Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’
Algorithms for thermal flows’ measuring systems’ dynamic correction are considered. The algorithms are based on the solution of deconvolution problem. The algorithms serve as a basis for development of special-purpose computing means for on-line solution of the dynamics faults’ compensation problem...
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| Опубліковано в: : | Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки |
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| Дата: | 2016 |
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| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
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Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України
2016
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| Назва журналу: | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| Цитувати: | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ / A.A. Verlan, Jo Sterten, Yu.O. Furtat // Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки: зб. наук. пр. — Кам’янець-Подільський: Кам'янець-Подільськ. нац. ун-т, 2016. — Вип. 14. — С. 36-47. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
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Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine| _version_ | 1859978260160446464 |
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| author | Verlan, A.A. Sterten, Jo Furtat, Yu.O. |
| author_facet | Verlan, A.A. Sterten, Jo Furtat, Yu.O. |
| citation_txt | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ / A.A. Verlan, Jo Sterten, Yu.O. Furtat // Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки: зб. наук. пр. — Кам’янець-Подільський: Кам'янець-Подільськ. нац. ун-т, 2016. — Вип. 14. — С. 36-47. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. |
| collection | DSpace DC |
| container_title | Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки |
| description | Algorithms for thermal flows’ measuring systems’ dynamic correction are considered. The algorithms are based on the solution of deconvolution problem. The algorithms serve as a basis for development of special-purpose computing means for on-line solution of the dynamics faults’ compensation problem in measuring systems.
Розглядаються алгоритми динамічної корекції систем вимірювання теплових потоків. Алгоритми основані на вирішенні задачі зворотної згортки. Вони служать основою для розробки спеціалізованих комп’ютерних засобів для вирішення в реальному часі задачі компенсації динамічних похибок у вимірювальних системах.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:24:33Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
36
UDC 004.41;004.424;519.64
A. A. Verlan*, Ph. D., Assist. Proof.,
Jo Sterten *, Assist. Proof.,
Yu. O. Furtat**, Ph. D.
* Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjovik, Norway,
** Pukhov Institute for Modeling in Energy Engineering, NASU, Kyiv
ALGORITHMS FOR DYNAMIC CORRECTION
OF THE THERMAL FLOWS’ MEASURING SYSTEMS’
Algorithms for thermal flows’ measuring systems’ dynamic cor-
rection are considered. The algorithms are based on the solution of de-
convolution problem. The algorithms serve as a basis for development
of special-purpose computing means for on-line solution of the dynam-
ics faults’ compensation problem in measuring systems.
Key words: measuring systems, dynamic correction, integral
model, quaternary algorithm.
Introduction. Traditional approach to solving measuring systems’
dynamic correction problem is by using correction circuits in electrical
part of the system, and also by the signal restoration problem solving
based on the measuring system’s differential model [1–3]. The dynamic
correction method, described below, is based on the measuring trans-
former’s integral model’s inversion by using quaternary algorithms [4; 5].
Sluggish response of thermal radiation detectors due to their non-
vanishing heat capacity restricts the performance of systems intended for
measuring non-stationary thermal radiation fluxes. The wide range of devel-
oped radiant-power detectors [2] on the basis of gradient- type sensors [1] are
effectively used for studying processes with time constants of about 20–30 s.
Attempts to utilize the readings of these instruments for on-line logging and
control of faster processes results in considerable dynamic errors. Methods of
compensating for these errors can he elaborated by solving the inverse prob-
lem for the equations describing the processes in these devices,
The problem setup. The general statement of the problem of estab-
lishing the interrelationship between the signal of a thermoelectric gradient
detector and the density of the nonstationary thermal radiation flux, inci-
dent to the inlet stir- lace involves the solution of the inverse boundary-
value problem for the heat conduction equation describing the process in
the body of the instrument, Questions concerning the development of algo-
rithms for solving these problems are dealt with in [3], However, the ap-
proach involves considerable analytic and algorithmic difficulties since
© A. A. Verlan, Jo Sterten, Yu. O. Furtat, 2016
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 14
37
real radiant thermal flux detectors have a complex multilayer design and
consist of composite materials which are difficult to identify.
