Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method

The evolution of 3d electronic structure associated with the martensitic transformation and ferromagnetic transition in non-stoichiometric Ni₂MnGa alloy possessing the shape magnetic memory were studied by electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and with theoretical modeling methods. The EELS spect...

Повний опис

Збережено в:
Бібліографічні деталі
Опубліковано в: :Functional Materials
Дата:2006
Автори: Ochoa-Gamboa, R., Flores-Zuniga, H., Espinosa-Magana, F., Rios-Jara, D., Glavatskyy, I., Glavatska, N.
Формат: Стаття
Мова:Англійська
Опубліковано: НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України 2006
Онлайн доступ:https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/134178
Теги: Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
Назва журналу:Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Цитувати:Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method / R.Ochoa-Gamboa, H.Flores-Zuniga, F.Espinosa-Magana, D.Rios-Jara, I.Glavatskyy, N.Glavatska // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 468-473. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ.

Репозитарії

Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
_version_ 1859715940189470720
author Ochoa-Gamboa, R.
Flores-Zuniga, H.
Espinosa-Magana, F.
Rios-Jara, D.
Glavatskyy, I.
Glavatska, N.
author_facet Ochoa-Gamboa, R.
Flores-Zuniga, H.
Espinosa-Magana, F.
Rios-Jara, D.
Glavatskyy, I.
Glavatska, N.
citation_txt Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method / R.Ochoa-Gamboa, H.Flores-Zuniga, F.Espinosa-Magana, D.Rios-Jara, I.Glavatskyy, N.Glavatska // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 468-473. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ.
collection DSpace DC
container_title Functional Materials
description The evolution of 3d electronic structure associated with the martensitic transformation and ferromagnetic transition in non-stoichiometric Ni₂MnGa alloy possessing the shape magnetic memory were studied by electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and with theoretical modeling methods. The EELS spectra of Ni-Mn-Ga crystals have been obtained under in-situ heating to study the electron structure of ferromagnetic (FM) martensite, FM austenite and paramagnetic austenite. When considering the EELS spectra, the total white lines intensity L₂₃ = L₂ + L₃ as well as as well as the L₃/L₂ ratio and conclusions have been drawn on the occupancy of the 3d state fromAs L₂₃ reflects the unoccupied density of states in 3d bands, these results indicate that no charge transfer has taken place during martensitic transformation and changes in the magnetic dipole moments at phase transitions. The experimental results have shown that the magnetic dipole moment on Ni atoms decreases at the reverse martensitic transformationwhile it increases on Mn, and the charge is observed to be redistributed between Mn and Ni in agreement with ab-initio numerical calculations.
first_indexed 2025-12-01T08:11:37Z
format Article
fulltext (OHFWURQLF�VWUXFWXUH�RI�1L±0Q±*D PDJQHWLFVKDSH�PHPRU\�DOOR\�VWXGLHG�E\�((/6�PHWKRG 5�2FKRD�*DPERD��+�)ORUHV�=XQLJD��)�(VSLQRVD�0DJDQD�'�5LRV�-DUD��,�*ODYDWVN\\ ��1�*ODYDWVND &HQWUR�GH�,QYHVWLJDFLRQ�HQ�0DWHULDOHV�$YDQ]DGRV�6�&�� 0LJXHO�GH�&HUYDQWHV��������������&KLKXDKXD��&KLK��0H[LFR *�.XUG\XPRY�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�0HWDO�3K\VLFV��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�$OOR\HG�6WHHOV� 1DWLRQDO�$FDGHP\�RI�6FLHQFHV�RI�8NUDLQH�� ���9HUQDGVN\�EOYG����������.