritium in
particular parts of the plants.
A similar distribution of the concentration of tritium is observed in taraxacum
# 1 and # 2.
Thus, considering experimental data, it can be argued that the presence of
tritium in the air, in the soil and/or groundwater, Taraxacum officinale Wigg. will
accumulate a large part of the tritium in the stem and partially in leaves and flower
during the growing season.
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Mathematical modeling in economy, №3-4, 2017
Flower Stem Leaf Root
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Taraxacum officinale Wigg
Persicaria lapathifolia L
A, Bq/l
Laboratory
Fig. 1. Diagram of the tritium activity in particular parts of plants.
Considering the results, we can deduce the primary mechanism of tritium
migration in Taraxacum officinale Wigg.
Conclusions
One of the main objectives of these studies was to quantify tritium migration and
bioaccumulation in organic substances of plants.
This paper contains the data on the preliminary results of the studies and the
data on the primary processes promoting tritium migration, which were obtained
for common taráxacum plants.
The obtained results are the following:
1) If tritium enters the environment continuously, the concentration of tritium
in free water and the concentration of organically bound tritium increase with time
according to a polynomial expression.
2) The base statement was confirmed. The concentration of tritium in free
water of plants, as assumed, is virtually the same in all plant organs only if the
tritium concentration in atmospheric moisture and ground moisture is the same,
otherwise there are essential differences in the specific tritium activity values due
to the gradient of tritium concentration in the atmosphere-plant-ground system.
3) It was detected that the different concentrations of tritium in free plant
water were caused by processes of vital activity plant of depending on air
temperature and humidity.
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Been received for revision 15.09.2017.
|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-131921 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 2409-8876 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:38:38Z |
| publishDate | 2017 |
| publisher | Інститут телекомунікацій і глобального інформаційного простору НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Kryazhych, O.O. Kovalenko, O.V. 2018-04-06T08:42:44Z 2018-04-06T08:42:44Z 2017 Some of the special features of the tritium migration / O.O. Kryazhych, O.V. Kovalenko // Математичне моделювання в економіці. — 2017. — № 3-4(9). — С. 62-73. — Бібліогр.: 34 назв. — англ. 2409-8876 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/131921 53.043+004.942 It was found that tritium is different activity as part of the free water of plants can be conditioned by the processes of plant life, taking into account the weather conditions, composition of soil on which the plant is located. The paper shows the results of the field and laboratory studies on the search of the plants, which may act as a reliable indicator for determining tritium pollution of the environment. In this study, a plant that has a tritium high volume activity in the free water is considered an indicator of the environment tritium contamination, and / or organically bound tritium as a whole or in separate plant organs on comparable terms with other plants. За підсумками спостережень, що відбувалися протягом ряду років, було виявлено, що різні показники активності тритію у вільній воді рослин, можуть бути обумовлені процесами життєдіяльності рослин, з урахуванням погодних умов, складу ґрунту, на якому росли рослини. У статті представлені результати польових і лабораторних досліджень з пошуку рослин, які можуть виступати в якості надійного індикатора для визначення забруднення навколишнього середовища тритієм. В результате наблюдений ряда лет, что разные показатели активности трития в свободной воде растений, может быть обусловлен процессами жизнедеятельности растений, с учетом погодных условий, состава почвы, на которой росло растение. В статье представлены результаты полевых и лабораторных исследований по поиску растений, которые могут выступать в качестве надежного индикатора для определения загрязнения окружающей среды тритием. en Інститут телекомунікацій і глобального інформаційного простору НАН України Математичне моделювання в економіці Analysis, evaluation and forecasting in economy Some of the special features of the tritium migration Деякі особливості міграції тритію Некоторые особенности миграции трития Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Some of the special features of the tritium migration Kryazhych, O.O. Kovalenko, O.V. Analysis, evaluation and forecasting in economy |
| title | Some of the special features of the tritium migration |
| title_alt | Деякі особливості міграції тритію Некоторые особенности миграции трития |
| title_full | Some of the special features of the tritium migration |
| title_fullStr | Some of the special features of the tritium migration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Some of the special features of the tritium migration |
| title_short | Some of the special features of the tritium migration |
| title_sort | some of the special features of the tritium migration |
| topic | Analysis, evaluation and forecasting in economy |
| topic_facet | Analysis, evaluation and forecasting in economy |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/131921 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kryazhychoo someofthespecialfeaturesofthetritiummigration AT kovalenkoov someofthespecialfeaturesofthetritiummigration AT kryazhychoo deâkíosoblivostímígracíítritíû AT kovalenkoov deâkíosoblivostímígracíítritíû AT kryazhychoo nekotoryeosobennostimigraciitritiâ AT kovalenkoov nekotoryeosobennostimigraciitritiâ |