The method and algorithms. In some cases the approach presented be-
low is more suitable for solving the problem of establishing interrelations be-
tween the signal applied to the inlet surface of the detector and the reading of
the measuring system. This approach is based on the use of dynamic responses
of the instrument transducer. In the investigation of dynamic properties of
instrument transducers, extensive use is made of the step response p(t) and the
impulse response g(t). The former represents the response of the transducer to
an input signal similar to the unit-step function and the latter represents the
response to an input signal that is the Dirac delta function. As is known, for
stationary linear transducers the relationship between the Input signal q(t) and
the output signal e(t) is expressed in the form of the convolution relation
0
.
t
e t g t q d (1)
According to [1], a sufficiently simple method of compensating for
the dynamic error of a thermal radiation flux measuring system can be
suggested that is based on finding the deconvolution q(t), with the impulse
response g(t) assumed to be known, i.e. by means of solving Volterra's
integral equation of the first kind. This approach seems to be more effec-
tive (in terms of the simplicity of the required hardware and software) than
the solution of the inverse-heat conduction boundary-value problem de-
scribed by partial differential equations.
The operating conditions of radiation detectors require the on-line fil-
tering of the input thermal radiation flux incident to the inlet surface of the
detector. Therefore it is advisable to design a special compensating com-
puting device (CCD) to solve Volterra’s integral equation of the first kind
(1) with respect to the unknown function q(t). The compensating comput-
ing device can be connected in series with the detector output of the meas-
uring system (figure 1). It should be noted that the signal filtering problem
belongs to the class of ill-posed problems since in the numerical realiza-
tion of Eq. (1) errors in the measurement of the function e(t) may lead to
instability In the resulting solutions [4; 5].
Fig. 1. Block diagram of thermal-radiation flux measuring system: 1 — thermal
radiation sensor, 2 — temperature to electric signal transducer, 3 — compensating
computing device, 4 — recording measuring device
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
38
Thus the present article deals with questions concerning the digital simu-
lation of the process of signal filtering in order to develop operation algorithms
for special digital computing devices as well as analytical expressions deter-
mining the structure of analog devices designed for the same purpose. We
consider an example of dynamic-error compensation as a radiant thermal flux
detector, which illustrates the suggested digital simulation method.
The impulse response g(t) of the detector is determined from the ex-
perimentally found step response by differentiating the latter since
g(t) = dp(t)/dt. Straightforward measurement of g(t) is not possible due to
the difficulties of the practical realization of delta functions.
The function p(t) is found as the response of the detector to an input
signal of the form of the unit-step function which is generated, say, by a
stationary thermal radiator with an electric filament lamp and an electro-
magnetically controlled blind.
The experimentally obtained step response p(t) of one of the detectors is
plotted in Figure 2. Other types of detectors have similar step responses. To
design continuous or sampled-data compensating devices it is necessary to
have an analytical expression for the function g(t), which can be obtained by
approximating p0(t) and differentiating this analytical approximation.
Fig. 2. Detector step response
It is often advisable to approximate the response by
1
0
1
, 1, ,
M
t i
i
i
p t a e a t i M
(2)
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 14
39
where a0, ai and are constant coefficients [6]. The calculations make it
possible to determine the numerical values of the coefficients and the de-
gree M = 7. In this case the impulse response of the detector is
2 3
4 5 6 0.178
0.562 0.376 0.102 0.01198
0.000657 0.000016 0.000000144 ,t
g t t t t
t t t e
(3)
and is shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Detector impulse response
Using the expression (2) we can readily find the transfer function of
the detector under consideration via the Laplace-Carson transform [6], Im-
plementation of a transfer function with, the aid of operational amplifiers
with lags in feedback is relatively straightforward and results in the design
of an analog CCD.