\LY��8NUDLQH 7KH�HYROXWLRQ�RI��G�HOHFWURQLF�VWUXFWXUH�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH�PDUWHQVLWLF�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ DQG� IHUURPDJQHWLF� WUDQVLWLRQ� LQ� QRQ�VWRLFKLRPHWULF� 1L�0Q*D� DOOR\� SRVVHVVLQJ� WKH� VKDSHPDJQHWLF� PHPRU\� ZHUH� VWXGLHG� E\� HOHFWURQ�HQHUJ\� ORVV� VSHFWURVFRS\� �((/6�� DQG� ZLWK WKHRUHWLFDO�PRGHOLQJ�PHWKRGV��7KH�((/6�VSHFWUD�RI�1L�0Q�*D�FU\VWDOV�KDYH�EHHQ�REWDLQHG XQGHU� LQ�VLWX�KHDWLQJ��WR�VWXG\�WKH�HOHFWURQ�VWUXFWXUH�RI��IHUURPDJQHWLF��)0��PDUWHQVLWH� )0�DXVWHQLWH�DQG�SDUDPDJQHWLF�DXVWHQLWH��:KHQ�FRQVLGHULQJ� WKH�((/6�VSHFWUD�� WKH� WRWDO ZKLWH�OLQHV�LQWHQVLW\�/��� �/����/��DV�ZHOO�DV��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�/��/��UDWLR�DQG�FRQFOXVLRQVKDYH� EHHQ� GUDZQ� RQ� WKH� RFFXSDQF\� RI� WKH� �G� VWDWH� IURP$V� /��� UHIOHFWV� WKH� XQRFFXSLHGGHQVLW\�RI�VWDWHV�LQ��G�EDQGV��WKHVH�UHVXOWV�LQGLFDWH�WKDW�QR�FKDUJH�WUDQVIHU�KDV�WDNHQ�SODFH GXULQJ�PDUWHQVLWLF�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�FKDQJHV�LQ�WKH��PDJQHWLF�GLSROH�PRPHQWV��DW�SKDVH WUDQVLWLRQV��7KH�H[SHULPHQWDO�UHVXOWV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKH�PDJQHWLF�GLSROH�PRPHQW�RQ�1L DWRPV�GHFUHDVHV� DW� WKH� UHYHUVH�PDUWHQVLWLF� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQZKLOH� LW� LQFUHDVHV� RQ� �0Q��DQG WKH�FKDUJH� LV�REVHUYHG� WR�EH� UHGLVWULEXWHG�EHWZHHQ�0Q�Ò�1L����LQ�DJUHHPHQW�ZLWK�DE�LQLWLR QXPHULFDO�FDOFXODWLRQV� j°°ãË�ºmÈÓÈ� ªmºã �Ò«� �G� ªãË}�¯ºÓÓº®� °�¯�}��¯©� Ó˰�˲ҺäË�¯Ò�˰}º�º� °¹ãÈmÈ 1L±0Q±*D�� º­ãÈ�È �Ë�º� ªÁÁË}�ºä� äÈ�ÓÒ�Óº®� ¹Èä«�Ò� Áº¯ä©�� äË�º�ºä� ªãË}�¯ºÓÓº® °¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹ÒÒ� ªÓ˯�Ë�Ò�˰}Ò²� ¹º�˯ � �((/6�� Ò� �˺¯Ë�Ò�˰}º�º� äº�ËãÒ¯ºmÈÓÒ«�� �� � ((/6 °¹Ë}�¯©�äºÓº}¯Ò°�Èããºm�1L±0Q±*D� ¹ºã��ËÓ©�¹¯Ò�ÓÈ�¯ËmË� LQ�VLWX� � ��ã«�ÒÏ��ËÓÒ«�ªãË}� �¯ºÓÓº®� °�¯�}��¯©� Á˯¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�Óº®� äȯ�ËÓ°Ò�Óº®�� Á˯¯ºäÈ�ÓÒ�Óº®� È�°�ËÓÒ�Óº®� Ò ¹È¯ÈäÈ�ÓÒ�Óº®�È�°�ËÓÒ�Óº®�ÁÈÏ���¯Ò�ÈÓÈãÒÏË�((/6�°¹Ë}�¯ºm�º¹¯Ë�ËãËÓ©�°ºº�Óº�ËÓÒ« ­Ë㩲�ãÒÓÒ®�/��/��Ò�¹ºãÓÈ«�ÒÓ�ËÓ°ÒmÓº°� �/��� �/����/���°�ËãÈÓ�m©mº��º�Óº°Ò�Ëã ÓºÏȹºãÓËÓÒ«��G� °º°�º«ÓÒ«� Ò� ÒÏäËÓËÓÒ«� äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©²� �Ò¹ºã Ó©²�äºäËÓ�ºm� ¹¯Ò�ÁÈϺm©² ¹Ë¯Ë²º�Ȳ�� w}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã Ó©Ë� ¯ËÏ�ã �È�©�¹º}ÈÏ©mÈ �����º� ¹¯Ò� º­¯È�Óºä�äȯ�ËÓ°Ò�� Óºä�¹¯Ëm¯È�ËÓÒÒ�äÈ�ÓÒ�Ó©®��Ò¹ºã Ó©®�äºäËÓ��ÓÈ�È�ºäȲ�1L��äËÓ �ÈË�°«��m��º�m¯Ëä« }È}��ã«�È�ºäºm�0Q�Û��mËãÒ�ÒmÈË�°«�Ò�ÓÈ­ã �ÈË�°«�¹Ë¯Ë¯È°¹¯Ë�ËãËÓÒË� Ïȯ«�È�äËÎ�� È�ºäÈäÒ�0Q�Ò�1L����º�°º�ãȰ�Ë�°«�°�¹¯ºmË�ËÓÓ©äÒ�m�¯È­º�Ë�DE�LQLWLR�m©�Ò°ãËÓÒ«äÒ� )HUURPDJQHWLF�VKDSH�PHPRU\�DOOR\V�KDYH DWWUDFWHG� LQFUHDVHG� DWWHQWLRQ� EHFDXVH� RI ODUJH� PDJQHWLFDOO\� LQGXFHG� VWUDLQ�� 1L±0Q± *D�+HXVOHU�DOOR\V�XQGHUJR�UHYHUVLEOH�IHUUR� PDJQHWLF� DQG� PDUWHQVLWLF� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV� RQ� FRROLQJ� IURP� SDUDPDJQHWLF� �30� DXVWHQLWH� WR� IHUURPDJQHWLF� �)0�� DXVWHQLWH DQG� WKHUHDIWHU� WR�)0�PDUWHQVLWH��9HU\� IHZ ZRUNV� RQ� WKH� HOHFWURQLF� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV� RI WKHVH� SKDVH� WUDQVLWLRQV� KDYH� EHHQ� UHSRUWHG LQ� WKH� OLWHUDWXUH�� DOWKRXJK�ZH� FRXOG�H[SHFW HOHFWURQLF�SKHQRPHQD�VKRXOG�SOD\�DQ�LPSRU� WDQW� UROH� JLYHQ� WKH�PDJQHWLF� SURSHUWLHV� LQ� YROYHG�� ,Q� WKLV� ZRUN� ZH� VWXG\� FKDQJHV� LQ )XQFWLRQDO�0DWHULDOV�����1R��������� �������Û�,QVWLWXWH�IRU�6LQJOH�&U\VWDOV ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� HOHFWURQLF� VWUXFWXUH� RI� D�QRQ�VWRLFKLRPHWULF 1L�0Q*D�DOOR\�E\�XVLQJ�HOHFWURQ�HQHUJ\�ORVV VSHFWURVFRS\� �((/6�� DQG� HOHFWURQLF� VWUXF� WXUH� FDOFXODWLRQV� ZLWK� WKH� VSLQ�SRODUL]HG YDULDQW� RI� /$3:� FDOFXODWLRQV� PHWKRG� SHU� IRUPHG�XVLQJ�:LHQ�N�SDFNDJH� (OHFWURQ� HQHUJ\�ORVV� VSHFWURVFRS\� LV� D SRZHUIXO� DQDO\WLFDO� WHFKQLTXH� WKDW� FDQ� EH XWLOL]HG�WR�REWDLQ� LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�VWUXF� WXUH��ERQGLQJ�DQG�HOHFWURQLF�SURSHUWLHV�RI�D PDWHULDO�>�Ü�@��7KH�LQWHUDFWLRQV�RI�IDVW�HOHF� WURQV� ZLWK� WKH� VSHFLPHQ� UHVXOW� LQ� H[FLWD� WLRQV� RI� HOHFWURQV� LQWR� XQRFFXSLHG� HQHUJ\ OHYHOV�LQ�WKH�FRQGXFWLRQ�EDQG�DV�ZHOO�DV�FRO� OHFWLYH� H[FLWDWLRQV� RI� YDOHQFH� HOHFWURQV� :KHQ� D� VSHFWUXP� LV� REWDLQHG� E\� DQDO\]LQJ WKH� HQHUJ\� ORVW� E\� WKH� LQFLGHQW� HOHFWURQV� WKH�UHJLRQ�XS�WR�DQ�HQHUJ\�ORVV�RI�a���H9�LV GRPLQDWHG� E\� FROOHFWLYH� H[FLWDWLRQV� RI� YD� OHQFH� HOHFWURQV� �SODVPRQ�� DQG� E\� LQWHUEDQG WUDQVLWLRQV��$W� KLJKHU� HQHUJ\� ORVVHV� LRQL]D� WLRQ� HGJHV� RFFXU� GXH� WR� H[FLWDWLRQ� RI� FRUH HOHFWURQV� RI� WKH� FRQVWLWXHQW� DWRPV� LQWR� WKH FRQGXFWLRQ�EDQG� 7KH� H[FLWDWLRQ� RI� DWRPLF� LQQHU� VKHOOV� E\ KLJK�HQHUJ\�HOHFWURQV�SURYLGHV�D�PHWKRG�IRU VWXG\LQJ� WKH� XQRFFXSLHG� FRQGXFWLRQ� VWDWHV LQ� D� VROLG�� 7KHVH� FRUH�OHYHO� SURFHVVHV� DUH PRVWO\� VHQVLWLYH� WR� ILQDO� VWDWHV� VLQFH� WKH LQLWLDO� VWDWHV� KDYH� QDUURZ� HQHUJ\� ZLGWKV� %HVLGHV� WKH� ZHOO� GHILQHG� LRQL]DWLRQ� HGJHV WKHUH� LV� D� ILQH� VWUXFWXUH� VXSHUSRVHG�RQ� WKH HGJH�DQG�H[WHQGLQJ�XS�WR�DERXW����H9�IURP WKH�HGJH�RQVHW��ZKLFK�LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�WKH GHQVLW\�RI�XQRFFXSLHG�VWDWHV� LQ� WKH�FRQGXF� WLRQ� EDQG�� NQRZQ� DV� WKH� HQHUJ\� ORVV� QHDU HGJH�VWUXFWXUH��(/1(6�� ,Q� FDVH� RI� WKH� �G� WUDQVLWLRQ� PHWDOV� DQG WKHLU�DOOR\V��/��� HGJHV�RI�((/6�DUH�FKDUDF�WHUL]HG� E\� WZR� VKDUS� SHDNV�� NQRZQ� DV �ZKLWH� OLQHV���%HFDXVH� WKH�SUHGRPLQDQFH�RI GLSROH� WUDQVLWLRQV�� WKHVH� ZKLWH� OLQHV� RULJL� QDWH� IURP� H[FLWDWLRQV� RI� �S���� DQG� �S���FRUH� HOHFWURQV� WR� XQRFFXSLHG� G�OLNH� VWDWHV QHDU�WKH�)HUPL�OHYHO��7KH�ZKLWH�OLQHV�LQWHQ� VLWLHV� UHIOHFW� WKH� XQRFFXSLHG� �G� GHQVLW\� RI VWDWHV��'26���7KH�GDWD�RQ�WKH�RFFXSDQFLHV�RI WKH� �G� DQG� �G� VWDWHV� >�Ü��@� PD\� FODULI\ PDQ\� LVVXHV� IXQGDPHQWDO� WR� WKH� HOHFWURQLF WKHRULHV� RI� WUDQVLWLRQ� PHWDO� DOOR\V�� LQFOXG� LQJ� SKDVH� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV�� 3HDUVRQ� HW� DO� >�@�KDYH�DWWHPSWHG�WR�UHODWH�WKH�VXP�RI�WKH /�� DQG�/��ZKLWH�OLQHV� LQWHQVLWLHV� WR� WKH� RF�FXSDQFLHV� RI� WKH� FRUUHVSRQGLQJ� RXWHU� G VWDWHV�� 7KH� H[SHULPHQWDO� VWXGLHV� RQ� WKH ZKLWH� OLQHV� IURP�/��� ((/6� VSHFWUD� IRU� HOH�PHQWDO� PHWDOV� RI� WKH� �G� WUDQVLWLRQ� VHULHV VKRZ� WKDW� WKH� QRUPDOL]HG� LQWHQVLWLHV� RI WKHVH� ZKLWH� OLQHV� GHFUHDVHG� QHDUO\� OLQHDUO\ ZLWK�LQFUHDVLQJ�G�VWDWH�RFFXSDQF\�DFURVV�WKH VHULHV�� 7KH� QRUPDOL]HG� ZKLWH�OLQH� LQWHQVLW\ ZDV� GHILQHG� DV� WKH� LQWHJUDWHG� LQWHQVLW\� RI WKH� /�� DQG� /�� ZKLWH� OLQHV� GLYLGHG� E\� WKHLQWHJUDWHG�LQWHQVLW\�LQ�D�QRUPDOL]DWLRQ�ZLQ� GRZ� ��� H9� LQ� ZLGWK� EHJLQQLQJ� ��� H9� SDVW WKH� /�� HGJH� RQVHW�� :KHQ� WKH� QRUPDOL]HG ZKLWH�OLQH�LQWHQVLWLHV�IRU�WKH��G�PHWDOV�ZHUH GLYLGHG� E\� DSSURSULDWH� PDWUL[�HOHPHQW� FRU� UHFWLRQ� IDFWRUV�� ZKLFK� ZHUH� FDOFXODWHG� IRU HDFK� DWRPLF� VSHFLHV�� D� OLQHDU� FRUUHODWLRQ ZLWK� �G� RFFXSDQF\�ZDV� REWDLQHG�ZLWK� D� ILW JLYHQ�E\ ,�G� ���������Ü����Q�G�� ��� ZKHUH� ,��G� LV� WKH� QRUPDOL]HG� ZKLWH�OLQH� LQ�WHQVLW\� GLYLGHG� E\� WKH� DSSURSULDWH� PDWUL[� HOHPHQW�FRUUHFWLRQ�IDFWRU�DQG�Q�G� LV� WKH��GRFFXSDQF\� LQ�HOHFWURQ�DWRP��7KH�DERYH�FRU� UHODWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� WKH� QRUPDOL]HG� ZKLWH�OLQH LQWHQVLW\�DQG��G�RFFXSDQF\��HOHFWURQV�DWRP� LV�XVHIXO�IRU�GHWHUPLQLQJ�FKDQJHV�LQ�RXWHU�G VWDWH� RFFXSDQF\� XSRQ� DOOR\LQJ� DQG� VROLG� VWDWH� SKDVH� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV� LI� WKH� FRUUH� VSRQGLQJ� FKDQJHV� LQ� WKH� QRUPDOL]HG� ZKLWH� OLQH�LQWHQVLW\�DUH�REVHUYHG�� 2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG� WKH� UDWLR� /��/�� WKDWZRXOG� EH� H[SHFWHG� WR� EH� ���� EHFDXVH� WKH RFFXSDWLRQ� QXPEHU� RI� WKH� VWDWH� LV� �M����� ZKHUH� M� LV� WKH� WRWDO� DQJXODU� PRPHQWXP