In the special case under consideration the CCD is meant to solve the
integral equation
2 3 4
0
5 6 0.178
0.562 0.376 0.102 0.01198 0.000657
0.000016 0.000000144 .
t
t
t t t t
t t e q d e t
(4)
It is advisable to carry out digital simulation of the integral method
for typical operating conditions of the detector. To this end, experiments
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
40
were carried out to measure the nonstationary thermal radiation flux,
which was varied according to a law typical of actual operating conditions
of the detectors. The variation of the density of the incident thermal radia-
tion flux was achieved by rotating the detector placed in the radiation field
of a stationary thermal radiator about the axis passing through the center of
the inlet surface of the detector.
From steady-state measurements it was found that the variation of the
radiation flux density corresponds to Lambert’s law of cosines with a maxi-
mum deviation of 2.5%. The required uniformity of the rotation of the detec-
tor in the measurement process was provided by the paper-feed mechanism
of the recorder N-37. To exclude the convective component of the thermal
flux, the detector with the rotating device was placed in a vacuum. The re-
sponse data of the receiver to a thermal radiation flux with period 2Tj = 28 s
are presented in Table 1. The resulting function ee(ti) defines the operating
conditions under consideration and is the right-hand side of Eq. (4).
Table 1
N ti ee(ti) N ti ee(ti) N ti ee(ti)
1 0.00 0.00 11 5.00 10.20 21 10.0 12,44
2 0.50 0.51 12 5.50 10.93 22 10.5 11.78
3 1.00 0.79 13 6.00 11.58 23 11.0 11.35
4 1.50 2.06 14 6,50 12.23 24 11.5 10.87
5 2.00 3.60 15 7.00 12.75 25 12,0 10.22
6 2.50 4,76 16 7.50 13.14 26 12.5 9.48
7 3.00 5.84 17 8.00 13.30 27 0.0 8.60
8 3.50 5.84 17 8.00 13.30 27 13.0 8.60
9 4.00 8.01 19 9,00 13.19 29 14.0 6 11
10 4.50 9.16 20 9.50 12.89
Now we have all the necessary data for the digital implementation of
integral equation (1). i.e., the form of kernel (3) and the right hand side. As
the numerical method of solving Eq. (4) for digital computer simulation
we choose the quadrature formula method according to which the integral
is replaced by a finite sum. As a result, we obtain an algebraic system of
simultaneous equations:
1
, 1,2,...,
i
j i j j e j
j
A g t t q t e t i
(5)
where Aj are the quadrature formula coefficients, ti = (i – l)h. and h is the
sampling step.
Integral equation (1) is characterized by the property that for associ-
ated system (5) it is impossible to determine the value q(0), which is re-
quired for subsequent recurrent computation of q(h). q(2h), ... To find
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 14
41
q(0), use can be made of the expression 0 0 0eq e g [7]. To com-
pute the value
0
0 ,e
e
t
de t
e
dt
various interpolation methods are used including the quadrature interpola-
tion formula
1
3 0 4 2 .
2e e e ee e e h e h
h
Now the values
1
1
1
0
i
i e i j i j j
i j
q t e t A g t t q t
A g
(6)
can he subsequently found from system (5).
Application to Eq, (1) of the trapezoidal rule with a constant step h
makes it possible to obtain a recurrence relation of the form
1
1
0
0 ,
0
2
,
0
e
i
e i
i j i j j
i j
e
q
g
e t
q t A g t t q t
A g h
(7)
where
0.5 1;
1 1.j
as j
A
as j
It is seen from expression (7) that each step the number of operations
to be performed increases with the index; accordingly, the storage needed
for computer simulation increases. To overcome this difficulty an ap-
proach is suggested in [8] which is based on the successive translation of
the origin to the point tv, where tv = t = 0, In this case a change in the initial
time results in a change in the initial condition, i.e., for tv the system has a
new initial condition. However this approach does not yield effective re-
sults for the hardware implementation of integral equation (1), which is
due to the necessity of performing a number of operations to find new ini-
tial conditions for the points tv, tv+1, tv+2,… Therefore in the case under con-
sideration it is advisable to use a modified algorithm for the numerical
solution of integral equation (1); it is based on the separability of the ker-
nel [9]. In this case the kernel of Eq. (1) is represented as
1
, 1, .