TXDQWXP� QXPEHU� DQG� IRU� S� VWDWHV� M� ����� ����� GHYLDWHV� IURP� WKH� VWDWLVWLFDO� UDWLR� EH� FDXVH� WKH� HMHFWHG� HOHFWURQ� FUHDWHV� D� FRUH� KROH� ZKLFK� VSOLWV� WKH� ILQDO� VWDWHV� LQWR� WZR JURXSV� ZLWK� D� ODUJH� HQHUJ\� VHSDUDWLRQ� GXH WR� WKH� VSLQ�RUELW� LQWHUDFWLRQ�� ([SHULPHQWDO PHDVXUHPHQWV� KDYH� VKRZQ� D� ZLGH� UDQJH� RI YDULDWLRQ� LQ� /��/�� DQG� LW� LV� QRW� OLQHDUO\UHODWHG� WR� WKH� GHQVLW\� RI� XQRFFXSLHG� �G VWDWHV�� ,Q� RUGHU� WR� H[SODLQ� WKH� GHYLDWLRQV IURP� WKH� VWDWLVWLFDO� UDWLR��D� IXOO� DWRPLF�DS� SURDFK��LQFOXGLQJ�FU\VWDO�DQG�VSLQ�RUELW�FRX� SOLQJ� ZLOO� EH� QHFHVVDU\�� 1HYHUWKHOHVV� VLQFH WKH�/��DQG�/��HGJHV�DUH�UHODWHG�WR�WKH�VSLQ�RUELW�FRXSOLQJ�RI��G�HOHFWURQV��WKH�LQWHQVLW\ UDWLR� RI� WKH�ZKLWH� OLQHV� LV� UHODWHG� QRW� RQO\ WR� WKH� GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� WKH� G� HOHFWURQV� EX\ DOVR� WR� WKH�PDJQHWLF� PRPHQW� RI� WKH� DWRPV �H�J�� WKHLU� VSLQ� VWDWHV�� >������@�� +LJKHU /��/�� LV� EHOLHYHG� WR� LQGLFDWH� D� KLJKHU� ORFDOPDJQHWLF�PRPHQW�RI� WKH� DWRP�DV� WKLV� UDWLR LV�DSSUR[LPDWHO\� WKH�UDWLR�RI�KROHV� LQ� WKH� M �����WR�M� �����LQ�WKH�ILQDO��G�VWDWHV� (OHFWURQLF� VWUXFWXUH� FDOFXODWLRQ� LV� FDU� ULHG� RXW� ZLWK� WKH� PRGHOLQJ� PHWKRG� XVLQJ WKH� SURJUDP� :,(1�N� >�@� LQ� /$3:� DS� SURDFK�ZLWK�ORFDO�VSLQ�GHQVLW\�DSSUR[LPDWLRQ �/6'$���$OO�PRGHOLQJ�FDOFXODWLRQV�ZHUH�PDGH 5�2FKRD�*DPERD�HW�DO����(OHFWURQLF�VWUXFWXUH�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� LJQRULQJ� QRQ�VWRLFKLRPHWULF� GHYLDWLRQV� RI WKH�UHDO�VWXGLHG�FRPSRVLWLRQ�XVLQJ�1L�0Q*D DSSUR[LPDWLRQ�� 7KH� HOHFWURQLF� VWUXFWXUH� RI YDOHQFH� � DQG� FRQGLFWLRQ� EDQG�� GLVWULEXWLRQ RI�WRWDO�DQG�SDUWLDO�DWRPLF�GHQVLWLHV��HQHUJ\ EDQG�VWUXFWXUH�(�N���FKDUJH�DQG�VSLQ�VWDWHV RI� DWRPV�� WRWDO� DQG� SDUWLDO� HOHFWURQ� GHQVL� WLHV�RQ�)HUPL�OHYHO�DUH�LQYHVWLJDWHG��$V�WKH PRGHUQ� FRPSXWLQJ� SURJUDP�:,(1��N�XVHG IRU� FDOFXODWLRQ� DQG� PRGHOLQJ� RI� DQ� HOHF� WURQLF� VWUXFWXUH� FDQ� QRW� FDOFXODWH� UHDO� �0 VWUXFWXUH��ZH�XVH�WKH�DSSUR[LPDWLRQ�RI�UHDO �0�PRGXODWHG�VWUXFWXUH�E\�%&7�XQLW�FHOO�DV LW� LV� FRQYHQWLRQDO� IRU� WKDW� W\SH� RI� FDOFXOD� WLRQV�LQ�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH� 7KH�QRQ�VWRLFKLRPHWULF�1L�����0Q�����*D������LQ�DW����VLQJOH�FU\VWDO�ZDV�JURZQ�IURP�VLQ� JOH� FU\VWDOOLQH� LQJRW� XVLQJ� %ULGJPDQ PHWKRG�� ZLWK� IROORZLQJ� KRPRJHQL]DWLRQ ���� K� DW� �����.�� DQG� DQQHDOLQJ� IRU� RUGHU� LQJ� ���� K� DW� �����.�� VHDOHG� LQ� TXDUW]� DP� SRXOHV�LQ�SURWHFWLYH�$U�DWPRVSKHUH��7KH�VLQ� JOH� FU\VWDO� ��u��u��PP�� ZDV� FXW� WR� KDYH IDFHV� SDUDOOHO� WR� ^���`� RI� )&&� DXVWHQLWH� WKHQ� JURXQGHG� DQG� HOHFWUR�SROLVKHG�� 7KH PDUWHQVLWLF� WUDQVLWLRQ�DQG�&XULH�SRLQW�WHP� SHUDWXUHV��06� �����.�DQG�7&� �����.��UH�VSHFWLYHO\�� ZHUH� GHWHUPLQHG� E\� ORZ�ILHOG PDJQHWLF�VXVFHSWLELOLW\�PHWKRG��7KH�FU\VWDO VWUXFWXUH� DQG� ODWWLFH� SDUDPHWHUV� RI� WKH DXVWHQLWH� DQG�PDUWHQVLWH�SKDVHV�ZHUH� VWXG� LHG�XVLQJ���FLUFOH�;�UD\�GLIIUDFWRPHWHU�ZLWK &X.D�UDGLDWLRQ��7KH�PDUWHQVLWH�ODWWLFH�ZDV�GHWHUPLQHG�DV %&7�ZLWK���OD\HUHG�SDFNLQJ�PRGXODWLRQ��,J� QRULQJ�� IRU� VLPSOLFLW\�� WKH� �0� VXSHUVWUXF� WXUH�RI�WKH�PDUWHQVLWH��ZH�XVH�%&7�DSSUR[L� PDWLRQ� ZLWK� ODWWLFH� SDUDPHWHUV� DW� ���� .� D� ������c�� F� ������c�� DQG� IRU� WKH� )&& DXVWHQLWH��7� �����.���D� ������c� (OHFWURQ� HQHUJ\� ORVV� VSHFWUD� ZHUH� RE� WDLQHG� GXULQJ� LQ�VLWX� KHDWLQJ� DW� ����� ��� DQG�����.�LQ�RUGHU�WR�DFTXLUH�VSHFWUD�IURP )0� PDUWHQVLWH�� )0� DXVWHQLWH� DQG� 30 DXVWHQLWH��XVLQJ�*DWDQ�SDUDOOHO� HOHFWURQ�HQ� HUJ\� ORVV� VSHFWURPHWHU� �3((/6� PRGHO� ���� DWWDFKHG� WR� D� 3KLOLSV� &0����� WUDQVPLVVLRQ HOHFWURQ� PLFURVFRSH� �7(0��� 6SHFWUD� ZHUH WDNHQ� LQ� GLIIUDFWLRQ� PRGH� ZLWK� ���� H9�FK GLVSHUVLRQ��DQ�DSHUWXUH�RI���PP�DQG�D�FRO� OHFWLRQ�VHPL�DQJOH�RI�����PUDG��7KH�UHVROX� WLRQ�RI�WKH�VSHFWUD�ZDV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�PHDV� XULQJ� WKH� IXOO� ZLGWK� DW� KDOI�PD[LPXP �):+0��RI�WKH�]HUR�ORVV�SHDN�DQG�WKLV�ZDV W\SLFDOO\�FORVH�WR�����H9��ZKHQ�WKH�7(0�ZDV RSHUDWHG�DW�����N9��7KH�((/6�VSHFWUD�ZHUH FRUUHFWHG� IRU� GDUN� FXUUHQW� DQG� UHDGRXW QRLVH��7KH�FKDQQHO�WR�FKDQQHO�JDLQ�YDULDWLRQ ZDV� PLQLPL]HG� E\� QRUPDOL]LQJ� WKH� H[SHUL� PHQWDO� VSHFWUXP� ZLWK� LQGHSHQGHQWO\� RE� WDLQHG� JDLQ� VSHFWUXP� RI� WKH� VSHFWURPHWHU� $OO�VSHFWUD�ZHUH�H[DPLQHG�IRU�R[\JHQ�HGJHV WR�SUHYHQW�DQ\�VXUIDFH�R[LGHV� 6SHFWUD� LQ� WKH� KLJK�HQHUJ\� UHJLRQ� ZHUH EDFNJURXQG�VXEWUDFWHG� E\� ILWWLQJ� WKH� SUH� HGJH� EDFNJURXQGV� ZLWK� D� SRZHU�ODZ� IXQF� WLRQ�DQG�WKHQ�)RXULHU�5DWLR�GHFRQYROXWHG�WR UHPRYH� PXOWLSOH� VFDWWHULQJ� FRPSRQHQWV IURP�WKH�VSHFWUD� )LJV������ VKRZ�PLFURJUDSKV� DQG� GLIIUDF� WLRQ� SDWWHUQV� RI� WKH� DOOR\� DW� ���� .� �)0 PDUWHQVLWH��DQG�����.��)0�DXVWHQLWH���,W�LV FOHDUO\� REVHUYHG�� IURP� WZLQ� ERXQGDULHV� LQ WKH� EULJKW� ILHOG�PLFURJUDSK� DQG� VWUHDNV� LQ WKH� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ�� WKDW� D� PDUWHQVLWLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�KDV�WDNHQ�SODFH�� )LJ����� 0LFURJUDSK� DQG� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ IURP�PDUWHQVLWH�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH�� )LJ����� 0LFURJUDSK� DQG� GLIIUDFWLRQ� SDWWHUQ IURP�IHUURPDJQHWLF�DXVWHQLWH�DW����&� 5�2FKRD�*DPERD�HW�DO����(OHFWURQLF�VWUXFWXUH�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� (QHUJ\�ORVV� VSHFWUD� IRU� 0Q� DQG� 1L� /��LRQL]DWLRQ� HGJHV� DUH� VKRZQ� LQ� )LJ���� DQG )LJ����� UHVSHFWLYHO\�� IRU� )0� PDUWHQVLWH ����� .��� )0� DXVWHQLWH� ����� .�� DQG� 30 DXVWHQLWH� ����� .��� ZKHUH� VSHFWUD� ZHUH VKLIWHG�XS�IRU�FODULW\� $W� WKH� ILUVW� VLJKW�� QR� FKDQJHV� DUH� RE� VHUYHG�LQ�ILQH�VWUXFWXUH��(/1(6���ZKLFK�UH� IOHFWV�WKH�GHQVLW\�RI�VWDWHV��'26��DW�0Q�DQG 1L� VLWHV�� )XUWKHUPRUH�� DV� ((/6� SUREHV� WKH V\PPHWU\�SURMHFWHG�'26�� WKH�(/1(6� LQ� WKLV FDVH�PXVW� EH� GLUHFWO\� FRPSDUHG� WR�G�V\PPH� WU\� '26�� EHFDXVH� RI� WKH� SUHGRPLQDQFH� RI WUDQVLWLRQV� IURP��S� WR��G� VWDWHV��(OHFWURQLF VWUXFWXUH� FDOFXODWLRQV� SHUIRUPHG� ZLWK� WKH /$3:� PHWKRG� �:LHQ�N� FRGH�� VKRZV� D� VWURQJ K\EULGL]DWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�0Q�DQG�1L�G�RUELWDOV��+RZ� HYHU��WKH�ILQH�VWUXFWXUH�REWDLQHG�IURP�QXPHULFDO FDOFXODWLRQV�LV�VPRRWKHG�LQ�((/6�VSHFWUD�GXH�WR RXU�H[SHULPHQWDO�UHVROXWLRQ�a�����H9� 2Q� WKH� RWKHU� KDQG�� WKH� RFFXSDQF\� DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� �G� HOHFWURQV� DUH� REWDLQHG IURP� WKH� WRWDO� LQWHQVLW\� /��� DQG� WKH� UDWLR/��/�� RI� WKH� ZKLWH� OLQHV�� 7R� H[WUDFW� WKHZKLWH�OLQHV� ZH� FORVHO\� IROORZ� WKH� HPSLULFDO PHWKRG�GHYHORSHG�E\�3HDUVRQ�HW�DO��>��@��E\ PRGHOLQJ�WKH�EDFNJURXQG�ZLWK�D�GRXEOH�VWHS IXQFWLRQ��ZLWK�VWHSV�DW�/�� DQG�/��SHDNV��$VWHS�OLQH�ZDV�ILW�WR�WKH�EDFNJURXQG�LPPHGL� DWHO\� IROORZLQJ� WKH�/��ZKLWH� OLQH��7KLV� OLQHZDV�WKHQ�PRGLILHG�LQWR�D�GRXEOH�VWHS�RI�WKH VDPH� VORSH� ZLWK� RQVHWV� RFFXUULQJ� DW� WKH ZKLWH� OLQHV� PD[LPD�� 7KH� UDWLR� RI� WKH� VWHS KHLJKWV�ZDV�FKRVHQ�DV�����ZKLFK�LV�WKH�PXO� WLSOLFLW\�RI�WKH�LQLWLDO�VWHSV��IRXU��S����HOHF�WURQV� DQG� WZR� �S���� HOHFWURQV��� 7KH� ZKLWHOLQHV�DUHDV�ZDV� WKHQ�GLYLGHG�E\�WKH�DUHD� LQ D�QRUPDOL]DWLRQ�ZLQGRZ����H9�LQ�ZLGWK��EH� JLQQLQJ� ��� H9� SDVW� WKH� RQVHW� RI� WKH� /�ZKLWH�OLQH��ZKLFK�\LHOGV�D�QRUPDOL]HG�ZKLWH� OLQH�LQWHQVLW\�IRU�WKH�DOOR\��'LYLGLQJ�E\�WKH PDWUL[�HOHPHQW� IDFWRU�� ������ IRU� 0Q� DQG ������IRU�1L�� DQG�XVLQJ�(T����� DOORZV�XV� WR REWDLQ�'Q�G�LQ�HOHFWURQ�DWRP�IRU�WKH�WUDQVL�WLRQV��7DEOH���VKRZV�WKH�UHVXOWV�REWDLQHG�IRU 30�DXVWHQLWH��)0�DXVWHQLWH�DQG�)0�PDUWHQ� VLWH� SKDVHV� DIWHU� LVRODWLRQ� RI� WKH� ZKLWH OLQHV�� ZLWK� YDOXHV� IRU� WKH� ZKLWH� OLQHV� UDWLR /��/��� QRUPDOL]HG� ZKLWH� OLQHV� LQWHQVLWLHV/��� DQG� RFFXSDWLRQ� QXPEHU� �Q�G� Û� HOHF� WURQV�DWRP�LQ��G�VWDWHV��IRU�0Q�DQG�1L� )URP� WKHVH� UHVXOWV� ZH� FRQFOXGH� WKDW� QR FKDUJH� WUDQVIHU� VHHPV� WR� WDNH� SODFH� GXULQJ PDUWHQVLWLF�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�QRU�LQ�WKH�IHUUR� PDJQHWLF� WUDQVLWLRQ� DV� WKHVH� YDOXHV� VKRXOG LPSO\� PD[LPXP� WUDQVIHUV� RI� a����� HOHF� WURQV�DWRP��ZKLFK�LV�ZLWKLQ�WKH�H[SHULPHQ� WDO� DFFXUDF\� ������ HOHFWURQV�DWRP��� 2Q� WKH RWKHU� KDQG�� WKH� UDWLR� /��/��� ZKLFK� LV� UH�ODWHG� WR� WKH� PDJQHWLF� GLSROH� PRPHQW� SHU DWRP�� VKRZV� D� FOHDU� WHQGHQF\�� GXULQJ� WKH UHYHUVH� PDUWHQVLWLF� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�� IURP PDUWHQVLWH� WR� DXVWHQLWH�� WKH� ZKLWH� OLQHV UDWLR�LQFUHDVHV�IRU�0Q�DQG�GHFUHDVHV�IRU�1L� LPSO\LQJ� WKH� PDJQHWLF� GLSROH� PRPHQW� LQ� FUHDVHV� IRU�0Q� DQG� GHFUHDVHV� IRU�1L�� ZKLFK LV� LQ� TXDOLWDWLYH� DJUHHPHQW� ZLWK� QXPHULFDO )LJ����� 6XSHUSRVLWLRQ� RI�0Q� /��� HGJHV� IURPSDUDPDJQHWLF� DXVWHQLWH� ����� .��� IHUURPDJ� QHWLF� DXVWHQLWH� ����� .�� DQG� IHUURPDJQHWLF PDUWHQVLWH�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH� )LJ����� 6XSHUSRVLWLRQ� RI� 1L� /��� HGJHV� IURPSDUDPDJQHWLF� DXVWHQLWH� �����&��� IHUURPDJ� QHWLF� DXVWHQLWH� ����&�� DQG� IHUURPDJQHWLF PDUWHQVLWH�DW�URRP�WHPSHUDWXUH� 7DEOH����5HVXOWV�RI�WKH�H[SHULPHQWDO�((/6 VWXGLHV�RI�WKH�1L±0Q±*D�VLQJOH�FU\VWDO 7�.� /��/� /�� Q�G 0Q 1L 0Q 1L 0Q 1L� �����30 DXVWHQLWH� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ����� �����)0 DXVWHQLWH� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� �����)0 PDUWHQVLWH� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� 5�2FKRD�*DPERD�HW�DO����(OHFWURQLF�VWUXFWXUH�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ��� FDOFXODWLRQV�DV�VKRZQ�LQ�7DEOH����7KH�VDPH WUHQG� LV� REVHUYHG� GXULQJ� IHUURPDJQHWLF WUDQVLWLRQ�HYHQ� WKRXJK�ZH�FRXOG�QRW� ILQG�D UHIHUHQFH�WR�FRPSDUH�ZLWK��,Q�D�QHDU�IXWXUH ZH� ZLOO� FDUU\� RXW� H[SHULPHQWV� IRU� PHDVXU� LQJ� WKH� PDJQHWLF� GLSROH� PRPHQW� DW� WKH WKUHH� SKDVHV� LQ� RUGHU� WR� FRUUHODWH� LW� ZLWK YDOXHV� RI� ZKLWH� OLQHV� UDWLRV� DQG� ZLOO� SXE� OLVKHG�HOVHZKHUH� &KDQJHV� LQ� WKH� HOHFWURQLF� VWUXFWXUH� GXU� LQJ�WKH�PDUWHQVLWLF�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�IHU� URPDJQHWLF� WUDQVLWLRQ� LQ� D�1L±0Q±*D� DOOR\ ZHUH� VWXGLHG� E\� HOHFWURQ� HQHUJ\� ORVV� VSHF� WURVFRS\� DQG� QXPHULFDO� FDOFXODWLRQV�� )URP ((/6�� ZH� DQDO\]HG� WKH� FKDQJHV� LQ� 1L� DQG 0Q� /��� ZKLWH�OLQHV� LQWHQVLW\� EHIRUH� DQGDIWHU� WKH� WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�� DV� ZHOO� DV� WKH UDWLR� /��/��� ,W� ZDV� IRXQG� WKDW� QR� FKDUJHWUDQVIHU� RFFXUUHG� GXULQJ� WKH� PDUWHQVLWLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�RU�IHUURPDJQHWLF�WUDQVLWLRQ� EXW� D� UHGLVWULEXWLRQ� RI� HOHFWURQV� LQ� �G EDQGV�� FKDQJLQJ� WKH� PDJQHWLF� GLSROH� PR� PHQW� SHU� DWRP�� DV� SUHGLFWHG� E\� QXPHULFDO FDOFXODWLRQV�� 9DOHQFH� EDQG� RI� WKH� VWXGLHG� 1L±0Q±*D DOOR\�PDUWHQVLWH� SKDVH� FRQVLVWV� RI� WZR� VXE� EDQGV��7KH� ILUVW�� SUH�)HUPL�� LV� VLWXDWHG� WLOO a��� H9� GHHSO\� IURP� )HUPL� OHYHO� IRU� )&&� DQG� a�� H9� IRU� %&7�PRGLILFDWLRQ�� 7KH� VHF� RQG��QDUURZ�EDQG�RI�GHHS�VWDWHV�KDV�ELQGLQJ HQHUJ\� QHDU� Ü�����Ü��� H9� DQG� IRUPHG� E\ JDOOLXP� �G�HOHFWURQV�� 3UH�)HUPL� EDQG� LV PDLQO\� IRUPHG� E\� K\EULGL]HG� VWDWHV� RI QLFNHO�DQG�PDQJDQHVH�DWRPV��1L�G�HOHFWURQV GRPLQDWH�RQ�)HUPL�OHYHO� /DUJH�VSOLWWLQJ�RI�1L�DQG�0Q�VWDWHV�WHVWL� ILHV� WR� WKHLU� VLJQLILFDQW� LQWHUDFWLRQV�� ZKLOH WKRVH� RI�*D� DWRPV�ZLWK� RWKHU� DOOR\� FRPSR� QHQWV� DUH� ZHDNHQHG�� 'LVSHUVLRQ� ODZV� DUH TXLWH� GLIIHUHQW� IRU� HOHFWURQV�ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW VSLQ�GLUHFWLRQV� $V� D� UHVXOW� RI� WUDQVLWLRQ� IURP� DXVWHQLWH