m
i i
i
g t t i m
(8)
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
42
This representation of the kernel makes it possible to write Eq. (4) in
a conveniently solvable form:
2
1 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
3 2 4
4 1 2 3 4 5 1
3 2 5 4
2 3 4 5 6 1 2
3 2 6 5 4
3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3
3 2 0178
4 5 6 7
2
3 3
4 6 4 5
10 10 5 6 15
20 15 6 ,t
B R B tR R B t R tR R
B t R t R tR R B t R
t R t R tR R B t R t R
t R t R tR R B t R t R t R
t R t R tR R e e t
where
1 2 3
4 5
5 7
0.178 0.178
1 2
0 0
0.178 2 0.178 3
3 4
0 0
0.178 4 0.178 5
5 6
0 0
7
0.562; 0.376; 0.102;
0.01198; 0.000657;
0.000016; 0.000000144;
; ;
; ;
; ;
t t
t t
t t
B B B
B B
B B
R e q d R e q d
R e q d R e q d
R e q d R e q d
R
0.178 6
0
;
t
e q d
In the case of kernel (8), expression (7) becomes
1
1
1 1
0
0 ,
0 0
2
,
e
m
i i
i
m i
e i
i i i j i j j
i i j
e
q
e t
q t t A t q t
A h
(9)
where
1
0 .
m
i i i i i i
i
t t g t t g
From (9) the conclusion can be drawn that the number of operations
to be performed does not depend on the index of iteration since the su-
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 14
43
mands
1
1
i
j i j j
j
A t q t
depend only on one independent variable, tj. It
should be noted that we can associate with the quadrature formula method
a regularization algorithm in which the regularization parameter is the step
of the quadrature |10j. In the present work the step is found experimentally
proceeding from the condition max min, 0; ,q t q t t Tf where
q(t) is the exact solution of the benchmark problem corresponding to the
standard op rating conditions of the measuring system; the quantity Tf is
equal to the half-period of the input sine waveform and is 14 s.
Fig. 4. Plot of input signal obtained by deconvolution
In Figure 4 the filtered input signal q is presented for various values
of the step h. It should be noted that the stability of the resulting solution is
improved as step is increased, which demonstrates the regularization effect
of the latter.
The Accuracy and the stability of the solution of integral equation (l)
can be improved by improving the accuracy of the kernel approximation.
Thus it is advisable to apply the method of cubic splines (piecewise poly-
nomial functions) which provide not only the required approximation ac-
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
44
curacy but also the continuity of the derivatives at the interpolation points
[11]. In this case the responses pe(t) and g(t) of the radiation detector (Fig-
ure 3) me approximated be corresponding polynomials of the form
3 3
1 1 ;e z z z z z z z zp t A T t B t T S T t D t T (10)
and
2 2* * * *
1 ,e z z z z z zg t A T t B t T S D (11)
where z = 2, 3, …, n; 1 ;z zT t T Az, Bz, Sz, Dz,
* * * *, , ,z z z zA B S D and Tz are
constant coefficients.
To solve integral equation (1) with a kernel defined by (11) numeri-
cally it is advisable to apply mean-rectangle formulas because for t = 0 the
function (11) has the value 0 0eg and it is difficult to apply the trape-
zoidal rule. However, the approximation of the step response of the detec-
tor by polynomials of form (2) does not permit taking into account the
values of the function pe(t) on the interval [0; 0.25]. A numerical study has
shown that for detectors of the class under consideration the process taking
place on the interval [0; 0.25] does not affect the solution of Eq. (1) sig-
nificantly. The recurrence relation based on the application of the mean
rectangle formula and the separability property of kernel (11) is
1
2
,
2
2
1
,
2
e
e
e i
i
e
e hh
q
h
g
e t
q i F
h h
g
(12)
where
2*
1 2 3
2*
1 1 1 2 3
2
* *
1 1 1
0 2
2
2
; ;
z z z
z z z
i
z z
jj
F A T t C T t C C
B t T C t T C C
S D C C q t
2 2
2
2 1 1 3 1 1
0 02 2 2 2
1
2
; ;
1
; 2,3,..., .