WR� PDUWHQVLWH� WKH� PDJQHWLF� PRPHQW� RI QLFNHO�DWRPV�LQFUHDVHV�E\�����P%�DQG�WKH�PDJ� QHWLF� PRPHQW� RI� PDQJDQHVH� DWRPV� GHFUHDVHV E\� ����P%�� $V� D� FRQVHTXHQFH�� WKH� PDJQHWLFPRPHQW�RI�ZKROH�FHOO�ULVHV�E\�����P%� 5HIHUHQFHV � ���5�)�(JHUWRQ�� LQ�� (OHFWURQ� (QHUJ\� /RVV� 6SHF� WURVFRS\�LQ�WKH�(OHFWURQ�0LFURVFRSH���QG�(GL� WLRQ��3OHQXP�3UHVV��1HZ�<RUN�������� � ���0�0�'LVNR�� &�&�$KQ�� %�)XOW]� �HGV���� 7UDQV� PLVVLRQ�(OHFWURQ�(QHUJ\�/RVV�6SHFWURPHWU\�LQ 0DWHULDOV� 6FLHQFH�� 7KH�0LQHUDOV�� 0HWDOV� DQG 0DWHULDOV� 6RFLHW\�� :DUUHQGDOH�� 3HQQV\OYDQLD ������� � ���*�6RWR��(�&�6DPDQR��5�0DFKRUUR�HW�DO���$SSO� 6XUI��6FL������������������� � ���.�YDQ�%HQWKHP��&�(OVlVVHU��-��$SSO��3K\V������ ������������ � ���.�YDQ� %HQWKHP�� 5�+�)UHQFK��:�6LJOH� HW� DO�� 8OWUDPLFURVFRS\����������������� � ���*�%URFNW��+�/DNQHU��0LFURQ����������������� � ���6�0�%RVH��3K\V��5HY��/HWW��$������������������ � ���'�+�3HDUVRQ�� %�)XOW]�� &�&�$KQ�� $SSO��3K\V� /HWW������������������� � ���'�+�3HDUVRQ�� &�&�$KQ�� %�)XOW]�� 3K\V��5HY��%� ���������������� ����'�+�3HDUVRQ�� &�&�$KQ�� %�)XOW]�� 3K\V��5HY��%� ����������������� ����*�<�<DQJ��-LQJ�=KX��-����0DJQ��0DJQ��0DWHU������� ���������� ����3�/�3RWDSRY�� 6�(�.XONRYD�� '�6FKU\YHUV� -�9HUEHHFN��3K\V��5HY��%�������������������� ����*�$�%RWWRQ�� *�<�*XR�� :�0�7HPQHUPDQ� &�-�+XPSKUH\V�� 3K\V��5HY��%�� ���� ���� ������� ����<DVXND]X� 0XUDNDPL�� 'DLVXNH� 6KLQGR� .D]XKLUR� 2WVXND�� 7HWVXR� 2LNDZD�� -��(OHFWURQ 0LFURVF������������������ ����5�'�/HDSPDQ�� /�$�*UXQHV�� 3�/�)HMHV�� 3K\V� 5HY��%����������������� ����7�*�6SDUURZ�� %�*�:LOOLDPV�� &�1�5�5DR� -�0�7KRPDV��&KHP��3K\V��/HWW������������������� ����*�$�%RWWRQ�� &�&�$SSHO�� $�+RUVHZHOO� :�0�6WREEV��-��0LFURVF������������������� ����6�-�/OR\G�� *�$�%RWWRQ�� :�0�6WREEV�� -��0L� FURVF������������������� 7DEOH����0DJQHWLF�PRPHQWV�RI�LQGLYLGXDO�DWRPV�DQG�XQLW�FHOO�LQ�)&&�DQG�%&7�PRGLILFDWLRQV )&&�DXVWHQLWH %&7�PDUWHQVLWH $WRP 0DJQHWLF�PRPHQW��P% $WRP 0DJQHWLF�PRPHQW��P%� 0Q ���� 0Q ���� 1L ���� 1L ���� *D Ü���� *D Ü���� 8QLW�FHOO ���� 8QLW�FHOO ���� 5�2FKRD�*DPERD�HW�DO����(OHFWURQLF�VWUXFWXUH�RI���� ��� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ((/6��º°ãL�ÎËÓÓ«�ËãË}�¯ºÓÓº��°�¯�}��¯Ò�°¹ãÈm�1L±0Q±*D�Ï�ËÁË}�ºä�äÈ�ÓL�Óº��¹Èä�«�L�Áº¯äÒ c�|�ºÈ��Èä­ºÈ����n㺯˰�~�ÓÒ�È��n�w°¹ÒÓºÏÈ�lÈ�ÈÓÈ�i�cÒº°�ЯÈ��,��ãÈmÈ� }Ò®��s��ãÈmÈ� }È iº°ã��ÎËÓº�Ëmºã �L ��G�ËãË}�¯ºÓÓº��­��ºmÒ�Ó˰�˲LºäË�¯Ò�Óº�º�°¹ãÈm��1L±0Q±*D� «}Ò®�mÒ«m㫼�ËÁË}��äÈ�ÓL�Óº��¹Èä�«�L�Áº¯äÒ��äË�º�ºä�ËãË}�¯ºÓÓº��°¹Ë}�¯º°}º¹L��ËÓ˯� �Ë�Ò�ÓÒ²� m�¯È�� �((/6�� �È� �˺¯Ë�Ò�Óº�º� äº�Ëã mÈÓÓ«�� � � ((/6� °¹Ë}�¯Ò� äºÓº}¯Ò°�ÈãLm 1L±0Q±*D� º�¯ÒäÈÓº� ¹¯Ò� Ó�ȯ�mÈÓÓ�� LQ�VLWX� � �ã«� mÒm�ËÓÓ«� ËãË}�¯ºÓÓº�� ­��ºmÒ� Á˯º� äÈ�ÓL�Óº�� äȯ�ËÓ°Ò�Óº��� Á˯ºäÈ�ÓL�Óº�� È�°�ËÓL�Óº�� �È� ¹È¯ÈäÈ�ÓL�Óº�� È�°�ËÓL�Óº�� ÁÈÏ� �¯Ò� ÈÓÈãLÏ©�((/6� °¹Ë}�¯Lm� � mÒÏÓÈ�ËÓº� °¹LmmL�Óº�ËÓÓ«� ­LãÒ²� ãLÓL®�/��/�� �È� LÓ�Ë�¯È�ã ÓÈ�LÓ�ËÓ°ÒmÓ�°� �/��� �/����/���ϯº­ãËÓº�mÒ°Óºm}Ò��º�º�ÏȹºmÓËÓÓ«��G�°�ÈÓ���È�ÏäLÓäÈ�ÓL�ÓÒ²��Ò¹ºã ÓÒ²�äºäËÓ�Lm�¹¯Ò�ÁÈϺmÒ²�¹Ë¯Ë�mº¯ËÓÓ«²��p}°¹Ë¯ÒäËÓ�Èã ÓL�¯ËÏ�ã � �È�Ò�°mL��È� ���º�¹¯Ò�Ïmº¯º�Óºä��äȯ�ËÓ°Ò�Óºä��¹Ë¯Ë�mº¯ËÓÓ�� �äÈ�ÓL�ÓÒ®��Ò¹ºã ÓÒ® äºäËÓ��ÓÈ�È�ºäȲ�1L�ÏäËÓ��¼� °«��È�ÓÈ�È�ºäȲ�0Q�Ï­Lã ��¼� °«���È}ºÎ�°¹º°�˯L�ȼ� °« ¹Ë¯Ë¯ºÏ¹º�Lã� Ïȯ«���äLÎ� È�ºäÈäÒ�0Q� Ò�1L���º��Ï�º�Î�¼� °«� LÏ� ¹¯ºmË�ËÓÒäÒ� �� ¯º­º�L DE�LQLWLR�¯ºÏ¯È²�Ó}ÈäÒ� 5�2FKRD�*DPERD�HW�DO����(OHFWURQLF�VWUXFWXUH�RI���� )XQFWLRQDO�PDWHULDOV������������� ���
id nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-134178
institution Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
issn 1027-5495
language English
last_indexed 2025-12-01T08:11:37Z
publishDate 2006
publisher НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
record_format dspace
spelling Ochoa-Gamboa, R.
Flores-Zuniga, H.
Espinosa-Magana, F.
Rios-Jara, D.
Glavatskyy, I.
Glavatska, N.
2018-06-12T17:08:50Z
2018-06-12T17:08:50Z
2006
Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method / R.Ochoa-Gamboa, H.Flores-Zuniga, F.Espinosa-Magana, D.Rios-Jara, I.Glavatskyy, N.Glavatska // Functional Materials. — 2006. — Т. 13, № 3. — С. 468-473. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ.
1027-5495
https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/134178
The evolution of 3d electronic structure associated with the martensitic transformation and ferromagnetic transition in non-stoichiometric Ni₂MnGa alloy possessing the shape magnetic memory were studied by electron-energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and with theoretical modeling methods. The EELS spectra of Ni-Mn-Ga crystals have been obtained under in-situ heating to study the electron structure of ferromagnetic (FM) martensite, FM austenite and paramagnetic austenite. When considering the EELS spectra, the total white lines intensity L₂₃ = L₂ + L₃ as well as as well as the L₃/L₂ ratio and conclusions have been drawn on the occupancy of the 3d state fromAs L₂₃ reflects the unoccupied density of states in 3d bands, these results indicate that no charge transfer has taken place during martensitic transformation and changes in the magnetic dipole moments at phase transitions. The experimental results have shown that the magnetic dipole moment on Ni atoms decreases at the reverse martensitic transformationwhile it increases on Mn, and the charge is observed to be redistributed between Mn and Ni in agreement with ab-initio numerical calculations.
en
НТК «Інститут монокристалів» НАН України
Functional Materials
Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method
EELS Дослідження електронної структури сплаву Ni-Mn-Ga з ефектом магнітної пам'яті форми
Article
published earlier
spellingShingle Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method
Ochoa-Gamboa, R.
Flores-Zuniga, H.
Espinosa-Magana, F.
Rios-Jara, D.
Glavatskyy, I.
Glavatska, N.
title Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method
title_alt EELS Дослідження електронної структури сплаву Ni-Mn-Ga з ефектом магнітної пам'яті форми
title_full Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method
title_fullStr Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method
title_full_unstemmed Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method
title_short Electronic structure of Ni-Mn-Ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be EELS method
title_sort electronic structure of ni-mn-ga magnetic shape memory alloy studied be eels method
url https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/134178
work_keys_str_mv AT ochoagamboar electronicstructureofnimngamagneticshapememoryalloystudiedbeeelsmethod
AT floreszunigah electronicstructureofnimngamagneticshapememoryalloystudiedbeeelsmethod
AT espinosamaganaf electronicstructureofnimngamagneticshapememoryalloystudiedbeeelsmethod
AT riosjarad electronicstructureofnimngamagneticshapememoryalloystudiedbeeelsmethod
AT glavatskyyi electronicstructureofnimngamagneticshapememoryalloystudiedbeeelsmethod
AT glavatskan electronicstructureofnimngamagneticshapememoryalloystudiedbeeelsmethod
AT ochoagamboar eelsdoslídžennâelektronnoístrukturisplavunimngazefektommagnítnoípamâtíformi
AT floreszunigah eelsdoslídžennâelektronnoístrukturisplavunimngazefektommagnítnoípamâtíformi
AT espinosamaganaf eelsdoslídžennâelektronnoístrukturisplavunimngazefektommagnítnoípamâtíformi
AT riosjarad eelsdoslídžennâelektronnoístrukturisplavunimngazefektommagnítnoípamâtíformi
AT glavatskyyi eelsdoslídžennâelektronnoístrukturisplavunimngazefektommagnítnoípamâtíformi
AT glavatskan eelsdoslídžennâelektronnoístrukturisplavunimngazefektommagnítnoípamâtíformi