2
i i
j j j jj j
j
C t q t C t q t
t j h z n
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 14
45
Fig. 5. Flow chart of algorithm for solving
Volterra's integral equation of the first kind.
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
46
Fig. 6. Computed and ideal input signals
Results. The flowchart of the resulting algorithm (12) is shown in
Figure 5. The numerical experiments were conducted using mathematical
modeling software MATLAB and Simulink. The results of the deconvolu-
tion of the sinusoidal wave form input by applying the algorithm (7) for
step h = 1.5 and by applying the algorithm (12) for step h = 0.5 are repre-
sented by graphs in Figure 6 (curves 1 and 2 respectively), where the ideal
signal is also shown (curve 3). The results obtained imply that for the de-
tector class under consideration the maximum deviation of the values of
the filtered signal from the real signal does not exceed 11%, which indi-
cates the practical applicability of the method.
Conclusion. Thus we have elaborated and investigated an integral
method of dynamic error compensation in a thermal radiation flux measur-
ing system by means of a digital compensation device and a basic ap-
proximating expression (4) tor analog-device design.
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 14
47
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ter G. E. Pukhov, 2011. — 368 p.
Розглядаються алгоритми динамічної корекції систем вимірюван-
ня теплових потоків. Алгоритми основані на вирішенні задачі зворот-
ної згортки. Вони служать основою для розробки спеціалізованих
комп’ютерних засобів для вирішення в реальному часі задачі компен-
сації динамічних похибок у вимірювальних системах.
Ключові слова: вимірювальні системи, динамічна корекція, інте-
гральна модель, квадраттурний алгоритм.
Отримано: 25.08.2016
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| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-133751 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 2308-5916 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T16:24:33Z |
| publishDate | 2016 |
| publisher | Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Verlan, A.A. Sterten, Jo Furtat, Yu.O. 2018-06-05T20:09:54Z 2018-06-05T20:09:54Z 2016 Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ / A.A. Verlan, Jo Sterten, Yu.O. Furtat // Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки: зб. наук. пр. — Кам’янець-Подільський: Кам'янець-Подільськ. нац. ун-т, 2016. — Вип. 14. — С. 36-47. — Бібліогр.: 5 назв. — англ. 2308-5916 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/133751 004.41;004.424;519.64 Algorithms for thermal flows’ measuring systems’ dynamic correction are considered. The algorithms are based on the solution of deconvolution problem. The algorithms serve as a basis for development of special-purpose computing means for on-line solution of the dynamics faults’ compensation problem in measuring systems. Розглядаються алгоритми динамічної корекції систем вимірювання теплових потоків. Алгоритми основані на вирішенні задачі зворотної згортки. Вони служать основою для розробки спеціалізованих комп’ютерних засобів для вирішення в реальному часі задачі компенсації динамічних похибок у вимірювальних системах. en Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ Verlan, A.A. Sterten, Jo Furtat, Yu.O. |
| title | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ |
| title_full | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ |
| title_fullStr | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ |
| title_full_unstemmed | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ |
| title_short | Algorithms for Dynamic Correction of the Thermal Flows’ Measuring Systems’ |
| title_sort | algorithms for dynamic correction of the thermal flows’ measuring systems’ |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/133751 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT verlanaa algorithmsfordynamiccorrectionofthethermalflowsmeasuringsystems AT stertenjo algorithmsfordynamiccorrectionofthethermalflowsmeasuringsystems AT furtatyuo algorithmsfordynamiccorrectionofthethermalflowsmeasuringsystems |